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An Ethnography of Chenega Bay and Tatitlek, Alaska

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An Ethnography of Chenega Bay and Tatitlek, Alaska Special Publication No. SP2000-001 An Ethnography of Chenega Bay and Tatitlek, Alaska by William E. Simeone and Rita A. Miraglia 2000 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the reports by the Division of Subsistence. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Mathematics, statistics centimeter cm Alaska Administrative Code AAC all standard mathematical signs, symbols deciliter dL all commonly-accepted and abbreviations gram g abbreviations e.g., alternate hypothesis HA hectare ha Mr., Mrs., base of natural logarithm e kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. catch per unit effort CPUE kilometer km all commonly-accepted coefficient of variation CV liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., common test statistics (F, t, χ2, etc.) meter m R.N., etc. confidence interval CI milliliter mL at @ correlation coefficient (multiple) R millimeter mm compass directions: correlation coefficient (simple) r east E covariance cov Weights and measures (English) north N degree (angular ) ° cubic feet per second ft3/s south S degrees of freedom df foot ft west W expected value E gallon gal copyright greater than > inch in corporate suffixes: greater than or equal to ≥ mile mi Company Co. harvest per unit effort HPUE nautical mile nmi Corporation Corp. less than < ounce oz Incorporated Inc. less than or equal to ≤ pound lb Limited Ltd. logarithm (natural) ln quart qt District of Columbia D.C. logarithm (base 10) log yard yd et alii (and others) et al. logarithm (specify base) log2, etc. et cetera (and so forth) etc. minute (angular) ' Time and temperature exempli gratia (for example) e.g. not significant NS day d Federal Information Code FIC null hypothesis HO degrees Celsius °C id est (that is) i.e. percent % degrees Fahrenheit °F latitude or longitude lat. or long. probability P degrees kelvin K monetary symbols (U.S.) $, ¢ probability of a type I error (rejection of the hour h months (tables and figures) first three null hypothesis when true) α minute min letters (Jan,...,Dec) probability of a type II error (acceptance of second s registered trademark the null hypothesis when false) β trademark second (angular) " Physics and chemistry United States (adjective) U.S. standard deviation SD all atomic symbols United States of America (noun) USA standard error SE alternating current AC U.S.C. United States Code variance ampere A U.S. state two-letter abbreviations population Var calorie cal (e.g., AK, WA) sample var direct current DC hertz Hz Measures (fisheries) horsepower hp fork length FL hydrogen ion activity (negative log of) pH mideye-to-fork MEF parts per million ppm mideye-to-tail-fork METF parts per thousand ppt, ‰ standard length SL volts V total length TL watts W SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. SP2000-001 AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF CHENEGA BAY AND TATITLEK, ALASKA by William E. Simeone, Rita A. Miraglia Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, Anchorage Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence 333 Raspberry Road, Anchorage, AK 99518-1599 2000 The Division of Subsistence Special Publications series was established for the publication of techniques and procedure manuals, special subject reports to decision-making bodies, symposia and workshop proceedings, application software documentation, in-house lectures, and other documents that do not fit in another publications series of the Division of Subsistence. Most Special Publications are intended for readers generally interested in fisheries, wildlife, and the social sciences; for natural resource technical professionals and managers; and for readers generally interested the subsistence uses of fish and wildlife resources in Alaska. Special Publications are available through the Alaska State Library and on the Internet: http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/. William E. Simeone, Rita A. Miraglia Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, 333 Raspberry Road, Anchorage, AK 99518-1599, USA This document should be cited as: Simeone, W.E., and R.A. Miraglia. 2000. An ethnography of Chenega Bay and Tatitlek, Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence, Special Publication No. SP2000-001, Anchorage. