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Introduction Chapter I Notes INTRODUCTION I. Most of the information in this paragraph is to be found in Bob Howlett (ed.), Hong Kong 1996: A Review of 1995 and a Pictorial Review of the Past Fifty Years (Hong Kong Gove~ment Printer, 1996). 2. Michael Foucault, Madness and Civilisation (London: Tavistock, 1971). 3. Indeed, English serves a 'gate-keeping' function in Hong Kong, con­ trolling access to positions of power and influence in all sectors of society. 4. Interview with the author, Government House, 16 September 1996. Patten would also have been aware that a BBC television crew were regularly filming him for a television series, 'The Last Governor', and that a number of books on his governorship were in preparation. 5. Ibid. CHAPTER I I. The historical account of the early chapters of this book draws on the following standard works, among others: Nigel Cameron, An Illustrated History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1991); G.B. Endacott, Government and People in Hong Kong 1841-1962 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1964); G.B. Endacott, A History of Hong Kong, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition, 1973); Lawrence James, The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (London: Little Brown and Company, 1994); Frank Welsh, A History of Hong Kong (London: HarperCollins, 1994). 2. John King Fairbank, China: Tradition and Transformation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989, revised edition) p. 34. 3 For a detailed account of the Macartney mission, see Alain Peyrefitte, The Collision of Two Civilizations: The British Expedition to China 1792--4 (London: Harvill, 1993). 4. Welsh (op. cit.) p. 33. 5. Ibid., p. 41. 6. Ibid., p. 58. 7. Ibid., p. 61. 8. Ibid., p. 63. 9. Ibid., p. 68. 10. Ibid., pp. 69-70. II. Cameron (op. cit.) p. 20. 12. Cameron (op. cit.) p. 28. 13. The indigenous population has been estimated to have been about 3650, scattered over 20 villages and hamlets, together with some 2000 fishermen 222 Notes 223 who lived on board their boats in the harbour (Bob. Howlett (ed.), Hong Kong 1996: A Review of 1995 and a Pictorial Review of the Past Fifty Years, Hong Kong Government Printer, 1996) p. 404. 14. The agreement is referred to as the Second Convention of Beijing, the first being the cession of Kowloon, signed in 1860. 15. Hong Kong Standard, 21 March 1995. CHAPTER 2 1. G. B. Endacott, A History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford Uni­ versity Press, 1983, second edition) pp. 74, 126. 2. Ibid., p. 194. Opium was only made illegal in 1945, by the post-war military government. 3. Prank Welsh, A History of Hong Kong (London: HarperCollins, 1994) pp. 137, 253. 4. The British and other foreign residents also only stayed for short periods. Welsh (op. cit.) p. 217 cites a dispatch from the Colonial Secretary Labouchere, in 1856: 'Pew if any of the British residents in Hong Kong are persons who go to establish themselves and their descendants permanently in that place; they merely sojourn there during a limited time, engaged in commercial or professional pursuits, but intending to quit the colony as soon as circumstances will permit.' 5. Elliot had been an Administrator, not officially a Governor. 6. As Welsh (op. cit.) p. 216, points out, it is worth bearing in mind that in Britain, at the time of Bowring's proposals, parliamentary democracy was still far from fully developed, with less than one in five of the male population having the vote. Lord Palmerston's constituency had an electorate of only 508, for example. 7. Ibid., pp. 217-8. 8. Ibid., p. 153. 9. The ordinance did not specifically exclude non-Europeans; it reserved the higher part of the town 'not for exclusive European occupation, but for houses built according to European models.' 10. Welsh (op. cit.) p. 278. II. Welsh (op. cit.) p. 304. 12. Endacott (op. cit.) pp. 289-90. 13. The figures are taken from Endacott (op. cit.) pp. 274-5. 14. Endacott (op. cit.) p. 275. IS. Welsh (op. cit.) p. 415. 16. Michael Yahuda, Hong Kong: China's Challenge (London: Routledge, 1996) pp. 45--6. 17. Britain had also sent reinforcements and this may have deterred the People's Liberation Army. The British Poreign Secretary, Bevin, described Hong Kong as 'the Berlin of the Middle (sic) East'. 18. Cited in Endacott (op. cit.) p. 308. 19. Nigel Cameron, An Illustrated History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1991) p. 274. 224 Notes 20. Cited in Welsh (op. cit.) p. 440. 21. Cited in Shiu-hing Lo, 'The Problem of Perception and Sino-British Relations over Hong Kong', Contemporary Southeast Asia (vol. 13, no. 2, 1991) p. 201. 22. Ambrose Yeo-chi King, 'The Administrative Absorption of Politics in Hong Kong: Emphasis on the grass roots level', Asian Survey (Vol. 15, No.5, May 1975) pp. 422-39. 