Progress in Artificial Intelligence

Lecture Notes in Artiﬁcial Intelligence 12981

Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Series Editors Randy Goebel University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Yuzuru Tanaka Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Wolfgang Wahlster DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany

Founding Editor Jörg Siekmann DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/1244 Goreti Marreiros • Francisco S. Melo • Nuno Lau • Henrique Lopes Cardoso • Luís Paulo Reis (Eds.)

Progress in Artiﬁcial Intelligence

20th EPIA Conference on Artiﬁcial Intelligence, EPIA 2021 Virtual Event, September 7–9, 2021 Proceedings

123 Editors Goreti Marreiros Francisco S. Melo ISEP/GECAD IST/INESC-ID Polytechnic Institute of Porto University of Lisbon Porto, Portugal Porto Salvo, Portugal Nuno Lau Henrique Lopes Cardoso DETI/IEETA FEUP/LIACC University of Aveiro University of Porto Aveiro, Portugal Porto, Portugal Luís Paulo Reis FEUP/LIACC University of Porto Porto, Portugal

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Artiﬁcial Intelligence ISBN 978-3-030-86229-9 ISBN 978-3-030-86230-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86230-5

LNCS Sublibrary: SL7 – Artiﬁcial Intelligence

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface

This volume contains the papers presented at the 20th EPIA Conference on Artificial Intelligence (EPIA 2021), held during September 7–9, 2021, in Portugal. The EPIA Conference on Artificial Intelligence is a well-established European conference in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 20th edition of the conference took place online.1 As in previous editions, this international conference was hosted with the patronage of the Portuguese Association for Artificial Intelligence (APPIA).2 The purpose of this conference is to promote research in all areas of AI, covering both theoretical/foundational issues and applications, and the scientific exchange among researchers, engineers, and practitioners in related disciplines. As in previous editions, the program was based on a set of thematic tracks proposed by the AI community, dedicated to specific themes of AI. EPIA 2021 encompassed 12 tracks:

AIoTA Artificial Intelligence and IoT in Agriculture AIL Artificial Intelligence and Law AIM Artificial Intelligence in Medicine AIPES Artificial Intelligence in Power and Energy Systems AITS Artificial Intelligence in Transportation Systems ALEA Artificial Life and Evolutionary Algorithms AmIA Ambient Intelligence and Affective Environments GAI General Artificial Intelligence IROBOT Intelligent Robotics KDBI Knowledge Discovery and Business Intelligence MASTA Multi-agent Systems: Theory and Applications TeMA Text Mining and Applications

The conference program included four invited talks: Virginia Dignum (Umeå University, Sweden), with a talk on “Responsible AI: From principles to action”; Shimon Whiteson (University of Oxford, UK), with a talk on “Factored value functions for cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning”; Lucia Specia (Imperial College London, UK), with a talk on “Multimodal simultaneous machine translation”;

1 The conference website can be found at http://www.appia.pt/epia2021/. 2 http://www.appia.pt. vi Preface

Fredrik Heintz (Linköping University, Sweden), with a talk on “Trustworthy human-centric AI: The European approach”. For this edition, 108 paper submissions were received from authors in 21 different countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brazil, Czech Republic, France, Germany, India, Iraq, Italy, Mexico, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, the UK, and the USA). After a careful review process, 62 papers were selected to be presented at EPIA 2021. The acceptance rate was thus circa 57%. All accepted papers were carefully revised by at least three reviewers from the Program Committee of the corresponding track. We thank the thematic track organizing chairs, together with their respective Pro- gram Committee members, for their hard work. We would also like to express our gratitude to all the members of the EPIA International Steering Committee for their guidance regarding the scientiﬁc organization of EPIA 2021. Thank you all.

September 2021 Goreti Marreiros Francisco S. Melo Nuno Lau Henrique Lopes Cardoso Luís Paulo Reis Organization

Event and Program Chairs

Goreti Marreiros GECAD, Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal Francisco S. Melo INESC-ID, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal Nuno Lau IEETA, University of Aveiro, Portugal Henrique Lopes Cardoso LIACC, University of Porto, Portugal Luís Paulo Reis LIACC, University of Porto, Portugal

Steering Committee

Ana Bazzan Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Ann Nowe Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Catholijn Jonker Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Ernesto Costa University of Coimbra, Portugal Eugénio Oliveira University of Porto, Portugal Helder Coelho University of Lisbon, Portugal João Pavão Martins University of Lisbon, Portugal José Júlio Alferes NOVA University Lisbon, Portugal Juan Pavón Universidad Complutense Madrid, Spain Luís Paulo Reis University of Porto, Portugal Paulo Novais University of Minho, Portugal Pavel Brazdil University of Porto, Portugal Virginia Dignum Umeå University, Sweden

Track Chairs Artiﬁcial Intelligence and IoT in Agriculture

José Boaventura Cunha University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal Josenalde Barbosa Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Paulo Moura Oliveira University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal Raul Morais University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal

Artiﬁcial Intelligence and Law

Pedro Freitas Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Portugal Paulo Novais University of Minho, Portugal Massimo Durante University of Torino, Italy Ugo Pagallo University of Torino, Italy viii Organization

Artiﬁcial Intelligence in Medicine

Manuel Filipe Santos University of Minho, Portugal Carlos Filipe Portela University of Minho, Portugal Allan Tucker Brunel University London, UK Manuel Fernandez Delgado University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Artiﬁcial Intelligence in Power and Energy Systems

