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Home , Afrixalus sylvaticus, Alytidae, Arthroleptidae, Brachycephalidae, Brevicipitidae, Calyptocephalella

Standard Guidelines for the Captive Keeping of Anurans

Developed by the Workgroup Anurans of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde (DGHT) e. V. Informations

about the booklet The table benefi ted from the participation of the following specialists: Dr. Beat Akeret: Zoologist, Ecologist and Scientist in Nature Conserva- tion; President of the DGHT Regional Group Switzerland and the DGHT City Group Zurich Dr. Samuel Furrer: Zoologist; Curator of and Reptiles of the Zurich Zoological Gardens (until 2017) Prof. Dr. Stefan Lötters: Zoologist; Docent at the University of Trier for Herpeto- logy, specialising in amphibians; Member of the Board of the DGHT Workgroup Anurans Dr. Peter Janzen: Zoologist, specialising in amphibians; Chairman and Coordinator of the Conservation Breeding Project “Amphibian Ark” Detlef Papenfuß, Ulrich Schmidt, Ralf Schmitt, Stefan Ziesmann, Frank Malz- korn: Members of the Board of the DGHT Workgroup Anurans Dr. Axel Kwet: Zoologist, amphibian specialist; Management and Editorial Board of the DGHT Bianca Opitz: Layout and Typesetting Thomas Ulber: Translation, Herprint International A wide range of other specialists provided important additional information and details that have been Oophaga pumilio incorporated in the amphibian table. Poison Dart

page 2 Foreword

Dear Reader, keeping anurans in an expertly manner means taking an interest in one of the most fascinating groups of that, at the same time, is a symbol of the current threats to global and an indicator of progressing climate change. The contribution that private terrarium keeping is able to make to researching the biology of anurans is evident from the countless publications that have been the result of individuals dedicating themselves to this most attractive sector of herpetology. Being both popular figures and ambassadors of their shrinking , anurans provide important impulses to environmental education and the general awareness of the necessity of and nature conservation on an international scale. At a time in which private terrarium keeping is not an exclusive occupation within the event horizon of herpetologists, but more and more becomes a focus of authorities, politics and social debates of the ethics of keeping in general, the subject of keepers having to be comprehensively qualified that has been promoted traditionally by the DGHT is of crucial importance. The present, updated edition of our “Standard Guidelines for the Captive Keeping of Anurans” defines a framework for the captive keeping of anurans in compliance with their specific biological requirements that is based on the immense wealth of experience that exists amongst German-speaking experts in this sector of herpetology and was here compiled by some of the most prominent experts. I wish to thank our Workgroup Anurans from the bottom of my heart for their coordinating this important publication and all contributing authors for their valuable input. I trust it will be received as a scientifically founded guideline for private keepers, professional zoologists, and executive authorities at regional and national levels alike.

St. Ingbert, 1. March 2019 Dr. Markus Monzel, President DGHT

page 3 Preface

Defi ning generally applicable guidelines for a group of animals that is native to rainforests, steppes, savannas, and even desert-like habitats in a simplifi ed and clearly structured form is a rather diffi cult undertaking. In spite of this, the present guidelines defi ne minimum requirements for keeping anurans in the terrarium. Adhering to these guidelines in a perfunctory manner is no blank cheque for ignorance and negligence, though. These guidelines do not replace specialist literature or the exchange of expertise, but rather serve the protection of animals in that they specify the basic requirements of the individual anuran species. They furthermore provide both representatives of the authorities and terrarium keepers with a common document that they can refer to in confl ict situations. The present minimum requirements thus form a standard for keeping animals according to their biological needs.

Essen, 1 March 2019 The Board of the DGHT-Workgroup ANURANS

Nature always creates from that, what is possible, the best. (Aristoteles)

Gastrotheca riobambae Marsupial Frog page 4 Preliminary notes on the table

“Enclosure” here means containers fi t husbandry conditions that are in for keeping anurans, including aquaria, agreement with a species’ biological terraria and aquaterraria. The size of needs. A smaller terrarium with a well- an enclosure has to be calculated on structured interior that corresponds the basis of the body length of the to the needs of a species may in fact individuals to be kept in it due to the be more appropriate than a large partly enormous diff erences in size terrarium with an inadequate setup. between adult and juvenile specimens. Amphibians can be kept under artifi cial The enclosure dimensions are the sum lighting in lieu of daylight. Crepuscular from the addition of fl oor space, depth, and nocturnal species may also be kept and height (cm) determined for each without particular lighting installations individual (n). For additional specimens as long as it can be ensured that the fl oor space measurements given ambient light (from a window or lamps) in the Table are to be added. These will create a suffi ciently clear day/night values must then be multiplied by the rhythm. More detailed information «body length» (BL). Body length equals can be obtained from contemporary total length in all anurans. Example: terrarium literature. The BL of a amounts to 4 cm, and the fl oor space for 2 specimens The food for larval amphibians is given as 8x3 cm. 5x1 cm have to be must be composed of plant and/or added for each additional specimen. animal components, depending on The minimum fl oor space for two a species’ dietary needs. The food for specimens therefore totals 32x12 cm. postmetamorphic amphibians must If there are three specimens, the fl oor be composed a priori of feeder animals spaces increases to (8+5)x(3+1) = of adequate size. These feeder animals 52x16 cm. must be of good quality, may need to be fortifi ed with vitamins and minerals, The specifi c requirements of a species and their intended consumers must be with regard to temperatures and relative humidity levels (ectothermy) have to be taken into consideration as well. The defi nition of the enclosure dimension alone does not represent a criterion for providing

Ceratophrys stolzmanni Pacifi c horned frog page 5 able to swallow them whole. Nursery tanks: Juveniles are best kept in specialised ··· tanks. Their terraria should be kept Compromising the native fauna, less spacious in order to ensure an facilitating the spread of invasive adequate density of feeder animals. species, and spreading diseases They should be outfi tted as to facilitate must be avoided, which means that eff ective monitoring. Suitable shelters no – not even native – anurans must must be provided for species with be released into the wild as a matter secretive habits. of principle. Deviating from the guidelines provided for adult specimens in the species section, quarantine, nursery or hibernation tanks may be required to provide entirely diff erent conditions. ··· Quarantine tanks: Newly acquired specimens should fi rst be housed in isolation in a quarantine tank. The same applies to diseased specimens. For reasons of eff ective monitoring, these enclosures should be kept as Spartan as possible. Disinfecting and/or replacing objects in the enclosure should be as straightforward as possible. The dimensions of these tanks must be decided on a case-by-case basis. Proofi ng them against the escape of feeder and separating them from other terraria are preconditions for preventing the spread of diseases. Overfl ow pipes must therefore not be connected to a joint system.

