WINTER 2016 - VOL. 33, NO. 2 ALM WINTER 2016 (2) ALM EXECUTIVE TEAM IN THIS ISSUE USLA Executive Board USLA Regional Presidents USLA Special Assignments President New England American Magazine Peter Davis, Bob Bertrand B. Chris Brewster PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE ...... 4 Galveston, TX [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Mid-Atlantic Bylaws and Policies THE HISTORY OF BEACH LIFEGUARDING WORLDWIDE: PART I . . . . . 5 Vice-President Ed Zebrowski Ed Zebrowski III Rob Williams [email protected] [email protected] Newport Beach, CA South Atlantic Certification [email protected] WORLD CONFERENCE ON Tom Gill Tony Pryor Treasurer [email protected] [email protected] PREVENTION 2015 ...... 14 Michael Bradley Southeast Sport Charleston, SC Gerry Falconer Ed Zebrowski [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] A LIFE SAVED BY AND AN AED ...... 15 Secretary Great Lakes Heroic Acts Awards Nikki Bowie, Joe Pecoraro Adrienne Groh Charleston, SC A LIFESAVER WHO GAVE HIS ALL ...... 16 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Gulf Coast Junior Lifeguards Executive Delegate Tony Pryor David Robinson Ed Zebrowski III A METEOROLOGIST’S VIEW OF A RESCUE ...... 20 [email protected] [email protected] Cape May, NJ [email protected] Northwest Membership Bert Whitaker Charlotte Graham UNDERWATER BLACKOUT ...... 24 Liaison Officer [email protected] [email protected] B. Chris Brewster San Diego, CA Southwest (CSLSA) Professional Development BLOCK THE BLAZE PROGRAM EXPANDS ...... 27 [email protected] Mike Beuerlein Michael Bradley [email protected] [email protected] Advisor Ralph Goto Pacific Islands Public Education CHANGING GUIDELINES ...... 28 Honolulu, HI Ralph Goto Denise Blair [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Medical Advisor Public Information and DRONING ON ABOUT DRONES ...... 32 Dr. Peter Wernicki, Media Relations Vero Beach, FL Tom Gill [email protected] [email protected] THE “EYES” OF THE LIFEGUARD ...... 34 Legal Advisor Statistics John "Chip" More, Rick Gould Neptune City, NJ [email protected] [email protected] Ways & Means USLA Executive Director Rob Williams Kay Smiley [email protected] [email protected] Website Karissa Ickes [email protected]

United States Lifesaving Association

We are America’s nonprowfiwt,wp.ruofselsas.iorngal as8so6c6ia-FtiOoRn-UofSbLeAac(h36li7fe-8gu7a5r2ds) and open water rescuers. The USLA works to reduce the incidence of death and injury in the aquatic environment through public education, national lifeguard standards, training programs, promotion of high levels of lifeguard readiness, and other means. Corporate address: P.O. Box 366, Huntington Beach, CA 92648 or [email protected].

American Lifeguard Magazine ™Aims tehreicoaffniciLailfemgaugazridneMoaf gthaezUinSeL™ A, mailed February 1, June 1, and October 15 to a membership of about 10,000 members and subscribers. The opinions expressed are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USLA. We welcome stories, photos, and advertising which target our audience of athletic, beach oriented people. Our junior lifeguard members (our largest member category) range in age from 8 - 18, with an average age of 12. They are about 55% male, 45% female. Our lifeguard members (professional, alumnus, and life) range in age from 16 to over 85, with an average age of 29. They are about 80% male, 20% female. Readers include lifeguard agency chiefs, junior lifeguard program administrators, and others involved in purchasing decisions. Promote your products and services by delivering your message directly to lifesaving professionals through the only magazine targeting beach lifeguards in the US. We rarely pay for articles or photos, but give full credit. We pay $100 for cover photos.

Deadlines for contributing stories, photos, or advertising to ALM are March 15 (summer edition), July 31 (fall edition), and November 15 (winter edition), unless a later date is approved by the editor. You are encouraged to contribute earlier, as this increases the possibility of selection.

Address all inquiries to the editor at: [email protected]. Cover Shot: Hawaii County Water Safety Officer Ad Size Only One Issue Three Issues Kaleo Hauanio receives the USLA Medal of Valor Half Page $300 $810 ($270 each) from USLA Advisor Ralph Goto in recognition of a Full Page $500 $1350 ($450 each) Inside Cover $600 $1620 ($540 each) harrowing big surf rescue in 2014 of two surfers at Back Cover $750 $2025 ($675 each) Kahalu’u Beach Park. Photo courtesy of: Jo Wagenhals. © United States Lifesaving Association. All rights reserved. The material contained in ALM may not be reproduced, displayed, modified or distributed without the express prior written permission of the copyright holder: [email protected].

ALM WINTER 2016 (3) PRESIDPeEter NDavTis,’GSalvesMton, ETX SSAGE I'm very honored to have been elected step down after 12 incredibly produc - as your President and will do my best to tive years because it is time for others to listen and support our shared journey. I shoulder that burden. Fortunately, he look forward to working and collabo - will continue to contribute significantly rating together to better serve the to the organization. USLA’s mission to support the nation’s lifeguards, reduce open water drown - ings, and promote lifesaving sport. In Please don't be shy about order to continue the incredible work offering advice, opinions, that has been done up to this point, I or constructive criticism. will need help and guidance from many of you. Please don't be shy about offer - It is only in the wake of Chris Brewster’s ing advice, opinions, or constructive departure that we can begin to see how members and agencies in their charge criticism. expansive his work for the USLA was; of preventing drowning on our nations For those of you that I don't yet know, Chris has brought us far and fast. As a beaches and lakes. allow me to introduce myself. I'm Peter result of his and our collective effort, Lifeguards are a unique breed. We are Davis and I am a lifeguard. I've lived on we've become a major force in lifesav - amphibious creatures who go where all three coasts but grew up primarily ing and drowning prevention. We’ve others don't dare, to help those in on the Gulf Coast where I was from a also matured into a professional body need. But we are unique mostly because long line of beach people. I started surf - that has learned to work together, we have a skill set that allows us to ing at 10 and always admired the life - despite occasional differences, for a serve so directly and comprehensively. guards. I've now been guarding for 34 common goal. Even though we're all We rescue in water, treat medical emer - years and am currently the Chief of the proud of what we've become, we also gencies, enforce laws and rules, and Galveston Island Beach Patrol. know we have to continue forward to help when needed in all kinds of other Like many of us, I became involved with meet to our shared goals. ways. What separates us from most is that we often prevent bad things from the USLA through lifesaving competi - This is an exciting time for the USLA. happening before people even realize tion. Through competition, I gradually Our partnerships with the leading they are going to be in trouble. came to realize all that we do in this organizations in lifesaving and drown - great organization including drowning ing prevention, both here and abroad, At the end of a long day, many people prevention, public education, support - continue to strengthen. We've made are able to come home and say they did ing our members and agencies, provid - significant steps in promoting lifesav - good things. However, as lifeguards we ing training and certification standards, ing sport to the next wave of athletes can say we kept someone from dying. recognizing those who risk their lives for and we are financially better off than We can say that we helped our fellow others or contribute significantly, and ever before. We've also recently com - brothers and sisters when they were staying on top of the latest innovations pleted a comprehensive strategic plan most in need; that we saved a life. through continued contact with each and are finalizing specific goals and Because of this shared experience and other and with our global partners. timelines related to communication, our shared calling, lifeguards from all around the world have a bond. We are We are the latest in a long line of men social media, collaboration, increased a global family comprised of different and women lifesavers that have brought training and education, and an increase tribes. Wherever you go in the world, us to this point. All that we are and all of more inclusive leadership pathways for our newer members. lifeguards will welcome you and are that we do is built upon the foundation there for you. Just as you are for them. they created for us. In turn, we will con - With this roadmap we can take the tinue that tradition until others carry next steps toward a future where the It is my privilege to serve you and this our work forward. Our most recent USLA is a household name that does noble group. President, Chris Brewster, has chosen to even more to support our incredible Lifeguards for Life!

