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Famous Physicists Himansu Sekhar Fatesingh
Fun Quiz FAMOUS PHYSICISTS HIMANSU SEKHAR FATESINGH 1. The first woman to 6. He first succeeded in receive the Nobel Prize in producing the nuclear physics was chain reaction. a. Maria G. Mayer a. Otto Hahn b. Irene Curie b. Fritz Strassmann c. Marie Curie c. Robert Oppenheimer d. Lise Meitner d. Enrico Fermi 2. Who first suggested electron 7. The credit for discovering shells around the nucleus? electron microscope is often a. Ernest Rutherford attributed to b. Neils Bohr a. H. Germer c. Erwin Schrödinger b. Ernst Ruska d. Wolfgang Pauli c. George P. Thomson d. Clinton J. Davisson 8. The wave theory of light was 3. He first measured negative first proposed by charge on an electron. a. Christiaan Huygens a. J. J. Thomson b. Isaac Newton b. Clinton Davisson c. Hermann Helmholtz c. Louis de Broglie d. Augustin Fresnel d. Robert A. Millikan 9. He was the first scientist 4. The existence of quarks was to find proof of Einstein’s first suggested by theory of relativity a. Max Planck a. Edwin Hubble b. Sheldon Glasgow b. George Gamow c. Murray Gell-Mann c. S. Chandrasekhar d. Albert Einstein d. Arthur Eddington 10. The credit for development of the cyclotron 5. The phenomenon of goes to: superconductivity was a. Carl Anderson b. Donald Glaser discovered by c. Ernest O. Lawrence d. Charles Wilson a. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes b. Alex Muller c. Brian D. Josephson 11. Who first proposed the use of absolute scale d. John Bardeen of Temperature? a. Anders Celsius b. Lord Kelvin c. Rudolf Clausius d. -
Emerging Physics a Fresh Approach to Viewing the Complexity of the Universe
GETTY IMAGES Emerging physics A fresh approach to viewing the complexity of the Universe. A Different Universe: Reinventing (an analogy that Robert Laughlin draws from with those of life,the biomolecules,for which Physics from the Bottom Down Christina Rossetti’s poem Who Has Seen the he has considerable admiration.Then we hear by Robert Laughlin Wind?). Our identity and perceptions are his own ideas on biology, which will not be Basic Books: 2005. 304 pp. $26, £19.99 all the collective behaviour of ‘ghosts’, who to everyone’s taste but are certainly thought- Philip Anderson borrow their reality from each other. provoking. Finally, his view of complexity Laughlin gives the reader a quick tour science surprised and pleased me with its I should make my interests clear right at the through much of physics (without a single relative benevolence. start. For many years I have thought that a equation). There is a slight emphasis on the Despite the above fulsome praise, this is book such as this should be written, and quantum theory of condensed matter, in so not by any means a perfect book, even for its have been urged to write it myself. I didn’t far as it explains such things as computers purpose.Laughlin is not reliably careful with do so, and couldn’t possibly have written (with a sceptical side glance at quantum facts, whether scientific or historical. For one as suited as this is for its target audience. computation), the properties of ordinary example, it has rhetorical value to give his A Different Universe is a book about what metals, and the like. -
INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH by MICHAEL RIORDAN
THE INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH by MICHAEL RIORDAN ORE THAN A DECADE before J. J. Thomson discovered the elec- tron, Thomas Edison stumbled across a curious effect, patented Mit, and quickly forgot about it. Testing various carbon filaments for electric light bulbs in 1883, he noticed a tiny current trickling in a single di- rection across a partially evacuated tube into which he had inserted a metal plate. Two decades later, British entrepreneur John Ambrose Fleming applied this effect to invent the “oscillation valve,” or vacuum diode—a two-termi- nal device that converts alternating current into direct. In the early 1900s such rectifiers served as critical elements in radio receivers, converting radio waves into the direct current signals needed to drive earphones. In 1906 the American inventor Lee de Forest happened to insert another elec- trode into one of these valves. To his delight, he discovered he could influ- ence the current flowing through this contraption by changing the voltage on this third electrode. The first vacuum-tube amplifier, it served initially as an improved rectifier. De Forest promptly dubbed his triode the audion and ap- plied for a patent. Much of the rest of his life would be spent in forming a se- ries of shaky companies to exploit this invention—and in an endless series of legal disputes over the rights to its use. These pioneers of electronics understood only vaguely—if at all—that individual subatomic particles were streaming through their devices. For them, electricity was still the fluid (or fluids) that the classical electrodynamicists of the nineteenth century thought to be related to stresses and disturbances in the luminiferous æther. -