Zita Vale Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal Tiago Pinto Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal Pedro Faria Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal Elena Mocanu University of Twente, The Netherlands Decebal Constantin Mocanu University of Twente, The Netherlands

Artiﬁcial Intelligence in Transportation Systems

Rosaldo Rossetti University of Porto, Portugal Alberto Fernandez Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain

Artiﬁcial Life and Evolutionary Algorithms

Ivo Gonçalves University of Coimbra, Portugal Mauro Castelli NOVA IMS, Portugal Luca Manzoni University of Trieste, Italy Leonardo Trujillo Technical Institute of Tijuana, Mexico Carlos Henggeler Antunes University of Coimbra, Portugal

Ambient Intelligence and Affective Environments

Ana Almeida Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal Sara Rodriguez University of Salamanca, Spain Goreti Marreiros Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal Paulo Novais University of Minho, Portugal Peter Mikulecky University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic

General Artiﬁcial Intelligence

Goreti Marreiros Polytechnic of Porto, Portugal Francisco S. Melo University of Lisbon, Portugal Nuno Lau University of Aveiro, Portugal Henrique Lopes Cardoso University of Porto, Portugal Luís Paulo Reis University of Porto, Portugal Organization ix

Intelligent Robotics

João Fabro Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Brazil Reinaldo Bianchi Centro Universitário da FEI, Brazil Nuno Lau University of Aveiro, Portugal Luís Paulo Reis University of Porto, Portugal

Knowledge Discovery and Business Intelligence

Paulo Cortez University of Minho, Portugal Albert Bifet Université Paris-Saclay, France Luís Cavique Universidade Aberta, Portugal João Gama University of Porto, Portugal Nuno Marques NOVA University Lisbon, Portugal Manuel Filipe Santos University of Minho, Portugal

Multi-agent Systems: Theory and Applications

Ana Paula Rocha University of Porto, Portugal João Balsa University of Lisbon, Portugal Graçaliz Pereira Dimuro Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil Alberto Fernandez Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain

Text Mining and Applications

Joaquim Silva NOVA University Lisbon, Portugal Pablo Gamallo University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain Paulo Quaresma University of Évora, Portugal Irene Rodrigues University of Évora, Portugal

Program Committee

Artiﬁcial Intelligence and IoT in Agriculture

AndrésMuñoz Ortega Catholic University of Murcia, Spain Aneesh Chauhan Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands António Valente University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal Brett Whelan University of Sydney, Australia Bruno Tisseyre University of Montpellier, France Carlos Eduardo Cugnasca University of São Paulo, Brazil Carlos Serôdio University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal Dinos Ferentinos Hellenic Agricultural Organization “Demeter”, Greece Eduardo Solteiro Pires University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal Emanuel Peres University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal Filipe Santos University of Porto, Portugal x Organization

Javier Sanchis Sáez Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain João Paulo Coelho Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal Joaquim Sousa University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal Jos Balendonck Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands José António Sanz Public University of Navarre, Spain Kazuhisa Ito Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan Laura Santana Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Brazil Manoj Karkee Washington State University, USA Nieves Pávon-Pulido Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain Pedro Couto University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal Pedro Melo-Pinto University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal Tatiana Pinho INESC-TEC, Portugal Veronica Saiz-Rubio Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Yuxin Miao University of Minnesota, USA

Artiﬁcial Intelligence and Law

Carlisle George Middlesex University London, UK Cinthia Freitas Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Brazil Clara Pereira University of Oxford, UK Federico Bueno de Mata University of Salamanca, Spain Flúvio Garcia Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Brazil Giovanni Sartor European University Institute, Italy Henrique Sousa Antunes Catholic University of Portugal, Portugal Isabel Pereira University of Lisbon, Portugal Luis Moniz Pereira NOVA University Lisbon, Portugal Manuel Masseno Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Portugal Pedro Oliveira University of Minho, Portugal Radboud Winkels University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Serena Quattrocolo University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy Sofia Ranchordas University of Groningen, The Netherlands Vicente Julian Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain

Artiﬁcial Intelligence in Medicine

Álvaro Silva Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, Portugal Andreas Holzinger Medical University Graz, Austria António Abelha University of Minho, Portugal António Manuel de Jesus Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Pereira Barna Iantovics Petru Maior University of Tîrgu-Mureş, Romania Beatriz de la Iglesia University of East Anglia, UK Cinzia Pizzi University of Padua, Italy Filipe Pinto Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Giorgio Leonardi University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy Göran Falkman Universitet of Skövde, Sweden Organization xi

Hélder Coelho University of Lisbon, Portugal Helena Lindgren Umeå University, Sweden Hugo Peixoto University of Minho, Portugal Inna Skarga-Bandurova East Ukrainian National University, Ukraine José Machado University of Minho, Portugal José Maia Neves University of Minho, Portugal Júlio Duarte University of Minho, Portugal Luca Anselma University of Turin, Italy Michael Ignaz Schumacher University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Switzerland Miguel Angel Mayer Pompeu Fabra University, Spain Miriam Santos University of Coimbra, Portugal Panagiotis Bamidis Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece Pedro Gago Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Pedro Pereira Rodrigues University of Porto, Portugal Radboud Winkels University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Rainer Schmidt Institute for Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Germany Ricardo Martinho Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Rui Camacho University of Porto, Portugal Salva Tortajada Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Teresa Guarda Peninsula de Santa Elena University, Ecuador Werner Ceusters University at Buffalo, USA

