Games Based Learning Literature Review

University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/76586 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. Games Based Learning By Roy Michael Benson (BSc, PGCE, MSc) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education University of Warwick, Centre for Education Studies December 2014 Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................. 9 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. 11 DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ 12 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... 13 ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 16 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 16 1.2 MOTIVATION / RATIONALE FOR THE THESIS ............................................................. 16 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................... 17 1.4 DEFINING THE THESIS RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................ 17 1.5 THESIS HYPOTHESES ........................................................................................... 18 1.6 FINDINGS SUMMARY ............................................................................................. 19 1.7 RESEARCH INFLUENCES ....................................................................................... 20 1.8 THESIS STRUCTURE ............................................................................................. 23 1.9 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 2: GAMES BASED LEARNING LITERATURE REVIEW ................................. 26 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 26 2.2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL GAMING .......................................................... 26 2.2.1 Computer Literacy Project .......................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Edutainment ............................................................................................... 30 2.2.3 e-Learning .................................................................................................. 32 2.3 GAMES BASED LEARNING / SERIOUS GAMES........................................................... 34 2.4 WHY GAMES BASED LEARNING?............................................................................ 35 2.4.1 Repetition ................................................................................................... 35 2.4.2 Skills Development ..................................................................................... 36 2.4.3 Personalised Learning ................................................................................ 37 2.4.4 Motivation .................................................................................................. 38 2.4.4.1 Motivational Theories ......................................................................................... 42 2.4.5 21st Century Students ................................................................................ 46 2.5 WHAT IS A „GAME‟? .............................................................................................. 48 2.6 WHAT IS AN EDUCATIONAL OR „SERIOUS‟ GAME? .................................................... 49 2.7 SO WHAT IS A „GAME‟?.......................................................................................... 51 2.8 GAME GENRES .................................................................................................... 55 2.9 CRITICISM OF GAMES BASED LEARNING ................................................................. 59 2.9.1 General Criticism ........................................................................................ 59 2.9.2 Education Barriers ...................................................................................... 60 2.10 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 3: GBL IMPLEMENTATION LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................... 64 3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 64 3.2 APPROACHES TO IMPLEMENTING GAMES BASED LEARNING ...................................... 65 3.3 COMMERCIAL OFF THE SHELF (COTS) GAMES ....................................................... 66 3.3.1 COTS Game Selection ............................................................................... 69 3.3.2 Repurposing or ‗Modding‘ a COTS Game ................................................... 72 4 3.4 DEVELOPING EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE ................................................................. 73 3.5 GENERAL DESIGN METHODOLOGIES ...................................................................... 74 3.5.1 User Centred Design .................................................................................. 75 3.5.2 Instructional Design (ADDIE) ...................................................................... 77 3.6 DESIGNING GAMES............................................................................................... 79 3.7 GAMES DESIGN PRINCIPLES .................................................................................. 80 3.7.1 Narrative .................................................................................................... 80 3.7.1.1 The Hero‟s Journey ............................................................................................ 82 3.7.2 Challenge ................................................................................................... 83 3.7.3 Attractive Graphics & Sound ....................................................................... 86 3.7.4 Schell‘s ‗100 Lenses‘ .................................................................................. 87 3.8 EDUCATIONAL GAMES DESIGN .............................................................................. 89 3.8.1 General Discussion .................................................................................... 90 3.8.2 Educational Game Design (Malone and Lepper) ......................................... 92 3.8.3 Educational Games Design Principles ........................................................ 93 3.8.3.1 Gee‟s „Principles of Learning‟ ............................................................................. 96 3.8.4 Learning Theories ...................................................................................... 97 3.8.4.1 Behaviourism ..................................................................................................... 98 3.8.4.2 Cognitivism ........................................................................................................ 98 3.8.4.3 Constructivism ................................................................................................. 100 3.8.4.4 Humanism ....................................................................................................... 102 3.8.4.5 Vygotsky‟s „Social Development Theory‟ ........................................................... 103 3.8.4.6 Flow Theory ..................................................................................................... 104 3.8.5 Learning Theory Based Games Design .................................................... 105 3.8.5.1 Multiple Intelligences ........................................................................................ 107 3.8.5.2 Gagné‟s Nine Events of Instruction ................................................................... 109 3.9 EDUCATIONAL GAME IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................. 111 3.10 EDUCATIONAL GAME DEVELOPMENT TOOLS ......................................................... 112 3.11 EDUCATIONAL GAME DESIGN FRAMEWORKS ......................................................... 114 3.12 THEORETICAL EGD FRAMEWORKS ...................................................................... 115 3.12.1 Four-Dimensional (4D) Framework ........................................................... 115 3.12.2 Game Object Model ................................................................................. 117 3.13 IMPLEMENTED EGD FRAMEWORKS („PROOF OF CONCEPT‟).................................... 118 3.13.1 iSpiral Framework .................................................................................... 118 3.13.2 JaBInT (Java-based Intelligent Tutoring)..................................................

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