ALM WINTER 2016 (4) THE HISTORY OF BEACH LIFEGUARDING

WORLDB.WChrIisDBreEw:ster PART I

Editor’s Note: A book entitled The In the 1800s, the beach wasn’t seen as might enjoy a pond or lake. Of course, Science of Beach Lifeguarding is in press an attraction, but a dangerous place. the threat of drowning was ever pres - and scheduled to be published in 2016. The population of many countries was ent, particularly so at an ocean beach Written by leading researchers and aca - mostly spread out in rural areas. (1) with waves and currents. demics, this is the first book to pull togeth - There were no cars or paved roads. For One of the most interesting inventions er the different areas involved in beach life - cities like London, New York, or to popularize ocean (for some) guarding and to evaluate the science water was important to their was the . Scarborough, behind current practice. The publishers founders as a medium for moving peo - on the Yorkshire coast of England, has have graciously permitted ALM to reprint ple and goods aboard ships, but they record of the earliest bathing machines the first chapter of the book and to offer a were understandably positioned around in 1735. (2) These machines were actu - 15% discount to ALM readers here: harbors, with protected anchorage and ally cabins on wheels which could be http://bit.ly/1QkVqHd. The following is a docks. For most of the population, the pulled by horses or men to the water’s portion of that chapter. Additional por - beach was a journey, an adventure few edge. The bather would then descend tions of the history chapter will be pub - chose and perhaps fewer could consider some steps straight into the sea in some - lished in future editions of ALM. with the limited time available for thing resembling a private ocean pool. INTRODUCTION recreation. That changed over a sur - Women often enjoyed total privacy prisingly short period of human history, thanks to a refinement, which allowed Beaches were not always a popular des - with beachfront property going from a canvas hood to cover the area of sea tination. They were once shunned by undesirable to being some of the most around the steps. (3) Obviously this was most people. That has changed, of prized, and beach recreation from an not ocean bathing for the masses, but course, but the intense popularity of oddity to a passion. But this current dunking for the elite. beaches we know today is something reality, you know. very new in a historical sense. It has developed over just the past 100 years The dynamics that brought about such or so. With that popularity has come a rapid change in the perceived desirabil - new role – the beach lifesaver. ity of the beach varied somewhat from place to place. The manner in which those visiting the beaches and swim - Lifesaver/Lifeguard: This chapter ming in their waters came to be protect - uses the terms lifesaver and lifeguard. ed also varied. Here are some stories of The term lifesaver is used to refer to that evolution of the beach as a highly all people who rescue others in peril sought destination and domicile, and An early bathing machine. in the water, whether as volunteers why lifesavers came to be so essential. Some of the fisher folk of Brighton, a or as compensated employees, under BATHING AND SWIMMING town which was transformed in the the premise that lifesaving is an act Lifesavers are not needed if few people 1700s from a small village into a thriv - which they both perform. The term choose to enter the water, and for ing resort through the popularity of sea lifeguard is used to refer to people much of human history few did so bathing, found new and profitable compensated for that role. This intentionally. Open water bathing employment as ‘dippers’ and ‘bathers’. chapter also uses the term came first. Bathing (the recreational Dippers were for the ladies and bathers professional to refer to those who sort) might be described as the passive for the gentlemen, but their task was practice lifesaving as a profession. enjoyment of the water – sitting or the same: to plunge their subject vigor - Volunteers can, of course, perform wading in it for example. Without the ously into and out of the water. By at a highly professional level as well. skill to propel oneself through water 1790 there were some 20 locals offering (swimming), bathing was the way one this strenuous service to the rich,

ALM WINTER 2016 (5) titled, and even royal visitors who In Great Britain similar efforts took flocked to the town. (4) These were place. The Royal National Lifeboat not lifeguards, per se, but attendants. Institution (RNLI) was founded in 1824 George, the Prince of Wales, started to as the National Institution for the frequent his beloved Brighton in 1783 Preservation of Life from Shipwreck. (7) and his father, King George III, adopt - The first RNLI Gold Medal was awarded ed Weymouth in Dorset as his pet to Charles Fremantle of the Lymington resort after his first of many visits and Coastguard in 1824 for swimming with a dips in the sea there in 1789. Sea line from a beach to rescue the crew from U.S. Life-Saving Service surfboat bathing had now received the royal the Swedish brigantine Carl Jean that was in difficulty close to the shore near drill – Orleans station – with crew seal of approval and had become, if not wearing summer working suits and compulsory, at least very difficult to Christchurch. (7) keeper in the standard uniform, resist among the fashionable of the age. In the U.S. the volume of problems with cork vests, 1908. In Australia, there were no bathing related to shipwrecks along the shore - without mention of those first beach- machines, but as early as 1850 there line brought about the creation of the based rescuers, who were engaged in were plenty of bathhouses in Sydney U.S. Life-Saving Service in 1878 harbor, which were quite popular. (5) the rescue of shipwrecked people. (which would later, in 1915, merge with Their work, methods, and equipment Over time, some naturally became the Revenue Cutter Service to become set the stage for and perhaps inspired interested in swimming as a distinct the U.S. Coast Guard). (6) It appears to what came later. skill that allowed the practitioner to be the first in the world to use the term move forward in the water and, in fact, ‘life-saving’ to apply to the effort to res - THE FIRST BEACH LIFESAVERS prevent drowning. (5) This, though, is cue people from drowning. (5) They TO PROTECT SWIMMERS not a history of bathing or swimming. used tools like double-ended surfboats, United States Bathing Resorts and It is a history of beach lifesaving, by launched from shore with six rowers Lifeguards volunteers and professionals. We must and a man at a tiller oar, and lines fired Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is known turn our attention to the reasons that from shore to vessels in distress, along as the birthplace of democracy in the lifesavers were needed, which of course with a variety of other devices to bring meant that more than just the elite people to safety. There ultimately came United States. It is where the first would need to favor the water. to be 279 lifesaving stations whose life - U.S. Congress met, but it also offered inspiration that eventually brought THE FIRST ‘LIFESAVERS’ savers had rescued over 150,000 from drowning by 1915. (6) about creation of the first professional The beaches of the United States east beach lifeguard corps – ironic, since coast were lightly inhabited in the This is not a history of the beach-based Philadelphia is some 50 miles from early 1800s. Those who lived near the rescue of mariners, which took place in the Atlantic coast and from any ocean shore were well aware of its hazards, other countries as well, but a history of beaches. though. Shipwrecks were common. beach lifesaving would be incomplete In summer, Philadelphia can swelter in Volunteer efforts to mount shore-based heat and humidity. Before air condi - rescues of imperiled sailors were first tioning, it was a hot summertime stew initiated by the Massachusetts Humane Society in 1807. In 1848, the United of humanity. Some entrepreneurs had States Congress approved $10,000 to an idea. What if we were to build a rail - pay for, ‘surfboats, rockets, carronades road to the coast, where the cool sea (line throwing mortars), and other nec - breezes would temper the heat of sum - essary apparatus for the better preserva - mer, and a dip in the ocean all the tion of life and property from ship - more so? What if we were to build a wrecks along the coast of New Jersey.’ resort by the sea? They attracted (6) They were positioned in eight sta - investors, convinced the Camden and tions to be staffed by volunteers in case Amboy Railroad to build a line to of shipwrecks. In 1850 for example, Abescon Island and constructed the using the gear, at least 201 shipwrecked U.S. Life-Saving Service crew - Wallis United States Hotel on a ‘deserted pile people were saved by beach-based res - Sands station - beside their surfboat of sand.’ (8) The name of the ‘resort’ – cuers, but many still died. (6) wearing storm suits with cork life vests. Atlantic City.

ALM WINTER 2016 (6) Atlantic City opened for business with council appointed two men whom they 600 guests taking the train on June 1, called, ‘Constables of the Surf.’ (10) 1854. The entrepreneurs were the first Most of the lifesavers, though, were in the U.S. by 10 years with direct train quite unofficial. Talese relates, ‘The service to an ocean resort, but many lifeguard brigade of the mid-1800s was were to duplicate their concept else - composed of a few petty brigands who where. (8) The ocean resort, accessible received no municipal salary and there - by train, had arrived. It was ‘The first fore supported themselves in summer planned city by the sea.’ (8). They pro - by unsubtly soliciting donations from moted the resort as beneficial to the proprietors and patrons of bath - health, much as had been the case of houses and the largess of anyone they the promoters of bathing machines in rescued from drowning. When their England. The author Gay Talese relates funds ran low, they would fake rescues.’ their exaggerated claims, bolstered by (9) Indeed, he reports, one of their fake doctors, that the cool breezes, ‘… had a victims was a young W.C. Fields, who salubrious effect upon those suffering was paid $10 a week to swim out and from asthma, consumption, laryngitis, feign rescue, sometimes 12 times a day. pneumonia, diabetes, digestive disor - (11) In his later life as a famous comic ders and other maladies, including actor he reflected upon those days say - insanity.’ (9) They also promoted the ing that he’d quit swimming and drink - healthiness of the salt water, but there ing water because he’d ingested On June 12, 1892 the Atlantic City was a particular problem unmentioned enough. (11) in that regard - drowning. Beach Patrol was added to the city Since the blended approach of volun - payroll with two paid lifeguards: Dan Atlantic City soon became popular. As teers and a few paid constables wasn’t Headley and Nick Jefferies. The white belts had a loop at the back which they the volume of visitors grew there and at working well, in 1875 the city hired would fasten to their rescue device. other resorts that came to be built else - more Constables of the Surf. By 1884 where along the Jersey Shore, it was there were 25 in the city’s employ. (10) Volunteer lifesavers were to precede inevitable that drowning would be a They were city policemen with special - paid lifeguards in other areas of the problem that could not be ignored. There ized responsibilities, who would return U.S. as well. An organization called were 13 drowning deaths in Atlantic to land-based police duties after the United States Volunteer Lifesaving City in 1865, for example, which brought bathing hours were over. They were Corps (USVLC) was created in 1892. about the installation of ropes extending perhaps more effective than the volun - (5) Loosely organized, it reported res - out into the water attached to poles. The teers, but police were needed ashore in cues in various parts of the country. In theory was that people could use them to a with the many law 1908, off Venice Beach, California, a steady themselves or (hopefully) pull enforcement issues that arose. member named George Freeth, who themselves to safety, although they were had been brought from Hawaii as a per - On June 12, 1892 the Atlantic City largely ineffective at stemming the tide of former to attract people to seaside Beach Patrol was created as a munici - drowning. (8) bathhouses and billed as the man who pal service with two lifeguards. (10) walks on water (on a surfboard), res - Volunteer lifesavers had begun offering Hotels, bathhouses, and associations cued seven men from drowning in a their services in Atlantic City early on, had paid lifeguards before this, but this storm that capsized their fishing boats. walking the beaches and rescuing peo - one was organized by the city. (10) By (12) He was one of many citizen res - ple with a ring buoy. (10) They offered 1900 there were 55 members of the cuers awarded the Gold Lifesaving assistance at no cost, but asked for a Atlantic City Beach Patrol and by Medal by the United States Life- donation in return. Indeed some were 1910 there were 64. It has continually Saving Service, (13) and he is also even listed in the Atlantic City direc - operated since that time, saving lives credited with introducing surfing to the tory and compensated to some degree each year as the fortunes of Atlantic U.S. mainland. (14) by the railroad or a hotel. (10) The City itself have risen and fallen repeat - drowning deaths also caused the larger edly. These U.S. efforts to protect On the west coast of the U.S., the city hotels (there were now many) to bathers and swimmers along the Jersey of Long Beach, California hired its first employ lifeguards (9) to watch over the Shore appear to have been the first in municipal lifeguard in 1908, and the bathers, and in 1855 the Atlantic City the world. (5) city of San Diego began a municipal

