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10È Çð°Øçðàú 화학공학자의 Role Model을 찾아서 시작하는 말 현재의 정보화 시대를 가능하게 만든 데 가장 큰 기여를 한 인물 세 사람을 꼽으면 Intel의 Andy Grove, Apple의 Steve Jobs, Microsoft의 Bill Gate를 꼽는다. 그리고 비지니스 세계에서 가장 존 경받으며 현존하는 몇 사람을 꼽으라면 Andy Grove가 꼭 들어간 다. Andy Grove는 1997년 Time magazine에 의하여‘Man of the Year’로 선정되었고, 2004년 펜실바니아대학의 Wharton Intel의전CEO School of Business 교수들 panel에 의하여 지난 25년간 미국에 서 가장 영향력있는 기업인으로 선정되었다. 그 Andy Grove가 화 학공학으로 학사, 박사를 한 화학공학자란 사실이 나를 흥분 시킨다. Andy Grove Andy는 1987년 봄부터 1998년 봄까지 silicon Valley에 본사를 둔 Intel의 CEO로 재임하는 기간에 회사의 매출과 순이익을 각각 $1.9billion과 $246million으로부터 $26.3billion과 $6.1billion으로 증가시켰고, 회사 시가총액은 $4.3billion으로부터 $197.6billion로 증가시켰다. 이는 년 평균 42%의 성장에 해당되고 총 45배의 증가 에 해당되며 역사적으로 어떤 CEO의 기록보다도 좋은 것이다. 우리는 먼저 이번호에서는 Silicon Valley의 유래, Intel의 역사, Andy Grove의 화학공학교육, 졸업 후 Fairchild Semiconductor 를 거쳐서 Intel의 창업에 동참한 과정, 학술 및 저술 활동에 대하여 알아보고, 다음 호에서 Andy Grove의 리더십과 그의 저서‘Only 박선원 KAIST 생명화학공학과 교수 the Paranoid Survive’에 대하여 상세히 알아 보겠다. [email protected] Silicon Valley의유래 Silicon Valley란 말은 journalist Don Hoefler가 industry newspaper Electronic News에 1971년 1월 11, 18, 25일 3차에 걸쳐서 쓴 California San Francisco Bay Area 지방[그림 1]의 반도체 산업의 역사에 대한 기고문에서 Bay Area 지방을 지칭한 말로 ‘Silicon Valley-USA’라는 제목으로 기사를 썼다. 그 후 1970년 중반부터 10년간 Hoefler는 ‘Microelectronics News’를 발간했다. Valley는 San Francisco Bay의 남쪽 끝에 위치한 Santa Clara Valley를 지칭한다. Silicon은 이 지역 에 밀집해 있는 반도체와 컴퓨터와 관련된 산업체들을 지칭한다. 실리콘밸리에는 수천 개의 하이텍 회사들이 본사를 두고 있다. 그들 중 ‘Fortune 1000’에 들어가는 회사들은 다음과 같다. Andy Grove Adobe Systems, Advanced Micro Devices(AMD), Agilent Technologies, Apple Inc., Applied Materials, Cisco Systems, eBay, 72 … NICE, 제25권 제1호, 2007 화학공학자의 Role Model을 찾아서 기 때문이다. 그래서 William Hewlett과 David Packard가 ‘Silicon Valley’s Father’들이라 일컬어 지기도 한다. 그러나 HP가 실리콘밸리에 중요하긴 하 지만 초창기에 HP는 instrument maker였지 silicon 과 관련된 제품을 만들지는 않았다. 그래서 때론 Robert Noyce가 ‘Silicon Valley’s Father’라고 불려 진다. 왜냐하면 그가 1958년 Fairchild Semiconductor San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay Area satellite photo 에서 Silicon을 substrate로 사용한 integrated circuit 그림 1. 를 최초로 발명했기 때문이다. Texas Instrument의 Electronic Arts, Google, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Intuit, Jack Kilby도 거의 동시에 integrated circuit를 만들 Juniper Networks, Maxtor, National Semiconductor, 었지만 그는 Germanium을 substrate로 이용하였다. Network Appliance, NVIDIA Corporation, Oracle Silicon이 반도체를 만드는 데 더 적합한 것으로 판명 Corporation, Sun Microsystems, Symantec, Xilinx, 되어 표준으로 채택되었고 semiconductor제조에 모 Yahoo! 