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Tie State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

SUMMER 1968 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183. OFFICERS 1965-68 LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Second Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Third Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Fourth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Fifth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1968

LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1969 ROY COY, St. Joseph W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry L. E. MEADOR, Springfield HENRY C THOMPSON, Bonne Terre JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1970

WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the Univer­ sity of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE Four members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the fifth member, compose the Finance Committee.

T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield, Chairman WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ELMER ELLIS, Columbia LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communi­ cations, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, corner Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical VOLUME LXII Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $25 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes NUMBER 4 no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. JULY 1968

CONTENTS

ANNOUNCEMENT OF AWARDS iv

PROHIBITION COMES TO MISSOURI, 1910-1919. By G. K. Renner 363

TWAIN'S LAST MONTHS ON THE MISSISSIPPI. By /. Stanley Mattson 398

THE BARTH FAMILY: A CASE STUDY OF PIONEER IMMIGRANT MERCHANTS.

By Harvey A. Kantor 410

THE MISSOURI PAW PAW MILITIA 1863-1864. By Howard V. Canan 431

JOSEPH LABARGE STEAMBOAT CAPTAIN. By T. S. Bowdern, S.J 449

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Professor Frederick B. Shane Gives Painting to the Society 471

Views from the Past: Ladies' Fashions of the Gay '90s 472

News in Brief 474

Local Historical Societies 476

Honors and Tributes 491

Gifts 494

Missouri History in Newspapers 500

Missouri History in Magazines 504

In Memoriam 507

BOOK NOTES 509

EDITORIAL POLICY 534

HORSE AND BUGGY DAYS 535

ROSE O'NEILL Verso Back Cover

THE COVER: This view of St. Louis in the mid-1800s was one of the excellent scenes of the Mississippi Valley produced by the American artist Henry Lewis in the 1850s. Enough interest in his work Das Illustrirte Mississippithal, which in­ cluded this lithograph of St. Louis, occasioned a second printing in 1923 by H. Schmidt and C. Gunther at Leipzig and Otto Lange at Florence. This publication was the third in their series Reprints of Rare Americana. It is from a copy of the 1923 edition that the cover illustration has been reproduced. [SSSSSKSSSSffifflSStMffiSfflllK

® m Society Announces m m m ® Annual Awards

Leo J. Rozier, president of the State Historical So­ ciety of Missouri, has announced that for the first time in its seventy-year history, the Society will confer two m awards at the Annual Meeting in September. A printed | citation and a medallion will be awarded to a member § who has given distinguished service to the Society and ® — p} to the State of Missouri in the promotion and dissemi- j| § nation of knowledge concerning the history of our region. J§ ® A second printed citation and a one-hundred-dollar cash m m ® H award will be given for the REVIEW article during the || J| calendar year which has contributed most in depth in [§ ffl a scholarly and popular sense to the history of our State. pi m ® ® ® 1 The Distinguished Member will be selected an- |j §j nually by a three-member committee appointed by the i H Society president. One member of the selection com- ® ® H mittee will serve for two years and two members for ® ® H one year. No active officers or trustees of the Society, ® jl with the exception of past presidents, may be nomi- | nated for the Distinguished Member Award. Nomina- m tions should be made in writing to Richard S. Brownlee, ® ® director of the Society, any time during the calendar ® ® | year. The prize-winning article will be selected by IE three historians appointed by the editor of the REVIEW. The selection committee will be changed each year with the exception of one member who will be replaced after two years.

iv St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 30, 1919

Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919

BY G. K. RENNER*

Prohibition was legalized in the United States on July 1, 1919. The Eighteenth Amendment became part of the Constitution on January 16, 1919, and under its provisions was slated to become effective January 16, 1920, but due to those machinations which seemed ever to characterize the movement, actual prohibition came through the enforcement of a war-time emergency act more than seven months after the war ended.1 Most of Missouri accepted its inception quietly, but in St. Louis there was considerable chagrin—and with understandable reason. St. Louis, as one of the nation's leading beer-producing cities, stood to lose far more financially than the rest of the state. As the

* A previous contributor to the REVIEW, G. K. Renner, a native of South­ west Missouri, is a member of the faculty at Missouri Southern College, Joplin. He received the M.A. in Education from the University of Missouri, Kansas City, and the M.A. in History from the University of Missouri, Columbia. He is presently a candidate for the Ph.D. degree in History at the University of Missouri. i James H. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900- 1920 (Cambridge, Mass., 1963) , 178-180.

363 364 Missouri Historical Review hour of enforcement neared, numerous farewell parties were held in St. Louis and elsewhere. But these were celebrations by the losers. The real winners, the Anti-Saloon League and other organ­ ized groups in this strange business, had celebrated their hour of triumph in January when the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified. Now they stood quietly by in nervous anticipation. Some of the celebrations were drunken "last flings," others were more in the nature of memorial toasts to a gracious manner of life that was passing, but one of the most prestigious affairs was at the Riverside Club in St. Louis. To add a note of solemn symbolism to the merriment, club members interred an effigy in a real coffin and in a genuine grave as midnight neared. The effigy consisted of a demijohn, a red wig and a suit of clothes. The coffin had footrails to sustain the imbib­ ing mourners. There were wreaths of flowers as well as a wreath of pretzels and a pair of skates on the coffin. A eulogy was pro­ nounced over the casket and as it was lowered into the ground, a quartet sang, "How Dry I Am," and "Pickle My Bones in Alcohol." Several city officials were said to have been among the 300 or more who reviewed the ceremony.2 On the last two days, saloons were crowded, but the main rush was in package liquors. Wholesalers and semi-wholesalers reported the heaviest business they had ever known. Where a week before most sales had been by the bottle, as prohibition neared, buyers were purchasing by the case and even by the barrel. Whiskey be­ came the big seller. The largest individual sale reported was $3,700. Hotels were filled even though there were no big conven­ tions in town, and porters reported that they were carrying empty suitcases to the hotel rooms.3 The St. Louis Post-Dispatch which, along with most of the business community of St. Louis had fought prohibition bitterly, made this gloomy prediction: Intolerance always has been insatiable and to imagine the dry zealots will prove a shining exception to the rule is to cherish an illusion. It requires no prophet to foresee the coming of an inquisition which shall trample over thres­ holds once held impassable and sleuth and snoop into sanctuaries which law, custom and decency had declared

2 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 29, 1919. 3 Ibid., June 30, 1919. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 365

inviolable. The destruction of one right always involves the destruction of others.4 Most of the rural areas in Missouri could accept prohibition quietly because they already had it. Since 1887 a local liquor option law had allowed towns of 2,500 population and the people of counties outside of such corporate towns to decide the liquor issue by local referendum. As a result, by 1917, ninety-six of Missouri's 114 counties (aside from St. Louis which is legally a county in itself) were dry. Significantly, however, this law, which allowed towns of over 2,500 to vote separately from the rest of their respective counties, resulted in sixteen wet cities existing in dry counties. These included Missouri's largest towns and cities aside from St. Louis: Kansas City, St. Joseph, Springfield, and Joplin. Four of these wet towns were in the one dry county of Jasper. Jasper County was an important mining center early in this century, and apparently the miners who lived in Joplin, Carthage, Webb City, and Carterville objected to being deprived of this means of relaxation.5 From 1910 to 1919 is a particularly appropriate period for studying prohibition sentiment in Missouri, not only because it culminated in the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, but also because four statewide referendums were held on the issue during these years. Votes were held in the regular elections of 1910, 1914, 1916, and 1918. Three of the referendums were directly on the question of adopting statewide prohibition, the fourth one, in 1914, was aimed at taking away from municipalities of over 2,500 people the right to decide the liquor option issue independently of their respective counties. It was, of course, aimed specifically at those sixteen wet towns existing in dry counties. Because it took on overtones of the rural-urban struggle for political power, it is not so useful for studying prohibition sentiment. It was decisively defeated as were the other three.6 Prohibition can be thought of as one of the major movements of the Progressive Era in American history. In this respect, three of these referendums in Missouri were not only manifestations of Progressivism, but results of it. Among the more popular reforms of this era were the devices of direct democracy by which Missouri adopted the initiative and referendum in 1908. One of the first