ALM WINTER 2016 (7) beach lifeguard operation overseen by bathing imposed by many local and controversy, as its first surf club. (5) the police department in 1914. (14) state governments, including Sydney. Others formed in neighboring commu - (15) In each instance, bathhouses or It was perhaps reluctantly enforced by nities in short order. Australian dis - hotels built beside the ocean, fed by the police, but served to discourage putes as to which club came first aside; regular train service, drew large num - more responsible Australians from ven - a key was that volunteer clubs allowed bers of people to the beach and the turing into the surf. Even so, there were for protection of bathers without sub - water. In 1918, 13 people died in one drowning deaths, which raised con - stantial costs to the local councils to day in rip currents off San Diego’s cern. In 1899, a Life Saving Brigade hire lifeguards. In turn, the councils Ocean Beach, which caused the city to was formed at Manly Beach, but it was provided land for clubhouses and vari - realize it needed to further bolster its reactive, with a bell to be rung if volun - ous benefits to the members. These lifeguard staffing levels. (15) Other teers from the community were needed ‘surf clubs’ were essentially swimming lifeguard agencies were formed on the to respond to a person in distress, and it clubs that agreed to protect others. west coast in later years, just as hap - existed only a few years. (5) This was a solution to be followed pened on the east coast and Gulf coast. In New South Wales, the law against throughout Australia. The American Red Cross became daylight bathing was not lifted until involved as well at the urging of 1903 and only then because of protests In 1907, a club was Wilbert E. Longfellow, Commodore in by a growing number of people. The formed at , Chief of New York City’s US Volunteer most public of protests was conducted Life Saving Corps. The ARC created a by the editor of the Manly and North which Surf Life Saving standardized lifesaving training pro - Sydney News, William Gocher, who, Australia now recognizes, gram and issued certificates. (16) In the sensing the support of his readers, absence of any other source of stan - marched into the waves in a comically with some controversy, dardized national training, some beach oversized costume on three occasions as its first surf club. lifeguard agencies came to use elements at midday until the Sydney police ulti - of the ARC program in their training mately arrested him. (17) (5) Things Oddly enough, the clubs did not ini - or as a prerequisite, while others changed rather rapidly thereafter, and tially choose to collaborate for reasons eschewed the ARC program entirely. thousands took up the pastime within a related to . Instead they few years. (5) united over an objection to local ordi - nances requiring very modest bathing The need to rescue people in distress Beach lifeguards in the U.S. costumes, which were uncomfortable became quickly apparent, but how to for swimming. (5) When the clubs came to be viewed as an organize lifesaving services was another came together to form the Surf Bathing matter. Unlike the beach resorts that essential municipal service. Association of New South Wales in had been built in the United States, 1907, their overriding interest was to which were commercial operations cre - fight the rules. Freedom versus modesty As the volume of rescues rose, the vol - ated to attract tourists and generate was the biggest issue to occupy them at unteer approach faded away. Beach income, Sydney’s ocean beaches were its inception: should men be forced to lifeguards in the U.S. came to be bordered by small communities, and wear an additional skirt over their viewed as an essential municipal serv - the beach patrons were mostly day- neck-to-knee costumes? The associa - ice, expected just as were police and trippers or locals. The heavy commer - tion said definitely not. (18) fire departments, needed to ensure the cial aspect was lacking, along with the safety of tourists and locals alike, and to financial support it lent and the imper - More and more, however, the clubs protect economies based on beach ative to minimize drowning deaths to became involved in protecting swim - tourism. Today many of these beach protect the income of resort owners. mers. It was what their members had to lifeguard organizations are major The local council of Manly paid for a offer councils in return for permission municipal services, with annual budg - ‘surf attendant,’ but others were not to build clubhouses and occupy exclu - ets in the millions of dollars. willing or able to accept such an sive areas of the beach. By 1910, the Australian Bathing Clubs and expense. (5) association had instituted the basic qualification required for volunteer Lifesavers In 1907, a club was formed at Bondi lifesaving – the Bronze Medallion. (5) In Australia, things evolved differently. Beach, which Surf Life Saving There was a ban on daylight ocean Australia now recognizes, with some continued on page 10

ALM WINTER 2016 (8) ALM WINTER 2016 (9) The clubs initially enjoyed a positive there was no national association over - More Lifesaving Origins relationship with the Royal Life Saving seeing all surf lifesaving to create it.) There are more than 120 countries Society (RLSS), but they were also Over time, Australia’s beach safety with lifesaving organizations today. frustrated that rescue methods it taught approach would gradually come to rely, The following were kind enough to were not designed for the surf. Over the in substantial part, on professional life - respond to an invitation to share their years the relationship became strained. guards. It was perhaps inevitable that as histories. When they renamed themselves the tourism and beach attendance grew, Surf Life Saving Association of New New Zealand volunteers alone, being mostly avail - South Wales, the end was near. In able on holidays and weekends, would Surf Life Saving New Zealand 1924, a key agreement was reached. be inadequate to ensure the daily need (SLSNZ) declares that: ‘Surf Life RLSS would confine its activities to for beach safety. Thus local councils Saving is one of the best imports we've inland waters and enclosed baths. The employed ‘beach inspectors,’ now typi - ever had from Australia.’ (21) In New Surf Life Saving Association of cally referred to as lifeguards. Zealand, lifesaving began at Lyall Bay Australia would confine itself to and New Brighton in 1910, but there coastal beaches. (5) were four more clubs by year end. (21) SLSNZ clubs were much like those in Calling themselves SLSA Australia did Australia’s beach safety not mean they represented the entire Australia, depending primarily upon country – far from it. Over time, approach would gradually the reel, line and belt. From the begin - though, surf lifesaving clubs that devel - come to rely, in substantial ning, the camaraderie and democracy oped in other states decided to become the clubs offered were a hallmark. ‘All affiliated with the single body and part, on professional clubbies were treated equally – lawyers, every state was included with a state lifeguards. plumbers and farm hands worked organization by the early 1950s. (5) together to save lives. Their only qual - ification was an ability to move Independent associations of Australian through the surf.’ (21) Women were beach lifeguards began in 1937 and in accepted as full club members from the 1980 the Australian Professional Surf early years. Lifeguards Association united with South Africa SLSA, which provided funding. (20) This lasted only until 1984, when an In South Africa, the Royal Life Saving acrimonious split took place, and the Society formed its first South African organization, now known as the Branches for teaching and certifying its Australian Professional Ocean lifesaving techniques at swimming Credit: Surf Life Saving Australia; Lifeguard Association (APOLA), is pools and inland waterways in 1913. Surf lifesaving clubs came to exist in decidedly independent with its own (22) Surf Life Saving Australia repre - every state in Australia. This one, sentatives visited in 1927, ‘… paraded the Penguin Surf Life Saving Club, standards. (20) SLSA, though, had was founded in 1931 at begun to contract with local councils along the beachfront of Durban, Preservation Bay, Tasmania. to provide professional beach lifeguards demonstrated lifesaving techniques in 1970 and is now the largest contract and encouraged the formation in The U.S. Volunteer Life Saving Corps provider of professional lifeguards in Durban of the first two clubs, the had preceded SLSA as a volunteer Australia. (20) Durban Surf Life Saving Club and the movement, having been founded in Pirates Lifesaving Club.’ (22) 1890, and is reported to have saved over It can seem strange for a professional maintains its 17,000 people from drowning by 1938. lifeguard from the U.S., for example, to ties to this day with the Royal Life (19) It gradually faded from existence, learn that Australia’s professionals work Saving Society, but also with SLSA. however, as professional lifeguards were mostly weekdays, leaving beach safety Brazil employed in accordance with local cus - responsibilities to volunteer lifesavers tom, albeit without the benefit of the on weekends, when attendance is pre - Brazil’s history of beach lifesaving start - standards offered by a national organi - sumably much higher and challenges ed in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which zation. (There was no Bronze greater, but the ethos of Australian life - abuts beautiful beaches in a tropical Medallion equivalent in the USA, as saving is founded in that reality. climate. As in other areas of the world,