Artiﬁcial Intelligence in Power and Energy Systems

Alfonso Briones Complutense University Madrid, Spain Amin Shokri Gazafroudi Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany Ana Estanqueiro National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, Portugal Brígida Teixeira Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Bruno Canizes Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Bo Noerregaard Joergensen University of Southern Denmark, Denmark Catia Silva Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Dagmar Niebur Drexel University, USA Fernando Lezama Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Fernando Lopes National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, Portugal Germano Lambert-Torres PS Solutions, Portugal Goreti Marreiros Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Hugo Algarvio National Laboratory of Energy and Geology, Portugal Isabel Praça Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Jan Segerstam Empower IM Ou, Finland João P. S. Catalão University of Porto, Portugal JoãoPeças Lopes University of Porto, Portugal Jose L. Rueda Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Luís Gomes Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Olivier Boissier Henri Fayol Institute, France xii Organization

Peter Kadar Obuda University, Hungary Pierluigi Siano Università degli Studi di Salerno, Italy Roberto Casado University of Salamanca, Spain Ricardo Faia Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Rui Castro University of Lisbon, Portugal

Artiﬁcial Intelligence in Transportation Systems

Ana L. C. Bazzan Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Ana Paula Rocha University of Porto, Portugal Carlos A. Iglesias Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain Carlos Lisboa Bento University of Coimbra, Portugal Cristina Olaverri-Monreal Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Austria Eduardo Camponogara Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil Eftihia Nathanail University of Thessaly, Greece Eugénio Oliveira University of Porto, Portugal Francesco Viti University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Francisco Pereira Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Giuseppe Vizzari University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy Gonçalo Correia Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Hilmi Celikoglu Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey Holger Billhardt Rey Juan Carlos University, Spain Javier J. Sanchez Medina University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain João Jacob University of Porto, Portugal João Mendes-Moreira University of Porto, Portugal Josep-Maria Salanova Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, Greece Juergen Dunkel Hanover University for Applied Sciences and Arts, Germany Luís Nunes University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal Marin Lujak University Rey Juan Carlos, Spain Rui Gomes ARMIS Group, Portugal Sascha Ossowski Rey Juan Carlos University, Spain Soora Rasouli Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands Tânia Fontes University of Porto, Portugal

Artiﬁcial Life and Evolutionary Algorithms

Arnaud Liefooghe University of Lille, France Carlos Henggeler Antunes University of Coimbra, Portugal Carlos M. Fonseca University of Coimbra, Portugal Colin Johnson University of Kent, UK Ender Özcan University of Nottingham, UK Eric Medvet University of Trieste, Italy Fernando G. Lobo University of Algarve, Portugal Francisco B. Pereira Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Portugal Gabriel Kronberger University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Austria Organization xiii

Ivo Gonçalves University of Coimbra, Portugal James Foster University of Idaho, USA Jin-Kao Hao University of Angers, France Leonardo Trujillo Technical Institute of Tijuana, Mexico Luca Manzoni University of Trieste, Italy Luís Correia University of Lisbon, Portugal Luis Paquete University of Coimbra, Portugal Malcolm Heywood Dalhousie University, Canada Mauro Castelli NOVA IMS, Portugal Pablo Mesejo Santiago Inria, France Penousal Machado University of Coimbra, Portugal Petr Pošík Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic Rui Mendes University of Minho, Portugal Stefano Cagnoni University of Parma, Italy Thomas Stützle Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Ting Hu Queen’s University, Canada William B. Langdon University College London, UK

Ambient Intelligence and Affective Environments

Amílcar Cardoso University of Coimbra, Portugal Ana Paiva University of Lisbon, Portugal Ângelo Costa Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Antonio Caballero University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain António Grilo NOVA University Lisbon, Portugal António Pereira University of Aveiro, Portugal Boon Kiat-Quek National University of Singapore, Singapore Bruno Fernandes University of Minho, Portugal Carlos A. Iglesias Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain Carlos Ramos Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Cesar Analide University of Minho, Portugal Dalila Duraes Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Davide Carneiro Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Davy Preuveneers KU Leuven, Belgium Fábio Silva University of Minho, Portugal Fernando de la Prieta University of Salamanca, Spain Fernando Moreira University Portucalense, Portugal Florentino Fdez-Riverola University of Vigo, Spain Gianni Vercelli University of Genoa, Italy Grzegorz Napela AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland Guillaume Lopez Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan Hector Alaiz Moreton University of Leon, Spain Hoon Ko Polytechnic Institute of Porto, South Korea Ichiro Satoh National Institute of Informatics Tokyo, Japan Javier Bajo Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain Javier Jaen Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain xiv Organization

Javier Prieto Tejedor University of Salamanca, Spain Jean Ilié University Pierre et Marie Curie, France João Carneiro Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal João Ferreira Lisbon University Institute, Portugal João Ramos Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal João Vilaça Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Portugal José Machado University of Minho, Portugal José Molina University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain José Neves University of Minho, Portugal Juan Corchado University of Salamanca, Spain Juan Pavón Complutense University Madrid, Spain Javier Prieto Tejedor University of Salamanca, Spain Lino Figueiredo Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Luís Macedo University of Coimbra, Portugal Manuel Rodrigues Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Miguel Hornos University of Granada, Spain Pablo Chamoso University of Salamanca, Spain Penousal Machado University of Coimbra, Portugal Ricardo Santos Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Rui José University of Minho, Portugal Shin’Ichi Konomi University of Tokyo, Japan Tatsuo Nakajima Waseda University, Japan Tiago Oliveira National Institute of Informatics, Japan Vicente Julián Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Vitor Alves University of Minho, Portugal