4 Ibid., June 25, 1919. 5 Eugene Morrow Violette, History of Missouri (New York, 1918), 463. 6 Ibid., 465; Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1919-1920 (Jefferson City, Mo.), 424-429. 366 Missouri Historical Review two issues put on the ballot by initiative petition was the prohibi­ tion referendum of 1910. Various prohibition forces did the same thing in 1916, but the 1918 referendum was referred to the voters by joint resolution of the General Assembly. The 1914 vote on local county option was also one of the original uses of the referen­ dum in Missouri. In 1913 the General Assembly passed a law denying cities the right to decide the liquor question independently of their counties. Alarmed groups were successful in presenting a petition to the Secretary of State with sufficient signatures to compel the issue to be submitted to the voters; they were then able to defeat it.7 In any assessment of prohibition sentiment in Missouri, major consideration must be given to the economic interests and particu­ larly to the brewing industry that centered in St. Louis. Nationally, Missouri ranked seventh among the states in the production of beer, but within the state it was a giant industry.8 Census figures show that in 1909, brewing ranked fifth among all the industries of the state in terms of the value of the products it turned out. This amounted to $27,447,000. More significantly it ranked second among the state's industries in terms of the value added by its manufacturing operations. This amounted to $19,879,000. St. Louis, at this time, was by far the largest industrial center of Missouri. Employed there were 87,370 wage earners and 4,823 of these were employed directly by the brewing industry.9 These figures, however, fail to show the true scope of the brewing in­ dustry's influence on the St. Louis economy. There were many related industries either completely or partially dependent on brewing. Propaganda put out by the brewing interests in the 1910 and 1916 referendum campaigns reported that there were 45,000 workmen in St. Louis at least partially dependent on brewing. These sources stated that $80,000,000 was invested in brewing and related industries; in 1916 this figure was raised to $140,000,000. They also claimed that the alcoholic beverage industries of Mis­ souri consumed twenty percent of the corn produced in the state.10

7 Robert F. Karsch, The Government of Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1966) , 100-103. 8 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 103. 9 Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census; Thirteenth Census of the United States, "Manufacturers, Reports by States, with Statistics for Principal Cities," IX, 1909 (Washington, D. C, 1912) , 637-643. 10 Why State-Wide Prohibition Would Mean Missouri-Wide Stagnation (Citizens Defense Committee, c.1910), 4-7; What Prohibition Would Mean for St. Louis and Missouri (Citizens Defense Committee, 1916) , 4. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 367

These figures may be somewhat inflated, but at least the economic interests involved were quite large. Census figures also show that 5,373 of the 6,348 wage earners and salaried workers employed in brewing in Missouri were employed by the ten St. Louis breweries. Most of the remaining 975 workers were employed by the three breweries in Kansas City and the three in St. Joseph.11 The census further shows that only thirty-four were employed in the liquor distillery industry in Missouri, and that it turned out a product valued at $613,000 yearly.12 So this branch of the alcoholic beverage industry was insignificant economically compared with brewing and would have had practically no effect on the prohibition move­ ment by itself. This enormous brewing industry in St. Louis, and its related economic interests, must have seemed like the most monstrous of all evils to the temperance forces, and, indeed, they were never able to break it in a direct confrontation at the polls, but in propa­ gandizing its own cause the industry proved particularly inept when compared with the smooth efficiency of the prohibitionists. The liquor interests had long been tied together in national organizations, but in the last decade of the prohibition movement there were three main organizations: the United States Brewers' Association, the National Wholesale Liquor Dealers Association, and the National Retail Liquor Dealers Association. Of these three, the Brewers' Association was the richest and most power­ ful, a fact that was particularly true in Missouri. There were also various sub-organizations of businessmen who acted as a front for the brewers because they had an economic stake in their activities. In addition the brewers had trade union liberty leagues, and the National German-American Alliance which proved a real liability when anti-German sentiment developed during World War I. The brewers also joined forces with the two liquor organi­ zations to create personal liberty leagues in many states.13 How­ ever, this was an uneasy alliance because the brewers and Cali­ fornia wine interests stood ready to sacrifice the hard liquor industry if they could have obtained a compromise on prohibition outlawing only the distilled spirits and leaving beer and wine legal. But the wine industry had little in common with the brewers be­ cause of the institution of the saloon. Wine was almost wholly

iiCensus, "Manufacturers," 1909, 656-665. No separate breakdown was given for Kansas City and St. Louis. 12 Ibid., 637. 13 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 106-108. 368 Missouri Historical Review home-consumed14 while the saloons were the mainstay of the beer industry which owned about seventy percent of them.15 To many prohibitionists the saloon was the greatest villain of them all; a corrupting influence on the lives of workingmen and a source of political corruption because many of the big-city political ma­ chines had used saloons as local organizational units. Many of the Progressive-oriented middle class believed this was a sufficient cause for action whether they regarded drinking as a moral wrong or not. The Brewers' Association was quite active in Missouri. As early as 1881, the St. Louis Brewers' Association circulated a pam­ phlet against prohibition.16 During the campaigns for the three ref­ erendums of 1910, 1916, and 1918, they were a powerful force often operating behind the scene. In September 1910, the Anti-Prohi­ bition League of Missouri met in Kansas City. The Kansas City Star reported that many of the forty-five delegates were saloon owners and brewery representatives, and that they had locals in practically every town in the state.17 The Citizens Defense Com­ mittee was circulating pamphlets in the 1910 and 1916 campaigns.18 In the 1916 campaign, The Word and Way and Central Baptist acknowledged the receipt of campaign literature from the Brew­ eries and Brewing Agents of Kansas City asking for their coopera­ tion and moral influence in regulating the liquor traffic.19 Just prior to the 1910 election, The Kansas City Star commented that various wet committees were buying up space in country news­ papers to such an extent that it gave some of them the appearance of a wet sentiment. They also contended that the editors, fearful of local drys, were often charging three to five times their regular rates.20 Nationally this practice of buying newspaper in­ fluence, while not illegal, eventually brought the liquor interests bad publicity tied in with charges of pro-German propaganda during World War I.21 Closely related to the liquor interests in their attitude to­ ward prohibition, if not in their overall outlook, were the labor

14 Gilman M. Ostrander, The Prohibition Movement in California, 1848- 1933 (Berkeley, Calif., 1957), 99. is Andrew Sinclair, Prohibition; The Era of Excess (Boston, 1962), 76. 16 Prohibition in Missouri (St. Louis Brewers' Association, 1881). 17 Kansas City Star, September 17, 1910. 18 Why State-Wide Prohibition, 1-8; What Prohibition Would Mean, 1-8. 19 "The Enemy Getting Busy," Word and Way and Central Baptist, LIII (October 19, 1916), 2. 20 Kansas City Star, November 6, 1910. 21 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 108. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 369 unions. The Brewery Workmen was perhaps the first large union to organize a single industry one hundred percent. They were always closely related to the brewers as is evidenced by the trade union liberty leagues which had joint management-union support. By 1910, the Brewery Workmen occupied a unique position in the American Federation of Labor; it was an industrial union in an organization largely set up on craft lines.22 Up to 1909 the American Federation of Labor, except for the Brewery Workmen and the Wood Workers, worked for tem­ perance; but as the fury of the prohibition campaign mounted after 1910, they withdrew more and more from the field and never endorsed prohibition. Most members saw it as a scheme that would deprive many of their fellow unionists of jobs and, perhaps more importantly, they saw it as a hypocritical attempt by management to control their personal habits in order to extract more work from them.23 As early as 1916, Joseph Proebstle, Secretary of the Brewers and Makers Local No. 6 in St. Louis, warned members that prohi­ bition was the greatest danger to the brewery workers. Speaking in German at their thirtieth anniversary convention, he called prohibi­ tion a movement "guided by fanaticism" and criticized the brew­ ery proprietors for not doing all that they could to combat the movement.24 In 1915 the Missouri State Federation of Labor Convention, held in Moberly, organized the Trades Union Liberty League for the purpose of combating local option and the state and national prohibition movements. Apparently wanting to sever all connec­ tions with the liquor interests, Proebstle, speaking for the United Brewery Workers at this convention, said: This must be a clean, working-class movement, for the protection of our working class interests, and not one penny shall be accepted from the employers and liquor interests to carry on the work of the Missouri Trade Union Liberty League.25 Faced with the referendums of those years, the Missouri State Federation of Labor Conferences of 1916 and 1918 passed

22 Stanley Baron, Brewed in America; A History of Beer and Ale in the United States (Boston, 1962), 284. 23 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 89-92. 24 St. Louis Labor, April 1, 1916. 25 ibid., October 2, 1915. 370 Missouri Historical Review

Kansas City Star, November 6, 1910 An artist's sketch of some of the banner carriers in the Kansas City Prohibition Parade. resolutions against prohibition and all members were requested to work and vote against the amendments. In the 1916 conference, support was also solicited from the 20,000 agricultural workers whom they estimated were dependent on the brewing industry.2^ That same year, with similar purposes in mind, the Workingman's Liberty League of St. Louis was organized.27 With the beginning of prohibition just weeks away, the Central Trades and Labor Union of St. Louis held a mass meeting at the Coliseum on Sunday, March 30, 1919, to arouse public sentiment. Between eight and ten thousand were present, and charges were made that it was folly to think that a man could be made temperate by law. The union resolved to send copies of protest to the