ALM WINTER 2016 (10) the attractiveness of the ocean also (DLRG), was founded in 1913. It was 40,000 and 60,000 DLRG lifesavers holds great hazards. These characteris - initially focused on harnessing volun - volunteer 2.2 million hours of volun - tics are what have turned Rio de teers to educate the public with swim - tary service. (Personal communication Janeiro into one of the leading regions ming and lifesaving instruction. via e-mail, Frauke Schroeder, Deutsche of Brazil for drowning deaths. Hearing In 1922, the DLRG resolved to add Lebens-Rettungs-Gesellschaft e.V.) ‘lifeguard service’ to its field of respon - of these conditions, Commodore United Kingdom Wilbert E. Longfellow of the USA vis - sibilities, and water rescue service ited Rio de Janeiro (then the capital of (‘Wasserrettungsdienst’) became one of In the United Kingdom, as had been Brazil) in 1914 and began teaching the the tasks set out in its new constitu - the case in Australia before the exis - lifesaving programs of the American tion. Mobile and also later fixed life - tence of the SLSA, the only recognized Red Cross. At first, the goal was to guard stations were established at dan - qualification for a beach lifesaver was that given by the Royal Lifesaving organize and train lifeguard volunteers gerous bathing places along the coasts Society, which having been formed in who would stand guard on all the and at inland waters. At the beginning 1891 had been influential in saving beaches of Brazil. Realizing the chal - of the 1920s an estimated 8,000 people lives in lakes and rivers as well as lenge of fully accomplishing this goal, a drowned in Germany per year. By the municipal baths. Their test, carried out campaign at a national level was imple - mid-30s, the intensified instruction of in still-water came to be considered mented in hopes of educating and lifeguards and the establishment of inadequate for the demands of lifesav - alerting everyone to the potential dan - additional lifeguard stations, along ing in the sea and thus, it was an gers on all beaches nationwide. with improved swimming instruction for the population by the DLRG and Australian lifesaver who introduced Longfellow’s slogan was: ‘Every person public schools, had reduced this num - the country to surf lifesaving as he a swimmer, every swimmer a lifesaver.’ ber to about 3,500. knew it. (23) Allan Kennedy had Today the paid lifeguard service in Rio served as a lifesaver and as state super - In 1950 the number of deaths by is responsible for beach safety along a intendent for Queensland from 1941 to drowning in German waters was still 60-mile stretch, with 1,200 lifeguards 1946. (24) During the war he instruct - quite high at 2,105, but today those on staff year-round. (Personal commu - ed Australian and American troops numbers are down to about 400. Water nication via e-mail, David Szpilman sent to recuperate on the Gold Coast in rescue service is presently the only state M.D., SOBRASA, March 9, 2015) the techniques of surf lifesaving, award - responsibility in Germany that is still Germany ing the Bronze Medallion to those who taken on by volunteers. It extends passed the test. Germany’s lifesaving organization, beyond beaches to flood rescue and dis - Deutshe Lebens-Rettungs-Gesellschafte aster response. Each year between continued on page 30

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ALM WINTER 2016 (11) ALM WINTER 2016 (12) ALM WINTER 2016 (13) WORLD CONFERENCE ON

DROJusWtin SNcarIr,NCoGmmissPionRerEofVDrEowNningTPIreOvenNtion,2ILS 015

The International Life guarding services can be Saving Federation, with under-resourced, and not gracious hosting by the Life prioritized outside of tourism Saving Society Malaysia, districts. The host, Life held the World Conference Saving Society Malaysia on Drowning Prevention in used the event to call for the Penang, Malaysia in strengthening of lifeguard - November 2015. WCDP ing systems, the formation of 2015 brought together a water safety council, and more than 500 researchers, the teaching of survival policymakers, and practi - swimming in schools. tioners from 61 nations, Building lifeguarding sys - including representatives tems in the least developed from most of the major life - Former USLA President B. Chris Brewster and current nations was a consistent saving and lifeguarding USLA President Peter Davis at the World Conference on theme in presentations. organizations of the world. Drowning Prevention 2015 Delegates met presenters WCDP 2015 was co-sponsored by the that result from tropical storms that from across Africa, Asia World Health Organization, representa - impact many nations. and South America, including those attempting to advance lifeguarding in tives of which were key participants. Delegates explored these challenges, places like Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and This followed the release of the first discussed ways of working in partnership Vietnam, giving a new appreciation of WHO Global Report on Drowning in with nations with strong drowning pre - the challenges faced. November 2014. Dr. Shin Young-soo, vention systems and relatively low the WHO’s Regional Director for the drowning rates. Strategies included The next World Conference on Western Pacific, gave a stirring speech in reducing exposure to water hazards Drowning Prevention will be held in which he declared, “When a child dies through barriers, training bystanders in Vancouver, Canada in October 2017. by drowning it is not an accident. It is a safe rescue and CPR, and setting and This will be the first time the confer - result of our indifference and neglect.” enforcing safe boating, shipping and ence has been held in the Americas region since the United States The WHO Global Report on Drowning ferry regulations. Lifesaving Association hosted the is viewed by many as a sign that drown - The conference was divided to six World Medical and Rescue Conference ing is gaining increasing recognition as streams: prevention, data, rescue, disas - in San Diego in 1997. a public health issue that has previously ter, treatment, and partnerships. escaped attention. Drowning is now rec - Delegates who participated in the rescue Put WCDP 2017 in your datebook, fol - ognized as a leading killer of children in stream reviewed the latest in rescue tech - low @wcdp2017 for news and look out many nations across Asia and Africa. niques, supervision and scanning sci - for the website which is launching in ence, rip current research, and the latest coming months. Abstracts will open in Lifeguards, standing side by side with lifeguarding systems. Key themes includ - late 2016, WCDP 2017 is sure to provide national and international public ed the evaluation of lifeguarding services, an engaging venue in which to debate health officials, learned much about the use of technology, and a consideration of and discover new perspectives on drown - breadth of the problem. Drowning often the impacts of new international stan - ing prevention, lifesaving and rescue. occurs in water bodies used in cleaning, dards on lifeguarding techniques. irrigating crops and watering livestock; as a result of incidents involving over - Given the conference location, a signifi - crowded, unlicensed ferries; and during cant proportion of delegates came from times of flooding and the storm surges across the Asia-Pacific region where life -

ALM WINTER 2016 (14) A LIFE SAVED BiBll HYorn,LJaIckFsoEnviGlle UBeaAch,RFloDridSa AND AN AED

the bag-valve-mask while Ghiotto broke out the automatic external defib - rillator (AED), attached the leads, and a shock was advised. They backed off and a shock was delivered. Bourne became alert, but then then combative, pulling his AED pads off before losing consciousness and pulse again. Undeterred, the lifeguards reinitiated CPR, reapplied the AED pads, and again a shock was delivered. This time Bourne’s pulse returned and remained. Supportive care including oxygen was provided with the assistance of Travis Blakeslee, Shane Obi, Sam Peters, J.R. Bourne, Dalton Bruce, Walcutt, Blakeslee, and Bruce, and Lt. Joe Walcutt, Capt. Rob Emahiser Bourne was transported off the beach Over 90,000 lives were saved by life - Beach topography prevented driving the to a location where an EMS ambulance guards in 2014, but rarely do lifeguards truck immediately to the victim, so met them. hear back from those they’ve saved. Peters jumped off the back and ran to Bourne was treated at a local hospital, Lifeguards in Jacksonville Beach had a the stricken beachgoer. She arrived to chance not long ago to meet face-to- where no reason was found for his sud - face with a most grateful recipient of den cardiac arrest. As a precaution, their care. doctors provided him with implanted internal cardiac defibrillator (AICD) On the morning of June 27th, 2015, to treat any possible recurrent episodes. lifeguard rescue swimmer Gordon Van Dusen of Jacksonville Beach Ocean Rescue was driving a crew of lifeguards Mr. Bourne has a full in a lifeguard truck as they put out tow - life ahead of him. ers. Beside him was lifeguard Ross Ghiotto (also a firefighter/paramedic for Jacksonville Fire Rescue), and in Returning to thank the lifeguards, Mr. back were lifeguards Shane Obi and Bourne credited the timely response Samantha “Sam” Peters. and the care he received for saving his find J.R. Bourne, a 40 year old male, just life. Because of the lifeguards’ training as the passerby was initiating chest com - and adherence to the American Heart A man they just passed pressions. She verified that he was truly Association chain of survival tenets including early recognition of cardiac had collapsed on the sand. pulseless and they began two-person CPR as the lifeguard truck arrived with arrest, early CPR, early defibrillation, their equipment. The CPR call over the and continued care after defibrillation, It was a routine morning until they radio resulted in a backup response in a Mr. Bourne has a full life ahead of him heard a beachgoer scream. Turning to second truck by Lieutenant Joe Walcutt, with no long-term neurologic damage. look behind their truck they observed along with lifeguards Travis Blakeslee that a man they just passed had col - and Dalton Bruce. lapsed on the sand. As they initiated a response, a passerby checked the man Peters continued CPR with Van Dusen and found that he had no pulse. taking over for the passerby. Obi set up

