The Physics of Fire by Friction
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Fire Bow Drill
Making Fire With The Bow Drill When you are first learning bow-drill fire-making, you must make conditions and your bow drill set such that the chance of getting a coal is the greatest. If you do not know the feeling of a coal beginning to be born then you will never be able to master the more difficult scenarios. For this it is best to choose the “easiest woods” and practice using the set in a sheltered location such as a garage or basement, etc. Even if you have never gotten a coal before, it is best to get the wood from the forest yourself. Getting it from a lumber yard is easy but you learn very little. Also, getting wood from natural sources ensures you do not accidentally get pressure-treated wood which, when caused to smoulder, is highly toxic. Here are some good woods for learning with (and good for actual survival use too): ► Eastern White Cedar ► Staghorn Sumac ► Most Willows ► Balsam Fir ► Aspens and Poplars ► Basswood ► Spruces There are many more. These are centered more on the northeastern forest communities of North America. A good tree identification book will help you determine potential fire-making woods. Also, make it a common practice to feel and carve different woods when you are in the bush. A good way to get good wood for learning on is to find a recently fallen branch or trunk that is relatively straight and of about wrist thickness or bigger. Cut it with a saw. It is best if the wood has recently fallen off the tree. -
TD-1464S Publication Date: 7/20/2021 Rev: 3
Based on Standard: TD-1464S Publication Date: 7/20/2021 Rev: 3 Wildfire Prevention Contract Requirements SUMMARY PG&E’s standard establishes precautions for PG&E employees, PG&E suppliers, contractors, and third-party employees to follow when traveling to, performing work, or operating outdoors on any forest, brush, or grass-covered land. The information in this document is based on PG&E’s TD 1464s standard and local, state, and federal fire regulations and permits. However, if a local or state fire regulation or permit contains provisions more stringent than those in this document, the more stringent provisions must be followed. TARGET AUDIENCE This "based on TD-1464s" document targets all contractors performing work on behalf of PG&E and working on or near facilities located in any forest, brush, or grass-covered lands, using equipment, tools, and/or vehicles whose use could result in the ignition of a fire. This includes those areas that may seem urban but have vegetation that can aid in the spread of an ignition. TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page 1 Safety ................................................................................................................ 1 2 General Requirements ...................................................................................... 2 3 Fire Index Process ............................................................................................ 7 4 Mitigations ......................................................................................................... 8 5 Quality Reviews ................................................................................................ 9 REQUIREMENTS 1 Safety 1.1 Performing utility work on any forest, brush, or grass-covered lands presents a danger of fire, in addition to the hazards inherent to utility work. 1.2 Following the directives in this standard are essential to mitigating fire danger and protecting the environment, the utility system, personnel, and the public. PG&E Internal ©2021 Pacific Gas and Electric Company. -
Notice of a Collection 01 Perforated Stone Objects, from the Garioch, Aberdeenshire
6 16 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , FEBRUARY 9, 1903. III. NOTICE OF A COLLECTION 01 PERFORATED STONE OBJECTS, FROM THE GARIOCH, ABERDEENSHIRE. BY J. GRAHAM CALLANDER, F.S.A. SOOT. Many perforated article f stono s f greateo e r leso r s antiquity have been found, the use of which we have no difficulty in defining. Among such article e stonar s e axes, stone hammers, whorls, beads d sinkan , - stones for nets or lines; but this collection of perforated stones from Central Aberdeenshire seems to be quite different from any of the recog- nised types. Localities.—The collection, which consist f sixty-fivo s e specimenss ha , been gathered during the last five years in the Garioch district of Aber- deenshire from eight different localitie n fivi s e parishes :—Elevee ar n from Newbigging, parish of Culsalmond ; one is from the Kirkyard of Culsalmond; five are from the adjoining farms of Jericho and Colpy, Culsalmond e froar m o Johnstonetw ; , paris f Leslio hs froi e me ;on Cushieston, parish of Rayne; one is from Lochend, Barra, parish of Bourtie; thre froe ear m Harlaw, paris f Chapeho f Garioco l fortyd an h; - one are from Logie-Elphinstone estate, also in Chapel of Garioch. e specimenth l Al s have bee e ploughnth turney b , p nonu d e having been found associated with burials or dwelling sites; at the same time many flint implements have been foun e localitiemosn th di f o t s named, especiall firste th , n yi third last-mentioned an , d ones, these I believe, , having been more thoroughly searched. -