General Artiﬁcial Intelligence

Amílcar Cardoso University of Coimbra, Portugal Amparo Alonso-Betanzos University of A Coruña, Spain Ana Paiva University of Lisbon, Portugal Ana Paula Rocha University of Porto, Portugal Andrea Omicini University of Bologna, Italy Arlindo Oliveira University of Lisbon, Portugal Bernarde Ribeiro University of Coimbra, Portugal Carlos Lisboa Bento University of Coimbra, Portugal Carlos Ramos Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Cesar Analide University of Minho, Portugal Davide Carneiro Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Eric De La Clergerie Inria, France Ernesto Costa University of Coimbra, Portugal Gaël Dias Normandy University, France Goreti Marreiros Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal João Balsa University of Lisbon, Portugal João Carneiro Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal João Gama University of Porto, Portugal Organization xv

João Leite NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal John-Jules Meyer Utrecht University, The Netherlands José Cascalho University of Azores, Portugal José Júlio Alferes NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal José Machado University of Minho, Portugal Jose Molina University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain José Neves University of Minho, Portugal Juan Corchado University of Salamanca, Spain Juan Pavón Complutense University Madrid, Spain Luís Camarinha-Matos NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal Luís Cavique University Aberta, Portugal Luís Correia University of Lisbon, Portugal Luís Macedo University of Coimbra, Portugal Luís Seabra Lopes University of Aveiro, Portugal Luísa Coheur University of Lisbon, Portugal Paulo Cortez University of Minho, Portugal Paulo Novais University of Minho, Portugal Paulo Quaresma University of Évora, Portugal Pedro Barahona NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal Pedro Rangel Henriques University of Minho, Portugal Penousal Machado University of Coimbra, Portugal Ricardo Santos Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Rosaldo Rossetti University of Porto, Portugal Salvador Abreu University of Évora, Portugal Tatsu Naka Waseda University, Japan Vicente Julian Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Victor Alves University of Minho, Portugal

Intelligent Robotics

André Conceição Federal University of Bahia, Brazil André Luís Marcato Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil António J. R. Neves University of Aveiro, Portugal António Paulo Moreira University of Porto, Portugal Armando Pinho University of Aveiro, Portugal Armando Sousa University of Porto, Portugal Axel Hessler DAI-Labor, TU Berlin, Germany Brígida Mónica Faria Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Carlos Carreto Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Portugal Cesar Analide University of Minho, Portugal Eurico Pedrosa University of Aveiro, Portugal Fei Chen Advanced Robotics Department, Italy Fernando Osorio University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Jorge Dias University of Coimbra, Portugal Josemar Rodrigues de Bahia State University, Brazil Souza xvi Organization

Luís Correia University of Lisbon, Portugal Luis Moreno University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain Luís Seabra Lopes University of Aveiro, Portugal Marco Dorigo Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Mikhail Prokopenko The University of Sydney, Australia Nicolas Jouandeau Université Paris 8, France Paulo Urbano University of Lisbon, Portugal Saeed Shiry Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran Urbano Nunes University of Coimbra, Portugal

Knowledge Discovery and Business Intelligence

Agnes Braud University of Strasbourg, France Alberto Bugarin University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain Alípio M. Jorge University of Porto, Portugal Amílcar Oliveira Portuguese Open University, Portugal André Carvalho University of São Paulo, Brazil Antonio Tallón-Ballesteros University of Huelva, Spain Armando Mendes University of Azores, Portugal Carlos Ferreira Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal Fátima Rodrigues Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal João Moura-Pires NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal José Alfredo Ferreira Costa University Rio Grande Norte, Brazil Karin Becker University Rio Grande Norte, Brazil Leandro Krug Wives University Rio Grande Sul, Brazil Manuel Fernandez Delgado University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain Marcos Aurélio Domingues State University of Maringá, Brazil Margarida Cardoso University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal Mark Embrechts Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Mohamed Gaber Birmingham City University, UK Murat Caner Testik Hacettepe University, Turkey Orlando Belo University of Minho, Portugal Pedro Castillo University of Granada, Spain Philippe Lenca IMT Atlantique, France Rita Ribeiro University of Porto, Portugal Roberto Henriques NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal Rui Camacho University of Porto, Portugal Sérgio Moro University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal Ying Tan Peking University, China

Multi-agent Systems: Theory and Applications

Adriana Giret Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Alberto Sardinha University of Lisbon, Portugal Alejandro University Veracruzana, Mexico Guerra-Hernández Organization xvii

