Remote Sensing and Geographical Modelling to Assess
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Remote sensing and geographical modelling to assess montado change patterns: causes, impacts and biogeophysical process Sérgio Rui Borreicho Coelho Godinho Rui Sérgio Borreicho Sérgio Rui Borreicho Coelho Godinho Tese apresentada à Universidade de Évora para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Gestão Interdisciplinar da Paisagem ORIENTADORES: Professor Doutor Nuno Alexandre Gouveia de Sousa Neves Professora Doutora Maria Teresa Amado Pinto Correia Doutor Artur José Freire Gil ÉVORA, DEZEMBRO 2015 causes, impacts and biogeophysical process biogeophysical and impacts causes, Contactos: Universidade de Évora Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada - IIFA Palácio do Vimioso | Largo Marquês de Marialva, Apart. 94 7002-554 Évora | Portugal patterns: change montado assess to modelling geographical and sensing Remote Tel: (+351) 266 706 581 Fax: (+351) 266 744 677 INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGAÇÃO E FORMAÇÃO AVANÇADA email: [email protected] This Doctoral research was supported by the PhD scholarship number SFRH/BD/77897/2011 (January 2012 to December 2015) funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) under the POPH-QREN-Tipologia 4.1 Programme. Acknowledgements I would like to thank for their academic support and friendship: My supervisors: Nuno Neves, Teresa Pinto Correia and Artur Gil. My co-authors: Nuno Guiomar, Rui Machado, João Paulo Fernandes, Pedro Santos, Paulo Sá Sousa, Maria João Costa. Institutionally, I would like to thank for their support during my PhD: The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) which funded my PhD. The Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (ICAAM), the Department of Landscape, Environment and Management, and the University of Évora which received me during the last 4 years. The Landscape Dynamics and Social Process Research Group, my current research group. I would like to thank especially: My wife Isabel Garcia, without their presence in my life I don't would have gotten this far. Thank you for your listening, your patience, and your unconditional support and love. My family, mother, brothers (Francisco, Joaquim and Ivan), and my grandfathers Manuel and Francisco. I would like to especially dedicated this scientific journey to my father, who inspired me to never give up; wherever you are this is unconditionally for you. My in-laws Joana Garcia and José Mira Garcia. My friends. Index Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 1 Resumo ............................................................................................................................ 2 Chapter 1 - General Introduction 3 1.1. Thesis Focus and main goals ............................................................................. 3 1.2. Outline of the thesis ........................................................................................... 7 1.3. Background ........................................................................................................ 9 1.3.1. Historical perspective of montado landscape changes ............................... 9 1.3.2. Earth Observation Satellites and montado monitoring ............................. 13 1.3.3. Biogeophysical effects of montado cover changes................................... 17 Chapter 2 - Assessment of environment, land management, and spatial variables on recent changes in montado land cover in southern Portugal 21 2.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................ 21 2.2. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 22 2.3. Material and Methods ...................................................................................... 24 2.3.1. Study area ................................................................................................. 24 2.3.2. Cartographic data sources ....................................................................... 25 2.3.3. Factors affecting montado land cover change ......................................... 26 2.3.4. Statistical analysis .................................................................................... 29 2.4. Results .............................................................................................................. 31 2.4.1. Factors affecting montado land cover change ......................................... 31 2.4.2. Model selection ......................................................................................... 32 2.5. Discussion ........................................................................................................ 37 2.5.1. The influence of environment, land management, and spatial factors on recent montado change ........................................................................................... 37 Chapter 3 - Using a stochastic gradient boosting algorithm to analyse the effectiveness of Landsat 8 data for montado land cover mapping: application in southern Portugal .. 41 3.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................ 41 3.2. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 42 3.3. Material and Methods ...................................................................................... 47 3.3.1. Study area ................................................................................................. 47 3.3.2. Satellite data and pre-processing ............................................................. 48 3.3.3. Vegetation Indices .................................................................................... 50 3.3.4. Training and validation data .................................................................... 52 3.3.5. Image classification using Stochastic Gradient Boosting ........................ 53 3.3.6. Performance assessment .......................................................................... 54 3.4. Results and Discussion .................................................................................... 55 3.4.1. Identifying the optimal SGB parameters .................................................. 55 3.4.2. Effectiveness of Landsat 8 OLI multispectral imagery for montado ecosystems mapping ................................................................................................ 57 3.4.3. Assessing the improvement of montado classification accuracy by adding vegetation indices to the classification scheme. ...................................................... 58 Chapter 4 - A remote sensing-based approach to estimating montado canopy density using the FCD model: a contribution to identifying HNV farmlands in southern Portugal ........................................................................................................................................ 68 4.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................ 68 4.2. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 69 4.3. Material and Methods ...................................................................................... 72 4.3.1. Study area ................................................................................................. 72 4.3.2. Data used and image pre-processing ....................................................... 73 4.3.3. Estimation of montado canopy density ..................................................... 74 4.3.4. Forest Canopy Density Model (FCD) ...................................................... 74 4.3.5. Ground-truth data and assessing the accuracy of the FCD ..................... 78 4.4. Results and Discussion .................................................................................... 79 4.4.1. Spatial patterns of montado canopy-density classes ................................ 79 4.4.2. Accuracy and performance of the FCD in estimating montado canopy density 81 Chapter 5 - Detecting the effects of Mediterranean forest canopy cover decrease in land surface albedo and temperature using Landsat-5 TM data ............................................. 83 5.1. Abstract ............................................................................................................ 83 5.2. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 84 5.3. Material and Methods ...................................................................................... 87 5.3.1. Study area ................................................................................................. 87 5.3.2. Satellite data and pre-processing ............................................................. 88 5.3.3. Montado land cover maps for 1987 and 2011 .......................................... 89 5.3.4. Estimation of montado canopy cover for 1987 and 2011 ........................ 89 5.3.5. Estimation of Land Surface Albedo (LSA) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) 92 5.4. Results and Discussion .................................................................................... 94 5.4.1. Estimation of montado canopy cover for 1987 and 2011 ......................... 94 5.4.2. Effects of montado canopy cover decrease on LSA and LST ................... 98 Chapter