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Chugach Prehistory

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA

J .LQ ~ ' By frederica de Laguna

Library . r.:;~!, r~ Wik.irie Serv1ce US•. l ... ,.I -'" 1011 E. Tudor Road Anchorage, Alaska 99503.

University of Washington Press SEATTLE AND LONDON

~IS Alaska Resources Lil'lrary & Information Services Librarv Builuinu. Suite 111 321 f Providence Drive Anchorage, AK 99508-4614 This document is copyrighted material.

Alaska Resources Library and Information Services (ARLIS) is providing this excerpt in an attempt to identify and post all documents from the Susitna Hydroelectric Project.

This book is identified as APA no. 2301 in the Susitna Hydroelectric Project Document Index (1988), compiled by the Alaska Power Authority.

It is unable to be posted online in its entirety. Selected pages are displayed here to identify the published work.

The book is available at call number F906.D36 1956 in the ARLIS Susitna collection.

Contents

Transliteration of Native Words xix

I. Prince William Sound 1

II. Archaeological Sites on Prince William Sound 9

Ill. Disposal of the Dead 66

VI. Rock Paintings 102

V. Archaeological Specimens from Prince William Sound 110,

VI. Conclusion 255

Bibliography 276

Index 281

xiii Illustrations

MAPS

I. Prince William Sound ...... Frontispiece 2. Western end of Hinchinbrook Island (Sites I to 7) ...... 13 3. Southeastern part of Prince William Sound (Sites 8 to 32) ...... 16 4. Northeastern part of Prince William Sound (Sites 33 to 42) ...... 23 5. Northwestern part of Prince William Sound (Sites 43 to 50)...... 26 6. Southwestern part of Prince William Sound (Sites 53 to 62) ...... 29 7. Northern end of Montague Island (Sites 63 to 66) ...... 32 FIGURES I. Sketch map of Palugvik, Hawkins Island ...... 37 2. Cross section of Palugvik midden as exposed along eastern beach before excavation...... 41 3. Cross section of Palugvik midden as exposed after excavation ...... 42 4. Plan of Palugvik midden after excavation, at 17 -foot level above mean lower low water...... 44 5. Plan of Palugvik midden at 19-foot level above mean lower low water..... 45 6. Plan of Palugvik midden at 20J;2-foot level above mean lower low water . .. 46 7. Plan of Palugvik midden at 22J;2-foot level above mean lower low water.... 47 8. Sketch map of Palutat Cave, Long Bay ...... 53 9. Skeletons I and II, Palugvik...... 67 10. Skeleton III, Palugvik...... 68 11. Skeleton V, Palugvik...... 69 12. Skeletons I, II, and III, Palugvik East Point burial ledge ...... 71 13, Skeleton Bl, Palutat Cave...... 73 14. Skeleton B2, Palutat Cave...... 74 15. Skeleton B3, Palutat Cave ...... 75 16. Skeleton Cl, Palutat Cave ...... 76 17. Skeleton D, Palutat Cave...... 77 18. Skeleton I, Site 43, Glacier Island...... 82 19. Skeleton II, Site 43, Glacier Island ...... 84 20. Mummy from burial cave at Site 26, island near Mummy Island...... 87 21. Paintings on cliff near Site 9, Hinchinbrook Island...... 102 22. Painting~ in burial cave, Site 12, Hawkins Island...... 103 ·23. Paintings on cliff, Site 13, Hawkins Island ...... 104 24. Paintings at burial cave; Site 59, Mummy Island, Drier Bay, Knight Island 105

XV xvi ILLUSTRATIONS 25. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik 2 ...... :...... 202 26. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik !...... : ...... 202 27. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik I...... 202 28. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik 1...... 202 29. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik 1...... 202 30. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik, layer (?) ...... 202 31. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik, layer (?) ...... 202 32. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik East Point midden ...... 202 33. Chinese coin, Site 7, Hawkins Cut Off ...... 221 34. Wooden bats, Grave B2, Palutat Cave ...... 229 35. Wooden hooks, Grave B2, PaJutat Cave ...... 232 36. Wooden canoe, Palutat Cave ...... 241 37. Bidarka gunwale, Palutat Cave...... 245