If possible, quarantine tanks should Dendrobates tinctorius be set up away from normal terraria. Dyeing dart frog It is recommended that quarantined specimens be handled only with one- Excessively tight crevices or corners way gloves that are to be exchanged in which the animals are diffi cult to with fresh ones before handling other locate or could be overlooked should specimens or tanks. The use of cleaning be avoided. It is sensible to separate and disinfecting agents for hands, tools juveniles as per size classes and keep and tanks should go without saying. diff erent species apart. If cohabitation is provided, the inhabitants must page 6 be monitored for possible signs of Hibernation tanks: detrimental interactions. The specific European species or those from needs of all individual species involved temperate latitudes should be must be fulfilled. Amphibians with enabled to hibernate at reduced an aquatic ecology do not normally temperatures, as they would in nature. require a terrestrial section in their This also applies to the conditioning tanks, whereas the juveniles of other of specimens for reproduction. species may be at risk of drowning in The hibernation tank needs to be water just a centimetre deep; easily dimensioned relative to the body sizes of its occupants, but because the need for movement and bodily functions will be reduced in hibernating specimens, small plastic containers may suffice for this period. It must be decided on a case-by-case basis whether the hibernation tanks need to be furnished with ventilation openings. This also applies to the outfitting of the containers with, e.g., moss, soil, a water bowl, or similar features. Reliable information must be obtained upfront in order to provide an optimal temperature regime. Employing analogous or electronic thermometers is compulsory, as are checks of the ambient conditions (temperature, humidity, moisture, physical condition of the animals) on a regular basis. These checks will also facilitate the exchange of air in the containers. Checks should be kept as brief as possible in order to not disturb the hibernating animals unnecessarily. Feeding them is not normally necessary. The animals should used exits from the water must be be adjusted to lower or higher provided in their cases. Temperatures temperatures carefully and gradually. and humidity must be maintained ··· according to the specific requirements of the species kept and monitored on an ongoing basis. . ···

page 7 reinwardtii Reinwardt’s

page 8 Legende of the table

No. Elucidations: Two specimens may be kept together; keeping pairs is not necessary, 1) though. In solitary species, two specimens may be kept together if they prove compatible. The enclosure must sport an adequately dimensioned water bowl, an 2) aquatic section, or a stream in which the animals may cover their need for water by means of bathing. The enclosure must be outfitted with a variety of climbing opportunities 3) such as rocks, branches and/or pieces of bark. The enclosure must offer retreats in the shape of cavities, crevices, live or 4) imitation plants, leaf litter, or comparable structures. The enclosure must be outfitted with live or imitation plants on which the 5) animals can perch. The enclosure must be outfitted with bromeliads or comparable plants 6) that offer funnels, or similar (also artificial) structures. The animals must be able to spend their period of winter dormancy 7) (hibernation) in a loose substrate fit for digging, in moss, or in a comparable material. The bottom of the enclosure must be outfitted with a loose substrate fit 8) for digging into which the animals can retreat for observing their summer period of dormancy (aestivation). 9) Adequately dimensioned water filter. 10) High level of humidity. The tank for predominantly aquatic species must sport adequate retreats 11) (e.g., pieces of bog oak, cavities beneath rocks, aquatic vegetation or the like). 12) Strongly fluctuating climate. Adequate separation mechanisms must be present if several specimens 13) are kept in the same aquarium. 14) Substrate fit for digging. The stream must offer a section with a strong current and turbulent water 15) and/or there must be a small waterfall. Cool temperatures must be maintained; if necessary, a conditioning 16) device must be provided to cool the air and/or water.

page 9 No. Elucidations: 17) A stream or aquatic section with a notable current must be present. Bright illumination by means of fl uorescent tubes, LED, HQI, or similar 18) lamps is required. An outdoor stay should be considered in summer if the weather is suitable. 19) Attention must be paid to a dimmed (shaded) ambience. Must be kept in dark, climate-controlled rooms with little temperature fl uctuations and as little outside disturbance as possible. Husbandry 20) conditions need to emulate the temperature regime of the natural ; in aquatic species, the water chemistry of the natural habitat must be emulated as well. 21) Adequate ventilation/supply of fresh air must be ensured. 22) The aquarium must be escape-proof. Must be kept one by one, and pairs must be placed together only for the 23) purpose of mating. Some species cannot be accommodated in the company of other 24) amphibians or reptiles due to their skin toxins.