26 Ibid.; and ibid., September 21, 1918. 27 Mary Jane Quinn, "Local Union No. 6, Brewing, Malting and General Labor Departments, St. Louis, Missouri" (M.A. Thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1947) , taken from St. Louis Labor, August 12, 1916. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 371

President, Congress, the Governor, and the Missouri General Assembly.28 All these activities show that the American Federation of Labor craft unions were very vocal in their opposition to prohibition. However only about ten percent of the wage earners were organ­ ized at this time, but studies indicate that the remaining percentage were of a kindred spirit and were far from being enthusiastic about prohibition. Prohibition found its staunchest supporters among the urban middle classes and the farmers.29 The economic considerations manifest in the opposition of business and labor groups to prohibition were important, and likely most decisive with all those who opposed it, but prohibition, like any other broad social movement, was complex and there were many forces at work. One that cannot be neglected in any overall view is the racial factor. It is generally conceded that prohibition found its main current of strength among the "old stock" Americans and particularly those of an evangelical Protestant, Anglo-Saxon background.30 Looked at from this standpoint, Missouri was pri­ marily an "old stock" state, but with highly significant exceptions. The 1910 census shows that twenty-three percent of Missouri's population were first or second generation immigrants—that is, either born in a foreign country or with one or both parents born there. Of this foreign element, fifty-three percent were Germans or Austrians; groups that tended to identify either with the brew­ ing industry or to accept the temperate drinking of mild intoxicants as part of their customary way of life. Another sixteen percent of this foreign element was made up of Irish and Italians. They too brought with them firmly established customs of moderate drink­ ing.31 This is very evident in the eighteen wet counties that had not adopted local prohibition by 1917. Census figures reveal that a majority of these counties had heavy concentrations of first and second generation Austrians and Germans, averaging about thirty percent of the total population and ranging up to nearly fifty percent in some counties near St. Louis.32 A similar pattern existed in Missouri's largest city, St. Louis,

28 St. Louis Labor, April 5, 1919. 29 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 98-99. 30 Sinclair, Prohibition, 64-65; Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 2. 31 Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census; Thirteenth Census of the United States, "Abstract of the Census with Supplement for Mis­ souri," 1909 (Washington, D. C, 1913), 599. 32 ibid., 604-625. 372 Missouri Historical Review and to a lesser extent in Kansas City. St. Louis' enormous popula­ tion, for that era, of 687,029 included 54.2 percent first and second generation foreigners; of this foreign element, forty-two percent were from Germany or Austria and fourteen percent were of Irish or Italian extraction. Kansas City was more nearly representative of the statewide average: 28.6 percent of its population included first or second generation foreigners and only twenty-one percent of this foreign element were of German or Austrian ancestory while eighteen percent were Irish and Italian.33 But Kansas City was never such a stronghold of anti-prohibition sentiment as St. Louis. These figures reveal a predominately native population for the State except for the St. Louis area where there was an espe­ cially heavy concentration of German peoples in the city opposed to prohibition and in a string of wet counties that ranged up the Missouri River from St. Louis and southward down the Mississippi. Nor was this fact lost on the prohibitionists of that time. When William Jennings Bryan delivered a prohibition address before the Missouri General Assembly in 1917, the preponderantly dry legislature resolved to have 7,500 copies of the speech printed for circulation; 2,500 of these being in the German language.34 Of course, the census figures are rather arbitrary and there may have been many so called "natives" in these areas who still identified strongly with the customs and ideals of the immigrant group. Closely related to the racial factor was the matter of religion. Prohibition was an old movement that had been traditionally allied with the churches and its real roots lay in the evangelical Protestant movement of the nineteenth century. While supported by the majority of Protestant churches, prohibition had its greatest strength among the Baptists and the Methodists.35 The Protestant Episcopal and most Lutheran groups along with the Roman Catho­ lic Church generally opposed prohibition. These churches, though they had their evangelical wings, tended to place more emphasis on liturgy, confession, creed, and sacraments, rather than trau­ matic conversion as a means of salvation. "They tended to frown upon revivalism and were far more lenient and forgiving in matters of private morality, such as drinking."36

33 Ibid., 592-595. 34 William Jennings Bryan, Address of the Honorable William Jennings Bryan to the Forty-Ninth General Assembly of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City, Mo., 1917), 3. 35 Sinclair, Prohibition, 23-24. 36 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 5. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 373

The evangelical Protestants, aspiring as they did to the middle- class ideals of material well-being and individual self-reliance, tended to see intemperance, not only as a moral wrong, but also of importance to the church in everyday life. Intemperance might destroy the well-being of the individual and prevent him from achieving success; it could lower his efficiency and might also make him a social burden. Then too the evangelical Protestants saw intemperance as a threat to political liberty. "Democracy de­ manded an enlightened and virtuous electorate."37 To them this required a Christian electorate of their own standards of ethics. Thus they felt they had a stake in being their "brothers' keepers" and imposing social sanctions to regulate individual standards of morality. Imbued with the reform zeal of the Progressive era, some middle-class evangelical Protestants felt that the only satisfactory solution to the social problems of that day lay in a new wave of Christian revivalism, and to them temperance reform was a neces­ sary perquisite of this revivalism.38 Various religious and affiliated organizations in Missouri re­ flected these attitudes in their writings from 1910 to 1919. A clear example of the evangelical Protestant viewpoint is provided by the Baptist organ, The Word and Way and Central Baptist. It was strongly prohibitionist during the referendum campaigns of this pe­ riod and was especially vocal during the 1916 campaign. On Octo­ ber 19, 1916, they editorialized: "It is our deliberate judgement that the only sane and safe way to regulate the liquor traffic is to regulate it out of existence." An October 26, 1916, editorial entitled, "Moral Questions," implied that any man who looked at the liquor ques­ tion from the standpoint of economic bad effects was neglecting his moral responsibilities. As the election neared, they appealed, on the front cover of the November 2, 1916, issue, to the electorate to "vote as you pray," and on the editorial page they congratulated the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and The Anti-Saloon League for "their persistent and continuous efforts to drive the liquor traffic from our state." For several weeks before the election, The Word and Way ran a special column for letters from the readers entitled: "Shall We Make Missouri Dry?" No letters un­ favorable to prohibition ever appeared in this column nor did they ever publish anti-prohibition advertisements. After the election was over they lamented, in a November 16, 1916, editorial, that not all

37 Ibid., 40. 38 Ibid., 17. 374 Missouri Historical Review

Baptists had voted dry. In another editorial, "Gaining Ground," they considered the special problem of St. Louis. "St. Louis," the editorial charged, "constitutes Missouri's menace." The article then declared that the big brewery interests had such a hold on the city that the only solution was to garner enough out-state votes in Missouri to overcome the city vote. In a statement doubtless intended as a hyperbole they concluded by calling St. Louis, ". . . that beer-soaked and brewery ridden city."39 However, Catholics took a more equivocal stand during this period of time. Their position was best summarized by the Rev­ erend Father J. J. Curran speaking before the 1915 convention of the Anti-Saloon League. He remarked that the vast majority of Catholics held aloof from the Anti-Saloon League and only a small proportion would support prohibition. These two groups, he termed the conservatives and the radicals. He also asserted that the Anti-Saloon League was no more a Protestant organization than the labor unions or the Republican and Democratic parties.40 Father Curran, obviously of the radical camp, was also a member of the Catholic Prohibition League of America. In the referendum campaigns of 1910, 1916, and 1918, The Catholic Register of Kansas City consistently reflected the con­ servative viewpoint. Though not active editorially before the ref­ erendum of 1910, its editor, The Right Reverend Bishop Thomas F. Lillis, commented afterward that even though he had abstained totally for a quarter of a century and he had taught total abstinance by advice and example, he could not bring himself to support prohibition. It was not, he said, a real cure for the evil.41 During the 1916 referendum, the Register continued its opposition. Making a stand on the practicality of the issue, it editorialized: Eliminating the moral questions involved, the one un­ answerable question against Prohibition in large cities is that it does not prohibit. It has been tried and found want­ ing. . . . The futile attempt to promote temperance by statute is an old story. It never has accomplished its pur­ pose and it never will.42

