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La Historiografía De Fernando De Alva Ixtlilxochitl Y La Colonización Criolla Del Pasado Prehispánico

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La Historiografía De Fernando De Alva Ixtlilxochitl Y La Colonización Criolla Del Pasado Prehispánico ESTRATEGIAS PARA (DES)APARECER: LA HISTORIOGRAFÍA DE FERNANDO DE ALVA IXTLILXOCHITL Y LA COLONIZACIÓN CRIOLLA DEL PASADO PREHISPÁNICO Pablo García Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese Indiana University March 2006 García ii Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy __________________________________________ Kathleen Myers, Ph.D. __________________________________________ Doctoral Committee Juan Carlos Conde, Ph.D. __________________________________________ Alejandro Mejías-López, Ph.D. __________________________________________ John McDowell, Ph.D. Oral Examination 3 March 2006 García iii © 2006 Pablo García ALL RIGHT RESERVED García iv Agradecimientos Este trabajo no hubiera sido posible sin el apoyo constante y la severa crítica de Kate Myers que desde antes de mi llegada a la universidad de Indiana estuvo dispuesta a ayudarme a encontrar el camino. Las pláticas con John McDowell me permitieron no perder de vista la dimensión humana que debe siempre balancear las reflexiones académicas. Alejandro Mejías- López supo señalar los puntos flacos de la argumentación; sus certeras preguntas me obligaron a revisar y afinar mis conclusiones. Juan Carlos Conde no me dejó olvidar que la sanidad mental requiere siempre una medida de ironía. Entre bambalinas, Joe Campbell y Michael McAfferty me abrieron los ojos a nuevos mundos y fueron consejeros invaluables para todo. Eric, Lily, Ben, Justine y Aarnes allanaron con su sola presencia el camino que compartimos. El equipo administrativo del departamento de español, Jennifer, Linda, Jane, Karla y Shelly ayudaron a que estos cinco años marcharan sobre ruedas. Más allá del tiempo y la distancia, mis incondicionales estuvieron siempre conmigo. Sin la certidumbre, la paciencia y la confianza de Amber, andaría sin rumbo y al garete. García v Abstract Pablo García ESTRATEGIAS PARA (DES)APARECER: LA HISTORIOGRAFÍA DE FERNANDO DE ALVA IXTLILXOCHITL Y LA COLONIZACIÓN CRIOLLA DEL PASADO PREHISPÁNICO The Mexican pre-Hispanic past became integrated into the criollo patriotic and nationalist project under the influence of Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl’s historiography. The narrative structure of his best known works—the Historia de la nación chichimeca and the “XIII Relación”—reveals that this author’s perspective marked a turning point in the way indigenous history was conceived. I characterize Alva Ixtlilxochitl’s representational tactics as strategies of (dis)appearance which present an idealized image of his Native American ancestors at the expense of all but outer signs of indigenous culture and character. This recasting of history opened the door for its colonization by criollo intellectuals. Through echoes of Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxóchitl’s historiography in the work of such representative figures as Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Francisco Javier Clavijero, and Carlos María de Bustamante, I show how the historical perspective of criollo patriotism, which still informs Mexican nationalism, can be traced back to this early-seventeenth-century historiographer. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ García vi Índice I. Introducción: historia, teoría, e historiografía.................................................................................1 Historia: Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl y la colonia novohispana entre dos aguas Teoría: ¿Poscolonialismo novohispano? Historiografía: Juan de Torquemada y Juan Bautista de Pomar II. “Mi modo de narrar”: estrategias narrativas en la historiografía de Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl.......................................................................................................................................51 Trayectoria crítica Estrategias narrativas: ritmo, caracterización y focalización Focalizaciones, contextos e intenciones III. Estrategias para (des)aparecer en la historiografía de Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl............108 Representaciones Mimetismos Identidades IV. La conexión Ixtlilxochitl: Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Francisco Javier Clavijero y Carlos María de Bustamante................................................................................................................162 Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora Francisco Javier Clavijero Carlos María de Bustamante V. Siglos XX y XXI: los avatares de la historiografía criolla y una propuesta alternativa............224 Representaciones equívocas Mestizaje