DOCSLIB.ORG

Revisions to the ALASKA OIL SPILL CURRICULUM

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Revisions to the ALASKA OIL SPILL CURRICULUM Revisions to the ALASKA OIL SPILL CURRICULUM by Elizabeth Trowbridge, Editor, Prince William Sound Science Center Revisions are based on the original curriculum written by: Belle Mickelson, Elizabeth Trowbridge, P.J. Bauer, Bonnie Jason, Claudia Bain DOES NOT CIRCULATE 11&1111111 - AND THE EX><OM VALDEZ OIL SPILL Published by The Oil Spill Recovery Institute EVOS Prince William Sound Science Center ENVED GC Box 705, Cordova, Alaska 99574 1552 (907) 424-5800 .A437 December 1995 1995 Qrtginal document published by the Prince William Sound Science Center in conjunction with Prince William Sound Community College April 1990 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the many people, agencies, and organizations that helped with this project. Many thanks to the people who reviewed the original curriculum and offered ·valuable suggestions for incorporation into the revised curriculum. Most of these comments have been included in the revised lessons. Numerous reports, articles, books and materials have been published since the 1989 Exxon vaidez oil spill. I have tried to update the bibliography as best as I could, although I know there are probably many items I _have missed. H you know of a good item that should be included, but is not please contact me :So we can make others aware of the resource. So much has been done in the area of oil spills that a simple literature search in your local library willlikelybringmanyresourcestoyou. Also, contact humanresourcesinyourcommunitywhich may have experience with oil spills and can either provide information or come to your classroom for a visit. - I would like to specifically tharik the following individuals who took much time to carefully review these lessons, write responses and revisions, and offer assistance: Mr. Bruce McKenzie, Manager of Planning & Development, Alaska Clean Seas; Dr. Ray Jakubczak, BP Pipelines (Alaska) Inc.; Dr. Gary Stringer, Department of GeoSciences, N.E. Louisiana University; Dr. John Goering, Ph.D., IMS/UAF School of Fisheries & Ocean Sciences; Mr. Alan Mearns, NOAA/ HazMat Division; Dr. Tom Royer, Ph.D., IMS-UAF, School of Fisheries & Ocean Sciences; Ms.' Sydney Stevens, Instructor, Alaska Science Consortium; and Ms. Patty Ginsberg, Communica­ tions Information Specialist, Regional Citizens Advisory Council. Administrative and technical support was provided by Kristin Smith, Erin Cooper, Robin Doane-Irving, Bonnie Edmundson, Steve Bodnar, Teresa Robertson, and our 1995-96 Student Work Experience (SWEP) high school student, Jodi Pirtle. Funds were provided through a grant from the Prince William Sound Oil Spill Recovery Institute, P.O. Box 705, Cordova, Alaska. ' ARLIS Alaska Resources Library & Information Services Anchorage, Alaska Alaska Oil Spill Curriculum 7-12 Revised 12/95 · ARLIS 2 Alaska Resources library & lnforrriation Setvl~ library Building, Suite 111 3211 Providence Drive Anchorage. AK 99508-4614 INTRODUCTION This document is a 1996 update of selected lessons from the Alaska Oil Spill Curriculum. The Curriculum was originally published in the spring of 1990 as an effort to provide effective, usable lessons and information to schools in Alaska and around the nati~n about the hazards of oil spills. The lessons included provide many different levels of knowledge: increasing students' awareness of their surrotinding environment, understanding the techriical aspects of oil spills and hazardous waste use, exploring the potential impacts of oil on the wildlife and environment and teaching wise decision making skills. The original curriculum provided lessons from understanding habitat to conducting exercises about energy conservation. Since the Exxon Valdez oil spill there has been much research conducted and advances made in the areas of technology and prevention. The revisions to these five lessons incorporate new developments as well as some of the "lessons" that were learned by' the many scientists and workers involved in the oil spill. Due to budget constraint.s, only those lessons having the greatest potential for changes or new developments were revised. These lessons will help students to understand the details about the oil spill, problems associated with cleaning up a spill and technological advances that have been made since 1989. We also look at the potential impact oil spills can have on wildlife. · The underlying premise is not that oil is bad, but that because we are people dependent upon petroleum products, we should understand what petroleum is, its potential impact, preventive measlires that can be taken to decrease consumption and demand, and safety measures in place for the transport and export of crude oil and petroleum products. We hope that students (and all those involved) learn lessons from oil spills so that future spills can be avoided. I have tried to make the revisions to the Alaska Oil Spill Curriculum as objective as possible and the activities exciting. Please insert these revised lessons and bibliography into your complete curriculum. Those of you who have the 4-6 grade curriculum will be able to use these lessons with some adaptations. We welcome suggestions for improvements, inclusion~;" and other revisions. ' ' . '• .