39 Word and Way and Central Baptist, LIII (October 12, 1916), 2; (October 26, 1916), 2; (November 2, 1916) , 1, 8; (November 16, 1916), 2. 40 Reverend Father J. J. Curran, "Temperance Progress Among Catholics," in Proceedings of the Sixteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, Atlantic City, New Jersey, July 6-9, 1915 (Westerville, Ohio) , 130- 133. 41 Kansas City Catholic Register, November 11, 1910. 42 ibid., October 26, 1916. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 375

After the 1916 election, the Register published the strongest and most lucid statement of its position on the issue. In an arti­ cle entitled, "Catholics and the Prohibition Movement," by "Omen," the author stated that he was worried because prohibition seemed to be gaining ground among Catholics. He then charged that prohibition is a Protestant movement. It is, he continued, born of the excessive rationality which has robbed Protestantism of its emotional content. It has never been able to reconcile the rights of both reason and the heart therefore it alternately gives license to one or the other. He then accused the Methodist Church of playing politics. He summed up his argument with this statement: . . . we Catholics cannot afford to lend a hand in trans­ planting private morality from the rich soil of moral sua­ sion to the arid wastes of the police club. And instead of assisting in unwarranted interference of religion in state matters, it would prove to our advantage to catch the boomerang which Protestants are making for them­ selves. . . .43 Like the Word and Way, the Register was relatively quiet about the 1918 referendum possibly because of the influenza epi­ demic that coincided with the election. However it did oppose the amendment. During the period of these three referendums, the Register published only advertisements opposed to the amend­ ments. Another important religious group opposed to prohibition was the Jews. This opposition appears to have been fairly consistent. In 1914, the Central Conference of American Rabbis denounced prohibition as a movement "born of fanaticism."44 The St. Louis journal, The Jewish Voice, demonstrated a consistently anti-prohi­ bitionist tone during the referendum campaigns of 1910, 1916, and 1918. Quiet editorially on all political matters, the Voice commented only once during all these campaigns. On November 4, 1910, there appeared a short "Editorial Note" stating simply: "Every Jew is opposed to 'State-wide Prohibition.'"45 Several advertise­ ments appeared on these referendums, but all were in opposition. Apparently the editorial policy was opposed to accepting material favorable to the cause. Another possible insight into what bearing the religious de-

±3 Ibid., November 16, 1916. 44 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 32. 45 St. Louis Jewish Voice, November 4, 1910. See also the issues for Oc­ tober 26 and November 3, 1916, October 25 and November 1, 1918. 376 Missouri Historical Review

nominations would have on the prohibition issue in Missouri are the census figures. The 1916 religious census shows that of those religious groups most likely to support prohibition, the percentage of total church membership held by each was:

Roman Catholic 32.5 % Jewish 6.2 Lutheran 3.3 Episcopalian 1.0 All the other religious groups, totaling fifty-seven percent of the total church membership, were largely Protestant and could be expected to give considerable support to prohibition.46 However the religious composition was noticeably less favorable to prohibi­ tion in the wet counties and the big cities. The eighteen wet counties showed heavy concentrations of Catholics and Lutherans; in a majority of these counties forty to fifty percent and around St. Louis even higher.47 In St. Louis and Kansas City, the concentra­ tions were also heavy as is shown in the following table:

Kansas City St. Louis Roman Catholic 31.1% 71.8% Episcopalians 2.2 1.7 Lutheran (less than 1 %) 4.1 Jewish 3.6 1.0 Total 36.9% 78.6%48 These figures indicate that Missouri's two large cities, and especially St. Louis, would be more anti-prohibitionist than the countryside, as indeed they were. Church memberships in Mis­ souri's second-rank cities, St. Joseph, Springfield, and Joplin, were more closely in line with the statewide average.49 However, these census figures can be quite misleading as a barometer of prohibition sentiment. Figures for the Roman Catho­ lic Church include all those born and baptized into the church even though as adults they had not maintained active member­ ship while a number of Protestant churches follow a tighter sys­ tem in maintaining church membership rolls. This is best evi­ denced where St. Louis, with a heavy Roman Catholic population, showed a church membership of almost sixty percent of the total population while Kansas City, with a much smaller Roman Catho­ lic membership was near the statewide average of forty percent.50 With sixty percent of the population not belonging to any church,

46 Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Religious Bodies, 1916; Summary and General Tables" (Washington, D. C, 1919) , 109. 47 ibid., 500. 48 ibid., 123-127. 49 ibid., 280. 50 ibid., 123-127. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 377 religious affiliation can at best be only an approximate guide to prohibition sentiment. Very likely, many of the non-church mem­ bers nominally thought of themselves as Protestants, but not all Protestants favored prohibition and it is even more likely that the non-member would be less militant than an active church regular. When the prohibitionist activities of the Protestant churches passed beyond the point of moral suasion, independent but affili­ ated organizations became necessary because the church as a spiritual body could not enter into politics and propaganda cam­ paigns. From 1910 to 1919, the most active of these groups were the Anti-Saloon League and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. The Anti-Saloon League was founded in 1893 and organized on a national basis in 1895.51 As the name implied, its original aim was suppression of the saloon, but after Congress passed the Webb-Kenyon Act in 1913 enabling a dry state to block individuals from bringing in liquors from out of the state even for private use, the League shifted to what seemed to them an even more desir­ able goal: absolute prohibition. First they supported this on a statewide basis but from 1917 on, they worked for a national prohibition amendment.52 The League became the archetype of the modern political pressure group. It utilized a staff of paid professionals who gave full time to political agitation and mass propaganda and it concentrated on the liquor question to the exclusion of all others. Though many of the League leaders were Republicans, the "dryness" of the candidate was the principal criterion, and the members would support candidates from either party.53 The League's chief strength lay in its ability to work through the local churches. It was charged with being a Protestant organization and indeed its major strength lay in the Methodist and Baptist churches54 with many of its leaders being Methodists, but the League claimed to be non-denominational and a Catholic priest regularly served as one of its vice presidents.55 Many refer­ ences can be found to the work of the League in Missouri during the referendum campaigns of 1910, 1916, and 1918. In 1912 it was busy setting up a statewide organization on a county and

51 Baron, Brewed in America, 289. 52 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 147. 53 Sinclair, Prohibition, 85-88. 54 Baron, Brewed in America, 290. 55 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 31. 378 Missouri Historical Review Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 379

McClure's Magazine, May, 1919 380 Missouri Historical Review township basis, using local ministers as its representatives.56 From that time on, if not before, the League was perhaps the principal directing force in the prohibition campaigns. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (W.C.T.U.), founded in 1873, was an older organization than the Anti-Saloon League. Its founding marked the organized entrance of women into the temperance movement and it was also active in other wom­ en's causes, such as the suffrage movement. Like the League it supported those candidates who were dry regardless of party affiliation and in many ways was the women's counterpart of the League.57 In the early years, the W. C. T. U. was very active in working up petitions to force a vote on local option in the towns and counties.58 Doubtless they were a prime factor in getting many of these rural towns and counties declared dry. In the referendum campaigns of 1910, 1916, and 1918, the W. C. T. U. was very active in organizing parades and working with local church groups. At their 1916 state convention held at Moberly, this organization could boast that it had succeeded in nominating a dry majority for both houses of the General Assembly in the primary of that year. For all their sentimentality about the effects of liquor on the individual and the home, W. C. T. U. members were sharp political realists. For example, they opposed circulating the initiative petition that put the statewide prohibition question on the ballot in 1916 because they felt it would be de­ feated, but once it was on the ballot, they vigorously campaigned for their cause.59 To further their objective of promoting prohibition on all fronts, the 1916 W. C. T. U. convention resolved to send a request to Mrs. Woodrow Wilson— . . . begging her to abolish alcoholic liquors from her table, reminding her that, as her noble husband, our President, has used his influence to protect our land from enemies without, so she will use hers to help protect us from our worst enemy within, alcoholic liquors.60 In 1910 the W. C. T. U. cooperated with other temperance

56 Columbia University Missourian, April 19, 1912. 57 Ernest H. Cherrington, The Evolution of Prohibition in the United States of America (Westerville, Ohio, 1920), 170-172. 58 Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Convention of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Missouri (1910) , 35. ^Proceedings, Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U. (Mexico, Mo., 1916) , 46-47. 60 ibid., 37. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 381

groups in forming the Amendment Association, a statewide organ­ ization to promote the referendum amendment campaign, but dur­ ing the 1918 campaign they were much better organized. The statewide Citizen's Dry Alliance was set up that year on a county basis under the overall direction of the Anti-Saloon League with the W. C. T. U. directing the Women's Branch.61 It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the League's and the W. C. T. U.'s activities in the prohibition movement in Missouri. With all their local chapters and their connections with the churches, they were effective on both the organizational and the personal level. Perhaps it was on the latter level that they were most successful. Through the haze of the intervening years we can only get a glimpse of the thousands of talks given before small church congregations; of the temperance messages instilled into Sunday school lessons week after week and year after year; and the excitement of women, sensing for the first time their ability to turn a moral cause into political power, as they influenced their husbands and fathers and brothers to vote for the cause. The referendum campaigns of 1910, 1916, and 1918 for a statewide prohibition amendment were hotly contested between the wet and dry forces. Since most of the countryside was already dry, and could be presumed safe for the cause, these campaigns focused on the cities where increasingly the population was being concentrated. Missouri's five largest cities at this time and their populations were:

St. Louis 687,029 Kansas City 248,381 St. Joseph 77,403 Springfield 35,201 Joplin 32,07362 Though the campaign was by no means limited to these cities, it is possible to get an overall view of the forces at work through an examination of the contests in these municipalities. Some men­ tion has already been made of St. Louis and the special position it occupied in the prohibition struggle because of its size and its brewing interests. Approximately fifty-seven percent of all wage earners in the State of Missouri were employed in St. Louis and over eighty percent of the brewing was carried on there.63 The

61 Proceedings, Twenty-Eighth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U., 38; Proceed­ ings, Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U. (Mexico, Mo., 1918) , 52. 62 Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census; Thirteenth Census of the United States, "Abstract of the Census, 1910" (Washington, D. C, 1913), 568. 63 Census, "Manufacturers," 1909, 643. 382 Missouri Historical Review

powerful Workmen's Liberty League systematically listed all candidates supported by the Anti- Saloon League and urged workers to vote against them.64 The Citizens Defense Committee was backed by banking, mercantile and manufac­ turing interests of the city other than the direct brewing interests. It put out anti-prohibition literature, backed newspaper advertising and other related propaganda media.65 In addition there was the press, like the influential Post-Dispatch which followed a consistently wet editorial policy. In the 1910 campaign, as well as the other two, support for the pro­ hibition amendment centered around the churches, with the Anti- Kansas City Times, Saloon League and the Woman's March 10, 1934 Christian Temperance Union fur­ R. A. Long nishing speakers at various temper­ ance rallys held in the churches. There was also some advertising, but the highlight of the campaign ordinarily was a parade held on the Saturday before election day and sponsored by the local W. C. T. U. The most dramatic parade of the 1910 campaign was in Kan­ sas City. It consisted mainly of some 3,000 to 10,000 women and children forming a line several miles long. Beer wagons forced their way into the line of marchers to break up the parade while the police made little effort to intervene. The marchers sang, "Glory, Glory Hallelujah, Missouri's Going Dry," while hecklers in the half-hostile crowd of onlookers sang, "How Dry I Am."66 Acting as grand marshall was R. A. Long, a local millionaire lumberman, who rode at the head of the parade on a white horse and wore

64 st. Louis Labor, August 12, 1916. 65 What Prohibition Would Mean, 1-3. 66 Kansas City Star, November 6, 1910. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 383 a flowing white silken sash given to him by the W. C. T. U. of Kansas City.67 Most of the opposition to the 1910 amendment appeared in editorials and especially advertisements, mainly concentrating on economic arguments. The charge that a forty-five percent increase in property taxes would occur if the tax revenues from liquors should be abolished was probably the most prominent. Other argu­ ments suggested that prohibition would wipe out jobs, destroy valu­ able property, and interfere with the rights of individuals. The arguments were best summed up by an editorial in the Springfield Daily Leader which said: If liquor is to continue to be sold—and everybody knows that it will be—is it good business sense to wipe out $140,000,000 worth of property at one blow and deprive the state treasury of one of its greatest sources of revenue, merely to satisfy the fancy of a lot of well-meaning but im­ practical idealists? Think it over. Charging that the average prohibition orator confined himself en­ tirely to the sentimental phase of his theme, the Leader then con­ tinued: Don't you think, brother, that Missouri better let well enough alone? Don't you think we are getting along pretty well under the present local option system?68 Though the Leader covered the news of local temperance meet­ ings and published advertisements for and against the amendment, its editorials and a series of feature articles gave a completely wet bias to the paper, thus lending some credence to the Kansas City Stars charge that anti-prohibition groups were buying influence in country newspapers.69 Another leading southern Missouri newspaper, the Joplin Daily Globe remained editorially neutral during this campaign. Though the Globe covered the news of local temperance meetings, it did no more than mention the nature of the amendment edi­ torially. There was a small half-page advertisement by the Mis­ souri Anti-Prohibition Association and some small, unsigned ad­ vertisements by temperance groups, but the Globe demonstrated nothing like the agitation over the issue that the Leader did.70 The Kansas City Star also carried a few advertisements, but

67 St. Joseph News-Press, November 5, 1910. 68 Springfield Daily Leader, October 31, 1910. 69 Kansas City Star, November 6, 1910. 70 Joplin Daily Globe, see issues for November 3-8, 1910. 384 Missouri Historical Review

remained neutral editorially. However the tone of the many news articles on the controversy was generally sympathetic to the tem­ perance forces. The St. Joseph News-Press for this period indicates consid­ erable activity over the issue in that city. The Citizens' Protective Committee backed by various business and real estate men spon­ sored a series of anti-prohibition advertisements that the local Tenth Amendment Club favored. Forty-eight automobiles were rented by the Retail Liquor Dealers Association to transport people to the polls; the requisitioning of such a large number of vehicles was an accomplishment in itself.71 The Press editorially opposed the amendment though it did not overly stress the issue.72 The anti-prohibition forces won a resounding victory in 1910, defeating the amendment more than two to one, but six years later when the voters were faced with another referendum on the same issue, the wet forces were considerably muted. This period saw a remarkable growth in prohibition sentiment, and it was especially evident in the attitude of the business community. The old economic arguments of increased taxes and loss of prop­ erty values no longer seemed so relevant. Mrs. Deborah Livingston, speaking for the National W. C. T. U. at this time, saw the most encouraging developments in prohibition sentiment as stemming from the growing vote of women (not yet granted in Missouri) and the changing attitude of businessmen who were beginning to see total abstinence as a way to greater efficiency.73 But there was more to the changing attitude of businessmen than the effi­ ciency concept. Many were receptive to the view that if the con­ sumer did not spent his money on intoxicating beverages, he would spend it on other products and that increased sales in these areas would offset economic and tax losses incurred from destruction of the liquor trade. The Springfield Daily Leader, so vociferous in 1910, now re­ mained editorially silent.74 A few advertisements appeared for and against the issue, but it is clear no great amount of money or effort was going into this media. The same was true for the Joplin Daily Globe, the Kansas City Star, and the St. Joseph News- Press, though in the case of the latter there was still considerable

71 St. Joseph News-Press, see issues November 2-8, 1910. 72 ibid., November 7, 1910. 73 Springfield Daily Leader, November 6, 1916. I^lbid., see issues November 1-7, 1916. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 385 advertising. However, this time, St. Joseph businessmen, who were so vocal against the amendment in 1910, had formed the Business. Men's Prosperity League which ran advertisements favorable to prohibition.75 Nevertheless all was not so quiet; the anti-prohibition forces may have lost their initiative, but in the temperance camp there was feverish activity. It was just that the kind of campaign the prohibitionists were conducting did not require extensive use of advertisements. The newspapers contain innumerable references to temperance meetings in the churches and public places as well as parades. A major effort was being made to win over the urban voter and Kansas City appears to have been the focal point of the drive. A highlight of this campaign was the appearance of Billy Sun­ day, the famous evangelist, at a gigantic prohibition rally in May, 1916. Forty thousand men pledged themselves at this gathering to work for prohibition.76 Just before the election, on Sunday, Novem­ ber 5, 1916, another huge public rally was held at Convention Hall. A full-page advertisement in the Kansas City Star for that day urged everyone to attend and to bring his Billy Sunday song book.77 The Men's Bible Class Movement that morning had passed out more pledge cards and urged voters to honor their Billy Sunday pledges.78 Another massive W. C. T. U. parade was held in downtown Kansas City on the Saturday before the election. Every Sunday school in town had its students in the line. One group of children chanted as they marched: We can't vote, Neither can Ma, If Missouri goes wet, Shame on Pa. All business came to a standstill during the parade; the crowds were enthusiastic; the police were cooperative; and this time the brewery wagons did not dare intervene. So long was the parade that after one and one-half hours the police finally broke it to let traffic through.79