Ranitomeya reticulata Red-backed poison frog

page 10 Anaxyrus debilis North American green toad

Dendrobates tinctorius Dyeing dart frog

Hemiphractus scutatus Spix’s horned treefrog

Boana cinerascens Demerara Falls tree frog page 11 1) 4) 7) 9) 15) 1) 2) 4) 10) 1) 4) certain species 7) 10) 11) certain species 12) 1) 4) 10) 1) 2) 4) certain species 7) certain species 12) 14) Particular requirements 5 x 1 - 5 x 1 4 x 1 - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 5 x 1 6 x 1 5 x 1 4 x 1 5 x 1 Floor Floor space BL For each additional For specimen Terrestrial section 6 6 5 5 5 Height BL Enclosure 3 - - - - Depth BL 10 x 5 - 6 x 5 6 x 4 - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 10 x 5 12 x 6 4 x 5 4 x 10 x 5 Floor Floor space BL Terrestrial Terrestrial section 2 2 4 Bombina orientalis toad Oriental fire-bellied 2 2 (n) For groups of up to n specimens of up to groups For Number Tailed (Ascaphidae) Frogs Tailed spp.) (Ascaphus Frogs Tailed Leiopelmatidae spp. Fire-Bellied () Toads Fire-Bellied climates and subtropical temperate from Toads Fire-Bellied maxima, B. B. (e.g. variegata, Bombina bombina, B. ) spp. orientalis ( spp.) (Barbourula climates tropical from Toads Jungle Midwife Toads and Painted Frogs () Frogs and Painted Toads Midwife Midwife Toads spp.) (Alytes 1 2 3 4 5 Enclosure for anurans for Enclosure Species Tabulated summary of the husbandry for anurans requirements Tabulated page 12 1) 11) 1) 8) 14) 1) 8) 14) 1) 4) 1) 2) 4) 10) 1) 2) 4) 10) 23) 1) 2) 4) 10) 12) 16) 17) 1) 2) 4) 10) 12) 16) 1) 2) 8) certain species 12) 14) 1) 4) certain species 7) 1) 9) 11) 8 x 1 - - 10 x 1 - - 6 x 1 - - 6 x 1 3 x 1 - 4 x 1 4 x 1 10 x 1 5 x 1 5 x 1 6 x 1 6 x 1 4 x 1 6 x 1 - - 5 5 8 5 3 5 5 4 5 - Pipa carvalhoi Pipa 8 ------1 3 Carvalho‘s Surinam toad Carvalho‘s 15 x 8 - - 10 x - - 4 x 6 - - 6 x 6 x 3 - 6 x 4 6 x 4 10 x 8 x 5 5 x 3 8 x 6 12 x 6 6 x 4 6 x - 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (Scutiger spp.) Dwarf Clawed Frogs Dwarf Frogs Clawed spp.) (Hymenochirus Mexican Burrowing Toads (Rhinophrynidae) Toads Mexican Burrowing Rhinophrynus dorsalis American Spadefoot Toads (Scaphiopodidae) Toads American Spadefoot Spea spp. spp., Scaphiopus Parsley Frogs (Pelodytidae) Frogs Parsley spp. Pelodytes Megophryid Frogs ()Megophryid Frogs spp., Leptolalax Megophrys Megophryids spp., (e.g. Tropical spp.) Xenophrys Ophryophryne spp., species as MegophrysLarge nasuta Cat-Eyed Toads Toads Cat-Eyed Oreolalax spp. Oreolalax European Spadefoot Toads (Pelobatidae) Toads Spadefoot European Spadefoot toads European spp.) (Pelobates Painted Frogs Painted spp.) ( Tongueless Frogs () Frogs Tongueless spp.) Xenopus spp., (Pipa Frogs and Clawed Toads Surinam 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 6 8 7 page 13 1) 2) 8) certain species 12) 14) 17) 1) 14) 1) 2) 4) 6) 1) 9) 11) 1) 4) 16) 17) 1) 4) 14) 1) 2) 4) 1) 2) 4) 10) 1) 2) 4) 10) 1) 4) 10) Particular requirements - - - 4 x 1 6 x 1 - - - - 5 x 1 Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 10 x 2 4 x 1 10 x 2 - 6 x 1 8 x 1 8 x 1 8 x 1 6 x 1 5 x 1 Floor Floor space BL For each additional For specimen Terrestrial section 15 5 10 1 3 8 8 8 6 6 Height BL Enclosure - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 Depth BL - - - 4 x 2 6 x - - - - 6 x 5 Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 20 x 10 6 x 4 15 x 10 2 x 6 x 12 x 8 15 x 8 15 x 8 12 x 6 6 x 5 Floor Floor space BL Terrestrial Terrestrial section 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (n) For groups of up to n specimens of up to groups For Number formerly gayi, ( ( spp.) (Telmatobufo Ghost Frogs (Heleophrynidae) Ghost Frogs (Heleophryne spp.) Ghost Frogs Purple Frogs (Nasikabatrachidae) Frogs Purple sahyadrensis Seychelles Frogs () Frogs Seychelles spp.) (Sechellophryne spp., Frogs Seychelles Helmeted Water Toads () Toads Water Helmeted Toad Water Helmeted caudiverbera) Caudiverbera False Toads Toads False Australian Ground Frogs () Frogs Ground Australian ( Frogs and Dumpy Frogs Australian gouldii) rotunda, Small and medium-sized, ground-dwelling Australian Australian ground-dwelling Small and medium-sized, g. (e. arid and semiarid regions from Frogs Ground N. pictus Notaden centralis, deserticola, Neobatrachus U. rugosus) micromeles, bennetti, N. nichollsi, Small and medium-sized, ground-dwelling Australian Australian ground-dwelling Small and medium-sized, g. (e. rainforests and subtropical tropical from Frogs Ground loveridgei, Kyarranus ornatus, Cophixalus Assa darlingtoni, robusta) Sphenophryne fletcheri, Lechriodes (Mixophyes spp.) (Mixophyes Frogs Barred Australian Ground Frogs inhabiting the margins of inhabiting the margins Frogs Ground Australian L. peroni, g. bodies and marshes (e. water tasmaniensis) 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Enclosure for anurans for Enclosure Species page 14 1) 2) 4) 7) 12) 1) 2) 4) 8) certain species 14) 1) 2) 4) 1) 2) 4) 10) 12) 16) 1) 2) 4) 10) 1) 2) 4) 10) 17) 1) 2) 8) certain species 12) 14) 1) 9) 11) 12) 16) 17) 1) 2) 4) 10) 16) 1) 2) 4) certain species 12) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 7) 8) 12) ------10 x 2 - - - Bufo gargarizans Bufo toad Island Chusan 3 x 1 3 x 1 5 x 1 10 x 2 10 x 2 10 x 2 4 x 1 - 8 x 1 5 x 1 3 x 1 3 3 6 6 6 10 4 - 6 5 3 ------5 ------15 x 10 - - - 8 x 3 8 x 3 12 x 5 20 x 10 20 x 10 30 x 10 6 x 4 5 x 10 15 x 8 10 x 5 8 x 3 2 2 2 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 (e. g. spp.) Taudactylus g. (e. Terrestrial True Toads from temperate humid or semihumid temperate from Toads True Terrestrial Bufo A. quercicus, A. boreas, Anaxyrus g. americanus, (e. gargarizans) B. calamita, B. bufo, (e. g. g. (e. arid climates subtropical from Toads True Terrestrial Anaxyrus arabicus, Bufo A. woodhousii, punctatus, A. debilis, Incilius alvarius) pardalis, B. mauretanicus, Bufo (e. g. g. (e. semiarid regions from Frogs Ground Australian L. dumerilii, ornatus)Limnodynastes Crowned Toadlets from temperate climates or mountain or mountain climates temperate from Toadlets Crowned dendyi) P. g. corroboree, (e. regions - Pseudo g. (e. climates subtropical from Toadlets Crowned major) P. phryne coriacea, Australian Torrent Frogs Torrent Australian ( spp.) (Heleioporus Frogs Burrowing Giant Alsodid Frogs () Frogs Alsodid spp.) (Alsodes Spiny-chest Frogs Eupsophus spp.) ( Eupsophus Frogs Ground Patagonian Patagonia Frogs (Batrachylidae) Frogs Patagonia spp. Batrachyla spp., Atelognathus True Toads (Bufonidae) Toads True arid and semiarid temperate from Toads True Terrestrial viridis) P. raddei, Pseudepidalea g. (e. climates 35 36 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 page 15 1) 2) 4) certain species 10) certain species 14) 1) 2) 4) 10) 17) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) 1) 2) 4) Particular requirements - - - - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 3 x 1 4 x 1 4 x 1 8 x 1 Floor Floor space BL For each additional For specimen Terrestrial section 3 4 8 8 Height BL Enclosure - - - - Depth BL Cane Rhinella marina - - - - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 8 x 3 8 x 4 6 x 4 15 x 8 Floor Floor space BL Terrestrial Terrestrial section 2 2 2 4 (n) For groups of up to n specimens