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) administers all programs and activities free from discrimination based on race, color, national origin, age, sex, religion, marital status, pregnancy, parenthood, or disability. The department administers all programs and activities in compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility please write: ADF&G ADA Coordinator, P.O. Box 115526, Juneau, AK, 99811-5526 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4040 N. Fairfax Drive, MS 2042, Arlington, VA, 22203 Office of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street NW, MS 5230, Washington DC 20240 The department’s ADA Coordinator can be reached via phone at the following numbers: (VOICE) 907-465-6077, (Statewide Telecommunication Device for the Deaf) 1-800-478-3648, (Juneau TDD) 907-465-3646, or (FAX) 907-465-6078 For information on alternative formats and questions on this publication, please contact: ADF&G Division of Subsistence at www.subsistence.adfg. state.ak.us. II iii ,.iii jJ An Ethnography of Chenega Bay and Tatitlek, Alaska ~ by ". ,. William E. Simeone ,.III and Rita A. Miraglia ",. wi Technical Memorandum 5 .. .. Cooperative Agreement No. 14-35-0001-30788 ", ", ", ", Submitted to: riI United States Department of the Interior ' Minerals Management Service .. Alaska OCS Region ill Social and Economic Studies Unit -" 949 E. 36th Ave. .,... Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4302 ..til *'"till Submitted by: ~ Alaska Department of Fish and Game ... Division of Subsistence ." 333 Raspberry Road fIti Anchorage, AK 99518-1599 (907) 267-2353 ~ '"Itifj .. ..... .. November 2000 ..fit ..1M " ..iii •ill fIj jI An Ethnography of Chenega Bay a.nd Tatitlek, Alaska .. by if ". William E. Simeone ,. and Rita A. Miraglia •..", ". Technical Memorandum 5 .. Cooperative Agreement No. 14-35-0001-30788 ", ", .. Submitted to: WI United States Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service ... Alaska OCS Region Social and Economic Studies Unit .. th iii 949 E. 36 Ave. Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4302 :.,.... tilt . "" ~ W Submitted by: til tfj Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence 333 Raspberry Road .. Anchorage, AK 99518-1599 ,'".-fij (907) 267-2353 liM iii rW I... L.ii ..• November 2000 .. • ,. III .." .', ..I .,...., •.1, This report has been reviewed by the Minerals Management Service and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Service, nor does mention of trade names of commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game administers all programs and activities free from discrimination based on race, color, national origin, age, sex, religion, marital status, pregnancy, parenthood, or disability. The department administers all programs and activities in compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title " of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility, or if you desire further information please write to: Alaska Department of Fish and Game P.O. Box 25526 Juneau, AK 99802-5526 or u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service 4040 N. Fairfield Drive, Suite 300 Arlington, VA 22203 or Office of Employment Opportunity U.S. Department of the Interior Washington DC 20240 For information on alternative formats for this and other department publications, please contact the department ADA Coordinator at (voice) 907-465-4120, (TDD) 907-465-3646, or (FAX) 907-465-2440. ii • ..• TABLE OF CONTENTS • List of Tables vi • List of Figures vii • Introduction viii • I. Prince William Sound Geography and History 1 Geographic Setting 1 •... Regional History 3 The Russian Presence 3 • The American Fur Trade 7 Commercial Fishing 8 • Gold, Copper and Oil 10 • The 1964 Earthquake 12 • The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act 13 • • Summary 16 II. Epidemics and Populations 19 • Tatitlek 21 • Chenega and Chenega Bay 25 • Valdez and Cordova 28 Village Infrastructures 29 • Summary 32 III. The Sociopolitical Organization of Tatitlek and Chenega Bay 33 • Social Organization 33 The Historic Pattern 33 i"­ Contemporary Patterns of Kinship 37 Leadership 41 I­ The Historic Pattern 41 I. New Government Structures 43 I" Summary 44 .. IV. The Wage Economy and Development 45 Commercial Fishing 46 " Fur Hunting and Trapping 52 .. Bounty Hunting 54 The Modern Village Wage Economy 54 Public Sector 55 i"ll Private Sector 57 " Household Economy 59 jlllll Summary 61 i- V. Subsistence 63 The Seasonal Round 63 I­ Former Days: The Seasonal Round in the 19th Century 63 i" The 20th Century 65 Resource Harvest and Use Characteristics in Tatitlek and Chenega Bay 67 I: High Harvesting Households 70 Distribution and Exchange of Subsistence Resources 72 "!It Sharing 72 "It., iii Ji .. Ceremonial Distribution 75 .. Resource Use and Harvest Patterns by Resource Type 76 Salmon · 76 • Herring 78 Other Finfish 79 Deer - 81 Mountain Goats 82 Bears 82 Harbor Seals and Stellar Sea Lions 84 Seal Hunting Techniques 84 Preparation of Seals 85 Sea Otters 85 Marine Invertebrates 86 Berries 86 Birds and Eggs 87 Summary 88 VI.
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