75 Joplin Daily Globe, Kansas City Star and St. Joseph News-Press, see issues November 1-7, 1916. 76 Proceedings, Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U., 50. 77 See page 9c for the advertisement. 78 Kansas City Star, November 11, 1916. 79 Ibid., November 6, 1916. 386 Missouri Historical Review

But Missouri did vote wet once again, though at a reduced majority; however the issue was before the voters again at the next election, so powerful had the prohibition sentiment become. A noticeably different contest occurred in 1918. The country was at war and the influenza epidemic coincided with the election cam­ paign period. In many places all public meetings were forbidden by the health authorities. Therefore the referendum campaign was largely conducted by advertisements. This time the opposing forces were well organized and apparently well supplied with money. Temperance forces united under the banner of the Anti-Saloon League's "Citizens' Dry Alliance," which sponsored a series of full-page advertisements in newspapers. The liquor forces in Springfield had their, "Citizens Committee," headed by T. H. Glancy, which also sponsored extensive newspaper advertising; but it was an unequal contest. The liquor group could only air the same old arguments with a little more emphasis on the need to preserve personal liberties and the danger of a Federal enforce­ ment army that, with nationwide prohibition, might invade the privacy of the home.80 On the other hand, the Citizens' Dry Alliance capitalized on the emotional issue of the war and the German background of the major brewing interests. This is exemplified by a full-page ad­ vertisement in the Springfield Daily Leader. The advertisement was headlined: The Kaiser Must Go! The Saloon Must Go! It charged that the saloons had wasted more foodstuff than German submarines had sunk as well as tying up transportation and making workers and soldiers inefficient and incompetent. It further charged that the saloon had been the chief agency in pro­ moting German propaganda in America. The advertisement con­ cluded: A dry vote is a vote against the Kaiser— A dry vote is a vote for Democracy— A dry vote is a vote for health, home and happiness; for prosperity, efficiency and order.81 The anti-prohibition forces seemed splintered by this propaganda

so Springfield Daily Leader, November 4, 1918. 81 See the November 3, 1918, issue. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 387 barrage of wartime hysteria, but it did not prove to be so at the polls for once again they triumphed. However there was another way to defeat them as the prohibitionists knew. The vote on all these amendments is very revealing as a barometer of the changing prohibition sentiment among Missouri voters: Jasper Greene Buchanan Jackson Prohibition County County County County Referendum {Joplin) (Spgfd.) (St. Jos.) (K. C.) St. Louis Statewide 1910: Yes 7,067 3,700 4,159 16,822 8,247 207,281 No 6,058 4,299 12,519 38,319 134,336 425,406 1916: 9,914 8,503 7,670 38,419 13,529 294,288 Yes 8,487 5,021 10,252 34,473 141,070 416,826 No 1918: 3,392 6,894 5,639 23,541 14,510 223,618 1,448 3,137 5,773 21,916 102,736 297,58282 Yes No An analysis of these votes shows that Jasper County voted for statewide prohibition in all three referendums. This was due in part to the rural vote overcoming the city vote in Joplin and the nearby mining towns, though by 1916, these towns had also be­ come dry by small margins.83 Jasper and Greene counties con­ tained large concentrations of native-born Americans of evangeli­ cal Protestant faith—largely Baptists and Methodists—who were rural in orientation even though they were not farmers. Obviously, prohibition tended to be strong among these peoples.84 Greene County exhibited a remarkable shift between 1910 and 1916 from a moderately wet to a heavily dry area. Where the vote was about fifty-four percent for the wets in 1910 it shifted to sixty-three percent for the dry forces in 1916. This trend was fur­ ther reinforced in 1918 when the county went dry by more than two to one. Of course much of this change was due to a shift in the city vote of Springfield. Efforts of the temperance forces appear to have been highly successful there. Buchanan County is an example of a metropolitan center that remained consistently wet in all three referendums though by de­ creasing margins. Where the vote had been almost three to one in favor of the wets in 1910, by 1918 it had dwindled to a scant 50.6 percent. St. Joseph was the key factor in this change for by 1916 the county, excluding St. Joseph, went dry by a small mar- 82 Official Manual of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City, Mo.) , Vol. for 1911-1912, pp. 784-789; Vol. for 1917-1918, pp. 577-584; Vol. for 1919-1920, pp. 424-429. 83 Springfield Daily Leader, November 7, 1918. 84 Census, "Religious Bodies," 1916, 280; and, "Abstract of the Census," 1910, 606-623. 388 Missouri Historical Review gin.85 The temperance forces made great inroads into this wet sentiment apparently among the middle classes, but St. Joseph had a sizable immigrant population as well as three breweries that made it a brewing center of some importance. These factors likely were decisive in keeping St. Joseph in the anti-prohibition camp. Perhaps the most remarkable change in prohibition sentiment occurred in Jackson County between 1910 and 1916 when a wet margin of more than two to one was overcome and the county went dry in 1918 by a majority of almost 2,000 votes. The massive 1916 prohibition campaign in Kansas City was highly effective. How­ ever, when the figures for Kansas City are separated from the rest of the county, they show that the city went dry by a bare fifty-one percent of the vote.86 The campaign evidently failed to sway many of the working class, the Catholics, Episcopalians, Jews, or other groups who were lukewarm toward the movement. In spite of the emotionalism generated over the war, the prohibition forces actually lost ground in the 1918 referendum; they still carried the city but by a "razor-thin" margin of sixteen votes out of 38,930 cast.87 The huge anti-prohibition vote in St. Louis was always the most important electoral fact in these referendum campaigns. Not only was it the largest single block of votes in the State, but it was not sharply divided as were the votes in Missouri's other large cities and towns. St. Louis showed a growing dry sentiment but it was rather insignificant in the face of such an avalanche of wet votes. The wet majority ran ninety-four percent of the total in 1910, it dropped to ninety-one percent in 1916, and finally it fell to eighty-eight percent in 1918 on a greatly reduced total vote. Combinations of racial and religious factors plus a strong economic interest in brewing proved insurmountable even in the face of appeals to patriotism during World War I. It is no wonder that the temperance forces regarded St. Louis' massive wet vote as the rock around which they would have to work. For publication, they claimed that St. Louis was really dry, and that the vote was fraudulent.88 Although there may have been some dishonesty, it is not likely that such overwhelming majorities could have been built up fraudulently without being successfully challenged.

85 Springfield Daily Leader, November 7, 1918. 86 Kansas City Star, November 8, 1916. 87 Official Manual, 1917-1918, 424-429. 88 Proceedings, Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U., 51. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 389

The towering wet vote of St. Louis was supported strongly by the neighboring communities in St. Louis and St. Charles counties. These counties, like the city, had a predominately German popula­ tion of kindred economic interests. The following table shows the heavy anti-prohibitionist vote registered there:

1910 1916 1918 Yes No Yes No Yes No St. Charles County 577 3,554 499 4,670 592 4,538 89 St. Louis County 1,582 13,894 3,089 15,960 2,977 10,779 Statewide the vote on the three referendums followed the pat­ tern of the increasingly dry majorities already noted, but was never sufficient to carry the state as it did so many of the counties and towns. An analysis of the 1918 referendum vote (see p. 387) will show that the prohibition forces did indeed carry Missouri by 14,262 votes outside of St. Louis. But if the vote for St. Charles and St. Louis counties as well as St. Louis is excluded, it is found that the prohibition forces carried Missouri by only fifty-three per­ cent of the vote cast in the rest of the state—a perilous basis for so drastic an experiment as prohibition; yet this was the last ref­ erendum on the issue before nationwide prohibition went into effect. Perhaps this is a distorted view. The fact was St. Louis and its vicinity were part of Missouri and the overall Missouri vote had been fifty-seven percent against statewide prohibition. The vote in the 1918 referendum was exceedingly light. It was not a presidential election year and this would account for a drop in the vote, but probably a larger part of it was due to the influenza epidemic which had been ravaging the state. Whether this affected the outcome is problematical for it doubtless reduced the vote on both sides of the issue. Another question involving these referendums was how many rural voters in the dry counties either failed to vote on the issues or voted against them. Some observers expressed the view that these local options would never have carried in the first place if those opposing them had bothered to vote. The Kansas City Star pointed out in 1910 that only about sixty-six percent of the voters in 1900 were expressing themselves in rural option elections while approximately ninety percent were voting when the issue came before a town.90 The Springfield Daily Leader in 1910 reported that one political candidate in a dry county explained the statewide

89 Compiled from Official Manual, Vol. for 1911-1912, pp. 784-789; Vol. for 1917-1918, pp. 577-584; Vol. for 1919-1920, pp. 424-429. 90 Kansas City Star, November 6, 1910. 390 Missouri Historical Review

Kansas City Star, October 4, 1914, used these three maps, cap­ tioned "How Missouri Is Shaking Out The Saloon," to depict the change from wet (black) to dry counties in 1906, 1910 and 1914.

