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Precision GPS Orbits and Clocks, Earth, Rotation Parameters, Station Positions The Space Geodesy Project Stephen Merkowitz Space Geodesy Project Manager Code 690.2 Solar System Exploraon Seminar for the Director of Science and Exploraon August 22, 2012 Dynamic Earth 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 2 Movaon: Monitoring the Earth System 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 3 Pillar 1: Geometry and Deformaon of the Earth u Problem and fascinaon of measuring the Earth: – Everything is moving ! u Examples: – Plate moons – Solid Earth des (caused by Sun and Moon) – Loading phenomena (ice, ocean, atmosph.) – Earthquakes … u Connuous monitoring is absolutely crucial. 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 4 Pillar 2: Earth Rotaon u Earth orientaon parameters (EOP) describe the irregularies of the earth's rotaon and are required for any posioning and navigaon: – Universal me – Coordinates of the pole (Polar Moon). – Celesal pole offsets (Precession and Nutaon) 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 5 Pillar 3: Gravity Field, Mass Transport 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 6 Space Geodesy Applicaons u Data from space geodesy measurements archive are ulized for direct science observaons and geodec studies, e.g., plate moon, gravity field, earthquake displacements, Earth orientaon, atmospheric angular momentum, etc. u Real-me data is used for natural hazards monitoring and early warning. u Data also contribute to the determinaon of the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF), an accurate set of posions and velocies. u Data used for Precise Orbit Determinaon (POD). u Addional products include atmosphere measurements to aid in weather forecasng, etc. u Measurements provide crical informaon for accurate deep space navigaon. u GSFC maintains the archival and distribuon of the worldwide space geodec data using the Crustal Dynamics Data Informaon System (CDDIS). 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 7 Space Geodesy Provides Posioning, Navigaon, and Timing Reference Frames and Earth System Observaons http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12954.html 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 8 Space Geodec Systems Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) Doppler Orbitography and Radioposioning Global Navigaon Satellite System (GNSS) Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 9 Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) u Currently 23 operaonal staons worldwide acquiring data daily. u GSFC operates five SLR staons: – GGAO, Greenbelt, Maryland, – McDonald Observatory, Fort Davis, Texas (Univ. of Texas at Ausn), – Monument Peak, Mount Laguna, California, – Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii (Univ. of Hawaii, Instute for Astronomy), – Arequipa, Peru (Universidad Nacional de San Agusn (UNSA)). u GSFC supports three partner staons: – Tahi, French Polynesia (CNES, Univ. of French Polynesia), – Hartebeesthoek, South Africa (NRF, Hartebeesthoek Radio Observatory), – Yarragadee, Australia (Geoscience Australia). u GSFC provides the Central Bureau of the Internaonal Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) that coordinates the worldwide SLR network, observing, data processing and analysis. u GSFC maintains the archival and distribuon of the worldwide SLR data using the Crustal Dynamics Data Informaon System (CDDIS). 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 10 Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) u 40 staons worldwide acquiring data, some daily. u GSFC operates 3 VLBI staons: – GGAO, Greenbelt, Maryland, – Wesord, Massachuses (MIT, Haystack Observatory), – Kokee Park, Hawaii. u GSFC provides support for 3 partner staons: – Svalbard, Norway (Norwegian Mapping Authority), – Fortaleza, Brazil (Mackenzie University), – Hobart, Australia (University of Tasmania). u GSFC provides oversight and training to VLBI partners. u GSFC provides the Coordinang Center and an Analysis Center of the Internaonal VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) that schedule all internaonal geodec VLBI networks and observing, oversee data correlaon and distribuon to the global archive, and perform VLBI data processing and analysis. u GSFC maintains the archival and distribuon of the worldwide VLBI geodec data using the Crustal Dynamics Data Informaon System (CDDIS). 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 11 Global Navigaon Satellite Systems (GNSS) u This decade will see an explosion of new GNSS. u 440 GNSS tracking staons within the Internaonal GNSS Service (IGS) network. u 189 staons parcipang in the Real Time Pilot Project u Many more staons within other networks. GPS Galileo GLONASS 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 12 GPS Laser Retroreflector Array Project u Systemac co-locaon in space through the precision orbit determinaon of GPS satellites via SLR will contribute significantly towards improving the accuracy and stability of the ITRF. u GPS will then provide a means to accurately and uniformly distribute this new accuracy to all systems ulizing GPS. u NASA-DoD partnership to support laser ranging of next generaon GPS satellites. – GSFC led instrument. – Partnering with the Naval Research Lab on Formulaon, including the development and tesng of a flight model. u First unit on GPS III SV9 scheduled for launch in 2019 to 2021 me frame. u Baseline delivery of at least 27 arrays. 