of up to groups For Number (e. g. Phrynoidis g. aspera) (e. (e. g. Pedostibes, Rentapia spp.) Rentapia Pedostibes, g. (e. Terrestrial True Toads from tropical and subtropical, humid and subtropical, tropical from Toads True Terrestrial R. Rhinella margaritifer, Rhinella horribilis, g. (e. climates Rhaebomarina, guttatus) Tropical River Toads Toads River Tropical Asian Tree Toads Toads Asian Tree (Melanophryniscus spp.) Toads South American Red-Bellied 38 39 40 37 Enclosure for anurans for Enclosure Species page 16 1) 2) 4) 10) 17) 1) 2) 4) 10) 16) 17) 1) 2) 4) 10) 1) 2) 10) 14) 23) 1) 2) 8) 14) 23) - - - - - 10 x 2 10 x 2 15 x 2 3 x 1 3 x 1 8 8 15 2 2 ------20 x 10 20 x 10 25 x 15 5 x 3 5 x 3 Ceratophrys cornuta Ceratophrys Surinam horned frog Atelopus varius Atelopus Rican harlequin toad variable Costa 4 4 6 2 2 (e. g. Nectophrynoides spp., Pelophryne spp., spp., Pelophryne Nectophrynoides g. spp., (e. (e. g. Atelopus flavescens, flavescens, Atelopus g. species (e. lowland Toads, Stubfoot A. varius) (e. g. Atelopus dimorphus, dimorphus, Atelopus g. highland species (e. Toads, Stubfoot A. oxapampae) A. mittermeieri, Werneria spp.) Werneria Dwarf Toads Dwarf Toads Common Horned Frogs () Horned Frogs Common (e. g. g. (e. rainforests tropical from Frogs Horned Common cornuta) Ceratophrys Common Horned Frogs from tropical and subtropical and subtropical tropical from Frogs Horned Common Ceratophrys g. with fluctuating (e. humidityhabitats levels cranwelli) 41 42 43 45 44 page 17 1) 2) 4) 10) 17) 1) 2) 4) 10) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 3) 5) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 3) 10) certain species 16) 17) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) certain species 16) Particular requirements ------Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 4 x 1 4 x 1 4 x 1 5 x 1 6 x 1 10 x 1 Floor Floor space BL For each additional For specimen Terrestrial section 4 4 8 12 8 20 Height BL Enclosure ------Depth BL ------Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 8 x 4 8 x 4 8 x 4 10 x 5 12 x 6 15 x 10 Floor Floor space BL Terrestrial Terrestrial section Ceratophrys calcarata Ceratophrys horned frog Colombian 2 2 2 2 4 4 (n) For groups of up to n specimens of up to groups For Number Cycloramphids () Cycloramphids asper, Cycloramphus g. (e. streams living at Cycloramphids miliaris) Thoropa C. granulosus, (e. g. Cycloramphus Cycloramphus g. (e. living on the ground Cycloramphidae eleutherodactylus) Marsupial Frogs, Backpack Frogs and Horned Treefrogs () Treefrogs and Horned Backpack Frogs Marsupial Frogs, g. (e. and in scrub living on the ground Marsupial Frogs marsupiata, G. riobambae) - Gastro spp., Fritziana g. (e. living on trees Marsupial Frogs cornuta) theca (e. g. Cryptobatrachus g. (e. streams living at Backpack Frogs boulengeri, C. fuhrmanni) (e. g. spp.) Flectonotus g. (e. living on trees Other Marsupial Frogs 46 47 48 49 50 51 Enclosure for anurans for Enclosure Species page 18 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) 2) 3) 5) 10) certain species 16) 23) 1) 2) 3) 4) 10) certain species 15) certain species 16) 17) 1) 2) 3) 4) 10) 15) 17) 1) 4) 10) - - - - 5 x 1 10 x 1 - 10 x 2 5 x 1 5 x 1 12 8 15 5 5 Marsupial frog Fritziana mitus Fritziana - - - - 1 - - - - 5 x 20 x 10 8 x 4 25 x 10 12 x 5 5 x cuvieri cuvieri Physalaemus frog foam Cuvier‘s 4 1 2 2 2 (e. g. spp.) Hemiphractus g. (e. (e. g. Adenomera g. (e. living on the ground Dwarf Frogs Foam pustulosus) spp., Horned Treefrogs Treefrogs Horned South American Torrent Frogs (Hylodidae) Frogs Torrent South American aeneus, Crossodactylus g. (e. Frogs Torrent South American asper)Hylodes Big-Tooth Frogs (Megaelosia spp.) Frogs Big-Tooth American Southern Frogs () American Southern Frogs albilabris) g. (e. Frogs Ditch Semiaquatic 56 53 54 55 52 page 19 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) certain species 14) 1) 2) 8) 14) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 7) 10) 16) 17) 1) 9) 11) 16) 1) 4) 9) 11) 16) Particular requirements - - - 1 x 4 x 1 Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 10 x 1 4 x 1 10 x 2 - 4 x 1 Floor Floor space BL For each additional For specimen Terrestrial section 5 3 10 - 4 Butter frog Butter Height BL Enclosure - - - 1 1 Depth BL - - - 6 x 3 5 x 4 Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 10 x 5 8 x 4 20 x 10 - 5 x 4 Floor Floor space BL Terrestrial Terrestrial section 2 2 4 2 2 (n) For groups of up to n specimens of up to groups For Number (e. g. perezi, perezi, Edalorhina g. (e. living on the ground Frogs Foam - , L. pentadactylus, centra Physalaemus bibroni) ephippifer, P. lis, Proceratophrys spp., (Odontophrynus Frogs Smooth Horned spp.) Darwin‘s Frogs () Frogs Darwin‘s acarpicus, (Insuetophrynus frog and Barrio‘s Frogs Darwin‘s acarpicus) Insuetophrynus spp., Andean Water Frogs (Telmatobiidae) Frogs Water Andean - macrosto (Batrachophrynus Frogs Water Andean Aquatic laticeps) T. culeus, mus, (Telmatobius necopinus) (Telmatobius Frogs Water Andean Semiaquatic Tukeit Hill Frogs (Allophrynidae) Hill Frogs Tukeit 58 59 60 61 57 Enclosure for anurans for Enclosure Species page 20 1) 2) 8) certain species 12) 14) 1) 2) 8) certain species 12) 14) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) certain species 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) certain species 16) 1) 3) 4) 5) certain species 7) 10) 11) certain species 12) 1) 4) 10) 11) certain species 12) 1) 4) 10) 11) 1) 2) 3) 4) 10) 11) 17) 1) 2) 4) 5) certain species 7) certain species 12) 1) 2) 4) 5) 1) 2) 4) 5) - - - - 8 x 1 5 x 1 5 x 1 - - - - 8 x 1 4 x 1 10 x 2 8 x 1 8 x 1 5 x 1 5 x 1 10 x 1 8 x 1 10 x 1 20 x 4 8 4 20 15 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 - - - - 2 1 1 ------10 x 8 5 x 5 x - - - - 12 x 8 8 x 4 15 x 10 12 x 8 10 x 8 5 x 5 x 20 x 10 20 x 8 20 x 10 40 x 20 Hyla arborea Hyla European tree frog tree European 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 (e. g. Cyclorana Cyclorana g. (e. Frogs Burrowing Small and medium-sized C. maini) longipes, - C. novaehol australis, Cyclorana g. (e. Frogs Holland New landiae) Tukeit Hill Frogs (Allophryne spp.) Hill Frogs Tukeit Glass Frogs (Centrolenidae) Glass Frogs spp.) Cochranella spp., Centrolene g. (e. Glass Frogs Tree Frogs () Frogs Tree Acris g. (e. Frogs and Chorus Frogs Semiaquatic A. gryllus, crucifer) Pseudacris crepitans, Semiaquatic Tree Frogs from temperate and subtropical and subtropical temperate from Frogs Tree Semiaquatic L. flavipunctata) L. raniformis, aurea, Litoria g. (e. climates (e. g. Litoria Litoria g. (e. climates tropical from Frogs Tree Semiaquatic dahlii) (e. g. Litoria nannotis, L. nannotis, Litoria g. (e. streams living at Frogs Tree rheocola) (e. g. Pseudacris crucifer, crucifer, Pseudacris g. (e. living on the ground Frogs Chorus triseriatus) ornata, P. P. (e. g. Litoria inermis, L. inermis, Litoria g. (e. living on the ground Frogs Tree L.latopalmata, lesueuri) (e. g. Litoria Litoria g. (e. living on the ground Frogs Rocket Australasian L. nasuta) freycineti, 72 62 71 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 page 21 1) 2) 3) 5) certain species 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) certain