JkpU£ iQi-fe Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 391 prohibition issue to his constituents in this manner: "The people of St. Louis say prohibition will not work in their city, and they should know. We voted in local option and it has worked well for us. The people of St. Louis have not come down and tried to interfere with our system. Why should we try to interfere with theirs?"91 This was the argument for local option that was becom­ ing more and more of an anathema to the organized prohibition forces, but evidently it carried some weight with rural and small town voters. After the 1916 referendum, the W. C. T. U. expressed concern because twenty-four dry counties had voted wet.92 Examining a map of Missouri showing the dry counties in 1917 illustrates, at first glance, that the state was largely dry; but most of the principal towns and cities were still wet. The popula­ tion of the wet areas was 1,556,553 (forty-seven percent) while the dry areas totaled 1,736,782 (fifty-three percent).93 Furthermore, access to wet cities was not a formidable difficulty for most people not living there, and there was no law that prohibited them from bringing liquors into the dry areas for private consumption. Local option's chief effect had been to abolish the rural and small town saloon which to many people had been the chief evil of the traffic in intoxicating beverages. Missouri at this time was already a rapidly urbanizing state. The 1910 census showed that 42.5 percent of the population lived in town and cities of 2,500 or more people; in 1900 this figure had been 36.3 percent. Seventy-one counties had decreased in population between 1900 and 1910, losing 152,568 people which had been more than made up for by the growth of St. Louis and Kansas City. These two big cities by then accounted for almost thirty percent of Missouri's population.94 Such growing urban popu­ lations had to be taken into account in the referendums on state­ wide prohibition. The Anti-Saloon League and the W. C. T. U. were well aware of this, but this shifting population mass was not very well reflected in the composition of the Missouri General Assembly, and the prohibition organizations were also alert to this fact. By the time of the 1916 referendum, the temperance forces in Missouri were becoming less interested in statewide prohibition.

91 Springfield Daily Leader, November 1, 1910. 92 Proceedings, Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U., 51. 93 Census, "Abstract," 1910, 574-595. 94 ibid., 568-570. 392 Missouri Historical Review

Looming ever larger on the horizon was the possibility of a na­ tional constitutional amendment by which they could realize the ultimate of their dreams—nationwide prohibition. This also had another attraction; it was becoming more and more evident that they might never muster a popular majority in favor of state­ wide prohibition, but the methods of amending the Federal Con­ stitution made it possible to secure nationwide prohibition without a popular referendum. This was not possible under the Missouri Constitution. From 1916 the temperance forces in Missouri were striving with renewed vigor to elect as many dry candidates as possible, regardless of political affiliation. For the 1916 campaign, the Anti- Saloon League worked to elect twelve of Missouri's sixteen Con­ gressmen who would be willing to support a national prohibition amendment; also an effort was made to elect a much drier Mis­ souri State Senate because this legislative body would be needed to ratify the national amendment.95 In the same election, Charles M. Hays, a prominent temperance leader campaigned for Frederick D. Gardner, the Democratic nominee for governor.96 The League's ambitions were largely realized. Not only was Gardner elected, but the Sixty-fifth Congress—elected in 1916— passed the resolution proposing the Eighteenth Amendment. Just as the League and the W. C. T. U. had hoped, twelve of Missouri's six­ teen Congressmen cast their votes for the amendment; three nega­ tive votes came from St. Louis Congressmen and Speaker of the House Champ Clark abstained.97 The Forty-ninth Missouri Gen­ eral Assembly in 1917 passed an act establishing a Frances Willard Day in the public schools of the state and "requiring instruction and appropriate exercises upon said day relative to the history and benefits of the prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxi­ cating liquors."98 By the time of their 1918 convention, the W. C. T. U. boasted that they felt sure of twenty-three votes in the Missouri Senate to ratify the Eighteenth Amendment while the House was overwhelmingly dry.99 This was no idle boast. But the dry forces urged the General

95 Proceedings, Sixteenth National Convention, Anti-Saloon League of America, 453. 96 St. Louis Labor, August 12, 1916. 97 Proceedings, Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U., 53. 98 Journal of the House of Representatives of the Forty-ninth General As­ sembly of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City, Mo., 1917), 1515. 99 Proceedings, Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U., 52. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 393

Assembly to ratify the amendment quickly, ostensibly because they wanted Missouri to be among the first thirty-six states to ratify—the number required to carry the amendment into effect. Actually they feared that the wets would try to cloud the issue by insisting on its submission to the voters; a procedure which, the dry leaders quite accurately pointed out, was not provided for in the Federal Con­ stitution. To hasten action in the General Assembly, the Anti-Saloon League urged all churches to pass resolutions favoring direct ratifi­ cation immediately.100 Such pressures proved effective and all attempts to submit the issue to the voters were beaten down. The ratification resolution was passed on January 15, 1919, by a vote of 22 to 10 in the Senate and 104 to 36 in the House. Short speeches by two Representatives, D. F. Warren, Republican from Grundy County, and Francis M. Norman, Democrat from Stoddard County, favorable to the Amendment delayed the vote in the House a few minutes, and in those intervening minutes, Nebraska passed its resolution thereby becoming the thirty-sixth and deciding state to ratify.101 Thus the prohibition leaders were denied their dream that Missouri might be among the "immortal 36." When Gov­ ernor Gardner signed the measure in a formal ceremony the next day, he quite appropriately presented the pen to Dr. W. C. Shupp, president of the Missouri Anti-Saloon League.102 In this manner, Missourians were presented with the spectacle of the General Assembly ratifying the national Prohibition Amend­ ment only fourteen months after the people had voted down statewide prohibition and without any intervening elections. How could this happen? It was possible because of the district system of electing representatives and senators whereby strong minorities of wets would be defeated by a small majority of dries; it was also possible because of other issues: the war and Republicans and Democrats—sufficient reason in many cases to make a voter dis­ regard his feelings about prohibition when voting for indi­ vidual candidates. But perhaps most importantly it was possible because the Missouri General Assembly did not accurately repre­ sent the people. The Senate came closest. St. Louis had six sena­ tors and Jackson County, including Kansas City, had two. This was eight senators out of a total of thirty-four or less than twenty- five percent; whereas these areas contained about thirty percent

100 "Will Missouri Ratify?" Word and Way, LV (January 9, 1919), 2. 101 Jefferson City Democrat-Tribune, January 16, 1919. 102 ibid., January 17, 1919. 394 Missouri Historical Review of the population of the State. The House of Representatives made no pretense of representing people; it basically represented coun­ ties with some adjustment for the big population centers. Thus St. Louis had six representatives and Jackson county had six; on the other hand, St. Louis had more than double the population of Jackson County. But this was of minor importance because both regions combined had only twelve out of a total of 132 representa­ tives.103 Every rural county in the State regardless of how small its population might be was guaranteed at least one representative. Thus the great population centers of Missouri spoke with a rather weak voice when it came to making laws. However it is easy to belabor this point. Missouri had a dry governor and he was elected by a statewide vote. WThile the fear of incurring the wrath of the Anti-Saloon League and the W. C. T. U may have terrorized some legislators, it is also probable that there were a good number of Missouri legislators who supported the Eighteenth Amendment not out of fear of what might happen to them in the next election, but because they sincerely believed in prohibition personally and because they honestly felt it repre­ sented the will of most people. That prohibition was a deep-seated movement which built toward a climax over a period of many decades is a fact not to be obscured. The years 1910 to 1919 marked a fruition of this process. At first it was largely a rural movement, but as the cities grew it was adopted there as part of the ethics of the evangelical Protestant, "old stock" middle classes.104 It was in accord with the Progressive movement after the turn of the century. Well meaning, middle class people could sincerely believe that here was a reform just as important as cleaning up the corruption in the big cities—in fact it was part of the same thing. This was also a way to elevate the lower classes; a thing that made good sense to them for it was Christian, it strengthened the roots of democracy, and it made them more efficient.105 Many middle class Missourians must have regarded with horror the saloons of Kansas City and St. Louis. They were not only dens of evil, they were cancers on society and so good people were justified in abolishing them. This was reinforced by the Progressive movement because it seemed to advocate the

103 Official Manual, 1915-1916, 556-598. 104 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 2. 105 ibid., 154. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 395