·:. '' !'. ·i • ~' ' • Alaska Oil S ill Curric~lum .., 7-12 Revised 12/95 . , 3 I' : . I'• •• J '•' \. ALASKA OIL SPILL CURRICULUM Comprehensive Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... i-v MAPS ....... u ................................ : ........................... : ......................................................... vi-ix PRE-SCHOOL ............................................................................................................... 1-38 K-3 .................................................................................................................................. 1-32 4-6 .................................................................................................................................. 1-94 7-12 .............................................................................................................................. 1-134 APPENDICES Bibliography & Resources ........................................................................... 1 a-12a (Revised 12/95) Newspaper Articles ............................................................... :.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 b-34b . Changing Oil in Changing Times ............................................ ~ ...................... 35b-42b Eco - Care ..................................................................................................... 43b-44b The How's and Why's of Recycling ............................................................... 45b-46b ! ~ 1· •Mi ~, CX) I .o81 It) . It) I I'­ . (t) ') M J ) J Alaska Oil Spill Curriculum """ 7-12 Revised 12/95 4 J ALASKA OIL SPILL CURRICULUM Table of Contents 7 - 12th Grade • Investigating the Oil Spill .....................•- .......................................................................................................................... ,..... 1-2 Alaskan Economy and Oil ........................... _.......................................................................................................................... 3-4 Alaskan Oil Finance ........................................................................................................................................................... 5-6 Oil Spill Humor ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7-8 * Sheen - Oil - Mousse··-·- ·-····-........ __... .................................... ,.... ..-·· ······-····-··-······················ .. ················-············· 9-12 *Clean-Up Technology -.................................... _ ...... - ..... _.................. _.____ ___ ,... .....- ..................................................... 3-16 *Critter Clean-Up----····-········-·-·-····--···-····-····-·-····-·-···... · ···-····-·······..... ...................... _.. ..... -............................ 17-20 *Mapping the Spill ...- ...······- ····.. ......---···-- ··--··...... ..... ·-··········-·-·-·····-······-·-··· .. ················-·································· 21 -26 Chemicals in Oil .................................................................................................................................................................... -. 27 The Chemistry of Oil ........................................................................................................................................................... 29-31 Fractional Distillation of Crude Petroleum ......................................................................................................................... 32 *Oil's Eft'ects on the Marine Environment ....... _. ............................................................................................................. 33-34 Oil in the Marine Environment .......................................................................................................... m .......................... 35-38 Model Tankers ..................................................................................................................................................................... 39-40 Wildlife Field Guide ...........................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WDFW Washington State Status Report for the Bald Eagle