species 7) certain species 10) certain species 12) 21) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) certain species 6) certain species 10) certain species 16) certain species 21) Particular requirements - - - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 5 x 1 6 x 1 6 x 1 Floor Floor space BL For each additional For specimen Terrestrial section 10 10 20 Height BL Enclosure - - - Depth BL - - - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 10 x 5 12 x 6 12 x 6 Floor Floor space BL Terrestrial Terrestrial section Hyla cinerea cinerea Hyla frog tree American green 2 4 4 (n) For groups of up to n specimens of up to groups For Number (e. g. Hyla gratiosa, Boana spp., Boana spp., gratiosa, Hyla g. (e. Large-sized Tree Frogs Tree Large-sized spp., Osteopilus spp., Osteocephalus Hypsiboas spp., formerly L. splendida, Nyctimystes L. infrafrenata, caerulea, Litoria spp.) baudini, S. phaeota, Trachycephalus Smilisca humeralis, Tree Frogs living on trees and in scrub from temperate temperate from and in scrub living on trees Frogs Tree H. meridionalis, H. cinerea, arborea, Hyla g. (e. climates ewingii) Litoria Small and medium-sized Tree Frogs living on trees and living on trees Frogs Tree Small and medium-sized g. (e. climates and subtropical tropical from in scrub gracilenta, Litoria spp., Duellmanohyla spp., Dendropsophus Smilisca Scinax spp., N. cheesmanae, dayi, Nyctimystes sordida) 75 73 74 Enclosure for anurans for Enclosure Species page 22 1) 2) 3) 5) 18) 21) 1) 2) 3) 5) 10) certain species 16) certain species 21) - - 6 x 1 6 x 1 Smilisca phaeota Smilisca 12 12 - - New Granada cross-banded tree frog tree cross-banded Granada New - - Barred leaf frog Barred 10 x 6 10 x 6 Phyllomedusa tomopterna Phyllomedusa Agalychnis callidryas Agalychnis Red-eyed treefrog 4 4 (e. g. Agalychnis Agalychnis g. (e. arid climates tropical from Frogs Leaf sauvagii) Phyllomedusa dacnicolor, (e. g. Agalychnis Agalychnis g. (e. rainforests tropical from Frogs Leaf bicolor, Phyllomedusa spp., Cruziohyla A. spurelli, callidryas, tomopterna) P. hypochondrialis, P. 77 76 page 23 1) 2) 3) 4) 10) certain species 16) 17) 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) 16) 1) 2) 4) 5) 10) certain species 16) 1) 3) 5) 6) 10) certain species 16) Particular requirements - - - - - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section mysteriosus Excidobates poison frog Marañón 15 x 2 10 x 2 15 x 2 10 x 2 15 x 2 Floor Floor space BL For each additional For specimen Terrestrial section 15 8 30 8 25 Height BL Enclosure - - - - - Depth BL - - - - - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 30 x 15 20 x 10 30 x 15 20 x 10 25 x 15 Floor Floor space BL Terrestrial Terrestrial section 4 4 2 4 4 (n) For groups of up to n specimens of up to groups For Number (Brachycephalus spp., spp.) spp., (Brachycephalus (e. g. Anomaloglossus g. (e. streams living at Dart Frogs Poison inguinalis) Colostethus moffetti, Saddleback Toads () Saddleback Toads Saddleback Toads Emerald-Barred Frogs (Ceuthomantidae) Frogs Emerald-Barred spp. Ceuthomontis Fleshbelly Frogs () Frogs Fleshbelly Poison Dart Frogs (Dendrobatidae) Dart Frogs Poison living on the ground forests tropical from Dart Frogs Poison Anomaloglossus baeobatrachus, spp., Ameerega g. (e. captivus, Excidobates spp., Epipedobates spp., Dendrobates spp.) Oophaga histrionica, spp., Hyloxalus Poison Dart Frogs from tropical forests living on trees and living on trees forests tropical from Dart Frogs Poison Oophaga pumilio, mysteriosus, Excidobates g. (e. in scrub spp.) 80 81 82 78 79 Enclosure for anurans for Enclosure Species page 24 1) 2) 4) certain species 16) 1) 2) 3) 5) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 1) 2) 4) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 10) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) certain species 10) 1) 2) 3) 4) certain species 5) certain species 10) 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) certain species 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) ------8 x 1 5 x 1 5 x 1 8 x 1 8 x 1 10 x 1 15 x 2 5 x 1 5 x 1 15 x 2 5 x 1 5 x 1 8 12 5 8 8 15 15 10 10 15 10 20 ------10 x 5 10 x 5 15 x 8 15 x 8 15 x 8 30 x 15 12 x 5 10 x 5 30 x 15 12 x 5 12 x 5 15 x 8 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 (e. g. g. (e. savannas from living on trees, Treefrogs Forest L. mossambicus) viridis, Fleshbelly Frogs living in ravines and crevice systems, from from systems, and crevice living in ravines Frogs Fleshbelly augusti) g. (e. arid regions Fleshbelly Frogs living on the ground, from arid forests arid forests from living on the ground, Frogs Fleshbelly C. tarahumaraensis) amniscola, Craugastor g. (e. Fleshbelly Frogs living on the ground, from tropical and tropical from living on the ground, Frogs Fleshbelly C. fitzingeri, angelicus, Craugastor g. (e. forests subtropical C. megacephalus) Fleshbelly Frogs living on the ground and in scrub, from from and in scrub, living on the ground Frogs Fleshbelly Craugastor g. (e. rainforests and subtropical tropical melanostictus, C. talamancae) Northern () Rain Frogs E. Eleutherodactylus cubanus, g. Dwarf (e. Rain Frogs iberia) gryllus, E. Small and medium-sized Rain Frogs living on the ground living on the ground Rain Frogs Small and medium-sized martinicensis, E. johnstonei, E. Eleutherodactylus coqui, g. (e. planirostris) E. (e. g. Eleutherodactylus inoptatus, E. E. Eleutherodactylus inoptatus, g. (e. Rain Frogs Large-sized zeus) E. symingtoni, E. karlschmidti, Terrestrial-Breeding Frogs () Frogs Terrestrial-Breeding minute living on the ground, Frogs Terrestrial-Breeding ridens) imitatrix, P. g. species (e. Terrestrial-Breeding Frogs living on the ground, small and living on the ground, Frogs Terrestrial-Breeding P. chiastonotus, Pristimantis g. species (e. medium-sized gutturalis) P. fenestratus, Terrestrial-Breeding Frogs living on trees and in scrub, and in scrub, living on trees Frogs Terrestrial-Breeding Pristimantis g. species (e. small and medium-sized inguinalis) Squeaker Frogs () Squeaker Frogs savannas from living on the ground, Frogs Squeaker L. bufonoides, Leptopelis occidentalis, Cardioglossus g. (e. gramineus) 94 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 page 25 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 3) 5) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 1) 2) 3) 5) 10) 1) 2) 3) 5) certain species 10) 1) 2) 3) 5) certain species 10) 1) 2) 3) 5) 10) 17) Particular requirements ------Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 8 x 1 5 x 1 10 x 2 10 x 2 10 x 2 6 x 1 10 x 2 Floor Floor space BL For each additional For specimen Terrestrial section 8 12 10 25 15 12 15 Height BL Enclosure ------Depth BL ------Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 15 x 8 10 x 5 20 x 10 25 x 10 15 x 10 12 x 6 15 x 10 Floor Floor space BL Terrestrial Terrestrial section Marbled reed frog Marbled reed marmoratus 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 (n) For groups of up to n specimens of up to groups For Number Rain Frogs () Rain Frogs Squeaker Frogs living on the ground, from tropical tropical from living on the ground, Frogs Squeaker Arthrolepis poecilonotus, A. stenodactylus, g. (e. rainforests