Postemplate-Giorgio Dragoni-09Jan07

Ettore Majorana as a guide in Quirino Majorana’s experiments. Original letters and documents on an experimental and theoretical collaboration PoS(EMC2006)005 Giorgio Dragoni University of Bologna Via Irnerio 46 Bologna 40126, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Abstract It is offered a preview of the lengthy, intense and rich exchange of scientific correspondence (currently in press) which took place in the period from 1931 to 1937 between Ettore and Quirino Majorana. This collection of letters provides insight into the specifically experimental and theoretical aspects tied to the study of changes in photoresistance in thin metal films exposed to light in suitable conditions and the possible identification of new effects of a photoelectric type. It also leads us to realise that many theoretical parts of the most mature papers by Quirino Majorana are attributable in fact to Ettore, and moreover allows us to identify Ettore as being, in a certain sense, the co-author of those publications and studies, thanks also to the constant role he played vis-à-vis his uncle Quirino as a methodologically astute critic and epistemological guide. It is pointed out, furthermore, that this correspondence allows us to recognise Ettore as the true author of the Lecture on Galvani that Quirino Majorana presented in Bologna in 1937, on the occasion of a great international Congress organised to celebrate the second centenary of the birth of Luigi Galvani. Finally, the article refutes the widespread and common belief that after 1933 Ettore no longer concerned himself with physics. Ettore Majorana's legacy and the Physics of the XXI century University of Catania, Italy 5-6 October, 2006 Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence. http://pos.sissa.it E. Majorana as a guide Giorgio Dragoni 1. Introduction “I really hope to go to Naples”: thus ended the intense and constructive correspondence between Ettore and Quirino Majorana. The letter, dated November, 16 1937, contains one of the rare moments testifying to a great joie de vivre in Ettore Majorana. Then a veil of obscurity fell over Ettore’s life and work. But not silence. On the contrary, from this point of view there have been all too many interpretations concerning his mysterious disappearance, and “sure leads” identified by various parties. PoS(EMC2006)005 Being one of the last letters written by Ettore, who, without doing injustice to anyone, may be considered one of the greatest, if not the greatest physicist of his time, it becomes of essential importance to acquaint scholars, and all those interested, with the contents of these letters, which are of great human, scientific and methodological value. 1.1 The Correspondence But what does this correspondence consist in? It includes 34 letters and a postcard written by Ettore to his uncle Quirino and 2 letters (and an excerpt of a letter) written by Quirino in his own hand to his nephew. To this we may add, as they relate to the same research topic, 6 letters addressed to Quirino Majorana by the mathematician Dario Graffi. It should be said right away that nearly the entirety of this material is unpublished1. The brief correspondence we are talking about on this occasion is part of a much vaster archive that the Majorana family (to whom we acknowledge our thanks), above all through the initiative of Mrs. Silvia Toniolo Majorana, Quirino’s daughter, has chosen to donate to the University of Bologna (for the Physics Museum2), where Quirino Majorana, as Director of the Institute of Physics, engaged in teaching and experimental activity for over thirty years. The specific contents of the letters in question are almost always, barring one or two exceptions, exquisitely scientific in nature. They testify to an intense collaboration between uncle and nephew on the subject of research undertaken by Quirino, regarding the possible existence of new photoelectric phenomena and the effects of photoresistance in thin metal films when the latter are illuminated by a suitable light. The interest in these topics, and above all the manner in which they are addressed - also in view of later and current developments in the scientific research in question, as well as the careful methodological procedures contained therein – is very high. 1 Indeed only about ten letters were published on E. Recami, Il Caso Majorana, Arnoldo Mondatori, Milan 1987 and following editions. 