    STATE OF WASHINGTON October 2001 WashingtonWashington StateState StatusStatus ReportReport forfor thethe BaldBald EagleEagle by Derek W. Stinson, James W. Watson and Kelly R. McAllister Washington Department of FISH AND WILDLIFE Wildlife Program WDFW 759 The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife maintains a list of endangered, threatened and sensitive species (Washington Administrative Codes 232-12-014 and 232-12-011, Appendix I). In 1990, the Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission adopted listing procedures developed by a group of citizens, interest groups, and state and federal agencies (Washington Administrative Code 232-12-297, Appendix I). The procedures include how species listing will be initiated, criteria for listing and delisting, public review and recovery and management of listed species. The first step in the process is to develop a preliminary species status report. The report includes a review of information relevant to the species’ status in Washington and addresses factors affecting its status including, but not limited to: historic, current, and future species population trends, natural history including ecological relationships, historic and current habitat trends, population demographics and their relationship to long term sustainability, and historic and current species management activities. The procedures then provide for a 90-day public review opportunity for interested parties to submit new scientific data relevant to the draft status report and classification recommendation. During the 90-day review period, the Department held three public meetings to take comments and answer questions. The Department has now completed the final status report, listing recommendation and State Environmental Policy Act findings for presentation to the Washington Fish and Wildlife Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • The Exchange of Water Between Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska Recommended
    The exchange of water between Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska Item Type Thesis Authors Schmidt, George Michael Download date 27/09/2021 18:58:15 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/5284 THE EXCHANGE OF WATER BETWEEN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND AND THE GULF OF ALASKA RECOMMENDED: THE EXCHANGE OF WATER BETWEEN PRIMCE WILLIAM SOUND AND THE GULF OF ALASKA A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE by George Michael Schmidt III, B.E.S. Fairbanks, Alaska May 197 7 ABSTRACT Prince William Sound is a complex fjord-type estuarine system bordering the northern Gulf of Alaska. This study is an analysis of exchange between Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. Warm, high salinity deep water appears outside the Sound during summer and early autumn. Exchange between this ocean water and fjord water is a combination of deep and intermediate advective intrusions plus deep diffusive mixing. Intermediate exchange appears to be an annual phen­ omenon occurring throughout the summer. During this season, medium scale parcels of ocean water centered on temperature and NO maxima appear in the intermediate depth fjord water. Deep advective exchange also occurs as a regular annual event through the late summer and early autumn. Deep diffusive exchange probably occurs throughout the year, being more evident during the winter in the absence of advective intrusions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is extended to Dr. T. C. Royer, Dr. J. M. Colonell, Dr. R. T. Cooney, Dr. R.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishing in the Cordova Area
    Southcentral Region Department of Fish and Game Fishing in the Cordova Area About Cordova Cordova is a small commercial fishing town (pop. 2,500) on the southeastern side of Prince William Sound, 52 air miles southeast of Valdez and 150 air miles southeast of Anchorage. The town can be reached only by air or by ferries. Check the Alaska Marine Highway website for more informa- tion about the ferries: www.dot.state.ak.us/amhs Alaska Natives originally settled the area around the Copper River Delta. The town of Cordova changed its name from Puerto Cordova in 1906 when the railroad was built to move copper ore. Commercial fishing has been a major industry The Scott River for Cordova since the 1940s, so please be careful around their boats and nets. The Division of Commercial Hotels, fishing charters, camping Fisheries offers a wealth of information on their website, For information about fishing charters, accommoda- including in-season harvest information at www.adfg. tions and other services in Cordova, contact the Chamber alaska.gov . of Commerce and Visitor’s Center at P.O. Box 99, Cordova, Bears are numerous in the Cordova area and anglers Alaska, 99574, (907) 424-7260 or cordovachamber.com. The should use caution when fishing salmon spawning areas. City of Cordova also runs an excellent website at www. Check the ADF&G website for the “Bear Facts” brochure, cityofcordova.net . or request one from the ADF&G Anchorage regional of- fice. Anglers who fillet fish along a river are encouraged to chop up the fish carcass and throw the pieces into fast Management of Alaska’s flowing water.