William Bradford Shockley
William Bradford Shockley Born February 13, 1910, London, UK- died 1989, Santa Clara, Calif.; with Walter Brattain and John Bardeen, inventor of the transistor in 1947, the 1956 Nobel laureate. Education: BS, physics, California Institute of Technology, 1932; PhD, physics, MIT, 1936. Professional Experience: Bell Telephone Laboratories: member, Technical Staff, 1936- 1942 and 1945-1954, director, Transistor Physics Research Facility, 1954; director of research, Antisubmarine Warfare Operations Research Group, US Navy, 1942-1944; founder, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, 1954-1989; Stanford University: lecturer, 1958-1963, Alexander M. Poniatoff Professor of Engineering Science and Applied Science, 1963-1975, professor emeritus, 1975-1989. Honors and Awards: Nobel Prize in physics,1 1956. Co-inventor of the transistor in 1947 with John Bardeen and Walter Brattian, Shockley participated in one of the most important discoveries of the century. They applied for a patent in 1948; this device was described as a germanium “transfer resistance” unit, from which the name “transistor” was derived. Shockley continued his research on the device to create the germanium junction transfer transistor, which was much more reliable than the first unit. From this start he founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratories in Santa Clara Valley in 1954. After he received the Nobel Prize in 1956, disenchantment with Shockley's management style and his propensity for pure research led to the defection of the “Fairchild Eight” in 1957, and the deterioration of his company. His controversial views on genetics and his racist theories have shocked the society around him, but he has continued his research into “grave world problems.” QUOTATION “The only heritage I can leave to Billy is the feeling of power and joy of responsibility for setting the world right on something.” (Shockley's mother, about her 8-year-old son) BIBLIOGRAPHY Biographical 1 Jointly with John Bardeen and Walter H. -
Intuitive Analog Circuit Design
Chapter 1 Introduction MTThMarc T. Thompson, PhDPh.D. Thompson Consulting, Inc. 9 Jacob Gates Road Harvard, MA 01451 Phone: (978) 456-7722 Fax: (240) 414-2655 Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.thompsonrd.com Slides to accomppyany Intuitive Analoggg Circuit Design byyp Marc T. Thompson © 2006-2008, M. Thompson Analog Design is Not Dead • The world is analog •…(well, until we talk about Schrodinger) Introduction 2 Partial Shopping List of Analog Design • Analogg,,p filters: Discrete or ladder filters, active filters, switched capacitor filters. • Audio amplifiers: Power op-amps, output (speaker driver) stages • Oscillators: Oscillators, phase-locked loops, video demodulation • Device fabrication and device physics: MOSFETS, bipolar transistors, diodes, IGBTs,,,, SCRs, MCTs, etc. • IC fabrication: Operational amplifiers, comparators, voltage references, PLLs, etc • Analog to digital interface: A/D and D/A, voltage references • Radio frequency circuits: RF amplifiers, filters, mixers and transmission lines; cable TV • Controls: Control system design and compensation, servomechanisms, speed controls • Power electronics: This field requires knowledge of MOSFET drivers, control syyg,y,stem design, PC board layout, and thermal and magg;netic issues; motor drivers; device fabrication of transistors, MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors), IGBTs (insulated gate bipolar transistors), SCRs (silicon- controlled rectifiers) • Medical electronics: instrumentation (EKG, NMR), defibrillators, implanted medical devices • Simulation: SPICE and other circuit simulators • PC board layout: This requires knowledge of inductance and capacitive effects, grounding, shielding and PC board design rules. Introduction 3 Lilienfeld Patent (c. 1930) 4 Introduction 1st Bipolar Transistor (c. 1948) • Point contact transistor , demonstrated December 23, 1947 at Bell Labs (Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain) Reference: Probir K. -