Andrea Omicini University of Bologna, Italy António J. M. Castro University of Porto, Portugal Carlos Carrascosa Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Carlos Martinho University of Lisbon, Portugal Daniel Castro Silva University of Porto Portugal Dave De Jonge IIIA-CSIC, Spain Diana Adamatti University Federal of Rio Grande, Brazil Francisco Grimaldo Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Henrique Lopes Cardoso University of Porto, Portugal Javier Carbo University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain João Leite NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal John-Jules Meyer Utrecht University, The Netherlands Jordi Sabater Mir IIIA-CSIC, Spain Jorge Gomez-Sanz Complutense University Madrid, Spain Juan Carlos Burguillo University of Vigo, Spain Juan Corchado University of Salamanca, Spain Lars Braubach University of Hamburg, Germany Luis Correia University of Lisbon, Portugal Luis Macedo University of Coimbra, Portugal Luís Nunes Lisbon University Institute, Portugal Marin Lujak University Rey Juan Carlos, Spain Michael Ignaz Schumacher University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Switzerland Paulo Leitão Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal Paulo Novais University of Minho, Portugal Rafael Cardoso University of Manchester, UK Ramon Hermoso University of Zaragoza, Spain Reyhan Aydogan Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Rosa Vicari Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Viviane Silva IBM Research Brazil, Brazil

Text Mining and Applications

Adam Jatowt University of Kyoto, Japan Adeline Nazarenko University Sorbonne Paris Nord, France Alberto Diaz Complutense University Madrid, Spain Alberto Simões University of Minho, Portugal Alexandre Rademaker IBM, FGV, Brazil Altigran Silva Federal University of Amazonas, Brazil Antoine Doucet University of Caen, France António Branco University of Lisbon, Portugal Béatrice Daille University of Nantes, France Bruno Martins University of Lisbon, Portugal Eric de La Clergerie Inria, France Fernando Batista Lisbon University Institute, Portugal Francisco Couto University of Lisbon, Portugal xviii Organization

Gabriel Pereira Lopes NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal Gaël Dias Normandy University, France Hugo Oliveira University of Coimbra, Portugal Iñaki Vicente Elhuyar Foundation, Spain Irene Rodrigues University of Évora, Portugal Jesús Vilares University of A Coruña, Spain Joaquim Ferreira da Silva NOVA University of Lisbon, Portugal Katerzyna Wegrzyn-Wolska ESIGETEL, France Luísa Coheur University of Lisbon, Portugal Manuel Vilares Ferro University of Vigo, Spain Marcos Garcia University of A Coruña, Spain Mário Silva University of Lisbon, Portugal Miguel Alonso University of A Coruña, Spain Pablo Gamallo University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain Patricia Martín-Rodilla University of A Coruña, Spain Paulo Quaresma University of Évora, Portugal Pavel Brazdil University of Porto, Portugal Renata Vieira University of Évora, Portugal Sérgio Nunes University of Porto, Portugal

Additional Reviewers

Alexandre G. Lima Francisco J. Ribadas-Pena Alexandros Siomos Louis Martin André Monforte Paulo Menezes Brais Muñiz Pedro Ruas Brenda Salenave Santana Rui Araújo Diana Sousa Sinan Oguz Diógenes Araújo Sylvia Chalencon Diogo Freitas Víctor Darriba Abstracts of Invited Speakers Responsible AI: From Principles to Action

Virginia Dignum

Umeå University, Sweden [email protected]

Abstract. Every day we see news about advances and the societal impact of AI. AI is changing the way we work, live and solve challenges but concerns about fairness, transparency or privacy are also growing. Ensuring AI ethics is more than designing systems whose result can be trusted. It is about the way we design them, why we design them, and who is involved in designing them. In order to develop and use AI responsibly, we need to work towards technical, societal, institutional and legal methods and tools which provide concrete support to AI practitioners, as well as awareness and training to enable participation of all, to ensure the align- ment of AI systems with our societies’ principles and values.

Ensuring the responsible development and use of AI is becoming a main direction in AI research and practice. Governments, corporations and international organisations alike are coming forward with proposals and declarations of their commitment to an accountable, responsible, transparent approach to AI, where human values and ethical principles are leading. In this area, the European Union has been a leading force, having just recently released a proposal for the regulation of AI, the AI Act1. Many of the AI risks, including bias, discrimination and lack of transparency can be linked to the characteristics of the data-driven techniques that are currently driving AI development, which are stochastic in nature and rely on the increasing size of datasets and computations. Such approaches perform well in accuracy but much worse in transparency and explanation. Rather than focus on the limitation of risks and safe- guard of ethical and societal principles, AI governance should be designed as a stepping-stone for sustainable AI innovation. More than limiting options, governance can be used to extend and improve current approaches towards a next generation of AI: truly human-centred AI. This capacity must be nurtured and supported with strong support for research and innovation in alternative AI methods, that can combine accuracy with transparency and privacy, as well and multi-disciplinary efforts to develop and evaluate the societal and ethical impact of AI. Responsible AI is fundamentally about human responsibility for the development of intelligent systems along fundamental human principles and values, to ensure human ﬂourishing and well-being in a sustainable world. In fact, Responsible AI is more than the ticking of some ethical ‘˜boxes’ in a report, or the development of some add-on features, or switch-off buttons in AI systems. Enforcing responsibility and supporting accountability for AI and its outcomes is key.