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 13 Doppler Orbitography and Radioposioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) u GGAO DORIS beacon is part of a global network of ~57 staons since June 2000. u DORIS receivers are used on almeter (TOPEX, Jason1, Jason2, ENVISAT, Cryosat-2) and remote sensing (SPOT) satellites; Future Missions: Jason-3, SWOT & SENTINEL-3. u GSFC maintains the archival and distribuon of the worldwide DORIS geodec data using the Crustal Dynamics Data Informaon System (CDDIS). 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 14 Global Geodec Network 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 15 Global Geodec Observing System (GGOS) Services & Products International Terrestrial , Reference Frame (ITRF) (Accurately positioned points with respect to the Earth's Center of Mass and the fixed background of Quasars) International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Precision GPS Orbits and Clocks, Earth, Rotation Parameters, Station Positions Very Long Baseline Satellite Laser Global Navigation Doppler Orbit Determination Interferometry Ranging Satellite Systems and Radiopositioning Integrated on Satellite (IVS) (ILRS) (IGS) (IDS) 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 16 “Collapsing” Infrastructure “Requirement for precise measurement and maintenance of the terrestrial reference frame. The geodec infrastructure needed to enhance or even to maintain the terrestrial reference frame is in danger of collapse (see Chapter 1). Improvements in accuracy and economic efficiency are needed. Invesng resources to ensure the improvement and connued operaon of the geodec infrastructure is a requirement of virtually all the missions proposed by every panel in this study. The terrestrial reference frame is realized through integraon of the high-precision networks of the Global Posioning System (GPS), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), and satellite laser ranging (SLR). It provides the foundaon for virtually all space-based and ground-based observaons in Earth science and studies of global change, including remote monitoring of sea level, sea-surface topography, plate moons, crustal deformaon, the geoid, and me-varying gravity from space. It is through this reference frame that all measurements can be interrelated for robust, long-term monitoring of global change. A precise reference frame is also essenal for interplanetary navigaon and diverse naonal strategic needs.” http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11820.html 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 17 Supporng Future Requirements u Science Driver: – Most stringent requirement on the ITRF comes from sea level studies: • “accuracy of 1 mm, and stability at 0.1 mm/year” • This is a factor 10-20 beyond current capability. – About 30 modern integrated staons are required to meet these requirements. u NRC Recommendaons: – Upgrade U.S. staons with modern SLR and VLBI, – Work with internaonal partners to deploy addional staons, – Establish and maintain a high precision real-me GNSS/GPS naonal network, – Make a long-term commitment to maintaining the ITRF, – Connue to support the acvies of the GGOS. u NASA Response – Contribute to building a new global network of integrated geodec staons – Network should be there for the coming Decadal Survey missions. – NASA proposes to provide 6-10 of these staons if the next generaon technology can be demonstrated to funcon as required. – Complete the next generaon SLR and VLBI developments. 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 18 The Space Geodesy Project u New iniave started at the end of 2011 in response to the Earth Science Decadal and the Naonal Research Council study “Precise Geodec Infrastructure.” Part of the President’s Climate Iniave. u Goddard led in partnership with JPL and parcipaon from the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the University of Maryland. u Goals: – Establish and operate a prototype next generaon space geodec staon with integrated next generaon SLR, VLBI, GNSS (and DORIS) systems, along with a system that provides for accurate vector es between them. – Develop a Project Implementaon Plan for the construcon, deployment and operaon of a NASA network of similar next generaon staons that will become the core of a larger global network of modern space geodec staons. VLBI NGSLR GNSS Vector Tie 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 19 Prototype Geodec Staon at GGAO u Goddard Geophysical and Astronomical Observatory (GGAO) is located 5 km from Goddard Space Flight Center in the middle of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. GGAO is one of the few sites in the world to have all four geodec techniques co-located at a single locaon. VLBI2010 MV-3 VLBI GGAO Legacy GNSS 48” Reference mark New GNSS GSFC MOBLAS-7 NGSLR DORIS REGINA GNSS 8/22/2012 hp://space-geodesy.nasa.gov 20 Prototype Staon Status Summary u Prototype staon is currently on-schedule for an August 2013 compleon. u NGSLR successfully tracked 20 of out of the 33 current ILRS satellites, including daylight ranging to GNSS (GLONASS-109 & 115). u NGSLR met a major milestone by compleng the development of a new high-power opcal bench. Installaon at the prototype staon is underway.
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