History Lesson -- a Look at How Construction Tools Have Evolved
TOOLSCool R A Look at How Construction Tools Have Evolved By Steven Ferry As you purchase, use, repair or swear at the tools used on the job, you probably don’t give a second thought to how far we have come in our ability to swiftly and safe- ly erect and finish ever larger, taller and more durable homes, offices, factories and other buildings in the United States. In 400 years, we have moved from the crude grass and hide structures of the first settlers to timber, brick, con- crete, steel, glass and now plastic material-in the process freeing the builder from the need to also man- ufacture or find the building materials. We can create whatever climate we want indoors while remaining impervious to the one outside. Design tools have moved from ideas in the builder’s head, and the occasional sketch, to computers. Code officials, architects and consultants in everything from construction management to quality control have made building into a series and sequence of high- ly specialized activities that together bring about the fabulously efficient constructions of today—efficient in terms of outlay of effort in the construction and running of the buildings. Pivotal to all the successes in construction are the tools we use to accomplish the work on the job site. If Henry David Thoreau Published by AWCI 97 had thought back to the time he spent then finished with an “adz,” an ax building his cabin in the woods, he shaped like a hoe. The adz-man either might not have insisted that men had stood or sat on the timber and cut become the tools of their tools. -
Fire Safety Trailer Curriculum
U.S. Fire Administration Acknowledgements Preparation of this Fire Safety Trailer Curriculum was made possible thanks to the cooperation and hard work of numerous firefighters, public information officers, public education coordinators, and staff of local fire departments and state fire marshal’s offices throughout the United States who contributed countless hours to review, test, and critique this curriculum. The results of their feedback and dedication will help fire safety professionals nationwide develop fire safety education and prevention programs designed to reduce fire-related injury and mortality rates suffered throughout the country. Development of the curriculum was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) under Contract No. 200-2007-21025 to Information Ventures, Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION i–1 What’s in This Curriculum? i–1 How to Use This Curriculum i–2 Before Your Fire Safety Trailer Event i–2 During Your Fire Safety Trailer Event i–3 After Your Fire Safety Trailer Event i–4 1 HOW TO GET FUNDING FOR A TRAILER 1–1 Fire Prevention And Safety (FP&S) Grant 1–1 Grant Writing Tips 1–2 Getting Organized To Write Your Grant Application 1–4 Preparing Your Fire Prevention and Safety Grant Application 1–5 Preparing The Budget 1–7 Submitting Your Fire Prevention and Safety Application 1–8 Other Sources Of Grant Funding 1–9 Beyond The Basics 1–10 Grant Planning Guide 1–10 More Information 1–13 Resources 1–14 2 MARKETING AND COLLABORATING WITH SITES -
A History of the Prepare, Stay and Defend Or Leave Early Policy in Victoria
A History of the Prepare, Stay and Defend or Leave Early Policy in Victoria A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Benjamin Thomas Reynolds Master of Arts (History) Bachelor of Arts (History) School of Management College of Business RMIT University February 2017 1 Declaration I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed. Benjamin Thomas Reynolds February 2017 i Acknowledgements This PhD was made possible due to the support of my family, friends and supervisors and the guidance and encouragement I received from each. I would like to thank my parents in particular for again supporting me in my studies, and my supervisors Professor Peter Fairbrother, Dr Bernard Mees, and Dr Meagan Tyler and other colleagues in the School of Management for their reassurances, time, and advice. I would also like to thank the Bushfire and Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre for their generous financial support for the project, and in particular Annette Allen and Lyndsey Wright for their encouragement along the way. I would also like to acknowledge the support of John Schauble of Emergency Management Victoria, without whose support the thesis would not have been possible. -