1 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206. Trustworthy Human-Centric AI – The European Approach

Fredrik Heintz

Linköping University, Sweden [email protected]

Abstract. Europe has taken a clear stand that we want AI, but we do not want just any AI. We want AI that we can trust and that puts people at the center. This talk presents the European approach to Trustworthy Human-Centric AI including the main EU initiatives and the European AI ecosystem such as the different major projects and organizations. The talk will also touch upon some of the research challenges related to Trustworthy AI from the ICT-48 network TAILOR which has the goal of developing the scientiﬁc foundations for Trustworthy AI through integrating learning, optimisation, and reasoning.

To maximize the opportunities and minimize the risks, Europe has decided to focus on human-centered Trustworthy AI based on strong collaboration among key stakehold- ers. According to the High-Level Expert Group on AI, Trustworthy AI has three main aspects, it should be Lawful, ensuring respect for applicable laws and regulations; Ethical, ensuring adherence to ethical principles and values; and Robust, both from a technical and social perspective. There are many technical research challenges related to these requirements, including fairness, explainability, transparency, and safety. To achieve these, we will most likely need to integrate learning and reasoning in a principled manner while retaining the explanatory power of more structured, often logical, approaches together with the adaptability, flexibility, and efficiency of data driven machine learning approaches. To achieve its grand vision, Europe is establishing a growing ecosystem of AI initiatives. One key organization is CLAIRE, the pan-European Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence Research in Europe based on the vision of European excellence across all of AI, for all of Europe, with a human-centred focus. Others are ELLIS, the European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems, and EurAI, the European AI Association. From the European commission some of the main initiatives are AI4EU, who is building a European AI On-Demand Platform; the four ICT-48 Networks AI4Media, ELISE, HumaneAI NET and TAILOR, plus the ICT-48 CSA VISION; and the public-private partnership (PPP) on AI, data and robotics between EU and Adra (the AI, Data, and Robotics Association), a new organization formed by BDVA, CLAIRE, ELLIS, EurAI and euRobotics. Europe has a good position to take the lead on Trustworthy AI globally. We now need to consolidate and strengthen the European AI ecosystem so that we can accel- erate towards a human-centric trustworthy future, together. Multimodal Simultaneous Machine Translation

Lucia Specia

Imperial College London, UK [email protected]

Simultaneous machine translation (SiMT) aims to translate a continuous input text stream into another language with the lowest latency and highest quality possible. Therefore, translation has to start with an incomplete source text, which is read pro- gressively, creating the need for anticipation. In this talk I will present work where we seek to understand whether the addition of visual information can compensate for the missing source context. We analyse the impact of different multimodal approaches and visual features on state-of-the-art SiMT frameworks, including ﬁxed and dynamic policy approaches using reinforcement learning. Our results show that visual context is helpful and that visually-grounded models based on explicit object region information perform the best. Our qualitative analysis illustrates cases where only the multimodal systems are able to translate correctly from English into gender-marked languages, as well as deal with differences in word order, such as adjective-noun placement between English and French. Factored Value Functions for Cooperative Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning

Shimon Whiteson

University of Oxford, UK [email protected]

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) considers how teams of agents can coordinate their behaviour to efficiently achieve common goals. A key challenge therein is how to learn cooperative policies in a centralised fashion that nonetheless can be executed in a decentralised fashion. In this talk, I will discuss QMIX, a simple but powerful cooperative MARL algorithm that relies on factored value functions both to make learning efficient and to ensure decentralisability. Extensive results on the StarCraft Multi-Agent Challenge (SMAC), a benchmark we have developed, confirm that QMIX outperforms alternative approaches, though fur- ther analysis shows that this is not always for the reasons we expected. Contents

Artificial Intelligence and IoT in Agriculture

Autonomous Robot Visual-Only Guidance in Agriculture Using Vanishing Point Estimation ...... 3 José Sarmento, André Silva Aguiar, Filipe Neves dos Santos, and Armando Jorge Sousa

Terrace Vineyards Detection from UAV Imagery Using Machine Learning: A Preliminary Approach ...... 16 Nuno Figueiredo, LuísPádua, Joaquim J. Sousa, and António Sousa

Tomato Detection Using Deep Learning for Robotics Application ...... 27 Tiago Cerveira Padilha, Germano Moreira, Sandro Augusto Magalhães, Filipe Neves dos Santos, Mário Cunha, and Miguel Oliveira

Predicting Predawn Leaf Water Potential up to Seven Days Using Machine Learning ...... 39 Ahmed A. Fares, Fabio Vasconcelos, Joao Mendes-Moreira, and Carlos Ferreira

Artificial Intelligence and Law

Towards Ethical Judicial Analytics: Assessing Readability of Immigration and Asylum Decisions in the United Kingdom ...... 53 Laura Scheinert and Emma L. Tonkin

A Comparison of Classification Methods Applied to Legal Text Data ...... 68 Diógenes Carlos Araújo, Alexandre Lima, João Pedro Lima, and José Alfredo Costa

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

Aiding Clinical Triage with Text Classification...... 83 Rute Veladas, Hua Yang, Paulo Quaresma, Teresa Gonçalves, Renata Vieira, Cátia Sousa Pinto, João Pedro Martins, João Oliveira, and Maria Cortes Ferreira

A Web-based Telepsychology Platform Prototype Using Cloud Computing and Deep Learning Tools ...... 97 Diego Pérez-Hernández, Nieves Pavón-Pulido, J. A. López-Riquelme, and J. J. Feliú Batlle xxvi Contents

