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Great Poland Little Poland and the Carpathian Mountains - South East Introduction We cordially invite you to visit the beautiful land stretching over the southern part of our country. The tourist is warmly greeted and received here the year around and can always participate in various forms of tourism and relaxation. The mountains are the most important element in the landscape of southern Poland. Stretching out here is the western fragment of the long chain of the Carpathians with their highest belt - the Tetra, mountains of an alpine nature. Further to the east, we have the vast region of the Beskids, with their less severe outline. For the most part, they are covered with beautiful forests, and many river valleys divide them into smaller mountain groups, Silesian Zywiec, Insular, and Low Beskids (Beskid Slaski, Zywiec, Wyspowy and Niski). The Bieszczady Mountains extend furthest to the east. They are characterised by astonishingly variable landscapes, vast panoramas, colourful nooks of mountain valleys, and nature in all its richness. Many old settlements with a thousand-year history that boast many priceless relics of architecture and culture await tourists in this part of the country. Among them is Cracow - one of the most famous and beautiful cities of Europe. Southern Poland is worth visiting if only to get acquainted with this city. Yet, there are many other attractions here. To those looking for rest in the summer or lovers of winter sports we suggest the renowned and well-organised tourist centres in the Silesian Beskids or Zakopane and its vicinity in the Tatras. The area is vibrant with activity the year around, though lovers of quiet and virgin nature will find them in the Bieszczady, in the Niepolomice Forest, or in the Low Beskids. We have magnificent relics of architecture and museums not only in Cracow. You can follow the trail of the oldest wooden Orthodox churches and sacred buildings of exceptional charm, go to see the most beautiful Polish palaces in Baranow Sandomierski, Krasiczyn, Lancut, Nowy Wisnicz, Pieskowa Skala, Pszczyna, or visit the industrial towns of Silesia, the pit of a modern mine in Ruda or an old one in Tarnowskie Gory, or finally the salt mine in Wieliczka. Those of you who love folklore and the performances of folk bands will find the most colourful examples of this art among the highlanders, especially at various festivals (e. g. in Przemysl, Rzeszow, Zakopane, Zalipie near Tarnow) or at campfires, sledging cavalcades and picnics organised by our agency. We suggest excursions through the colourful nooks of this land, rest and therapeutic stays in famous Beskid health resorts, participation in cultural and folklore events. You can visit the entire southeastern region of Poland or go hunting, mushroom pickinging, or fishing. You can take an active part in a canoe race or sail with highlanders down the beautiful Dunajec River valley in the Pieniny Mts. or take a boat ride on Roznow Lake or Solina Lake. You can also go horseback riding or in a carriage or take a few riding lessons in one of the horse stables in the Tarnow region. Cracow - The Town at the Foot of Wawel Hill Among the cities that have had the greatest influence on the development of European culture, Cracow is always mentioned. This historic town developed on the Vistula at the foot of Wawel hill. The former capital of Poland, centre of science, culture and art cherishing a thousand year-long traditions, it is a great treasure - house of national relics and also plays an important part in the economy of the country. After the last war, large, new industrial works were constructed here, among them the Lenin Steel Works, around which a huge residential area developed called Nowa Huta. Cracow is still developing and today has more than 700,000 residents. It is a large centre of education, with young people studying at 11 schools of higher learning. Several theatres are active here, including the most renowned ones: The Old Theatre (Stary Teatr) and the Slowacki Theatre. There are several dozen museums and art galleries, an opera and operetta. Many artistic events are held here, some of international significance (e.g. festival of Short Feature Films, Biennial of Graphics). The great cultural traditions of Cracow inspire the creative efforts of modern Polish artists, among whom Krzysztof Penderecki and Tadeusz Kantor have gained world renown. Cracow is also a large centre of domestic and foreign tourism. Every year more than 2,000,000 tourists visit the city. The history of the town goes back to the days before the formation of the Polish state, when it was the ducal capital of the Vislane tribe. There are legends that tell of the founder of the town, duke Krak, and his daughter Wanda, and the sinister dragon from the cave of Wawel Hill. Cracow became more important at the beginning of the 11th century, when it