ALM WINTER 2016 (15) A LIFESAVER WRussHAlbOano GAVE HIS ALL

The USLA, lifeguard, and fire service Team certification program. In 1997 families have lost one of their finest SFFD’s team was the first to be certified members – one who exemplified the by the USLA. utmost in the ideals of each. Robert Bob was modest and never one to pat “Bob” Fennell lost his fight with cancer himself on the back, but he was most at 75 on September 9, 2015. No matter proud of the SFFD becoming the first what path he was on, the USLA motto, non-lifeguard agency to be certified by Lifeguards for Life® describes what the USLA; and although he was pro - motivated him. foundly disappointed when the SFFD Bob’s lifeguard career began in San lost its certification after Bob retired, Francisco at Fleishhacker’s Pool, many other agencies have benefitted the world’s largest enclosed pool. A few by the program and remain certified years later, he became a beach under a system that would not have lifeguard at the National Park Service’s existed without his perseverance. Stinson Beach, located just north of Bob understood utilizing the USLA’s San Francisco. framework could be immeasurably ben - In 1966 Bob was hired by the San eficial by giving guidance and encour - Francisco Fire Department, beginning agement to others setting up similar a lifelong career during which he water rescue programs. received numerous meritorious awards Bob Fennell – Lifesaver Bob loved his time working for, con - for his service, rescues, and bravery. tributing, and being involved with Among many others, Bob was awarded Bob saw the need for a program to USLA. Later in his life his association the highest accolade as “SFFD Fireman prepare for future calls of this nature with his USLA colleagues is where he of the Year.” and to eliminate the possibility of derived his greatest satisfaction and One morning on his way to work, while untrained fire personal placing their enjoyment. In fact, six of eight of his crossing the Golden Gate Bridge, Bob life at risk. Through hard work, persua - pall bearers were former lifeguards and witnessed a man climbing over the sion, and diligence, he received the other two were members of his crew railing in an attempt to commit sui - approval to establish the SFFD Water who were also on the water rescue cide. He stopped his car, climbed over and Cliff Rescue teams. They were team. Bob is survived by his loving the rail, down onto the lower substruc - extensively trained and equipped to wife, son, (an Oakland, California fire - ture, and, while positioned in a very handle these specialized tasks. As well, fighter), his daughter, and grandkids. precarious location, talked the man out his concerns for regional preparedness Although Bob is no longer with us, the of jumping. led him to work with other surrounding impact of his legacy will live on. agencies in setting up or improving No matter what the cause or need, Bob Donations in memory can be made to: their water response operations. was dedicated to filling the gap and Robert A. Fennell Water Rescue Fund making it better or safer. One day the Bob was active in the Northwest c/o Mike Fennell crew of SFFD Engine 23 responded to Region of the USLA and was inspired 204 Rockwood Drive treacherous Ocean Beach. A woman when the USLA created the Lifeguard South San Francisco, CA. 94083 was drowning. Despite lacking equip - Agency Certification Program in the ment or training, three members of the 1990s. Since the program was aimed at crew stripped down to their underwear beach lifeguard agencies, not response and forged into the ocean under condi - agencies like his, he convinced USLA tions that might greatly challenge a Certification Committee Chair B. trained lifeguard. The rescue was Chris Brewster to create a specialized successful, but two of the firefighters certification system that came to be nearly died in the attempt. called the Aquatic Agency Response

ALM WINTER 2016 (16) ALM WINTER 2016 (17) ALM WINTER 2016 (18) ALM WINTER 2016 (19) A METEOROLOGISTBr’iaSn KyVle IEW OF A RESCUE Editor’s Note: The USLA works mission of safeguarding and protecting closely both nationally and locally with the the lives of the five to seven million National Weather Service. This narrative patrons that visit beaches along the was received from a Lead Meteorologist at upper Texas coast each year. the Houston office. Whistles were sounding off on the beach. Initially, I didn't think much of The Galveston Island Beach it. I figured it was the Galveston Island Patrol has served as an Beach Patrol directing unknowing exceptional partner to the swimmers away from one of the many rock groins where deadly rip currents Houston/Galveston National are frequently present. But something Weather Service Forecast was different that afternoon. As I was tim yourself by trying to save someone pushing my daughter into waves on her Office since the 1990’s. – hence giving the woman my shirt surfboard, the whistles kept going, and instead of my hand. going, and going. In addition, under the leadership of I knew scenarios of this type had a pret - Chief Peter Davis, the Galveston ty good chance of happening that Island Beach Patrol contributions have As I got there the first weekend. So did the lifeguards. I work played key roles to the NWS research for the National Weather Service. Our lifeguard was already community, and have also helped office had been watching computer shape the local and national rip current arriving. models indicating the potential for and lightning awareness programs. nice, warm weather, but probably also In recognition of the exceptional serv - above normal waves. Chief Peter Davis I glanced toward the beach and saw ice and contributions they provide, and his crew at Galveston Island Beach people pointing to the horizon. Near both locally and nationally, the Patrol knew that combination would the end of the groin a 3-4 year old boy National Weather Service presented be cause for concern. They knew favor - was thrashing and panicking as he was the Galveston Island Beach Patrol a able weekend weather early in the caught in a rip current. I pushed my Special Service Award on September beach season would draw large crowds. daughter in on a wave and I swam 22, 2015 for their much appreciated But they also knew many visitors would over to help. As I got there the first efforts. As a meteorologist, but also as a be unprepared for the surf. lifeguard was already arriving. The beach user, I join many in appreciating boy's panicking mother was nearby as The Galveston Island Beach Patrol has the efforts of this lifeguard agency, but well. The guard rescued the boy. I took served as an exceptional partner to the also beach lifeguards nationwide. You off my rashguard and handed one end Houston/Galveston National Weather make a difference and we’re pleased to to the mother. They both made it in Service Forecast Office since the partner with you with a mutual goal of safe and sound. 1990’s. During this time period, the saving lives. lifeguards have served as hazardous For a lifeguard this is routine, but not weather observers and have reported for a beachgoer. In that regard, several timely beach conditions and rip cur - things struck me. First, I thought about rent information to our weather fore - how well trained, fit, and proactive the cast office on a routine basis (now lifeguards are. They love what they do daily). and are humble. (I’ve been told by mul - tiple career lifeguards about rarely This has made our job easier as coordi - being thanked for saving lives). I also nated information, statements, and thought about the training I’ve gar - warnings from both agencies have nered from them – don’t become a vic - aligned to play a critical role to the

ALM WINTER 2016 (20) ALM WINTER 2016 (21) ALM WINTER 2016 (22) ALM WINTER 2016 (23) UNDEByR: RWoy FAielTdinEg,RMS,BLGLIT,AWCSIT KOUT

Editor’s Note: Recent confusion over ter - the correct terminology when describ - breath-hold diving. The resulting con - minology and the processes related to loss ing an underwater blackout event. fusion and the neglect of the original of consciousness underwater have prompt - Scientific committees of the American entity are both unfortunate.” Shallow ed a review of the terms and recommenda - Red Cross and the YMCA of the USA water blackout was a term developed tions by the American Red Cross and the have reviewed this issue at length. for an outcome which had nothing to YMCA of the USA. This article by a They have adopted the following defi - do with the diver holding their breath. member of the American Red Cross’s nitions, which are being presented to The term was later adopted by the free- Scientific Advisory Council addresses the the International Life Saving diving community as a term used by issue. Prior to publication it was reviewed Federation for review and hoped for individuals breath-hold diving to and approved by USLA Medical Advisor acceptance. depths far exceeding the depths of Peter Wernicki, M.D., who is also a almost all swimming pools. The prob - member of the ARC Scientific Advisory Hypoxic Blackout is the term to use lem for the free diver, though, typically Council. when people submerge and hold their occurs on ascent back to the surface breath to the point of unconsciousness. Humans have perhaps been going when the partial pressure of oxygen is This event can occur with the individ - underwater since they have roamed the greatly reduced by the reduction in ual performing hyperventilation prior earth. Sometimes they successfully water pressure on the body as the diver to submersion, by far the most likely return to the surface and exit the water ascends. Most of the oxygen in the situation, or not. The individual could and sometimes they do not. Today we body is used on descent because of the either be moving in a vertical plane in enjoy a diverse array of water sports and higher partial pressure of oxygen in the the water column (swimming forward many spend their recreational free time lungs due to compression. underwater) or they could be static in and around the water. As for inten - with very little movement. The depth tional submersion and swimming under - of the water has no significance to out - water the main concern still is, when we Shallow Water Blackout come of unconsciousness. go underwater will we return safely to is a different term for a the surface and exit? Without some type different circumstance. of external breathing source we must Hypoxic Blackout is the hold our breath underwater so as not to term to use when people inhale a liquid that is much denser than Hypoxic Training is a training tech - the air we need for respiration. submerge and hold their nique whereby either a swimmer does Breathing in (aspirating) any liquid can breath to the point of not breathe or limits the number of cause serious illness and even death. breaths while swimming a certain dis - unconsciousness. tance. There is no evidence that this Most recently, controversy has been type of training produces lower swim - flowing in the aquatics world regarding ming times, but it has been shown to be the terms associated with individuals Shallow Water Blackout is a different a contributing cause to some competi - becoming unconscious while holding term for a different circumstance. This tive swimmers’ deaths. their breath underwater. These submer - term originated with the loss of con - sions can end in death or injury (in sciousness observed in British military Air Embolism is the malady that takes some cases life-long injury). While this divers due to a buildup of carbon diox - place when a scuba diver using com - can happen to anyone, most reports ide (CO2) in rebreathing equipment pressed gas ascends while breath-hold - appear to have indicated that the indi - that malfunctioned. This malady was ing or failing to exhale fast enough. This viduals involved had better than aver - described by Barlow and MacIntosh in can produce an embolus (a plug) via air age swimming ability. As with the 1944. The third edition of Physiology bubbles in an artery causing an obstruc - modern definition of “drowning” (the and Medicine of Diving 2 states that “… tion to blood flow. If this obstruction process of experiencing respiratory the term shallow water blackout has takes place in either the coronary arter - impairment from submersion/immer - been misapplied in recent years to loss ies or in the brain it can be extremely sion in liquid), it is important to use of consciousness from hypoxia in serious and sometimes fatal.