2 Physics Museum of the University Museum System and the Bologna Department of Physics, Bologna University 2 E. Majorana as a guide Giorgio Dragoni 1.2 Historical relevance of the correspondence Moreover, the historical value of what is contained in this close exchange of correspondence grows in importance when one considers that, according to Ettore’s most intimate friends, co-members of Fermi’s Group at the Institute of Physics in Via Panisperna in Rome - and whose opinion is shared by many historians - in those years (1933-1938) Ettore Majorana practically no longer concerned himself with physics. It was actually known from a letter of 1936, again addressed to his uncle Quirino, that he was still devoting himself to physics: “I have been working for some time on quantum electrodynamics.”3. However, this was but an isolated and, as it were, generic allusion. PoS(EMC2006)005 In actual fact, not only was Ettore still interested in physics, but he also followed, or rather guided – as will become apparent from the reading of these letters of the collection of letters currently in press, and from the excerpts we offer in this presentation – the sophisticated, refined and difficult experiences of his uncle. These letters thus bring to light an unexpected but humanly and scientifically rich image of the only Italian physicist who, at least up to now, succeeded in obtaining a university chair in theoretical physics by virtue of his clear fame! Our presentation aims to pay reverent, respectful and due homage to Ettore and Quirino Majorana, on the one-hundredth anniversary of Ettore’s birth. 2. The experimental research of Quirino Majorana on metallic photoresistance These were experimental studies conducted by Quirino Majorana between 1925 and 1940 (circa) on phenomena of photoresistance in thin metal films and, in particular, the increase in electrical resistance that metal films undergo when exposed to light, especially if periodically interrupted. In these experiments Quirino observed that the thermal action of light – to which these effects are traditionally ascribed – does not suffice on its own to explain all the characteristics of the effects in question. Quirino Majorana identified, or believed to have identified, a new effect or effects of a photoelectric type – to be added to the classic one earlier discovered by Hertz (1886), studied and theoretically interpreted by Einstein (1905), and whose famous quantum-based interpretation was experimentally verified by Millikan (1916). But here is what Quirino has to say: «The experimental studies on this subject, already previously reported, have now continued, being limited to the case of gold films of varying thickness, fixed or deposited on glass. The results now obtained are described, with a distinction made according to the method by which the films themselves were prepared. Then follows the presentation of a theory of the observed phenomena, considered as being due to the pure thermal effect. It is pointed out, finally, that the results of this theory do not always coincide with the experimental ones. This confirms the hypothesis that there actually exists a new effect 3 E&QM Correspondence, Letter of E. to Q. from Rome June 11, 1936 3 E. Majorana as a guide Giorgio Dragoni of light on metal films; this effect is almost always accompanied by the common thermal effect and at times remains completely concealed by it.»4 2.1 Quirino’s research The research in question, to which reference is made here by citing the more general and almost conclusive paper written by Quirino in 1938, has a long story behind it, which is thus described by the Author: «In the lengthy experimental period I have dedicated to this research, I have noticed that PoS(EMC2006)005 the observed effects depend on numerous circumstances. They are: the nature and thickness of the metal constituting the film; the method of fixing it on an insulating substrate (glass, quartz, ebonite, etc.), using an adhesive substance; or generating it on the substrate itself by chemical, thermal, mechanical or cathodic precipitation; exposing the other surface of the film, fixed as just described, to water or a gas made to flow over it at a higher or lower speed; using the film without any substrate (just supporting it at either end) immersed in a gas (air or hydrogen), or in a vacuum; and, finally, changing the nature and intensity of the source of radiation and the frequency of interruption of the latter.»5 The drawings in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 respectively represent the circuit employed, the the photoelettric cell (audion)6 and the principal and most refined experimental device devised by Quirino Majorana in the course of his experiments is illustrated in the following figure: 4 Q. Majorana, Ulteriori ricerche sull’azione della luce su sottili lamine metalliche, in “Il Nuovo Cimento”, 15 (1938) 573-593; 573 5 Ibidem, 573 6 Q. Majorana, Su di un fenomeno fotoelettrico constatabile con gli audion, “Rendiconti Accademia dei Lincei” 7 (1928) 801-806; 802-803 4 E. Majorana as a guide Giorgio Dragoni PoS(EMC2006)005 Fig. 3 Fig. 3 represents, specifically, the main apparatus which is thus described by Quirino Majorana. «D is rotating disc of elektron with a diameter of 50 cm, whose periphery is provided with 48 radial indentations. The width of the indentations is equal to that of the solid parts.

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