두 silicon을 사용하게 되었다. 미국 California Landmark Commission은 Palo Robert Noyce가 silicon substrate를 이 용 한 Alto의 Addison Avenue 367번지의 작은 garage를 integrated circuit를 최초로 발명했지만, integrated ‘실리콘밸리의 발생지(birth place of Silicon Valley)’ circuit를 발명한 공로에 대한 Nobel 물리학상은 2000 라고 지정했다. 이 곳이 1938년 William Hewlett과 년에 Jack Kilby에게 수여 되었다. Robert Noyce는 David Packard가 Hewlett-Packard를 시작한 곳이 1990년에 이미 세상을 떠났고 Nobel상은 살아있는 사 람에게만 주어지기 때문이다. “Nobel상을 타려면 좋 은 업적을 남기고 상을 받을 때까지 오래 살아라”는 중요한 교훈을 가르쳐 준다. Semiconductor라는 단어는 유명한 Pentium microprocessor부터 아주 작아서 보이지 않는 부품에 Apple Computer eBay Google Hewlett Packard Intel’s Robert Noyce building Yahoo 그림 3. From Essential Guide to Semiconductors by Jim 그림 2. Turley, Prentice Hall, 2002. NEWS & INFORMATION FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2007 … 73 화학공학자의 Role Model을 찾아서 이르기까지 많은 영역의 제품을 지칭한다. 어떤 회사 도 한 회사가 이 모든 제품을 다 만들거나 파는 회사 는 없다. 어떤 엔지니어나, 프로그래머, 구매담당자도 이 모두를 다 알지 못한다. 각자 반도체 분야의 한 작 은 분야를 전문으로 하는 것이다. [그림 3]은 원료 실 리콘으로부터 시작해서 점차 복잡한 형태로 제조된 반도체를 보여 준다. 각 box가 하나의 반도체 개체 또 는 부품을 보여 준다. Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory Silicon Valley에 세워진 최초의 반도체 회사는 Bell Lab에서 transistor를 공동 발명한 William Shockley 그림 4. 가 Bell Lab을 떠나 1955년 9월 자기 고향인 California Santa Clara County의 Palo Alto에 Mountain View 1957년 그들이 떠난후몇개월만에Shockley사는 의 Beckman Instrument의 사업부로서 세운 문닫고 말았다. 아무리 기술적으로 우수한 사람도 경 Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory였다. Shockley 영능력이 없으면 사업에 성공할 수 없다는 것을 보여 는 Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory를 설립한 후 주는 대표적인 예라고 하겠다. 그의 과학적 명성에 의하여 미 동부 지방에서 우수한 비록 Shockley는 자신의 사업에 성공하지 못했지만 인재들을 많이 채용하여 데려 올 수 있었다. Shockley Robert Noyce와 같은 우수한 인재들을 Silicon 가 채용했던 이들은 전자분야에 뛰어난 능력을 가진 Valley로 데려와서 반도체산업에 Entrepreneurial 20대의 젊은이들로서 ‘the cream of electronics Chain-reaction(기업가정신의 연쇄반응)을 일으키게 research’- represented the ‘greatest collection of 한 사람으로 credit을 인정받는다. electronics genius ever assembled’라고 일컬어 진다. 391 San Antonio Road, Mountain View, 후에 Intel을 공동 창업한 Robert Noyce와 Gordon California에 있던 원래 Shockley 빌딩은 현재 농산물 Moore도 1956년 Shockley Semiconductor에서 처음 가게로 되었다[그림 4]. 