ALM WINTER 2016 (24) In recent years the aquatics world has and prevent swimmers from attempting had much discussion regarding these to hyperventilate and/or engage in dangers of breath-holding while being extended breath-holding activities. submerged underwater. So we have a Lifeguards need to be taught to respond basic question; “Is it safe to hold your quickly to any individual who is breath underwater?” The problem is motionless in the water for any reason, the answer is sometimes. The first including loss of consciousness. thing we need to do is to look at the Swimming instructors need to be different types of controlled underwa - taught to limit participants to a single ter experiences and decide which could inhalation whenever they ask partici - be considered safer and which may pants to hold their breath and sub - have more risk. Please remember it is merge, and to set safe time or distance never safe to go in the water without limits whenever setting up activities someone else with you (and ideally a that involve underwater swimming. lifeguard protecting you) – period. If Knowing which breath-holding tech - you are attempting any type of submer - niques are safe and which are unsafe is sion activity your diving partner and important in exercising good judgment the on-duty lifeguard needs to be ready been inconclusive.” Can be unsafe for safe skill practice and supervision of and most importantly have the ability and not proven to be effective. underwater aquatic activities. One to assist in case of a problem. should always swim with a buddy and E. Scuba diving is another aquatic swim near a lifeguard. This adds a layer Relative Risk associated with different activity in which we are underwa - of protection whether one is swimming types of controlled underwater breath- ter, but we are carrying a limited underwater or on the surface. Parents holding experiences: amount of breathing gas with us. need to be informed that having their The number one rule taught in A. Going underwater for a short peri - child be the local underwater breath- most diver education courses is to od of time – less than a minute. holding champion is a dangerous thing. Generally safe for a healthy, com - petent swimmer. In conclusion, when we are dealing Swimming instructors need to with someone who passes out underwa - B. Going underwater to stay under for be taught to limit participants ter while performing extended breath an extended period of time – longer holding activities it should be termed than a minute, without any type of to a single inhalation. hypoxic blackout and not shallow water prior hyperventilation. Generally blackout . While it is very important to safe for a healthy, competent “breathe all the time and never get terminology correct it is also of swimmer. hold your breath”. The problem great importance to get the message out C. Going underwater to stay under for the scuba diver faces is that the to the aquatic world that these types of an extended period of time (greater compressed gas that is inspired will dangerous behaviors need to be under - than a minute) with prior hyper - expand upon accent. If the diver stood and prevented. Proactive educa - ventilation (more than two to does not exhale the expanding gas tion to minimize or eliminate death three deep breaths in fast repeti - can then cause serious damage in and injury to individuals participating tion). Generally unsafe. the lungs. So if the diver runs out in underwater breath-holding activities of the breathing gas while under - holds the key. D. Hypoxic Training - Dan McCarthy water the diver is taught to attempt 5/1/2012 with USA Swimming: Roy Fielding is a Senior Lecturer and to inhale and then exhale as if in “Hypoxic training raises the level Aquatics Director, Department of normal respiration. This allows the of carbon-dioxide in the blood - Kinesiology, University of North Carolina expanding gas to be released and stream, increasing feelings of dis - at Charlotte. the pressure in the lungs not to comfort. While hypoxic training is become dangerous. Holding one’s constantly being investigated by breath and ascending from depth organizations like the U.S. mili - is: Extremely dangerous. tary, at this time … research regarding the hypothesized benefi - Lifeguards, swimming instructors and cial physiological adaptations has coaches need to be trained to be alert

ALM WINTER 2016 (25) ALM WINTER 2016 (26) BLOCK THE BLAZLaEurenPFrRagOa GRAM EXPANDS

A program that has already provided • Skin cancer is the most common Block the Blaze JG presentations take skin cancer prevention education to cancer in the U.S. with 3.6 mil - place on the beach. Junior lifeguards over 27,000 California junior lifeguards lion people diagnosed annually, receive a fun, 30-minute presentation is expanding. Representatives of this and it is on the rise. from trained staff. In a brisk overview free program, funded by the John each participant learns key informa - • Skin cancer is caused by too Wayne Cancer Foundation (JWCF), tion, receives a brochure, and gets a much sun exposure and the attended the 2015 USLA spring Board free tube of SPF 30 sunscreen, leaving effects are cumulative. of Directors meeting to offer its pro - the kids with something new to discuss gram to all junior lifeguard programs • Junior lifeguards, lifeguards, with their parents. Nothing like giving nationwide. surfers and other beach users are safety advice JGs use to protect both at high risk for skin cancer themselves and their parents! The program teaches five key Sun Safe because they spend lots of time at Tips to Block the Blaze: wear sun - At the USLA meeting representatives locations where the sun’s rays are screen, wear a hat, wear sunglasses, use of JG programs in Florida, Hawaii, New the most intense. Water and sand protective clothing, and seek shade. In Jersey, South Carolina, and Texas reflect the sun’s rays to add fur - addition, the program teaches the expressed interest, but the program ther to the exposure. ABCDE’s of melanoma so junior guards isn’t limited to those states. Block the can start to self-screen and understand • Youth are affected by skin cancer: Blaze is passionate about skin cancer the difference between healthy skin Just one blistering sunburn(s) in education and prevention, and offers to moles and those that signal danger. adolescence increases the risk of add your beach to the list of participate developing skin cancer. beaches. If you’re program is interest - Why target youth in skin cancer educa - ed, contact Lauren Fraga, Program tion? Sun exposure is cumulative and • The key to beating skin cancer is Manager at: [email protected]. overexposure in younger years can education. Over 95% of skin can - have very serious, lifelong impacts. The cer is curable if caught early and sooner kids start sun safe habits the bet - treated quickly. So knowing what ter off they will be. Did you know: to look for can save your life.

ALM WINTER 2016 (27) CHABN. CGhrisIBNrewGster, Fin IcoRnsuSltaTtion AwitIh DDr. PeGterUWIerDnickEi ML.DI. NES

Based on the ILCOR process, what Spinal Motion Restriction modifications to their training guide - 2010 (Old): First aid providers lines do the American Red Cross and should not use immobilization the American Heart Association devices because their benefit in intend to implement? Here are two first aid has not been proven and examples from their fact sheet, with they may be harmful. Maintain the old standard first and the new one spinal motion restriction by manu - Editor’s Note: This article refers to inter - following: ally stabilizing the head so that national consensus on first aid procedures. motion of the head, neck, and This consensus generally makes its way to spine is minimized. actual first aid training, but until and ...there is only one 2015 (Updated): With a growing unless it does, lifeguards and other medical best practice... body of evidence showing harm aid providers should always follow the stan - and no good evidence showing dards set by the organization providing their clear benefit, routine application of training, their employer, and their local Positioning an Ill or Injured Person cervical collars by first aid emergency medical service authority. This 2010 (Old): If the victim is face - providers is not recommended. A article merely provides some insights into down and is unresponsive, turn the first aid provider who suspects a where first aid training may be going in the victim face-up. If the victim has spinal injury should have the future. You should not adjust the standards difficulty breathing because of injured person remain as still as under which you were trained based on this copious secretions or vomiting, or possible while awaiting arrival of information. if you are alone and have to leave EMS providers. The International Liaison Committee an unresponsive victim to get help, Why: In the 2015 ILCOR systemat - on Resuscitation meets every five years place the victim in a modified ic review of the use of cervical col - to discuss the best methods for provid - HAINES recovery position. lars as a component of spinal ing CPR and other emergency medical 2015 (Updated): The recommend - motion restriction for blunt trauma, assistance. It originally formed at a ed recovery position has changed there was no evidence found to time when CPR protocols varied great - from supine [face up] to a lateral show a decrease in neurologic injury ly from country to country. Under the side-lying position for patients with - with the use of cervical collars. In rubric that there is only one best prac - out suspected spine, hip, or pelvis fact, studies demonstrated actual or tice, and also that standardization is injury. There is little evidence to potential adverse effects such as important in a globally connected suggest that any alternative recov - increased intracranial pressure and world, the ILCOR decided to evaluate ery position is of greater benefit for airway compromise with use of a all of the existing science and to rec - an individual who is unresponsive cervical collar. Proper technique for ommend a single approach. and breathing normally. application of a cervical collar in high-risk individuals requires signif - Many national and regional organiza - Why: Studies showing some icant training and practice to be tions from around the world participate improvement to respiratory indices performed correctly. Application of in the ILCOR process. The European when the victim is in a lateral posi - cervical collars is not a first aid skill. Resuscitation Council is one. In the tion compared with a supine posi - The revision of this guideline US, both the American Heart tion has led to a change in the rec - reflects a change in recommenda - Association and the American Red ommendation for patients without tion class to Class III: Harm due to Cross are participants. Since these two suspected spine, hip, or pelvis potential for adverse effects. organizations offer the most commonly injury. The HAINES position is no used CPR courses in the US, you can longer recommended, due to the The change to spinal immobilization expect that their courses will generally paucity and very low quality of evi - protocol may be seen by some as radi - follow the ILCOR recommendations. dence to support this position. cal, but it is based on studies and evi -