A. variabilis) Forest Treefrogs living on trees, from tropical rainforests rainforests tropical from living on trees, Treefrogs Forest L. L. spiritusnoctis, L. bocagii, uluguruensis. Leptopelis g. (e. vermiculatus) Bush Frogs () Bush Frogs spp.) g. (e. living on the ground Bush Frogs (e. g. g. species (e. minute and Reed Frogs, Banana Frogs A. septentrionalis, A. sylvaticus, brachycnemis, pusillus) Hyperolius Banana Frogs and Reed Frogs, small and medium-sized small and medium-sized and Reed Frogs, Banana Frogs A. nigeriensis, dorsalis, Afrixalus g. species (e. fusciventris, Hyperolius alboguttatus, H. madagascariensis, H. viridiflavus) H. quinquevittatus, H. nasutus, (e. g. Hyperolius horstockii, horstockii, Hyperolius g. species (e. large-sized Reed Frogs, boulengeri) thomensis, Nasionixalus H. major, (e. g. Hyperolius torrentis) Hyperolius g. (e. streams living at Reed Frogs 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 Enclosure for anurans for Enclosure Species page 26 1) 8) 14) certain species 16) 1) 2) 3) 4) 8) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 14) 1) 2) 14) 1) 2) 3) 4) 10) 1) 2) 4) 7) 14) 1) 2) 4) 8) 14) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 8) 10) 14) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 8) 10) 14) 1) 2) 4) 8) 14) ------5 x 1 5 x 1 5 x 1 5 x 1 10 x 2 8 x 1 8 x 1 8 x 1 8 x 1 8 x 1 8 x 1 5 x 1 5 10 5 5 10 8 8 8 20 15 10 5 ------10 x 5 10 x 5 10 x 5 10 x 5 20 x 10 15 x 8 15 x 8 15 x 8 15 x 8 10 x 5 12 x 6 8 x 5 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 - - (Kaloula spp.) (Kaloula (e. g. spp., spp., Breviceps g. (e. living mainly underground Rain Frogs spp.) (e. g. Callulina g. (e. and in scrub living on the ground Rain Frogs spp.) Shovelnose Frogs (Hemisotidae) Frogs Shovelnose spp.) (Hemisus Frogs Shovelnose Narrow-Mouthed Frogs () Frogs Narrow-Mouthed g. (e. living mainly underground Frogs Narrow-Mouthed Scaphiophryne spp.) (e. g. Microhyla borneensis, borneensis, Microhyla g. (e. Dwarf Frogs Narrow-Mouthed M. heymonsi, Stumpffia spp.) Narrow-Mouthed Frogs living on the ground and living on the ground Frogs Narrow-Mouthed g. (e. climates and subtropical temperate from burrowing, variolosus) Hypopachus Gastrophryne carolinensis, Narrow-Mouthed Frogs living on the ground and burro living on the ground Frogs Narrow-Mouthed wing, from subtropical to tropical habitats with fluctuating habitats tropical to subtropical from wing, Dermatonotus g. species (e. medium-sized humidity levels, spp.) bicolor, Elachistocleis muelleri, Narrow-Mouthed Frogs living on the ground and burro living on the ground Frogs Narrow-Mouthed wing from humid subtropical to humid tropical habitats, habitats, humid tropical to humid subtropical wing from Elachistocleis spp., Calluella g. species (e. medium-sized Microhyla spp., Kalophrynus Hamptophryne spp. spp., Phrynella pulchra) berdmorei, Narrow-Mouthed Frogs living in scrub and on trees, from from and on trees, living in scrub Frogs Narrow-Mouthed small and habitats, humid tropical to humid subtropical Metaphrynella g. pollicaris, species (e. medium-sized tetra) Platypelis milloti, P. Narrow-Mouthed Frogs living in scrub and on trees, from from and on trees, living in scrub Frogs Narrow-Mouthed large-sized habitats, humid tropical to humid subtropical Platypelis g. grandis) species (e. Asian Toads Narrow-Mouthed (Dyscophus spp.) (Dyscophus Frogs Tomato 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 page 27 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 16) Cornufer guentheri guentheri Cornufer Solomon leaf frog Island Particular requirements - - - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 15 x 2 10 x 2 1 x Floor Floor space BL For each additional For specimen Terrestrial section 10 10 5 Height BL Enclosure - - - Depth BL - - - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 25 x 15 20 x 10 10 x 5 Floor Floor space BL Terrestrial Terrestrial section 4 4 2 (n) For groups of up to n specimens of up to groups For Number pulchra Kaloula Banded bullfrog Ceratobatrachid Frogs (Ceratobatrachidae) Frogs Ceratobatrachid (e. g. g. species (e. minute living on the ground, Ceratobatrachids minutus) Batrachylodes Ceratobatrachids living on the ground, small and living on the ground, Ceratobatrachids B. montanus, Batrachylodes g. species (e. medium-sized Platymantis macrops) vertebralis, Ceratobatrachids living on the ground, large-sized species large-sized living on the ground, Ceratobatrachids papuensis) Platymantis P. guentheri, magnus, Cornufer g. (e. Slippery Frogs (Conrauidae) Slippery Frogs 114 115 116 Enclosure for anurans for Enclosure Species page 28 1) 2) 4) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 16) 1) 4) 5) 10) 11) 1) 4) 9) 10) 11) 15) 17) 1) 4) 9) 10) 11) 15) 17) 1) 4) 10) 17) 1) 4) 10) 17) 1) 4) 10) 17) 1) 4) 10) 17) 1) 4) 10) certain species 16) 17) 1) 2) certain species 3) 4) certain species 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) certain species 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 14) - - - 10 x 2 10 x 2 ------10 x 2 10 x 2 10 x 2 10 x 2 10 x 2 10 x 2 15 x 2 10 x 2 8 x 1 8 x 1 10 x 2 8 x 2 5 x 1 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 8 8 10 6 5 - - 2 3 3 ------10 x 12 x 10 15 x 10 ------25 x 10 20 x 10 12 x 10 15 x 10 25 x 10 25 x 15 20 x 10 15 x 8 15 x 8 20 x 10 20 x 8 10 x 5 25 x 10 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 Ridged Frogs living on the ground, from tropical forests forests tropical from living on the ground, Ridged Frogs Ptychadena g. christyi)(e. Ridged Frogs living in marshes and water bodies living in marshes and water Ridged Frogs Ptychadena g. mascareniensis) (e. True Frogs (Ranidae) Frogs True all species except spp., g. Slippery (e. Frogs C. goliath) (Conraua goliath) (Conraua Frog Goliath Dancing Frogs (Micrixalidae) Dancing Frogs spp.) (Micrixalus Dancing Frogs Robust Frogs (Nyctibatrachidae) Robust Frogs Nyctibatrachus g. species (e. minute Robust Frogs, beddomii) (e. g. g. species (e. small and medium-sized Robust Frogs, humayuni) Nyctibatrachus (Lankanectes corrugatus, corrugatus, species (Lankanectes large-sized Robust Frogs, hussaini) Nyctibatrachus African Torrent Frogs () Frogs Torrent African g. (e. streams living at Frogs Torrent African martiensseni, A. yakusini) P. johnstoni, Puddle Frogs (Phrynobatrachidae) Frogs Puddle natalen - g. small species (e. Frogs, Puddle scheffleri) P. sis, (e. g. Phrynobatrachus Phrynobatrachus g. species (e. medium-sized Frogs, Puddle irangi) African Grassland Frogs (Ptychadenidae) Frogs Grassland African spp.) (Hildebrandtia Frogs Burrowing Hildebrandt‘s Ridged Frogs living on the ground, from tropical savannas savannas tropical from living on the ground, Ridged Frogs taenio - P. oxyrhynchus, Ptychadena P. g. mossambica, (e. scelis) 128 129 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 page 29 1) 2) 4) 7) 10) 12) 16) 1) 2) 4) 7) 10) 12) 16) 1) 4) 7) 10) 11) 12) 18) 1) 4) certain species 7) 10) 11) certain species 12) 18) 1) 2) 4) certain species 7) 10) 11) certain species 12) certain species 15) 17) 1) 2) 4) 10) 1) 2) 4) 10) 1) 4) 10) 11) 18) 1) 3) 4) 10) 11) 15) 17) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) 1) 2) 