23. By now, however, the Hong Kong economy has been transformed from being manufacturing-based to being largely service-based. Manufactur­ ing has been transferred over the border to Mainland China, with management functions being carried out in Hong Kong. 24. Felix Patrikeef, Mouldering Pearl: Hong Kong at the Crossroads (Lon­ don, 1989) pp. 66--7, cited in Welsh (op. cit.) p. 476. 25. Ian Scott, Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1989) p. 163. 26. /bid., p. 128. 27. The Hong Kong Government's budget was also helped by revenues from sales of crown land. 28. Cited in Scott (op. cit.) p. 152. Again, there are echoes of Patten here. Scott (op. cit.) p. 153, describes Maclehose's policy speech as having 'a strong moral flavour and considerable popular appeal. It enlarged the role of government, committed it to the primary goal of improving the quality of life, and offered a yardstick of accountability.' 29. See Scott (op. cit.) Chapter 4. 30. In evaluating MacLehose's achievement, it should be borne in mind that Hong Kong was starting from a very low base and that spending on social provision under MacLehose still represented a tiny proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), compared to developed Western countries. 31. For an insider's view, see Jimmy McGregor, 'Fighting the "Vermin of Society"', in Sally Blyth and Ian Wotherspoon, Hong Kong Remembers (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1996) pp. 148~6. McGregor argues that MacLehose should have taken a stronger line and not granted an amnesty. Describing the extent of corruption, McGregor, who was a government official, recounts how he asked one officer how many in a particular unit were corrupt. The response was: 'How many are not? You should be asking that question.' The answer to 'that question' was that none were, according to McGregor (ibid.• pp. 152-3). 32. As a small caveat, in 1981 there was some reform of local administra­ tion, with the introduction of elected members to District Boards. According to a government official at the time, John Waldem, in a letter to the South China Morning Post of9 April 1997, the initiative for direct elections followed a vist to the territory in late 1979 of two British MPs, Ted Rowlands (Labour) and Chris Patten (Conservative), who persuaded the Foreign Secretary that direct elections to District Boards would be a good idea, as a first step on the road to democrative participation. However, the measure was "neutered politically", in the words of Walden, as the District Boards were given neither executive powers nor significant funds. (Ironically, this was not to be the first time Notes 225 that Patten's democratic ideas for Hong Kong were to be thwarted, as Part 2 of this book will make clear.) 33. South China Morning Post, 13 March 1972. 34. Ibid. 35. Dick Wilson, Hong Kong! Hong Kong! (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990) p.196. 36. David Bonavia, Hong Kong 1997: The Final Settlement (Hong Kong: South China Morning Post Ltd., 1985) p. 143. 37. Percy Cradock, Experiences of China (London: John Murray, 1994) p. 162. 38. Sunday Morning Post, 7 May 1995. 39. Hong Kong Standard, 29 April 1976, referred to in James T.H. Tang and Frank Ching (pp. 144-5) in Ming K. Chan (ed.), Precarious Balance: Hong Kong Between China and Britain 1842-1992 (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1994) pp. 149-171. 40. Reported in Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (London: Macmillan, 1994) p. 366. CHAPTER 3 1. This chapter deals with the negotiations leading to the Joint Declara­ tion. It draws on accounts in the following sources, some of whom are commentators and others participants in the negotiations themselves: David Bonavia, Hong Kong 1997: The Final Settlement (Hong Kong: South China Morning Post Ltd., 1985); Robert Cottrell, The End of Hong Kong: The Secret Diplomacy of Imperial Retreat (London: John Murray, 1993); Percy Cradock, Experiences of China (London: John Murray, 1994); Geoffrey Howe, Conflict of Loyalty (London: Macmil­ lan, 1994), Mark Roberti, The Fall of Hong Kong: China's Triumph and Britain's Betrayal (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1994); Ian Scott, Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1989); Gerald Segal, The Fate of Hong Kong (London: Simon & Schuster, 1993); Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: HarperCollins, 1995); Dick Wilson, Hong Kong! Hong Kong! (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990). 2. Thatcher (op. cit.) p. 261. 3. Ibid., pp. 261-2. 4. Ibid., p. 261. 5. Ibid., p. 261. 6. Ibid., p. 262. 7. Xinhua, or the New China News Agency, is the de facto Chinese embassy in Hong Kong. Its statements, therefore, have official author­ ity. 8.
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