ALM WINTER 2016 (28) dence. One study considered by the injuries. The study concluded, “Out- Malaysia, Dr. Natalie Hood, the ILCOR, which was published in of-hospital immobilization has little or Medical Advisor of Surf Life Saving Academic Emergency Medicine in no effect on neurologic outcome in Australia, noted that there is a real 1998, involved a review of all patients patients with blunt spinal injuries.” question with respect to whether with acute blunt traumatic spinal or You can find that study here: spinal immobilization is appropriate spinal cord injuries transported directly http://1.usa.gov/1K3ngmF even for advanced medical aid from the injury site to hospitals at the providers. In a follow-up conversation One of the complications in reading University of Malaya (in Malaysia) and Dr. Hood advised, “In Queensland, in through the recommendations from at the University of New Mexico. The one of the biggest spinal units in the AHA and ARC is that they consis - outcomes were eye-opening. Australia, no collars have been used in tently refer to first aiders and state that either the emergency department or None of the 120 patients seen at the when EMS providers arrive, those the spinal unit for five years. The sur - University of Malaya had spinal immo - higher level of care providers may take geons refused to see anyone in the bilization during transport, whereas all other measures. However, many US emergency department who was in a 334 patients seen at the University of lifeguards are trained to the level of collar. As such the Emergency New Mexico did. These university Emergency Medical Technician or Department doctors and the ambu - hospitals were considered comparable paramedic, courses which the AHA lance paramedics who transport the in physician training and clinical and ARC do not offer. How might they patients to hospital have stopped resources. Surprisingly, there was less be expected to act in the various cir - cumstances noted? We shall see. It will putting on collars and soon the life - neurologic disability in the unimmobi - guards will also stop.” Might that lized Malaysian patients versus the be up to the standard setting bodies and local EMS overseers. change become the norm worldwide? immobilized New Mexico patients. Results were similar when the analysis At the World Conference on Changes in medical procedures and was limited to patients with cervical Drowning Prevention 2015 in first aid come slowly. There are many reasons for this, but one is that it is dif - ficult to prove or disprove that a given emergency medical procedure is effec - tive. This is primarily due to medical ethics. When an organization experi - ments with new medications or proce - dures, they are typically required to get advanced consent from patients. In emergencies, this is not possible. So many emergency medical proce - dures must be derived based on a con - sensus of experts reviewing the avail - able evidence. As noted at the outset of this article, the role of the lifeguard is to follow the protocols set by our training organiza - tions and standards approved by our local EMS authorities. Only when these standards change and our train - ing is updated is it appropriate to mod - ify the treatment we provide. Knowing where medical thought is going though, provides interesting insights into the ever changing field of first aid. If you’d like further information on the San Diego lifeguards and paramedics work to resuscitate a drowning victim. new AHA and ARC guidelines, check Photo courtesy of B. Chris Brewster out: http://bit.ly/1OsqfHX.

ALM WINTER 2016 (29) continued from page 11 provision across the UK. This finally Prefecture. It is composed of both paid In 1951, Kennedy’s job sent him to resulted in the Royal National Lifeboat and volunteer lifesavers. Today more England. To ease symptoms of with - Institution, probably the best known than 50% of the Japan Lifesaving drawal from his beloved world of life - and funded lifeboat charity worldwide, Association’s members are university saving, he made his way in May 1952 being asked to take an active role in students, and one third of its clubs are to Bude in Cornwall. Kennedy soon beach lifeguarding by both SLSGB and university clubs. This advantage is also discovered that those concerned with RLSS UK. Since its inception in 2000, a disadvantage, since upon graduating, beach safety in Bude could and should the RNLI beach lifeguard service has many of these students leave lifesaving. be much better equipped to deal with proven quite successful and offered a (Personal communication via e-mail, seamless link between the lifeboat and emergencies in the surf and wrote to Shusaku Miyabe, Japan Lifesaving lifeguard services. see if the SLSA might provide a reel, Association, March 28, 2015.) line and belt, and a surf ski to get To be continued. things started in Cornwall. In August 1953 the equipment eventually arrived ...the equipment eventually BIBLIOGRAPHY courtesy of HM The Queen who had arrived courtesy of HM 1. U.S. Census. Population 1790 to agreed to bring the equipment back on The Queen. 1990. the Royal Yacht Britannia following her tour of Australia, and Kennedy 2. Hembry PM. The English Spa, began an intensive week of instruction Iran 1560-1815, A Social History London: The Athlone Press; 1990. with members of Bude Youth Club and Beach lifesaving began in Iran in 1959 others. By the end, 22 volunteers had on northern beaches under the leader - 3. The Margate Charter Trustees. qualified for the coveted Australian ship of Davoud Nasiri. It was officially The Bathing Machine. [Online].; Bronze Medallion and the first British established in 1961. Lifesavers initially 1999 [cited 2015 March 28. surf lifesaving club was founded. (The used inner tubes from truck tires and Available from: http://www.mayor - ‘Royal Reel’ is now displayed in Bude small fishing boats for their rescues. margate.plus.com/bathing- SLSC’s clubroom.) (23) Tourism brought U.S. and European machine.html. Drowning deaths in other parts of the lifesavers to Iran, which allowed for an 4. Goddard I. Sea Bathing. [Online]. U.K. inspired the spread of surf lifesav - exchange of information, leading to [cited 2015 March 28. Available ing. New clubs were formed with the adoption of newer techniques and from: guidance of the Bude lifesavers. In the equipment. Nowadays, some of the life - http://www.isabellegoddard.com/se spring of 1955, a meeting was held and savers are paid by the Red Crescent a-bathing-regency-period.html. the Surf Lifesaving Association of Society and some are volunteers. Great Britain (SLSGB) was born. As a (Personal communication via e-mail, 5. Brawley S. Surf Bathing and Surf mark of proud parental approval, the Behrooz Esfandiari, Iran Lifesaving and Lifesaving; Origins and High Commissioner of Australia invit - Diving Federation, March 30, 2015.) Beginnings. In Jaggard E, editor. ed a deputation from St. Agnes to Taiwan Between the Flags: One Hundred Australia House in London in May Summers of Australian Surf Taiwan is one of many other lifesaving 1955 to be presented with a belt, line Lifesaving. Sydney: University of organizations that owes its roots to Surf and reel, a gift from North Bondi Surf New South Wales Press Ltd.; 2007. Lifesaving Club. (23) Life Saving Australia. SLSA sent an educational team of 15 to Taiwan in in 6. Shanks R, York W. The U.S. Over the years, continued rivalry 1971, from which point surf lifesaving Life-Saving Service; Heroes, between SLSGB and the RLSS UK began. Taiwan’s lifesavers are both vol - Rescues and Architecture of the arguably had led to a decreasing unteer and paid. (Personal communica - Early Coast Guard. 3rd ed. emphasis on volunteer lifesaving. tion via e-mail, Simon Hsu, Director of Shanks LW, editor. Petaluma: Although initially there was a corre - International Affairs, Chinese Taipei Costano Books; 1998. sponding increase in the provision of Water Life Saving Association, March paid lifeguards by local authorities, 13, 2015.) 7. Royal National Lifeboat eventual financial cutbacks due to the Institution.. [cited 2015 April 12. Japan lack of clarity over where the statutory Available from: responsibility lay resulted in a highly In Japan, beach lifeguarding com - http://rnli.org/aboutus/historyand - variable standard of beach lifeguard menced in 1963 in Kanagawa heritage/Pages/timeline-flash.aspx.

ALM WINTER 2016 (30) 8. Methot J. Up & Down The Beach Navesink: Whip Publishers; 1988. 9. Talese G. And Now, Another Spin of the Wheel for Atlantic City. The New York Times. 1996 September 8. 10. Fowler M, Olsen BA, Olsen E. Lifeguards of the Jersey Shore Atglen: Shiffer Publishing Ltd.; 2010. 11. Talese G. Century by the Sea. The New York Times. 1956 August 25. 12. Single Handed Rescues Seven from Drowning. Los Angeles Herald. 1908 December 17. 13. United States Treasury, Life-Saving Service. Record of medals issued 1910, Form #86. Washington, D.C.: United States of America, National Records and Archives Administration; 1910. 14. United States Lifesaving Association. Lifesaving and Marine Safety D'Arnall DG, editor. Piscataway, New Jersey: New Century Publications; 1981. 15. Kucher K. A century of lifesaving for city lifeguards. UT San Diego. 2015 January 2. 16. American Red Cross, Swimming and Water Safety, 3rd Edition..; 2009 [cited 2015 June 9. Available from: http://editiondigital.net/publication/?i=55928. 17. Mitchell B. Australian Dictionary of Biography. [Online]. [cited 2015 March 28. Available from: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/gocher-william-henry-6408. 18. Booth D. Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand and Surf London: Frank Cass; 2001. 19. 'Life-Saver' Is Held for Endangering Life. The New York Times. 1938 August 13. 20. Phillips M. Dissension and Challenges in Surf Lifesaving; Amateurism and Professionalism. In Jaggard E, editor. Between the Flags; One Hundred Summers of Australina Surf Lifesaving. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press Ltd; 2007. 21. Surf Life Saving New Zealand. [Online]. [cited 2015 March 29. Available from: http://www.surflifesaving.org.nz. 22. Lifesaving South Africa. [Online]. [cited 2015 March 29. Available from: http://www.ilsf.org/about/members/lsa. 23. Wake-Walker E. Break Through; How the Inflatable Rescue Boat Conquered the Surf Cambridge, UK: Granta Editions; 2007. 24. Jaggard E. From Bondi to Bude: Allan Kennedy and the Exportation of Australian Surf Lifesaving to Britain in the 1950s. Sport in History. 2011 March: p. 62-83.