Detecting, Predicting, and Preventing Driver Drowsiness with Wrist-Wearable Devices...... 109 Cláudia Rodrigues, Brígida Mónica Faria, and Luís Paulo Reis

The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Informatics: A Bibliometric Analysis...... 121 Bruno Elias Penteado, Marcelo Fornazin, and Leonardo Castro

Artificial Intelligence in Power and Energy Systems

Optimizing Energy Consumption of Household Appliances Using PSO andGWO...... 137 Inês Tavares, José Almeida, João Soares, Sérgio Ramos, Zita Vale, and Zahra Foroozandeh

Metaheuristics for Optimal Scheduling of Appliances in Energy Efficient Neighbourhoods ...... 151 Amaia Alfageme, Iker Esnaola-Gonzalez, Francisco Javier Díez, and Eduardo Gilabert

Multitask Learning for Predicting Natural Flows: A Case Study at Paraiba do Sul River...... 163 Gabriel Dias Abreu, Leticia F. Pires, Luciana C. D. Campos, and Leonardo Goliatt

PV Generation Forecasting Model for Energy Management in Buildings . . . . 176 Brígida Teixeira, Tiago Pinto, Pedro Faria, and Zita Vale

Automatic Evolutionary Settings of Machine Learning Methods for Buildings’ Thermal Loads Prediction ...... 183 Gisele Goulart Tavares, Priscila V. Z. Capriles, and Leonardo Goliatt

Artificial Intelligence in Transportation Systems

Minimising Fleet Times in Multi-depot Pickup and Dropoff Problems ...... 199 Martin Damyanov Aleksandrov

Solving a Bilevel Problem with Station Location and Vehicle Routing Using Variable Neighborhood Descent and Ant Colony Optimization ...... 211 Marcos R. C. O. Leite, Heder S. Bernardino, and Luciana B. Gonçalves

Artificial Life and Evolutionary Algorithms

Genetic Programming for Feature Extraction in Motor Imagery Brain-Computer Interface ...... 227 Gabriel Henrique de Souza, Heder Soares Bernardino, Alex Borges Vieira, and Helio José Corrêa Barbosa Contents xxvii

FERMAT: Feature Engineering with Grammatical Evolution ...... 239 Mariana Monteiro, Nuno Lourenço, and Francisco B. Pereira

Ambient Intelligence and Affective Environments

A Reputation Score Proposal for Online Video Platforms...... 255 David Garcia-Retuerta, Roberto Casado-Vara, Diego Valdeolmillos, and Juan M. Corchado

A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Improve User Achievement of Health-Related Goals ...... 266 Diogo Martinho, João Carneiro, José Neves, Paulo Novais, Juan Corchado, and Goreti Marreiros

Urban Human Mobility Modelling and Prediction: Impact of Comfort and Well-Being Indicators ...... 278 Luís Rosa, Fábio Silva, and Cesar Analide

Comparison of Transfer Learning Behaviour in Violence Detection with Different Public Datasets ...... 290 Dalila Durães, Flávio Santos, Francisco S. Marcondes, Sascha Lange, and José Machado

General AI

Deep Neural Network Architectures for Speech Deception Detection: A Brief Survey ...... 301 Andrey Lucas Herchonvicz and Rafael de Santiago

3DSRASG: 3D Scene Retrieval and Augmentation Using Semantic Graphs...... 313 Sharadha Srinivasan, Shreya Kumar, Vallikannu Chockalingam, and Chitrakala S.

Revisiting “Recurrent World Models Facilitate Policy Evolution” ...... 325 Bernardo Esteves and Francisco S. Melo

Deep Neural Networks for Approximating Stream Reasoning with C-SPARQL...... 338 Ricardo Ferreira, Carolina Lopes, Ricardo Gonçalves, Matthias Knorr, Ludwig Krippahl, and João Leite

The DeepONets for Finance: An Approach to Calibrate the Heston Model. . . 351 Igor Michel Santos Leite, João Daniel Madureira Yamim, and Leonardo Goliatt da Fonseca xxviii Contents

Faster Than LASER - Towards Stream Reasoning with Deep Neural Networks...... 363 João Ferreira, Diogo Lavado, Ricardo Gonçalves, Matthias Knorr, Ludwig Krippahl, and João Leite

Using Regression Error Analysis and Feature Selection to Automatic Cluster Labeling ...... 376 Lucia Emilia Soares Silva, Vinicius Ponte Machado, Sidiney Souza Araujo, Bruno Vicente Alves de Lima, and Rodrigo de Melo Souza Veras

A Chatbot for Recipe Recommendation and Preference Modeling ...... 389 Álvaro Mendes Samagaio, Henrique Lopes Cardoso, and David Ribeiro

Intelligent Robotics

Exploiting Symmetry in Human Robot-Assisted Dressing Using Reinforcement Learning ...... 405 Pedro Ildefonso, Pedro Remédios, Rui Silva, Miguel Vasco, Francisco S. Melo, Ana Paiva, and Manuela Veloso

I2SL: Learn How to Swarm Autonomous Quadrotors Using Iterative Imitation Supervised Learning ...... 418 Omar Shrit and Michèle Sebag

Neural Network Classifier and Robotic Manipulation for an Autonomous Industrial Cork Feeder ...... 433 André Salgueiro, Sofia Santos, Artur Pereira, Bernardo Cunha, Eurico Pedrosa, José Luis Azevedo, Nuno Lau, Paulo Lopes, and Tiago Gomes