In the Autumn 2011 Edition of the Quiver I Wrote an Article Touching on the Topic of Survival As It Applies to the Bowhunter
In the Autumn 2011 edition of The Quiver I wrote an article touching on the topic of survival as it applies to the bowhunter. In this article I want to talk about fire specifically and the different types of firestarters and techniques available. Fire is an important element in a survival situation as it provides heat for warmth, drying clothes or cooking as well as a psychological boost and if you’re hunting in a spot where you are one of the prey species it can keep predators away as well. There are many ways to start a fire; some ways relatively easy and some that would only be used as a last resort. There are pros and cons to most of these techniques. The most obvious tool for starting a fire is a match. While this is a great way to start a fire in your fireplace or fire pit I personally don’t like to carry matches in my pack or on my person. They are hard to keep dry and you are limited to one fire per match IF you can light a one match fire every time. It would be easy to run out of matches in a hurry as you are limited in how many you could reasonably carry. A Bic lighter or one of the more expensive windproof lighters is a slightly better choice for the bowhunter to carry. They are easy to use, easy to carry, fairly compact, and last for a reasonable amount of “lights”. They don’t work well when wet but can be dried out fairly easily. -
Learning the Hand-Drill Method of Fire-By-Friction
Learning the Hand-Drill Method for Fire-by-Friction by Kato Haws Friction fires are not very practical, but they can be fun. The hand-drill method is less technical than the bow-drill method. You can learn to do it. The following are some ideas of how to proceed: Cut a 3/8” dry horseweed stalk about 24” long for your spindle, and check to see if it is straight. (Horseweed is very wide spread. See Wikipedia for pictures of horseweed). If necessary straighten the spindle using a heat source. Heat it, bend it, remove it from the heat source, and hold it straight as it cools. It is important to have a straight spindle. It is possible to find horseweed stalks that are straight, it just takes more looking. Cut or split a baseboard of white cedar fencing (no hole cedar) from the lumberyard about 11” long and 3/8” thick. I personally mark the board with a straight edge and a pencil and then cut it with a saber saw, but many methods can be used. A table saw would be ideal if you have one and know how to use it properly. Using a knife make a 3/8” dimple about an inch from the end of the baseboard. Spin the spindle in the dimple to seat it in. You don’t have to get actual smoke at this point. The main thing is to make sure exactly the spindle wants to spin before proceeding. Cut an inverted “V” from the edge of the baseboard toward the center of the dimple. -
Instructions
Produced for Discursive Impulse, a publication of Center for Contemporary Art & Culture at Pacific Northwest College of Art. Daniel J Glendening, 2017 INSTRUCTIONS DANIEL J GLENDENING CONTENTS Most of these skills I have never personally had occasion to practice, and hopefully never will. SURVIVAL SUPPLY KIT CONTENTS 4 HOW TO START A FIRE 7 HOW TO BUILD AN EMP GENERATOR 9 HOW TO BUILD A SMALL GAME SNARE 11 HOW TO SKIN AND DRESS AN ANIMAL 12 HOW TO TAN A HIDE 14 HOW TO BUILD A SHELTER 16 HOW TO FIND TRUE NORTH 17 HOW TO PURIFY SALINE OR BRACKISH WATER 18 HOW TO BUILD A BATTERY CELL 20 HOW TO MAKE A STONE OR GLASS BLADE OR POINT 21 HOW TO BE ALONE 23 ADDENDUM: A BODY IS A WEAPON 25 4 SURVIVAL SUPPLY KIT CONTENTS: Hook needle 2.5 Set of large, long needles Windproof jacket Warm cap Thermal underwear Long-sleeve shirt Short sleeve shirt Fleece pullover Lightweight pants Lightweight shorts Gloves Thick socks Hiking boots with extra laces Rain suit Backpack and nylon bags Lightweight, low-temp sleeping bag Lightweight small tent Plastic tarp Emergency blankets Compass Binoculars Solar-charged flashlight Multipurpose knife Survival knife Fishing line Fishing hooks Fishing weights Wire saw Hatchet Grinding stone Small iron shovel with folding blade Parachute cord Pencil Braided rope Nylon cord 28 5 but how we can use it: this sculpture is a weapon. This Mosquito net sculpture is a chair. This sculpture is a lamp. This sculp- Sunglasses ture can be used to start a fire. -
Example Rubric: Fire Benchmark 1 2 3 4 5 Introductory Emergent Novice