ALM WINTER 2016 (31) DRONING OB.NChriAs BBrewOsteUr T DRONES

Editor’s Note: The following is the opin - in addition to the existing lifeguard ion of the Editor and does not reflect a staff) have to pass a 240-hour training position of the United States Lifesaving course. This summer (our winter) will Association, which has neither evaluated be the first test. nor expressed an opinion on drones. Dr. Szpilman said, “They will try using The breathless media stories about the drones for surveillance and dropping capability of drones to save drowning floats to swimmers in distress to evalu - people have come fast and furious over ate the usefulness.” He cautioned the past year or so. Many seem to imply though, “Our average number of res - that this is a proven application of cues on a busy day is 500 to 800, which October 2015, Peter George of Surf technology, or nearly so. But is it? Life Saving Australia gave an extensive is impossible to accomplish using It’s no surprise that small Internet news presentation on how SLSA are trialing drones alone. Drones may have appli - outlets like Gizmag (gimag.com) carry drones for rescue, but it looked as cations for lifesaving in very specific these stories, but major news outlets though the chance they would actually situations, but this still must be tested.” have as well. Often the stories suggest use them was very limited. that drones are already in use in water In September 2015 Aquatics rescue, with murky videos of drones in International magazine posted a story “...a drone will never replace action. Are they real? online entitled, “Lifeguard Drones Take the preventive work and Off in Brazil.” This article, like that in Gizmodo, referred to, “Project Ryptide.” rescue skills of a lifeguard.” Stories suggest that Apparently the schoolteacher, “a self- ~ head of the Chilean drones are already in use described drone hobbyist,” is now the lifesaving federation in water rescue. CEO of a company that was funded, in part, by a crowdfunding effort fueled by media attention. Says Aquatics Then there was footage out of Chile Gizmag’s January 2015 story focused on International’s article, “During the that some news outlets and websites something called “Project Ryptide,” 2016 Summer Olympics, a fleet of 64 said demonstrated that the technology which Gizmag reported to have been drones will be deployed on the main was already being used by lifeguards created by a part-time teacher at a pri - beaches of Rio.” Moreover, “The fire there. Through the Americas Region of vate school in Connecticut. That indi - department in Rio and SOBRASA, the the International Life Saving vidual was quoted as telling Gizmag, Brazilian lifesaving organization, quick - Federation we contacted the head of “Ryptide was designed so that anyone ly took to the idea. Over the course of the Chilean lifesaving federation. can be a lifeguard.” The article made the next year, the technology will be Loosely translated, his response was no reference to any experience the tested on site in stages.” this, “I can report that it is absolutely inventor has in water rescue and, not I contacted the founder of SOBRASA false. This video was shot on a beach surprisingly, makes no note of the mis - in Brazil, Dr. David Szpilman, M.D. Yes on the central coast of Chile. The idea use of rip current terminology. indeed, he said, the technology will be is to sell the drone. It is far from reality, As a globally connected lifesaver, I’ve tested, although SOBRASA is not since the people who hire the services talked to plenty of other lifesavers directly involved. Whether it will of lifeguards have very limited budgets. around the world about this. Not one prove useful and cost effective, and if so They can barely afford to pay for shirts. has told me of an actual use of drones in what way, is another question. Fox Imagine the relative costs of drones. in rescue by lifesavers. At the most News quoted the head of the Rio fire We are light years away from some - recent World Conference on Drowning department's Unmanned Aircraft thing like this in Chile, and anyway, a Prevention, sponsored by the Coordination Unit as stating that to drone will never replace the preventive International Life Saving Federation in operate the drones, the pilots (who are work and rescue skills of a lifeguard.”

ALM WINTER 2016 (32) And herein lies the rub: Moving imag - not. Ultimately, whatever the case, the with surveillance, for example, or to ination to real application. lifeguard reaches the victim and swims deliver floatation devices in high surf the victim to shore. situations when a rescuer will be great - Most responsible stories about drones ly delayed getting out. But those cir - as water rescue devices seem to What has been accomplished here? cumstances are the exceptions in terms acknowledge several realities. The Two people are needed for a rescue that of need and every lifeguard operation drone must be piloted by someone used to take one lifeguard. A drone must balance cost against usefulness of ashore with good operating skills. The must be purchased and maintained. A a technology. Rio fire department appears to believe second person must be trained to use this takes at least 240 hours of training. the drone. From a cost effectiveness How often will it be needed? What will The drone can only deploy one (light) standpoint, it would appear to be a it cost? What will the training and rescue floatation device at a time. If the major loser with no evident value. maintenance costs be? What need does drop misses, it takes a long time to Now let’s consider a long beach with it fill? Perhaps more importantly, if a reload and redeploy the drone (if a numerous lifeguards, each in a tower or lifeguard agency can afford a duplicate backup floatation device is available). elevated chair. Must there be a drone at (double) staff to fly drones, would peo - The deployed rescue device is of no use each tower? And what of the cases with ple be safer if there were no drones and to an unconscious victim. The drone multiple victims in distress at once, drone operators, but instead twice the cannot bring the victim in distress to separated in the rip? What of the cases number of lifeguards? shore. Essentially, if the drone flight where the victim has limited con - Lifeguard operations have been made and drop are precise, and the victim is sciousness or is too panicked to react to far more efficient by the use of motor - conscious and able to grab the rescue a floatation device a few feet away? ized rescue boats, most recently person - device, the victim can stay afloat. In al watercraft. Their value in facilitating that context then, what’s the applica - the rescue of multiple victims in a short tion to beach lifeguarding? It appears to be a solution period of time has been well proven. The USLA has consistently found that in search of a problem. The same goes for motorized vehicles. the chance of drowning death at a Machines and technology have revolu - beach protected by USLA affiliated The basic problem with the drone solu - tionized lifesaving. But each new piece lifeguards is one in 18 million beach tion is that we first need a problem it of technology needs careful evaluation visits. In other words very, very rare. can solve. In fact, it appears to be a for its practicality and usefulness, bal - American beach lifeguards are very solution in search of a problem; or, per - anced against its cost. Drones, like effective at drowning prevention. haps more accurately, a technologist’s every other technology, must prove Let’s consider the typical rip current misimpression of how drowning and their usefulness for rescue, and so far rescue: A lifeguard spots a victim in rescue happen. they haven’t. Nevertheless, we will no distress, swims out, calms the victim, There may well be uses for drones in doubt continue for some time to hear provides a rescue floatation device, and drowning prevention. They may help advocates droning on about drones. swims the victim to shore. There were over 90,000 rescues reported by beach lifeguards in the US in 2014 and most were probably more or less like this. Now let’s add a drone to the mix. Somehow both the drone operator and lifeguard must observe the person in distress simultaneously. Perhaps they are sitting side-by-side. The lifeguard runs from the beach into the water, while the drone operator sits ashore and flies the drone toward the victim. Maybe the drone operator gets the floatation device to the victim faster than the lifeguard can swim. Maybe not. Maybe the victim grasps it. Maybe Photo courtesy of Jo Wagenhals

ALM WINTER 2016 (33) THE “EYES” OBoFb BuTrnsHide E LIFEGUARD

Editor’s Note: The author is the founding president of the United States Lifesaving Association. Internationally, dedicated men and women work in fields of public safety. police, fire, EMS, lifeguards, etc. This is about one group of these amazing people and what they are responsible for, the ocean lifeguard. Let‘s consider these individuals carefully. They typically come on duty for an eight hour shift, sometimes extended by hours, depending on crowd and surf Photo courtesy of Valerie Due. conditions. They are exposed to the While doing so, they must keep a vigil running around the beach panicked elements for that shift, continually on everything else that is happening and frightened. responsible for observing everything in the water and ashore, within their that is happening in their zone of cov - Yes, they have a full day of serving the area of responsibility, with total con - erage and responsibility. With few beach-going public, in so many ways. centration for their entire shift, and exceptions, they can never take their exposed to the elements while doing In back of these frontline personnel is eyes off the ocean, and must constantly so. A slip in concentration may mean the more experienced lifeguard staff. scan for potential problems. Those can that a person in distress is missed and Their training and knowledge rises be beachgoers becoming unruly and a tragedy occurs. above those staffing the towers. They breaking ordinances, lost children, dog may be rescue boat operates, SCUBA fights, first aids, hazardous items in the Their level of physical skills is unsur - recovery team members, communica - sand, general information requested, to passed in any other safety profession. tion directors, training officers, emer - list but a few. But, while scanning for They must be an excellent swimmer gency vehicle operators, have crowd the issues mentioned above, along with capable a dashing through the surf management expertise, and major ordi - many others, they must also keep a quickly, keeping their eyes on their vic - nance enforcement, and yes, long-stay clear focus on the water within not tim while swimming to aid them. No childcare providers. matter what the size of the surf or the only their area, but the area on either Throughout the United States and the condition present, they must be able to side of them to back up fellow life - world, these dedicated, superbly- guards, should that be necessary. perform at maximum skill to reach the trained men and women serve our person in distress in time and bring that Lifeguarding is not just about making communities and our countries. They person safely back to shore. Then they the rescue. It is about preventing swim - are the best of the elite public service must immediately resume their responsi - mers from getting into dangerous situa - safety personnel internationally. bilities. Their breaks are limited and tions. Identifying a swimmer’s weakness lunchtime is just usually part of the shift. No surprise that the United States in the surf is an important aspect of Lifesaving Association motto is lifeguard surveillance which allows for Their skills include medical aid, up to Lifeguards for Life™ . Its ethos is prioritization of surveillance. The the level of EMT or even paramedic, duplicated wherever lifeguards protect experienced lifeguard can spot some - health care provider level CPR, rescue the beaches. one likely to get into trouble well board rescues, free diving, ordinance before anyone else has noticed a thing. enforcement, public education, and They get down to the person, wave all too often caring for a lost child them in to shore, and explain to them who may well be in terror and scream - the circumstances. They prevent. ing for the mother – who also is likely

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