    [Show full text]
  • Prince William Sound Location File User's Guide
    Prince William Sound User’s Guide Welcome to the Location File for Prince William Sound, an embayment of the Gulf of Alaska, located in south-central Alaska. Prince William Sound is bordered on the west by the Kenai Peninsula; Montague Island and Hinchinbrook Island lie at the main entrance to the sound. Prince William Sound is well known as the location of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, which spilled nearly 11 million gallons of oil into its biologically rich waters. NOAA created Location Files for different U.S. coastal regions to help you use the General NOAA Oil Modeling Environment, GNOME. Each Location File contains information about local oceanographic conditions that GNOME uses to model oil spills in the area covered by that Location File. Each Location File also contains references (both print publications and Internet sites) to help you learn more about the location you are simulating. As you work with the Location File for Prince William Sound, GNOME will prompt you to: 1 Prince William Sound 1. Choose the model settings (start date and time, and run duration). 2. Input the wind conditions. GNOME will guide you through choosing the model settings and entering the wind conditions. Click the Help button anytime you need help setting up the model. Check the “Finding Wind Data” Help topic to see a list of web sites that publish wind data for this region. More information about GNOME and Location Files is available at http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/software/gnome/gnome.html . Technical Documentation Background Prince William Sound is one of the larger estuaries in North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula Region, Alaska
    Geology of the Prince William Sound and Kenai Peninsula Region, Alaska Including the Kenai, Seldovia, Seward, Blying Sound, Cordova, and Middleton Island 1:250,000-scale quadrangles By Frederic H. Wilson and Chad P. Hults Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3110 View looking east down Harriman Fiord at Serpentine Glacier and Mount Gilbert. (photograph by M.L. Miller) 2012 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Contents Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1 Geographic, Physiographic, and Geologic Framework ..........................................................................1 Description of Map Units .............................................................................................................................3 Unconsolidated deposits ....................................................................................................................3 Surficial deposits ........................................................................................................................3 Rock Units West of the Border Ranges Fault System ....................................................................5 Bedded rocks ...............................................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Smaller Gulf of Alaska Communities: Cook Inlet/Prince William Sound Subgroup
    SMALLER GULF OF ALASKA COMMUNITIES: COOK INLET/PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND SUBGROUP Holdings of Limited Entry Permits, Sablefish Quota Shares, and Halibut Quota Shares Through 1997 and Data On Fishery Gross Earnings CFEC Report 98-SPCIPWS-N Alaska Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission 8800 Glacier Highway, Suite 109 Juneau, Alaska 99801 (907) 789-6160 Abstract: This report is one of a series of reports on Gulf of Alaska coastal communities that were prepared with funding provided by the Restricted Access Management Program (NMFS- RAM) of the National Marine Fisheries Service - Alaska Region. This report covers the holdings of restricted use-privileges by persons from the Cook Inlet/Prince William Sound subgroup of the Smaller Gulf of Alaska Communities. For the purposes of this report, the Cook Inlet/Prince William Sound subgroup includes the communities of Chenega, Chenega Bay, English Bay, Nanwalek, Ninilchik, Port Graham, Seldovia, Tatitlek and Tyonek. This report provides fishery-specific data on holdings of Alaska limited entry permits by persons from the Cook Inlet/Prince William Sound subgroup. There are tables that show the number of limited entry permits initially issued to persons from these communities, and the number of these permits held at year-end 1997. Time series data on limited entry permit holdings are also provided. Similarly, the report contains data on halibut and sablefish quota shares initially allocated to persons from these communities as well as quota shares held at year-end 1997. Quota shares are the basic use-privileges issued under the halibut and sablefish individual fishing quota (IFQ) programs. Time series data on quota share holdings are also provided.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1964 Prince William Sound Earthquake Subduction Zone Steven C