NOPL - Notification Oriented Programming Language - A New Language, and Its Application to Program a Robotic Soccer Team ...... 445 João Alberto Fabro, Leonardo Araujo Santos, Matheus Diniz de Freitas, Adriano Francisco Ronszcka, and Jean Marcelo Simão

Compound Movement Recognition Using Dynamic Movement Primitives . . . 456 Ali H. Kordia and Francisco S. Melo

Metaheuristics for the Robot Part Sequencing and Allocation Problem with Collision Avoidance...... 469 Marco Croucamp and Jacomine Grobler

Knowledge Discovery and Business Intelligence

Generalised Partial Association in Causal Rules Discovery ...... 485 Ana Rita Nogueira, Carlos Ferreira, João Gama, and Alberto Pinto Contents xxix

Dynamic Topic Modeling Using Social Network Analytics ...... 498 Shazia Tabassum, João Gama, Paulo Azevedo, Luis Teixeira, Carlos Martins, and Andre Martins

Imbalanced Learning in Assessing the Risk of Corruption in Public Administration ...... 510 Marcelo Oliveira Vasconcelos, Ricardo Matos Chaim, and Luís Cavique

Modelling Voting Behaviour During a General Election Campaign Using Dynamic Bayesian Networks ...... 524 Patrício Costa, Ana Rita Nogueira, and João Gama

ESTHER: A Recommendation System for Higher Education Programs . . . . . 537 Bruno Mota da Silva and Cláudia Martins Antunes

A Well Lubricated Machine: A Data Driven Model for Lubricant Oil Conditions ...... 549 Roney Malaguti, Nuno Lourenço, and Cristovão Silva

A Comparison of Machine Learning Methods for Extremely Unbalanced Industrial Quality Data...... 561 Pedro José Pereira, Adriana Pereira, Paulo Cortez, and André Pilastri

Towards Top-Up Prediction on Telco Operators ...... 573 Pedro Miguel Alves, Ricardo Ângelo Filipe, and Benedita Malheiro

Biomedical Knowledge Graph Embeddings for Personalized Medicine...... 584 Joana Vilela, Muhammad Asif, Ana Rita Marques, João Xavier Santos, Célia Rasga, Astrid Vicente, and Hugo Martiniano

Deploying a Speech Therapy Game Using a Deep Neural Network Sibilant Consonants Classifier ...... 596 William Costa, Sofia Cavaco, and Nuno Marques

Data Streams for Unsupervised Analysis of Company Data ...... 609 Miguel Carrega, Hugo Santos, and Nuno Marques

Multi-agent Systems: Theory and Applications

One Arm to Rule Them All: Online Learning with Multi-armed Bandits for Low-Resource Conversational Agents...... 625 Vânia Mendonça, Luísa Coheur, and Alberto Sardinha

Helping People on the Fly: Ad Hoc Teamwork for Human-Robot Teams. . . . 635 João G. Ribeiro, Miguel Faria, Alberto Sardinha, and Francisco S. Melo

Ad Hoc Teamwork in the Presence of Non-stationary Teammates ...... 648 Pedro M. Santos, João G. Ribeiro, Alberto Sardinha, and Francisco S. Melo xxx Contents

Carbon Market Multi-agent Simulation Model ...... 661 João Bernardo Narciso de Sousa, Zafeiris Kokkinogenis, and Rosaldo J. F. Rossetti

Cloud Based Decision Making for Multi-agent Production Systems...... 673 Hamood Ur Rehman, Terrin Pulikottil, Luis Alberto Estrada-Jimenez, Fan Mo, Jack C. Chaplin, Jose Barata, and Svetan Ratchev

A Data-Driven Simulator for Assessing Decision-Making in Soccer ...... 687 Tiago Mendes-Neves, João Mendes-Moreira, and Rosaldo J. F. Rossetti

Text Mining and Applications

CyberPolice: Classification of Cyber Sexual Harassment ...... 701 Priyam Basu, Tiasa Singha Roy, Soham Tiwari, and Saksham Mehta

Neural Text Categorization with Transformers for Learning Portuguese as a Second Language ...... 715 Rodrigo Santos, João Rodrigues, António Branco, and Rui Vaz

More Data Is Better Only to Some Level, After Which It Is Harmful: Profiling Neural Machine Translation Self-learning with Back-Translation . . . 727 Rodrigo Santos, João Silva, and António Branco

Answering Fill-in-the-Blank Questions in Portuguese with Transformer Language Models ...... 739 Hugo Gonçalo Oliveira

Cross-Lingual Annotation Projection for Argument Mining in Portuguese . . . 752 Afonso Sousa, Bernardo Leite, Gil Rocha, and Henrique Lopes Cardoso

Acceptance Decision Prediction in Peer-Review Through Sentiment Analysis ...... 766 Ana Carolina Ribeiro, Amanda Sizo, Henrique Lopes Cardoso, and Luís Paulo Reis

Application of Data Augmentation Techniques for Hate Speech Detection with Deep Learning...... 778 Lígia Iunes Venturott and Patrick Marques Ciarelli

Automated Fake News Detection Using Computational Forensic Linguistics...... 788 Ricardo Moura, Rui Sousa-Silva, and Henrique Lopes Cardoso

Author Index ...... 801