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Resilience of Coastal Systems and Their Human Partners Ecological and Social Profile of Coastal Systems in Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania About IUCN

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Resilience of Coastal Systems and Their Human Partners Ecological and Social Profile of Coastal Systems in Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania About IUCN Resilience of Coastal Systems and Their Human Partners Ecological and social profile of coastal systems in Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania About IUCN IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN’s work focuses on valuing and conserving nature, ensuring effective and equitable governance of its use, and deploying nature-based solutions to global challenges in climate, food and development. IUCN supports scientific research, manages field projects all over the world, and brings governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more than 1,200 government and NGO Members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 45 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. www.iucn.org About WIOMSA The Western Indian Ocean Marine Sciences Association (WIOMSA) promotes the educational, scientific and technological development of all aspects of marine sciences throughout the Western Indian Ocean region with a view towards sustaining the use and conservation of its marine resources. www.wiomsa.org About CORDIO Coastal Oceans Research and Development – Indian Ocean (CORDIO) works on marine and coastal ecosystems in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) specializing in generating knowledge to find solutions to the challenges and problems facing coastal people and marine environments. CORDIO East Africa is a not-for-profit organization based in Kenya working throughout the WIO and in the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea. CORDIO’s focus is in understanding regional scale biodiversity and biogeography of coral reefs and their resilience to climate change; holistic ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management; broader aspects of societal dependence on the environment; livelihood security; and education and governance needs for coastal systems. CORDIO works on problems that are linked in the WIO: limited resources and habitat; high dependency on natural resources and food insecurity; growing population and poverty; low education and wealth; and weak governance. We emphasize linked solutions to these problems: ecological and social resilience; adaptive capacity; environmental conservation; sustainable use; education, policy and governance; investment in livelihoods and improved capacity. www.cordioea.net About the Nairobi Convention The Convention for the protection, management and development of the marine and coastal environment of the Western Indian Ocean (Nairobi Convention) is a regional legal agreement covering ten coastal states, five of which are island states in the Western Indian Ocean. The Contracting Parties include: Comoros, France, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa and Tanzania. The convention was adopted in 1985 and came into force in 1996. The convention provides a mechanism for regional cooperation, coordination and collaborative actions in the WIO region. www.unep.org/nairobiconvention/ Resilience of Coastal Systems and Their Human Partners Ecological and social profile of coastal systems in Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania Melita Samoilysa, Mine Pabarib, Tim Andrewc, George Waweru Mainaa, Julie Churcha, Akunga Momanyic, Brigid Mibeia, Marta Monjaneb, Abdalla Shahb, Manuel Menomussangab and Doris Muttad Editor: Mary Anne Fitzgerald Technical Reviewer: Johnson Kitheka Production Editor: Helen van Houten a Coastal Oceans Research and Development – Indian Ocean (East Africa) b The International Union for the Conservation of Nature – Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office (IUCN ESARO) c Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) d Nairobi Convention Secretariat – United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The designations of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the participating organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The opinions expressed by the authors in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of IUCN, WIOMSA, CORDIO or the UNEP Nairobi Convention. Published by: IUCN ESARO, WIOMSA, CORDIO and the UNEP Nairobi Convention Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Copyright: ©2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Citation: Samoilys, M., Pabari, M., Andrew, T., Maina, G.W., Church, J., Momanyi, A., Mibei, B., Monjane, M., Shah, A., Menomussanga, M., Mutta, D. (2015). Resilience of Coastal Systems and Their Human Partners in the Western Indian Ocean. Nairobi, Kenya: IUCN ESARO, WIOMSA, CORDIO and UNEP Nairobi Convention. x + 74pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1724-1 Front cover photo: Machui milkfish farmers, Tanga coast, Tanzania.Credit: M. Samoilys Back cover photo: Chole rocks (Kisiwakikubwa), Dindini, Tanzania. Credit: M. Samoilys Design and layout: Gordon O. Arara Available from: IUCN ESARO Publications Unit P. O. Box 68200 - 00200 Nairobi, Kenya Email: [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was developed during the preparatory phase of the Resilient Coasts initiative, supported by the government of Sweden through the UNEP Africa Marine and Coastal programme, which is executed by the secretariats of the Nairobi and Abidjan Conventions. The report was developed by the Resilient Coasts partner organizations—IUCN ESARO, CORDIO, the Nairobi Convention Secretariat and WIOMSA. The Resilient Coasts initiative is supported by Norad through its Framework Partnership with IUCN. The authors acknowledge and appreciate the technical review and editorial team, Johnson Kitheka and Mary Anne Fitzgerald, for their invaluable and constructive inputs. We also thank David Obura, Majambo Jarumani and Michael Murunga from CORDIO for providing technical inputs and maps, and the UNEP Division of Early Warning and Assessment for providing the key maps in this report. CONTENTS List of tables.................................................................................................................................................................. vi List of figures ................................................................................................................................................................ vi Abbreviations and acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... vii Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................................... ix 1. Introduction and background ................................................................................................................1 2. State of the coastal and marine ecosystems ..........................................................................................5 Ecological characteristics ...................................................................................................................................5 Mozambique ...............................................................................................................................................7 Tanzania ......................................................................................................................................................8 Kenya ..........................................................................................................................................................8 Habitats ................................................................................................................................................................8 River basins, estuaries and deltas ...............................................................................................................8 Mangroves ................................................................................................................................................10 Mozambique .................................................................................................................................11 Tanzania ........................................................................................................................................12 Kenya ............................................................................................................................................13 Summary .......................................................................................................................................13 Coral reefs .................................................................................................................................................14 Mozambique .................................................................................................................................15 Tanzania ........................................................................................................................................17
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