서로 만났다. 1956년 11월 Shockley가 transistor를 발명한 공로 Traitorous Eight와 Fairchild Semiconductor 로 Nobel 물리학상을 받아 Shockley Semiconductor Shockley Semiconductor의 여덟명의 젊은 과학자 의 직원 모두가 흥분하고 좋아하였다. Shockley는 ‘대 들은 처음엔 Arnold Beckman에게 Shockley를 다른 단한 직관적 문제 해결사’이며 ‘대단한 아이디어들을 사람으로 교체해 줄 것을 요구했으나 시간만 끌고 대 내는 사람’이었지만 그들은 곧 Shockley가 함께 일하 체할 사람을 찾지 못하자, 사표를 내고 Fairchild 기 매우 힘들고, 다른 사람들을 무시하고, 억압하고, Camera and Instrument Corporation의 창업자인 믿지 않는 유별난 사람인 것을 알게 되었다. 그래서 Sherman Mills Fairchild의 도움으로 1957년 10월에 핵심인력 여덟 명이 함께 회사를 떠나 새로운 회사를 Fairchild Semiconductor를 설립한다. 설립하기로 결정했다. 이들은 Shockley에 의하여 이들은 트란지스터를 값싸게 대량생산하여 판매하 Traitorous Eight(여덟명의 배신자)라 불리게 되고, 는 사업 목표를 가지고 있었고 planar process를 발명 74 … NICE, 제25권 제1호, 2007 화학공학자의 Role Model을 찾아서 산하면 $1.5million에 해당한다. 그러나 그들의 기업 가정신은 Fairchild에서 끝나지 않았다. 몇 년 후 이 여덟명 중 Victor Grinich 만은 UC Berkeley와 Stanford University의 교수가 되었고 7명은 모두 나 가서 다시 다른 회사를 창업했다. 이 중 가장 성공한 사람들은 Intel을 창업한 Robert Noyce와 Gordon Moore이 고 , Eugene Kleiner은 Kleiner Perkins venture capital firm의 공동 창업자가 되었고, Sheldon Roberts, Jean Hoerni와 Jay Last는 나중에 Teledyne이 되는 회사를 창업했고, Julius Blank는 그림 5. The Traitorous Eight at Fairchild Semiconductor Xicor를 공동 창업했다. in 1959. 좌로부터: Gordon Moore, Sheldon Roberts, Fairchild Semiconductor는 현재 본사를 Maine주 Eugene Kleiner, Robert Noyce, Victor Grinich, Julius Blank, Jean Hoerni, Jay Last. 의 South Portland 시에 두고 있고, 2005년도 재무제 표를 보면 $1,425million의 매출에 $241million의 적 해 내고 1959년에 그들의 목표를 달성하였다. Planar 자를 기록하고 있다. 아무리 우수한 인재들을 데려와 process는 트란지스터를 발명한 이래 반도체 기술에 도 그들이 회사에 남아 충성을 바쳐 일하게 하지 못하 서 가장 중요한 업적으로 간주되고 있고 트란지스터 면 회사가 크게 발전하지 못한다는 사실을 말해주는 와 반도체를 만드는데 가장 기본적인 기술로 자리 잡 듯하다. 고 있다. 그 이후로 Fairchild는 반도체의 신기술과 생 산의 수월성으로 세계의 이목을 집중시켰다. 1963년 Intel의역사 이 회사는 매출 $130million을 달성하였다. Intel은 1968년 Fairchild Semiconductor에 근무하 Fairchild Semiconductor는 FASTTM family of 던 Bob Noyce와 Gordon Moore가 NM Electronics advanced Schottky TTL logic, 현재의 ASSP EEPROM, 라는 이름으로 회사를 창업했고, 그 해 말에 Intel이란 ACExTM microcontrollers, PowerTrench와 QFETTM 이름으로 개명했다. 벤처 캐피탈리스트인 Arthur MOSFETs, IGBTs, GTLP, LCX와 VCX technologies, Rock가 $10,000을 투자하고 $2.5million을 전환사 TinyLogicTM family of single and dual gates, 그리 채를 발행하여 조달하고 CEO가 되었다. 고 undershoot protected switches 등의 제품을 개발 1971년에 최초의 microprocessor인 4004를 발표하 했다. 