Copyrighted Material
pter O ha n C e An Historic Overview of Venture Capitalism • Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. —George Santayana Why is an historical overview of VC important? Because history does in fact repeat itself, and a study of history allows us to frame an understanding of the present and the future. The playersCOPYRIGHTED and the investment climate MATERIAL change, but the entrepreneur’s innate instinct to risk capital for a return is no different today from what it was when John D. Rockefeller became America’s first billionaire in 1900. When Andrew c01.indd 1 10-12-2013 8:50:11 [2] The Little Book of Venture Capital Investing Carnegie joined forces with his childhood friend, Henry Phipps, to form Carnegie Steel in 1892, they were driven by the same conviction to improve the status quo as are the idealistic dream chasers of the twenty-first century. It was these early trailblazers who paved the way and developed the techniques that have laid the foundation for VC as we know it today. Arguably, historians will debate the nature of history and its usefulness. This includes using the discipline as a way of providing perspective on the problems and opportu- nities of the present. I believe it to be an important tool in providing a systematic account and window to the future. It is patently dishonest and irresponsible to perpetuate the popular mythology that those who created great wealth in America are to be despised and that there are no useful les- sons to be learned from an objective, historical review of their contributions to the subject at hand. -
14Ec230-Semiconductor Devices Innovative Method
14EC230-SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES INNOVATIVE METHOD N.B.Balamurugan Associate Professor ECE Department Thiagarajar College of Engineering Madurai-15 nbbalamurugan @tce.edu 09894346320 1928 • The first patents for the transistor principle were registered in Germany by Julius Edgar Lilienfield. • He proposed the basic principle behind the MOS field-effect transistor. 2 1934 • German Physicist Dr. Oskar Heil patented the Field Effect Transistor 3 1936 • Mervin Kelly Bell Lab's director of research. He felt that to provide the best phone service it will need a better amplifier; the answer might lie in semiconductors. And he formed a department dedicated to solid state science. 4 1945 • Bill Shockley the team leader of the solid state department (Hell’s Bell Lab) hired Walter Brattain and John Bardeen. • He designed the first semiconductor amplifier, relying on the field effect. • His device was a small cylinder coated thinly with silicon, mounted close to a small, metal plate. • The device didn't work, and Shockley assigned Bardeen and Brattain to find out why. 5 1949 cont. • Shockley make the Junction transistor (sandwich). • This transistor was more practical and easier to fabricate. • The Junction Transistor became the central device of the electronic age 6 ENIAC – First electronic computer (1946) • Built by John W. Mauchly (Computer Architecture) and J. Presper Eckert (Circuit Engineering) , Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. Formed Eckert & Marchly Computer Co. and built the 2nd computer, “UNIVAC”. Went bankrupt in 1950 and sold to Remington Rand (now defunct). IBM built “401” in 1952 (1st commercial computer) and John von Neumann invented controversial concept of interchangeable data and programs. -
ELEC3221 Digital IC & Sytems Design Iain Mcnally Koushik Maharatna Basel Halak ELEC3221 / ELEC6241 Digital IC & Sytems D
ELEC3221 ELEC3221 / ELEC6241- module merge for 2016/2017 Digital IC & Sytems Design Digital IC & Sytems Design SoC Design Techniques Iain McNally Iain McNally 10 lectures 10 lectures ≈ ≈ Koushik Maharatna Koushik Maharatna 12 lectures 12 lectures ≈ ≈ Basel Halak Basel Halak 12 lectures 12 lectures ≈ ≈ 1001 1001 ELEC3221 / ELEC6241 Digital IC & Sytems Design Assessment Digital IC & Sytems Design • SoC Design Techniques 10% Coursework L-Edit Gate Design (BIM) 90% Examination Iain McNally Books • 10 lectures ≈ Integrated Circuit Design Koushik Maharatna a.k.a. Principles of CMOS VLSI Design - A Circuits and Systems Perspective Neil Weste & David Harris 12 lectures ≈ Pearson, 2011 Basel Halak Digital System Design with SystemVerilog Mark Zwolinski 