    Adv. Geophys. ms. Last saved: 2/12/2003 6:lO:OO PM 1 Crustal Deformation in Southcentral Alaska: The 1964 Prince William Sound Earthquake Subduction Zone Steven C. Cohen Geodynamics Branch, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 2077 1 email: Steven.C.Cohen @ .nasa.gov; phone: 301-6 14-6466 Jeffrey T. Freymueller Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775 Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Tectonic, Geologic, and Seismologic Setting 3. Observed Crustal Motion 3.1 Coseismic Crustal Motion 3.2 Preseismic and Interseismic (pre-1964) Crustal Motion 3.3 Postseismic and Interseismic (post-1964) Crustal Motion 4. Models of Southcentral Alaska Preseismic and Postseismic Crustal Deformation 5. Conclusions 6. References Adv. Geophys. ms. Last saved: a1 a2003 6:lO:OO PM 2 1. Introduction The M, = 9.2 Prince William Sound (PWS) that struck southcentral Alaska on March 28, 1964, is one of the important earthquakes in history. The importance of this Great Alaska Earthquake lies more in its scientific than societal impact. While the human losses in the PWS earthquake were certainly tragic, the sociological impact of the earthquake was less than that of is earthquakes that have struck heavily populated locales. By contrast Earth science, particularly tectonophysics, seismology, and geodesy, has benefited enormously from studies of this massive earthquake. The early 1960s was a particularly important time for both seismology and tectonophysics. Seismic instrumentation and analysis techniques were undergoing considerable modernization. For example, the VELA UNIFORM program for nuclear test detection resulted in the deployment of the World Wide Standard Seismographic Network in the late 1950s and early 1960s (Lay and Wallace, 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • CHENEGA BAY LODGING PROJECT Feasibility Study and Business Plan
    CHENEGA BAY LODGING PROJECT Feasibility Study and Business Plan November 2007 December 2007 A plan developed by Chenega Heritage, Inc. with assistance from Agnew::Beck Consulting. This plan was produced in part with Mini-Grant Assistance funds made available through the Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development and the Denali Commission. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................1 Purpose of this Report..........................................................................................................................1 Summary of Conclusions ......................................................................................................................1 LOCAL CONDITIONS ...........................................................................................................................7 Location....................................................................................................................................................7 History ......................................................................................................................................................7 Climate......................................................................................................................................................8 Infrastructure...........................................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Economic-Impacts-Of-AMHS
    January 2016 The Economic Impacts of the Alaska Marine Highway System Prepared for Alaska Marine Highway System Prepared by January 2016 The Economic Impacts of the Alaska Marine Highway System Prepared for Alaska Marine Highway System Pantone 3165 C 100 M 53 Y 53 K 33 Prepared by R 0 G 78 B 89 Tint at 60% Pantone 7751 C 22 M 24 Y 85 K 0 R 205 G 181 B 75 Pantone 175 www.mcdowellgroup.net C 35 M 81 Y 86 K 39 R 118 G 54 B 37 Tint at 70% Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction and Methodology .............................................................................................. 5 AMHS Overview ...................................................................................................................... 6 AMHS History ......................................................................................................................... 6 AMHS Vessels ......................................................................................................................... 7 AMHS Service and Traffic........................................................................................................ 8 AMHS Employment and Payroll ........................................................................................... 14 Employment in Alaska .......................................................................................................... 14 Payroll in Alaska ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Exxon Valdez Incident
