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U·M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road He Zhanhao and Chen Gang: "The Butterfly Lovers" violin concerto. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Lang, Xiaoming. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 14:17:03 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185865 p- I INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI 48106·1346 USA 313/761·4700 800/521·0600 Order Number 9229859 He Zhanhao and Chen Gang: "The Butterfly Lovers" violin concerto Lang, Xiaoming, A.Mus.D. The University of Arizona, 1992 U·M·I 300N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 HE ZHANHAO AND CHEN GANG THE BUTTERFLY LOVERS VIOLIN CONCERTO by Xiaoming Lang A Document Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF MUSIC In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 992 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the document prepared bY~X~i~a~o~m~illn~g_L~a~n~g~ ________________________ entitledHE ZHANHAO AND CHEN GANG: THE BUTTERFLY TJOVERS VIOLIN CONCERTO and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Musical Arts '4 I (r - 202 Date It/ (J" - ~ Date y - f~~Ct< Datp. Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this document is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the document to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this document prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the requirement. Director John R. Ferrell Date 3 STATEMEN'I' BY AUTHOR This document has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this document are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: ,z::;..--~ ~ 4 ABSTRACT This document is a musical study of He Zhanhao and Chen Gang's The Butterfly Lovers violin concerto. It traces the concerto's cultural background in China, analyzes the concerto in terms of form, melody, scale, mode, harmony, and orchestration and discusses the more unusual technical demands of violin playing made by this concerto. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................ (1 • 7 PART ONE Cultural Background ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 Chapter 1. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE •••••• 9 Confucius (551-479 B.C.) Mao Ze-Dong (1893-1976) Modern Chinese Nationalization Chapter 2. LITERARY SOURCE OF "LIANG-ZHU" •••••• 11 Historical records Folktale Shanghai opera PART TWO Musical Analysis ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 Chapter 3. FORM ••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••• 14 Exposition Development Recapitulation Chapter 4. MELODIC DEVELOPMENT •••••••••••••••• 17 Love theme Zhu's Theme Liang's theme Family force theme Chapter 5. SCALE, MODE AND MODULATION ••••••••• 24 Pentatonic modes Zhi mode scale Modulation on HypoGong-Jue Modulation on "Fourth Rows" Chapter 6. HARMONY •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 Chords: pentatonic triads, added 6 tone, minor dominant, sets, forth chord Harmonic progressions: authentic cadence, plagal cadence, color chord, bass-line Chapter 7. ORCHESTRATION •••••••••••••••••••••• 34 Tone color Ban-Gu Texture PART THREE Performance techniques •••••••••••••••••••••• 36 Chapter 8. SLIDING NOTES •••••••••••••••••••••• 36 Quarter tone Minor second Minor third Larger intervals Chapter 9. IMITATION OF CHINESE INSTRUMENTS •••• 40 Cheng Pi-pa Er-hu Conclusion ............................................... 44 Appendices ••...•..•..............••••..........•....•.... 46 1. Musical Analysis Chart •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 47 2. Historical Information •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 48 References ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• IjO 7 INTRODUCTION The Butterfly Lovers violin concerto was written by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang in 1959 while they were students of the Shanghai Conservatory in China. Mnsically, the concerto is a synthesis of Eastern and Western traditions although the melodies and overall style are derived from the Shanghai Opera. The concerto is a type of programmatic work such as the symphony Harold in Italy of Berlioz. Both use a solo string instrument with orchestra to describe a well-known story. Berlioz's work is suggested by Lord Byron's Childe Harold; He and Chen's work portrays the famous Chinese folktale 'Liang-Zhu' (The Butterfly Lovers). This concerto is important in the historical development of Western-style classical music in China. It is the first and virtually the only Chinese violin concerto widely known inside and outside of China. Since its publication, many Chinese musicians have followed its model to compose their symphonic music in a strong Chinese style combined with modern compositional methods. This concerto is often performed in concerts in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, Europe and North America, and has been recorded by violinists such as Wei Xue, winner of the Tchaikovsky and Carl Flesh International Competitions 8 (with The Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra); Takako Nishizaki, winner of Leventritt International Competition (with The Czecho-Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra); and others. This study will examine the concerto, its background and performance problems, in detail. 9 PART ONE CULTURAL BACKGROUND Chapter 1 Social and Political Influence There is a tradition in Chinese philosophy that considers music to be an important political ingredient of society rather than a form of popular entertainment. This tradition is very old and can be found in the writings of Confucius (551-479 B.C.) more than two thousand years ago. In his political philosophy, the most important value is to educate people with Li-Yue (ethics and music.) The Yue is expressed from the inner person and makes (people) quiet or still; the Li is accepted by everyone from outside and makes (people) polite, gentle, refined, and non-military. There would be no social discord if people knew the Yue and no political struggle or dispute if society knew the Li part of the philos~phy. It is best way to rule a country by Li-Yue. He believed that a person or people or country, Should begin its educational and moral development first with ~oetry, then with Li (ethics), and finally with Music. In this light, music is seen as educational and essential to the development of one's sensibilities rather than as 10 entertainment. This opinion also can be found in the works of Mao Ze-Dong (1893-1976): Literature and art should be powerful weapons for uniting and educating the people and for attacking and destroying the enemy. 3 It is clear that music (along with other arts) is really treated as a political weapon, though this talk was given during World War II when the Chinese people were arduously resisting the Japanese invaders. This phenomenon, music deeply involved with social and political life, happened not only in China. Some of Chopin's music is, for instance, connected with the national revolutionary movement of his native Poland. The political . elements of his music were described as "A cannon under flowers" (R. Schumann). Also, the music of Beethoven or Sibelius, for example, the Eroica Symphony and the symphonic poem Kalevala, show clearly the political ideals of the composers. In short, music was, and perhaps still is, strongly related
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