Lenguas e identidades indígenas Obras citadas..................................................................................................................................266 García vii Índice de figuras 1. Genealogía de los caciques de San Juan Teotihuacan...................................................................8 2. Cien pesos mexicanos (detalle)..................................................................................................112 3. Nezahualpilli..............................................................................................................................135 4. Teatro de virtudes políticas, arco triunfal..................................................................................175 5 y 6. Un plebeyo y un noble.........................................................................................................195 7. El palacio azteca, fachada del pabellón de México en la Feria Mundial de París en 1889.......230 8. Interior del palacio azteca..........................................................................................................231 9. Cuadro de castas........................................................................................................................240 García 1 Introducción: historia, teoría, e historiografía ¿Qué es lo que distingue a los Estados nacionales hispanoamericanos entre sí? Todos los territorios que formaron parte del imperio español entre el siglo XV y el XIX y que hoy se conciben como entidades políticas limitadas y soberanas tienen en común el idioma y la religión de los conquistadores. Más allá de las particularidades regionales, lo que diferencia a los diferentes países hispanohablantes de América es la narrativa histórica de cada uno. No se trata sólo de una acumulación de eventos particulares sino de la manera en que éstos se van integrando a un relato organizado para representar una secuencia cronológica, una historia nacional. En el caso de México, uno de los elementos distintivos de su historia particular es la conexión con el pasado prehispánico. Hoy en día, ese vínculo se expresa, por ejemplo, en el escudo oficial mexicano—el águila sobre el nopal. Asimismo, se renueva en la noción del mestizaje cultural según la cual la mexicanidad sería el resultado de una productiva confluencia entre lo indígena y lo español. A principios del siglo XIX, la civilización prehispánica aparecía para justificar la independencia de una antigua nación mexicana, injustamente avasallada durante 300 años por los invasores españoles. Antes, los alcances de la cultura nahua habían sido aprovechados por la intelectualidad criolla para manifestar la dignidad y el orgullo novohispanos. En todas estas instancias se realizan una serie de manipulaciones historiográficas que pretenden trabar el pasado y el presente asemejándolos entre sí, alineándolos para crear una impresión de continuidad. A través de los siglos se han venido repitiendo las mismas estrategias narrativas y conceptuales en el discurso histórico. Las notables coincidencias que exhibe la historiografía novohispana-mexicana revelan la existencia de un hilo común que es posible seguir hasta un hito fundamental en su trayectoria: la obra del historiógrafo Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl. En la primera mitad del siglo XVII, Alva Ixtlilxochitl produjo varios textos narrativos que tratan de la historia antigua de Anahuac, con especial énfasis en la prestigiosa casa real de García 2 Texcoco.1 Desde que Alfredo Chavero las publicó en dos volúmenes a finales del siglo XIX,2 las Obras históricas de este autor novohispano se han dividido por conveniencia entre las “relaciones históricas” que ocupan el primer tomo,3 y la Historia de la nación chichimeca [HNC] que abarca todo el segundo. Mi investigación se enfoca en ésta y en la “XIII Relación”, la última del Compendio histórico del reino de Texcoco, dos textos que en conjunto abarcan la extensión cronológica de la historiografía de Alva. Además de ser la más amplia y la más detallada, a diferencia de otras obras, la HNC ofrece una narración corrida organizada por capítulos. La historia abre con la creación del mundo—integrando el mito prehispánico a la tradición cristiana— y termina, a media frase, con la descripción de los primeros días del sitio de Tenochtitlan por los españoles. El único texto de Alva que narra completa la empresa militar española, incluyendo la expedición de Hernán Cortés a Honduras, es la “XIII Relación”.4 En estas dos obras se pueden ver las características más señaladas de la historiografía de Alva: la exaltación de la cultura antigua de Texcoco, la caracterización de Nezahualcoyotl como “el David de Anahuac” y la enmienda del registro hispano-céntrico de la conquista, todo con el fin de avanzar sus intereses personales. Asimismo, la riqueza de noticias
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