12 lectures ≈ Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2010 1001 1002 Digital IC & Sytems Design History Iain McNally 1947 First Transistor Integrated Circuit Design John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley (Bell Labs) Content • 1952 Integrated Circuits Proposed – Introduction Geoffrey Dummer (Royal Radar Establishment) - prototype failed... – Overview of Technologies 1958 First Integrated Circuit – Layout Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments) - Co-inventor – CMOS Processing 1959 First Planar Integrated Circuit – Design Rules and Abstraction Robert Noyce (Fairchild) - Co-inventor – Cell Design and Euler Paths – System Design using Standard Cells 1961 First Commercial ICs – Wider View Simple logic functions from TI and Fairchild Notes & Resources 1965 Moore’s Law • http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/bim/notes/icd Gordon Moore (Fairchild) observes the trends in integration. 1003 1004 History 1947 Point Contact Transistor Collector Emitter 1947 First Transistor John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley (Bell Labs) Base 1952 Integrated Circuits Proposed Geoffrey Dummer (Royal Radar Establishment) - prototype failed.. -
Fintechday Construindo Pontes Evan Epstein 5Dez 10H20 [Modo De Compatibilidade]
Corporate Governance and Innovation: Building Bridges Evan Epstein Executive Director, Rock Center for Corporate Governance Stanford University Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. December 5, 2016 [email protected] Summary ° Silicon Valley’s Role in Fostering Innovation: the Founder Narrative. ° “Staying Private” and “Unicorn” Phenomenon ° The Governance Twist: Multiclass Stock Voting in Tech Industry ° New Models of Capital Formation and The Rise of Fintech: Crowdfunding, Blockchain, Robo-Advisors and Marketplace Lending ° The Next Chapter of Corporate Governance © Evan Epstein 2016 Silicon Valley ° From the “Valley of the Heart’s Delight” to “Silicon Valley” (term first used only in 1971). HP, one of the early startups, was founded in 1939. ° Role of Stanford (2012 study: 39,900 active companies can trace roots back to Stanford) ° Story of the “Traitorous Eight” (1957). Shockley (Beckman Instruments) – Fairchild Semiconductor (“Fairchildren”) ° Technology Waves: ° ’40-’50s Defense ° ’60s: Integrated Circuits (Semiconductor Industry): Fairchild, Intel, AMD… ° ’70s: Personal computer hardware and software: Apple, Microsoft. ° ’80s: Biotech, mobility and networking companies: Genentech, Cisco ° ‘90s: Internet: Netscape, Yahoo, Google, Amazon, eBay ° ‘00s: Web 2.0 / Social Networks: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter ° ‘10s: Mobile Revolution / “Software Eat the World” © Evan Epstein 2016 The “Traitorous Eight” © Evan Epstein 2016 Fairchildren © Evan Epstein 2016 Fifty years later: PayPal Mafia (2007) 2007 Fortune Magazine © Evan Epstein 2016 PayPal Children? © Evan Epstein 2016 The Narrative of Founder Mentality ° “Tinkerings of Robert Noyce. How the sun rose on the Silicon Valley ” by Tom Wolfe. Esquire Magazine. 1983 ° “[When the 8 decided to leave Shockley] On that day was born the concept that would make the semiconductor business as wild as show business: defection capital ” ° “Noyce realized how much he detested the eastern corporate system of class and status (…) He rejected the idea of a social hierarchy at Fairchild.” ° “The New New Thing ” by Michael Lewis. -
William Shockley and Eugenics Collection SC0595
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt3t1nf3ft No online items Guide to the William Shockley and Eugenics Collection SC0595 Daniel Hartwig Department of Special Collections and University Archives October 2010 Green Library 557 Escondido Mall Stanford 94305-6064 [email protected] URL: http://library.stanford.edu/spc Note This encoded finding aid is compliant with Stanford EAD Best Practice Guidelines, Version 1.0. Guide to the William Shockley SC059515653 1 and Eugenics Collection SC0595 Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: Department of Special Collections and University Archives Title: William Shockley and eugenics collection Creator: Saunders, John Bertrand deCusance Morant Identifier/Call Number: SC0595 Identifier/Call Number: 15653 Physical Description: 2 Linear Feet Date (inclusive): 1965-1978 Abstract: This collection pertains to Shockley's embrace of and advocacy for eugenics, including his work on heredity, I.Q., and race. It includes papers