4) 10) Particular requirements - - 5 x 1 4 x 1 5 x 1 - - 5 x 1 10 x 1 - - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 8 x 1 10 x 2 5 x 1 4 x 1 5 x 1 8 x 1 10 x 1 5 x 1 10 x 1 6 x 1 8 x 1 Floor Floor space BL For each additional For specimen Terrestrial section 8 10 5 4 5 8 10 5 10 15 8 Height BL Enclosure - - 2 2 2 - - 2 - - - Depth BL - - 10 x 5 8 x 4 10 x 5 - - 10 x 5 10 x - - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 15 x 8 20 x 10 5 x 4 x 5 x 15 x 8 20 x 10 5 x 5 x 10 12 x 6 15 x 8 Floor Floor space BL Terrestrial Terrestrial section 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 (n) For groups of up to n specimens of up to groups For Number - Brown Frogs living on the ground, from temperate climates climates temperate from living on the ground, Frogs Brown R. japonica, R. graeca, Rana arvalis, Babina subaspera, g. (e. R. temporaria) R. sylvatica, R. ornativentris, (e. g. Rana dalmatina, g. (e. climates temperate from Frogs Agile R. latastei) (e. g. Lithobates Lithobates g. (e. climates temperate from Frogs Water nigromaculatus, P. lessonae, Pelophylax L. pipiens, clamitans, ridibundus) P. (e. g. Lithobates catesbeianus, L. gryllio) catesbeianus, Lithobates g. (e. American Bullfrogs (e. g. Odorrana narina, O. schmackeri) O. narina, Odorrana g. (e. climates tropical Water Frogs living at streams, from temperate and sub temperate from streams, living at Frogs Water g. (e. climates tropical from living on the ground, Frogs True luctuosa, H. nigrivittata) curtipes,Clinotarsus Hylarana (z. B. Hylarana longipes) Hylarana (z. B. climates tropical from Frogs Agile (e. g. Hylarana gala - Hylarana g. (e. climates tropical from Frogs Water H. macrodactyla,mensis, H. erythraea) (e. g. Amolops spp., Huia spp., Meristogenys Meristogenys Huia spp., Amolops spp., g. (e. Frogs Cascade spp.) Staurois spp., (e. g. Hylarana Hylarana g. (e. and in scrub living on the ground Frogs True chalconota) Leaping Frogs (Ranixalidae) Frogs Leaping spp.) ( living on the ground Frogs Leaping Fork-Tongued Frogs (Dicroglossidae) Frogs Fork-Tongued 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 Enclosure for anurans for Enclosure Species page 30 1) 4) 10) 11) 1) 4) 10) 11) 1) 2) 4) 10) 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 15) certain species 16) 17) 1) 2) 4) 10) 1) 2) 4) 14) 1) 14) 1) 14) 23) 1) 4) 10) 11) certain species 16) certain species 18) 1) 2) 4) certain species 5), certain species 10) 1) 2) 4) 5) 1) 4) 5), 10), 11) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 16) certain species 17) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) certain species 16) 8 x 1 5 x 1 ------5 x 1 - - 4 x 1 - - 8 x 1 5 x 1 6 x 1 6 x 1 4 x 1 5 x 1 5 x 1 2 x 1 5 x 1 10 x 2 30 x 10 4 x 1 3 x 1 3 x 1 8 5 6 6 4 5 4 2 5 10 15 4 6 12 2 2 ------2 - - 1 - - 10 x 8 10 x 5 ------10 x 5 - - 8 x 4 - - 10 x 8 5 x 12 x 6 12 x 6 8 x 4 10 x 5 10 x 5 4 x 2 5 x 20 x 10 80 x 30 2 x 4 12 x 6 12 x 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 1 2 4 2 4 4 4 - (e. g. Fejervarya limnocha Fejervarya - g. (e. Frogs Fork-Tongued Semiaquatic Phrynoglossus laevis) spp., Occidozyga ris, (e. g. Hoplobatrachus spp.) Hoplobatrachus g. (e. Frogs Tiger (e. g. Limnonectes g. (e. living on the ground Frogs Fork-Tongued L. laticeps) doriae, Fork-Tongued Frogs living along the margins of streams of streams living along the margins Frogs Fork-Tongued Quasipaa Nannophrys Limnonectes kuhlii, ceylonensis, g. (e. exilispinosa) (e. g. Limnonectes blythii, L. g. (e. Frogs Fork-Tongued Giant malesianus) (e. g. Sphaerotheca spp.) Sphaerotheca g. (e. Frogs Fork-Tongued Burrowing African Bullfrogs () Bullfrogs African species (Pyxice medium-sized Bullfrogs, African Burrowing marmorata) Tomopterna obbianus, P. phalus edulis, ( adspersus) (Pyxicephalus Bullfrog African Giant (e. g. Amieta lubrica, Aubria Amieta lubrica, g. (e. Bullfrogs African Semiaquatic spp.) (e. g. g. species (e. small-sized Bullfrogs, African Burrowing - Cacos capensis, Microbatrachella drewesii, spp.) ternum (e. g. fasciatus) Strongylopus g. (e. Frogs Stream Asian Tree Frogs () Frogs Tree Asian dorsalis, Dendrobatorana g. (e. Frogs Tree AsianSemiaquatic spp.) spp., (e. g. spp.) Buergeria g. (e. living on the ground Frogs Tree Asian Asian Tree Frogs living on trees and in scrub, from tropical tropical from and in scrub, living on trees Frogs Tree Asian g. species (e. small and medium-sized climates, asperum) as T. certain spp. Theloderma spp., spp., 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 page 31 1) 2) 3) certain species 7) certain species 12) certain species 16) 21) 1) 2) 3) 21) Particular requirements - - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 5 x 1 5 x 1 Floor Floor space BL For each additional For specimen Terrestrial section 10 10 Height BL Enclosure Rhacophorus - - Depth BL Black-webbed treefrog Black-webbed - - Floor Floor space BL Aquatic Aquatic section 10 x 5 10 x 5 Floor Floor space BL Terrestrial Terrestrial section dennysi Rhacophorus Chinese 4 4 (n) For groups of up to n specimens of up to groups For Number Asian Tree Frogs and Gliding Frogs, from temperate temperate from and Gliding Frogs, Frogs Tree Asian R. dennysi, Rhacophorus g. (e. climates and subtropical schlegelii) Asian Tree Frogs and Gliding Frogs, from tropical climates climates tropical from and Gliding Frogs, Frogs Tree Asian Rhacophorus otilophus, P. leucomystax, g. (e. bipunctatus, R. reinwardtii) 155 156 Enclosure for anurans for Enclosure Species page 32 1) 2) 3) 4) 18) 21) 1) 4) 10) certain species 15) certain species 16) 1) 4) 10) certain species 15) certain species 16) 1) 2) 4) 14) 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 16) certain species 17) 1) 2) 4) 10) certain species 16) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) certain species 16) certain species 17) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 10) certain species 16) certain species 17) - 8 x 1 5 x 1 - - - - - 5 x 1 8 x 1 5 x 1 5 x 1 3 x 2 2 x 10 x 1 3 x 1 10 8 5 5 15 20 15 12 - 4 2 ------10 x 8 10 x 5 - - - - - Dubois’s tree frog tree Dubois’s Rhacophorus duboisi Rhacophorus 10 x 5 10 x 8 5 x 10 x 5 25 x 15 20 x 10 15 x 10 12 x 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 ( spp.) (Chiromantis Foam-Nest Tree Frogs Tree Foam-Nest Malagasy Mantellid Frogs () Malagasy Frogs Mantellid species small and medium-sized Mantellids, Semiaquatic wittei, B. blommersae, g. (e. M. ulcerosus) alutus, (e. g. Mantidac - g. species (e. large-sized Mantellids, Semiaquatic tylus guttulatus) (z. B. spp.) Laliostoma (z. B. Mantellids Burrowing (e. g. g. species (e. minute living on the ground, Mantellids domerguei) B. Blommersia grandisonae, Mantellids living on the ground, small and medium-sized small and medium-sized living on the ground, Mantellids madagascariensis, g. species (e. M. melanopleura) Mantidactylus charlotteae, spp., Mantellids living on trees, small and medium-sized species small and medium-sized living on trees, Mantellids laevigata) Mantella luteus, B. microtympanus, g. (e. (e. g. Boophis g. species (e. large-sized living on trees, Mantellids madagascariensis) B. albilabris, 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 157 page 33 Picture credits