그러나 이 회사는 제품을 만든 것보다 수많은 여 Integrated Electronics의 새시대를 열었고, 세계 Fairchild spinout 회사와 벤처기업가들을 많이 만들 최초의 Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory 어 낸 회사로 더욱 유명하다. 1960년대만 해도 (EPROM) 1702를 발표했다. 1971년에 Santa Clara Fairchild와 관련된 사람들이 창업한 회사가 31개나 의 Intel 최초 소유 빌딩으로 입주했고 나스닥에 상장 되었다. 이렇게 나가서 창업한 사람들과 회사들을 때 되었다. Intel은 1973년 최초의 wafer fab을 Livermore, 로는 ‘Fairchildren’이라고 부른다. Calif에 열었다. 1974년 최초의 general-purpose 1957년 10월 Fairchild창업 당시 이 여덟명의 배신 microprocessor라고 일컬어지는 Intel 8080 micro- 자들은 각각 $500씩 출자를 했는데 2년 후 이것은 processor를 발표했고 Intel 8080는 곧 traffic light, $250,000의 가치로 불었다. 이는 2000년의 돈으로 환 cash register 등 수백가지의 제품으로 설계되었다. NEWS & INFORMATION FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2007 … 75 화학공학자의 Role Model을 찾아서 선정되었다. 1984년 Intel은 가장 일하기 좋은 미국의 100대 회사 중에 하나로 선정되었고, 256K의 세계 최 초의 CHMOS DRAM을 발표하였다. 1985년 Intel은 DRAM business는 그만두고 microprocessor business에 집중하기로 했다. Intel은 275K개의 반도체를 합친 32bit chip를 개발했고 이 chip이 바로 여러 개의 program을 동시에 돌릴 수 있 는 386 processor이다. 1987년에 2년간의 불경기를 끝내고 Intel은 사상 최 대 매출과 순이익을 달성하였다. 1989년 미국공학한 림원(Academy of Engineering)은 microprocessor를 인류복지 증진을 위한 10대 탁월한 엔지니어링 업적 그림 6. Intel의 창업자들 posing with a rubylith of the 중의 하나로 선정하였다. 1990년 Intel의 공동 창업자 8080 CPU in 1978. 왼쪽부터 Andy Grove, Robert Noyce, 인 Bob Noyce가 갑작스런 심장마비로 타계하였다. Gordon Moore 1991년에는 Intel Inside logo가 광고와 PC에 보이 1975년 최초의 personal computer인 Altair 8800에 게 되어 사용자들에게 PC가 Intel microprocessor에 Intel 8080 processor이 사용되었다. 의한 것이란 것을 알리기 시작했다. 1992년 Intel은 세 1976년 Intel은 cpu와 memory, peripherals, input- 계 제일의 반도체 공급회사가 되었고 PC system output 기능들을 합친 최초의 microcontroller들인 definer의 위치로 올라섰다. 1993년 Intel의 brand 가 8748와 8048를 발표했다. 치가 세계 3위를 뛰어 올랐다. 1977년 Intel은 telecommunication industry의 표 1994년 Pentium chip의 결함이 발견되어 모든 chip 준이 된 최초의 single-chip coder/decoder인 2910을 들을 교환하여 주었다. 1996년 Ted Hoff, Stan 발표했다. 1978년 종업원들은 10만이 되었고, 업계 표 Mazor, Federico Faggin이 25년전 Intel에서 micro- 준이 된 8086 16-bit microprocessor를 발표했다. 1979 processor를 개발한 공로로 National Inventors Hall 년 Fortune magazine에 의하여 Fortune 500 list의 of Fame의 회원이 되었다. 486번 째 에 올 랐 고 Business triumphs of the 1999년 Dow Jonse Industrial Average에 Intel이 seventies 10개 회사 중의 하나로 뽑혔다. 1980년 Intel 포함되었고 2000년 Intel은 42million transistor가 들 은 세계에서 가장 잘 팔리는 microprocessor가 된 어간 Pentium 4 processor를 개발했다.
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