and articles by Shockley, including several presented to the National Academy of Sciences; two issues of the PHI DELTA KAPPAN containing a debate between Shockley and N. L. Gage (Stanford professor of education) on heredity, environment, race, and I.Q., 1972; and clippings on Shockley's views as well as reactions to them, particularly in the academic world. Some of the clippings concern the controversy at Stanford when Shockley's proposed graduate class on dysgenics (1972) was not approved. Immediate Source of Acquisition note Gift of Eleanor Thompson Wortz, 2000; Gift of W. E. Spicer, 2007; Purchase, 2013. Information about Access This collection is open for research. Ownership & Copyright All requests to reproduce, publish, quote from, or otherwise use collection materials must be submitted in writing to the Head of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, California 94304-6064. -
Stanford Law Review
Stanford Law Review Volume 70 April 2018 NOTE Beyond Covenants Not to Compete: Equilibrium in High-Tech Startup Labor Markets Yifat Aran* Abstract. The literature analyzing the relationship between enforceability of covenants not to compete and the success of Silicon Valley is incomplete. The microstructure of the employee stock options market, combined with California’s strong public policy against noncompete enforcement, creates an equilibrium in which employees at less succesful firms can move to competitors at little or no cost, but valuable employees of successful private firms are, practically, handcuffed just as if they were subject to a powerful noncompete. This limitation on employee mobility is removed once the company holds a liquidity event—such as an initial public offering or acquisition—allowing its entrepreneurial talent to transition to other companies or start new ones. This Note argues that this narrowly tailored retention function provides a more compelling explanation for Silicon Valley’s success than does an explanation that has become popular among policymakers in recent years: the unenforceability of noncompetes as the sole factor. This Note further suggests that companies’ current tendency to delay liquidity events, a tendency facilitated by recent changes in the private capital market and the securities regulatory environment, might overly restrict employee mobility and impair the efficient allocation of talent that characterized Silicon Valley for many years. * J.S.D. Candidate, Stanford Law School; LL.M., LL.B., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; J.S.M., Stanford Law School. I would like to express my deep gratitude to my advisor, Joseph Grundfest, for invaluable guidance and full support. -
Volume 30, Number 2 October 2006 the Palo Alto Historicaltall Association Tree General Meeting Sunday, November 5 at 2:00 P.M
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 2 OCTOBER 2006 www.pahistory.org The palo alto historicalTall association Tree GENERAL MEETING Sunday, November 5 at 2:00 p.m. Lucie Stern Community Center 1305 Middlefield Road, Palo Alto Free & open to the public Cookies & coffee The Rise of the Silicon Valley Entrepreneurs, Post W.W.II The Entrepreneurs in the Palo Alto and Stanford Environs, Post W.W. II: one of the transforming phenomena for Palo Alto and the surrounding area in the late ’40s and early ’50s was the rise of the high tech industry and a new breed of entrepreneurs fueled by venture capitalists. How the new industry was brought here and by whom is a fascinating story, one you won’t want to miss. Our November speaker, Steve Blank, is a retired serial entrepreneur with over 28 years of experience as a founder and executive in high tech- nology companies. He has been part of or co-founded eight SPEAKER: Silicon Valley startups, running Steve Blank, Entrepreneur & the gamut from semiconductors, Faculty Member at Stanford video games, personal computers, University and U.C. Berkeley to supercomputers. Steve’s last company was E.piphany, an enter- prise software company. Currently he teaches entrepreneurship at U.C. Berkeley’s Haas Business School, Columbia University and Stanford University’s Graduate School of Engineering. Steve is also on the board of Audobon National & California Audobon. The Tall Tree is published eight times a year by the Our long-time editor and past president, Susan Bright Winn, A NOTE PALO ALTO HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION is moving with her family to a new home near Ashland, P.O.