PLATES I. Sites of the Nuchek and Shallow Water Peoples...... 14 2. Sites of the Shallow Water People...... 18 3. Sites of the Port Gravina, Tatitlek, and Chenega Peoples ...... 22 4. Sites of the Montague Island People; Columbia Glacier...... 33 5. Palugvik...... 38 6. Palugvik...... 43 7. Rock paintings at Knight Island; Pa1utat Cave...... 54 8. Palutat Cave...... 78 9. Burials; hunting dog...... 79 10. Splitting adzes ...... :...... 112 II. Splitting adzes ...... 114 12. Planing adzes, axes, and picks ...... - ...... 116 13. Hunting pick and planing adzes ...... 119 14. Men's knives, chipped blades, slate chisels ...... 120 15. Chisels and wedges ...... 123 16. Stone saws, whetstones, scrapers ...... 126 17. Stone saws and whetstones ...... 128 1'8. Stone scrapers ...... 132 19. Stone I?,laques ..· ...... 134 20. Groovea stones, hammerstones, mauls ...... 136 21. Grooved stones, hammerstones, pestles ...... 138 22. Mortars, pestles, grinding blocks ...... 140 23. Lainps...... 142 24. Lamps and stone vessels...... 144 25. Lamps...... 147 26. Ulos...... 148 27. Ulos and men's knives...... 150 28. Double-edged slate blades and copper arrowhead ...... 152 29. Double-edged slate blades...... 156 30. Slate "awls"...... 158 31. Slate "awls"...... 160 32. Detachable barbed heads ...... 162 33. Detachable barbed heads...... 166 34. Harpoon head, lance foreshaft; socket pieces···-~·-··················'·········· ..... 170 35. Harpoon head, foreshafts, socket pieces ...... :. :...... 172 36. Arrowheads, fishhooks, fish spears: .. :...... , ...... 178 37. Arrowheads, fishhooks, fish spears ...... 180 38. Needles, ·awls, drills...... 184 39. Needles, awls, drills ...... ,...... 186 XVI ILLUSTRATIONS 25. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik 2 ...... 202 26. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik !...... :...... 202 27. Decorated slate plaque, ·Palugvik !...... 202 28. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik !...... 202 29. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik 1...... 202 30. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik, layer (?) ...... 202 31. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik, layer (?) ...... 202 32. Decorated slate plaque, Palugvik East Point midden ...... 202 33. Chinese coin, Site 7, Hawkins Cut Off ...... 221 34. Wooden bars, Grave B2, Pah.Jtat Cave ...... 229 35. Wooden hooks, Grave B2, PaJutat Cave ...... 232 36. Wooden canoe, Palutat Cave ...... 241 37. Bidarka gunwale, Palutat Cave ...... 245

PLATES I. Sites of the Nuchek and Shallow Water Peoples...... 14 2. Sites of the Shallow Water People...... 18 3. Sites of the Port Gravina, Tatitlek, and Chenega Peoples ...... 22 4. Sites of the Montague Island People; Columbia Glacier...... 33 5. Palugvik...... 38 6. Palugvik...... 43 7. Rock paintings at Knight Island; Palutat Cave ... :...... 54 8. Palutat Cave...... 78 9. Burials; hunting dog ...... 79 10. Splitting adzes ...... :...... 112 II. Splitting adzes ...... :...... ll4 12. Planing adzes, axes, and picks ...... " ...... 116 13. Hunting pick and planing adzes ...... ll9 14. Men's knives, chipped blades, slate chisels ...... 120 15. Chisels and wedges ...... 123 16. Stone saws, whetstones, scrapers ...... 126 17. Stone saws and whetstones ...... 128 1"8. Stone scrapers ...... 132 19. Stone I?,laques ...... :...... 134 20. Grooved stones, hammerstones, mauls ...... 136 21. Grooved stones, hammerstones, pestles...... 138 22. Mortars, pestles, grinding blocks ...... 140 23. La:inps...... 142 24. Lamps and stone vessels...... 144 25. Lamps ...... 147 26. Ulos...... 148 27. Ulos and men's knives...... 150 28. Double-edged slate blades and copper arrowhead ...... 152 29. Double-edged slate blades...... 156 30. Slate "awls"...... 158 31. Slate "awls"...... 160 32. Detachable barbed heads ...... 162 33. Detachable barbed heads ...... :...... 166 34. Harpoon head, lance foreshaft; socket pieces .... :...... 170 35. Harpoon head, foreshafts, socket pieces ...... :. :...... 172 36. Arrowheads, fishhooks, fish spears: .. :...... ,...... :...... 178 37. Arrowheads, fishhooks, fish spears ...... 180 38. Needles, ·awls, drills ...... :...... 184 39. Needles, awls, driiis ...... •...... 186 ILLUSTRATIONS xvn 40. Bone knives, picks, drill rest ...... : ...... 190 41. Bone knives, chisels, drill rest...... : ...... 194 42. Ornaments ...... ·...... 206 43. Ornaments ...... ·-······························································· 208 44. Beads from apron and wooden box, with Skeleton III, Palugvik 1...... 212 45. Shell pendants and glass beads found with Skeleton II, Glacier Island, Site 43 ...... 218 46. Objects with Skeleton III, Palugvik East Point...... 220 47. Objects with Skeleton III, Palugvik East Point...... 222 48. Objects with Skeleton III, Palugvik East Point...... 224 49. ·Wooden objects...... 226 50. Wooden objects ...... '···-········································································· 228 51. Wooden objects ...... :...... 230 52. Matting, Palutat Cave ...... 234 53. Cord and matting, Palutat Cave...... 236 54. Sewn skins...... 238 55. Sealskin boot, Palutat Cave, surface ...... : ..... :...... : ...... 240 56. Dugout canoes, Palutat Cave...... 242 57. Lance, paddles, bidarka frame ...... 246 58 .. Wooden shovel, stake, .and house post, bottom of Palugvik niidden...... 248 5~; House posts and stakes, bottom of Palugvik midden...... 250