Author: Page Title, 5, 8, 10, 11sf top, 12, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23m, 23b, 24, Peter Janzen 26, 28t, 28b, 32t, 32b, 33, 34 all, 35sfb, 35b, 36 Axel Kwet 4, 13, 17b, 19t, 19b, 20 Peter Klaas 6/7, 11t, 21, 17t, 35t, 35sft Ulrich Schmidt 2, 11b, 23t

Dendrobates auratus Green and black

Epipedobates anthonyi Anthony’s poison arrow frog

Ranitomeya imitator Mimic poison frog

Phyllobates terribilis Golden poison frog

Dendrobates tinctorius Dyeing dart frog page 34 Melanophryniscus klappenbachi Klappenbach’s red-bellied toad

Rentapia hosii Yellow-spotted climbing toad

Ranitomeya reticulata Red-backed poison frog

Rhacophorus orlovi Orlov’s tree frog

page 35 Imprint

Creation and distribution: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde (DGHT) e. V. Vogelsang 27 31020 Salzhemmendorf E-Mail: [email protected] © DGHT 2019 ISBN 978-3-945043-31-8 Reference: Replication of the replication is allowed without permission, but only steady and complete. Eff ective: March 2019 Citation: Workgroup Anurans of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde (DGHT) (2019): Standard Guidelines for the Captive Keeping of Anurans. – Mannheim, 36 pp.

Dendrobates tinctorius Dyeing dart frog

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