became the capital of the entire Polish state and played this role till the beginning of the 17th century. The town continued to develop despite the destruction caused by Tatar raids in the 13th century (in memory of one of which each June an amusement called "Lajkonik" is held). The Cracow Academy (now the Jagiellonian University), the second oldest university in Europe, was founded here in 1364. Many architectural relics from that time have been preserved. Cracow experienced its "golden age" during the reign of the Jagiellonian dynasty (1386-1572). As the capital of a powerful state, it became a flourishing centre of sciences and the arts admired by foreigners and extolled by poets. Famous artists left the products of their talent here. When the royal residence was transferred to Warsaw at the end of the 16th century, the importance of Cracow began to decline. Not until the period of the partitions of Poland, when the Polish state disappeared from the map of Europe for more than 120 years, did Cracow once again become a national symbol, the centre of Polish culture and art. Famous painters, poets and writers worked here: Jan Matejko, Stanislaw Wyspianski, Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz, Stanislaw Przybyszewski, Jan Kasprowicz, Juliusz and Wojciech Kossak. Cracow became the main centre of Polish modernism (Young Poland), whose greatest representatives were Wyspianski and Przybyszewski. Here and in Warsaw national liberation movements began. It was at the Cracow Market Place that Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Poland`s national hero, in 1794 took his famous oath, which initiated the uprising against the invaders, and in 1846 Cracow once again took up arms. The defeat of this outburst led to a loss of the remnants of autonomy of the so-called Cracow Republic. After Poland regained her independence in 1918, the Jagiellonian Library, National Museum, and Mining and Metallurgy Academy were built here. During World War II, the German authorities of the so-called General Government resided here. The residents of the city shared the fate of other Poles. Many perished. Professors and scientific workers of the Jagiellonian University were deceitfully summoned to a meeting and sent to a concentration camp. Relics and monuments of national culture were destroyed and plundered. However, the walls escaped serious destruction during the tragic war years thanks to a manoeuvre by Soviet forces that prevented the blowing up of the city. In 1978 UNESCO placed the historic architectural section of Cracow on the list of the 12 most precious world monuments. The renovation of its Old Town has been in progress for several years, which will restore the former splendour of the ancient relics (there are more than 3500 of them) and make them even more beautiful. It is difficult to describe the unique charm and harmony of edifies created for centuries, hiding within their walls the most precious works of art. Surrounded by precious relics is the vast Market Place, whose central part is occupied by Clothiers' Hall (a former covered market, presently the seat of tourist and business agencies and the Gallery of Polish Painting). Colourful crowds come and go throughout the entire day around the Clothiers' Hall, the famous Krakow flower vendors spread out at the base of the Adam Mickiewicz monument, and it is also here where the great competition of Cracow Christ-child's cribs, famous at home and abroad, is held in December every year. Some of them in their shape remind people of the Gothic St Mary's Church, built in the 14th c., standing by the market Place. Inside one can admire the famous altar carved by Wit Stwosz. In the main scene, depicting the dropping off to sleep of the Virgin Mary, the figures are of natural size and rendered with unbelievable realism. On 18 bas-reliefs the artist has also presented scenes from the Bible. From the tower of this church every hour there resounds a bugle-call from the Middle Ages. Every burgher's house at the Market Place has its own rich history, to mention only the famous "Wierzynek" restaurant, where according to tradition, Charles IV the Great, kings and dukes who were attending a congress in Cracow. The entire Old Town complex, surrounded by the green Plant belt, is bewitchingly rich in architectural styles. Here at every step and in every corner something new appears. Everything here has its own historic climate. The fragment of town walls with St Florian's Gate and several towers along with the Barbican are the remnants of medieval fortifications, one of the few still surviving in Europe. The cultural richness of Cracow is highlighted by the collections of 28 museums, among which the National Museum houses famous collections of painting (e.g. Leonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt), sculptures, goldsmith's works, and documents.
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