    PT-13: Coastal and Ocean Engineering ENGI.8751 Undergraduate Student Forum Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. john’s, NL, Canada MARCH, 2013 Paper Code. (PT-13 - Halley) Exxon Valdez Incident John Halley Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s, NL, Canada [email protected] ABSTRACT The Exxon Valdez was an oil tanker owned by the ExxonMobil Shipping Company, which gained its infamy after running aground in Prince William Sound spilling more than 11 million galleons (approximately 258,000 barrels) of crude oil [1]. It is currently operating under the name Oriental Nicety, and is owned by Hong Kong Bloom Shipping Ltd. In the early hours of March 24th, 1989 the vessel struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The oil impacted over 1,100 miles of non-continuous coastline, making the Exxon Valdez the largest oil spill in U.S. history [2]. Exxon and the U.S. Coast Guard began a massive cleanup effort that included over 11,000 personnel, 1,400 vessels, and 85 aircrafts [2]. The spill affected one of the nations most vulnerable ecosystems, which included a national forest, four national wildlife refuges, five state parks, 3 national parks, four state critical habitat areas, and a state game sanctuary. Total toll on marine wildlife included approximately 300 harbour seals, 2,800 sea otters, and between 250,000 and 500,000 seabirds [3]. The remote location, the large spill size, and the character of the oil spill tested spill preparedness and response capabilities. Government and industry response plans proved to be completely insufficient to maintain an oil spill of this magnitude.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on Birds: Comparisons of Pre- and Post-Spill Surveys in Prince William Sound, Alaska ’
    The Condor 99:299-3 13 D The Cooper Ornithological Society 1997 EFFECTS OF THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL ON BIRDS: COMPARISONS OF PRE- AND POST-SPILL SURVEYS IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, ALASKA ’ STEPHENM. MUFZHY AND ROBERT H. DAY ABR, Inc., P.O. Box 80410, Fairbanks, AK 99708, e-mail: [email protected] JOHN A. WIENS Departmentof Biology, Colorado State University,Fort Collins, CO 80523 KEITH R. PARKER Data Analysis Group, 5100 Chern, Creek Road, Cloverdale, CA 95425 Abstract. We used data from pre- and post-spill surveys to assessthe effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on the abundanceand distribution of birds in Prince William Sound, Alaska. We conductedpost-spill surveys during mid-summer (1989-1991) in 10 bays that had been surveyed prior to the spill (1984-1985) and that had experienceddifferent levels of initial oiling from the spill (unoiled to heavily oiled). We evaluated whether there were changesin overall abundanceacross all bays between the pre-spill and post-spill sampling periods, and changesin abundancein unoiled/lightly oiled bays versus moderately/heavily oiled bays that would suggestoiling impacts. Of 12 taxa examined for changesin overall abundance, 7 showed no significant change, 2 (Bald Eagle and Glaucous-winged Gull) increasedin abundance,and 3 (Red-necked Grebe, Pelagic Cormorant, and Pigeon Guille- mot) decreasedin abundanceduring all three post-spill years. Of the 11 taxa examined for differences in use of oiled versus unoiled habitats, 7 showed no significant response, 1 (Black-legged Kittiwake) exhibited a positive responseto oiling, and 3 (Pelagic Cormorant, Black Oystercatcher,and Pigeon Guillemot) exhibited negative responsesto initial oiling.
    [Show full text]
  • SEASONAL ABUNDANCE, MOVEMENTS, and FOOD a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Stanislaus and Moss La
    SEASONAL ABUNDANCE, MOVEMENTS, AND FOOD HABITS OF HARBOR SEALS (PHOCA VITULINA RICHARDS!) INELKHORNSLOUGH,CAL~ORNIA A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Stanislaus and Moss Landing Marine Laboratories In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Marine Science By Dion Seth Oxman May, 1995 Copyright © 1995 by Dion Seth Oxman 11 ABSTRACT Harbor seals were counted at least twice per month at haul-out sites in Elkhorn Slough during 1991. Although there was no seasonal variation in abundance, numbers had increased three fold since 1984. Eight juvenile harbor seals (5 females and 3 males) were caught in Elkhorn Slough and fitted with radio transmitters to study movements and activity patterns. Radio­ tagged individuals were usually found resting ashore inside the slough during the day (mean = 94% of the time), and diving in Monterey Bay during nighttime (mean = 90% of the time). At night, tagged harbor seals moved as far north as Sunset Beach, but usually were found off Moss Landing. Dives in Monterey Bay (mean = 4.32 min, S.D. 2.35 min) were significantly greater in duration than those performed in Elkhorn Slough (mean = 1.80 min, S.D. = 1.50 min). Prey hard parts found in harbor seal feces collected from Elkhorn Slough indicated harbor seals consumed mostly benthic species, including octopus {Octopus sp. ), spotted cusk-eel (Chilara taylor£), and flatfishes, throughout the year. Rockfishes (Sebastes sp.), and other pelagic species were eaten when they became abundant during summer. There was no significant similarity (PSI's < 0.13) in species composition between seal diet and otter trawls conducted in Elkhorn Slough, indicating seals fed mostly in the bay at night.
    [Show full text]