Example Rubric: Fire Benchmark 1 2 3 4 5 Introductory Emergent Novice Sustainable Instructor One Match Demonstrate sustainable Demonstrate sustainable Demonstrate Demonstrate Demonstrate Fire fire in less than 30 min, 3 fire in less than 30 min, 1 sustainable fire in sustainable fire with sustainable fire and matches, natural match, natural materials. less than 15min, one match, in the bring water to a boil in materials. one match, no rain, no birch bark, less than 30 min, one birch bark, no no tools. cedar log, knife tools permitted Ferro Rod Gather and ignite five Ignite and produce a Ignite and produce Ignite and produce a Share proper ferro rod natural tinder bundles in sustainable fire in less a sustainable fire council (upside form and technique less than one hour than 30 minutes in less than 30 down) fire in the rain with a group with 80% min without birch to be untended and success rate bark, char cloth, or last for 4 hours tinder fungus Bow Drill Produce a coal from a Carve a set from Harvest and craft Harvest and craft With just a knife, craft Progression manufactured set provided material, craft wild bow drill kit wild bow drill kit bow drill set and demonstrating proper wild tinder bundle, make and tinder bundle including cord and produce sustainable form fire using manufactured to produce 3hr tinder bundle to fire as your source of cord sustainable fire. make fire. heat/light for Cord permitted 3days/2nights. Adv. Demonstrate proper Produce a coal with a Demonstrate Produce three coals Study and Friction Fire hand drill technique hand drill proper strap drill in 30 min from three demonstrate effective form and produce differant friction fire us and form of a 4th coal devices friction fire method. -
FINAL REPORT Title: Multi-Scale Study of Ember Production and Transport Under Multiple Environmental and Fuel Conditions JFSP PROJECT ID:15-1-04-9
FINAL REPORT Title: Multi-Scale Study of Ember Production and Transport under Multiple Environmental and Fuel Conditions JFSP PROJECT ID:15-1-04-9 October 7, 2019 David L. Blunck, PhD Oregon State University Bret Butler, PhD US Forest Service John Bailey, PhD Oregon State University Natalie Wagenbrenner, PhD US Forest Service The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Government. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. Government. - 1 - Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1. Overview and Objectives ................................................................................................... 6 2. Background ........................................................................................................................ 7 3. Materials and Methods ....................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Branch-scale Studies ........................................................................................................ 10 4.2 Tree-scale Studies ............................................................................................................ 12 4.2.1 Experimental Approach .......................................................................................... -
2006 Mandalay Owners Manual
MANDALAY09/2006 MANDALAY MANDALAY TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS MANDALAY LIMITED WARRANTY WHAT IS COVERED . .1-1 LIMITATIONS AND DISCLAIMER OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES . .1-1 LIMITED STRUCTURAL WARRANTY (5 YEARS/60,000 MILES) . .1-2 HOW TO GET SERVICE . .1-2 WHAT IS NOT COVERED . .1-3 LEGAL REMEDIES/ARBITRATION . .1-4 MANDALAY OWNER’S REGISTRATION CARD . .1-5 MANDALAY OWNER’S REGISTRATION CARD . .1-7 MANDALAY LIMITED WARRANTY TRANSFER APPLICATION . .1-9 GENERAL INFORMATION INTRODUCTION . .2-1 ROADSIDE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM . .2-3 24-Hour Customer Care Benefits . .2-3 NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION . .2-4 SYMBOLS . .2-5 DISCLAIMER . .2-6 IDENTIFICATION & SAFETY REPORTING SAFETY DEFECTS . .3-1 MOTORHOME SERIAL NUMBER DECAL & DATA PLATES . .3-1 MANUFACTURER’S WARRANTIES . .3-2 SAFETY REGULATIONS FOR LP GAS SYSTEMS & APPLIANCES . .3-3 FIRE SAFETY . .3-4 FIRE EXTINGUISHER . .3-5 CARBON MONOXIDE & SMOKE DETECTOR . .3-6 Programming the Alarm . .3-7 Testing Procedure . .3-7 Carbon Monoxide Safety Precautions . .3-8 LP GAS DETECTOR . .3-9 Maintenance . .3-9 How to Test . .3-10 Checking the LP Gas System for Leaks . .3-10 About the LP Gas Detector . .3-11 Most Common Causes of Apparent Malfunction . .3-11 Service . .3-12 LP Gas Safety Precautions . .3-12 MANDALAY TABLE OF CONTENTS IDENTIFICATION & SAFETY CONTINUED... CHEMICAL SENSITIVITY . .3-13 Formaldehyde . .3-13 Ventilation . .3-13 SEAT BELTS . .3-14 Seat Belt Operation . .3-14 Maintenance . .3-14 Child Restraints . .3-15 Booster Seats . .3-15 EGRESS WINDOW . .3-16 CHASSIS OPERATIONS & PROCEDURES BRAKES . .4-1 WHEELS & TIRES . .4-2 DAMAGED OR FLAT TIRES .