Biodiversity and Chemotaxonomy
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Sustainable Development and Biodiversity 24 Kishan Gopal Ramawat Editor Biodiversity and Chemotaxonomy 123 Sustainable Development and Biodiversity Volume 24 Series Editor Kishan Gopal Ramawat Botany Department, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India This book series provides complete, comprehensive and broad subject based reviews about existing biodiversity of different habitats and conservation strategies in the framework of different technologies, ecosystem diversity, and genetic diversity. The ways by which these resources are used with sustainable management and replen- ishment are also dealt with. The topics of interest include but are not restricted only to sustainable development of various ecosystems and conservation of hotspots, tra- ditional methods and role of local people, threatened and endangered species, global climate change and effect on biodiversity, invasive species, impact of various activ- ities on biodiversity, biodiversity conservation in sustaining livelihoods and reducing poverty, and technologies available and required. The books in this series will be useful to botanists, environmentalists, marine biologists, policy makers, conserva- tionists, and NGOs working for environment protection. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11920 Kishan Gopal Ramawat Editor Biodiversity and Chemotaxonomy 123 Editor Kishan Gopal Ramawat Botany Department Mohanlal Sukhadia University Udaipur, India ISSN 2352-474X ISSN 2352-4758 (electronic) Sustainable Development and Biodiversity ISBN 978-3-030-30745-5 ISBN 978-3-030-30746-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30746-2 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface In developed countries, almost all plants are known and explored, but in developing countries and tropical hot spots, all plants are not well known. We are finding ways and means to know these plants and identify and conserve them for future generations. Plant classifications are based on morphological characters, and it is difficult partic- ularly in small plants and grasses to identify these below generic level on the basis of these characters using a dissecting microscope. Modern tools of molecular biology are being used to identify and correlate the species. Plant species have intra- and inter-specific variation in secondary metabolites which can be utilized as marker compounds for identification and classification of plants. Secondary metabolites are produced as a result of primary metabolism, and the production of these compounds not only involves several genes but also is an energy-dependent process. Hence, these products cannot be considered as insignificant for the plant and the environment. Modern tools of molecular biology and secondary metabolites present in them can definitively decide about phylogeny and classification of plants. Incorrect identifi- cation of plant leads to many problems in resource utilization. Due to wide availability of these tools, interest has revived in systematics and correct classification of plants based on these parameters for their sustainable utilization and resource management. The purpose of this book is to assess the potential of phytochemical and molecular tools in the systematic and classification of plants. The topics covered include basics of biodiversity and chemotaxonomy markers (alkaloids, flavonoids, isoquinoline alka- loids, polyketides, carotenes, cuticular wax, volatile oils, biodiversity of corals, metazoans, Ruta, sedum, and Echinocereus) for several species and groups. The book will provide comprehensive and broad subject-based reviews, useful for students, teachers, researchers, and all others interested in the field. The field has been kept wide and general to accommodate the wide-ranging topics. Well-recognized international specialists in their respective fields of research con- tributed these chapters. This book will be useful to agriculturists, chemists, botanists, industrialists, and those involved in planning of cultivation and utilization of plants. Udaipur, India Professor Kishan Gopal Ramawat v Contents 1 An Introduction to Biodiversity and Chemotaxonomy .......... 1 Kishan Gopal Ramawat 2 The ‘Sixth Mass Extinction Crisis’ and Its Impact on Flowering Plants .................................... 15 K. R. Shivanna 3 Molecular Approaches to Explore Coastal Benthic Metazoan Diversity—Success and Constraints ........................ 43 Punyasloke Bhadury 4 Soft Coral Biodiversity in the Red Sea Family Alcyoniidae: A Biopharmaceutical and Ecological Perspective .............. 55 Erick E. Dokalahy, H. R. El-Seedi and Mohamed Ali Farag 5 Woody Perennial Diversity at Various Land forms of the Five Agro-Climatic Zones of Rajasthan, India .................... 87 Manish Mathur and S. Sundaramoorthy 6 Chemotaxonomic Significance of Alkaloids in Plants ........... 121 Ram Singh, Poonam and Geetanjali 7 Chemotaxonomic Implications of Methoxy Flavonoids in Ageratina and Chromolaena ............................ 137 Debora Cristina Baldoqui, Adriano Borges Meniqueti, Anderson Valdiney Gomes Ramos, Maria Helena Sarragiotto and Marta Regina Barrotto do Carmo 8 Isoquinoline Alkaloids and Chemotaxonomy.................. 167 Anderson R. dos Santos and Nelissa P. Vaz 9 Fungal Polyketides: Chemical Diversity and Their Cytotoxic Effects ....................................... 195 Hidayat Hussain, Barbara Schulz and Ivan R. Green vii viii Contents 10 The Bioactivity and Chemotaxonomy of Microalgal Carotenoids ........................................... 215 Dónal Mc Gee and Eoin Gillespie 11 Combined Phylogenetic Analysis in Echinocereus (Cactaceae), the Use of Morphology, and Taxonomic Implications ........... 239 Daniel Sánchez, Salvador Arias, Monserrat Vázquez-Sánchez and Teresa Terrazas 12 Chemotaxonomic Survey on the Genus Sedum L. (Crassulaceae) Based on Distribution and Variability of the Epicuticular Wax Constituents .......................................... 271 Snežana Č. Jovanović, Bojan K. Zlatković and Gordana S. Stojanović 13 Chemical Ecology of Ruta sp.: VOC, Chemotaxonomy and Allelochemistry..................................... 295 Zineb Bennaoum and Hachemi Benhassaini Contributors Salvador Arias Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico Debora Cristina Baldoqui Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil Hachemi Benhassaini Laboratory of Plant Biodiversity, Conservation and Enhancement, Faculty of Natural and Life Science, University of Djillali Liabes Sidi Bel-Abbes, Sidi Bel-Abbes, Algeria Zineb Bennaoum Laboratory of Plant Biodiversity, Conservation and Enhancement, Faculty of Natural and Life Science, University of Djillali Liabes Sidi Bel-Abbes, Sidi Bel-Abbes, Algeria Punyasloke Bhadury Integrative Taxonomy and Microbial Ecology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences & Centre for Climate and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, West Bengal, India Marta Regina Barrotto do Carmo Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil Erick E. Dokalahy Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Anderson R. dos Santos Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Ecology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Mohamed Ali Farag Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt ix x Contributors H. R. El-Seedi Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala, Sweden; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China Geetanjali Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Eoin Gillespie Department of Environmental Science, School of Science, CERIS, Centre for Environmental Research, Innovation and Sustainability, Institute of Technology Sligo, Sligo, Ireland Ivan R. Green Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa Hidayat Hussain Department