This cartoon entitled "Have the Book Reviewers Made Up Their List of the Six Best Cellars Yet This Week?" appeared in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 1, 1919. 396 Missouri Historical Review greater use of governmental powers to correct social evils. An example of this attitude can be gained from the following speech delivered at the 1915 convention of the Anti-Saloon League in Atlantic City, New Jersey, by Democratic Congressman Perl D. Decker of Joplin: How shall you and I answer when we hear the mother cry, whose boy is slain by this damning trade, that we could stop. Merchant, lawyer, doctor, busy with your many cares and things of the moment, while men are being weakened and debauched, 'where is thy brother?' Farmer, laborer, with you and yours strong and safe, per­ haps, while your neighbors fall, Vhere is thy brother?' Woman, shielded, wrapped in comfort and contentment; woman, you in the humbler sphere, you in the higher station; woman with your quiet power for good, Vhere is thy brother?' Statesmen, with your perplexities, your many troubles, here is a problem worthy of your brain. Why indifferent? Are you afraid? Vhere is thy brother?'106 Perhaps this old-fashioned oratory has a maudlin quality about it that would not appeal to the more sophisticated person of a later generation, but from it can be grasped some of the intense moral feeling and sense of duty that motivated the prohibitionists. However, World War I was the factor that gave the prohi­ bition movement its final boost toward victory. It had the effect of adding one more cause, patriotism, to the many emotional fac­ tors already fueling the movement and it reinforced the more rational arguments in favor of the greater efficiency of the working man and soldier as well as a new one: saving food. But the greatest gain to the movement resulting from the war came almost as a windfall. This was the German background of the brewing interests. They were vulnerable on this point and opened themselves to further criticism by buying influence in newspapers and interven­ ing in newspaper campaigns. They were probably no worse in this respect than the prohibitionists, but the latter could easily identify their activities with a good cause, whereas the brewers could not avoid the opposite label. The Anti-Saloon League and the W. C. T. U. seemingly missed no opportunity to equate the brewers and the liquor interests in general with the wartime enemy. This leaves one more factor which may have been the most

106 Proceedings, Sixteenth National Convention, Anti-Saloon League of America, 153. Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 397 important of all: the economic interest. The average person might thoroughly disapprove of the use of intoxicating liquors, he might see their use as immoral, degrading, and a curse on society. But if he feels the pinch of making a living and he can even remotely see how its continuance might ease his own economic plight, he may become tolerant. It is only when his own affluence is such that he feels their destruction will make little difference to him that he is likely to don the garb of a reform crusader. A number of reforms of the Progressive Era were of this nature, but prohi­ bition was the prime example. It was a luxury reform; an attempt to gild the good life, to elevate the less fortunate so that all might partake of the bounty. That this might also involve trying to impress one group's style of life and ethical values on another group either did not occur to them or else seemed unimportant to those who were sure of their own rectitude. Prohibition grew mightily in the rich soil of economic pros­ perity just before and during World War I. As late as 1910 the eco­ nomic arguments against it seemed to have a powerful grip on Mis­ souri voters; by 1916 they had lost much of their relevance; in 1918 they were either ignored in the flush of wartime emotion or were transferred—that is, for example, the grains going into alcoholic beverages were needed to feed the soldiers overseas. Prohibition was put across in this artificial climate of wartime excitement and economic opulence. Had the movement been stalled until 1921 when the wartime enthusiasm had turned to disillusionment and a sharp economic recession had set in, it might well have been soundly defeated. In the case of Missouri, there is no positive proof that a majority of the citizens ever favored prohibition. During those months of 1918 when the war in Europe reached its height of intensity, sentiment in Missouri was likely divided fairly evenly but that was a transitory situation.

Heroic Rescue Calhoun Clarion, July 30, 1904. The Moberly Democrat says that J. Q. Kelly saved a man's life while attend­ ing the St. Louis convention. A woebegone, cadaverous looking man approached Mr. Kelly and asked for money. Mr. Kelly drew a dollar from his pocket and asked: "What would you do if I gave you this?" "I'd drop dead," replied the man. Mr. Kelly carefully replaced the dollar in his pocket and saved the man's life. Harper's Weekly, March 30, 1861

Twain's Last Months on the Mississippi

BY J. STANLEY MATTSON*

Few segments of Twain's life have been more shrouded in con­ fusion and ambiguity than the period immediately preceding the Civil War. Answers to the rather simple question concerning Twain's whereabouts have proven particularly elusive. In 1899, while writing an autobiographical sketch to assist his nephew, Samuel Moffett, in the preparation of a biographical essay,1 Mark Twain recalled,

*J. Stanley Mattson received his B.S. from the State University of New York, Oswego, and his M.S. in History from the University of Wisconsin. He is currently a University Teaching Fellow and doctoral candidate in history at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 1 Mark Twain, The $30,000 Bequest (New York, 1906) , 330-349. 398 Twain's Last Months on the Mississippi 399

I was in New Orleans when Louisiana went out of the Union, January 26, 1861, and I started North the next day. Every day on the trip a blockade was closed by the boat, and the batteries at Jefferson Barracks [the site of a Union fortification just south of St. Louis] fired two shots through the chimneys the last night of the voyage. In June I joined the Confederates in Ralls County, Missouri, as a second lieutenant under General Tom Harris. . . r While such an account would generally be received with few reservations, one finds among those familiar with Twain's per­ sistent indifference to facts a healthy tendency to approach the passage in a manner suitable to the treatment of potentially apoc­ ryphal material. Not unsurprisingly, therefore, scepticism and out­ right repudiation have more often than not characterized the scholar's reception of this particular segment of Twain's "history." Professor Fred W. Lorch, for example, in an article on Twain's "Private History of a Campaign That Failed," takes issue with Twain's narrative and professes to offer the student of Twain "a chronology of events established beyond reasonable doubt." Lorch observes, Samuel Clemens was in New Orleans on this day [January 26, 1861, the date of Louisiana's secession] but did not make his last trip up the river at this time nor was the river blockaded at this early date, as Samuel E. Mof- fett states in his biographical sketch of Mark Twain.3 Furthermore, Lorch declares, Notices . . . concerning the Uncle Sam [the packet on which Twain is supposed to have made his last trip up- river] do not allude to any incident at Jefferson Barracks. . . . Paine's statement that it was 'the last steamboat to make the trip from New Orleans to St. Louis' is dramatic but incorrect.4 In an even more recent article which attempts, at least in part,

2 Charles Neider, ed., The Autobiography of Mark Twain (New York, 1959), 102. 3 Fred W. Lorch, "Mark Twain and the Campaign That Failed," Ameri­ can Literature, XII (January, 1941) , 459-460. In taking issue with Moffett, Lorch appears oblivious to the actual source of Moffett's information, namely Twain himself. It should also be noted that, contrary to the impression given by Lorch (see Lorch, p. 460, fn. 20), no evidence appears in Twain's "Private History" which would conflict with the account prepared by Twain for Moffett (see Century Magazine, XXXI [December, 1885], 193) . 4 Lorch, "Campaign That Failed," 461. Once again, Lorch takes issue with the wrong party inasmuch as Twain's official biographer, Albert Bigelow Paine, was merely repeating Twain's original statement on this point. 400 Missouri Historical Review

to construct "a reasonably accurate account" of the whereabouts of Twain during the first half of 1861, John Gerber writes, In the winter of 1860-61, Twain, was apparently a member of the Louisiana Guard. ... his experience with the militia must have been slight since he was still an active pilot on the lower Mississippi. In April he went north as a passen­ ger on the packet Uncle Sam, arriving in St. Louis on April 19. . . . From then until the middle of June he appar­ ently spent most of his time in St. Louis. . . . Shortly after June 12 ... he made the relatively short trip north to Han­ nibal where ... he helped organize the "Marion Rangers."5 Although we find Twain's narrative largely discredited by both of these writers, it is perhaps significant to note that their purportedly reliable chronologies are themselves riddled with mis­ information, much of which can be attributed to an inconsistent handling of material provided by Twain's official biographer, Albert Bigelow Paine. Paine writes, He [Twain] went up the river as a passenger on a steamer named the Uncle Sam . . . they heard war-talk all the way and saw preparations, but they were not mo­ lested, though at Memphis they barely escaped the block­ ade. The Uncle Sam came steaming up toward St. Louis. . . . They were not quite through, however. Abreast of Jefferson Barracks they suddenly heard the boom of a cannon and saw a great whorl of smoke drifting in their direction. They did not realize that it was a signal—a thunderous halt—and kept straight on. Less than a minute later there was another boom, and a shell exploded directly in front of the pilot-house, breaking a lot of glass and de­ stroying a good deal of the upper decoration. . . . Clemens [who at the time was visiting in the pilot house] stepped to the wheel and brought the boat around. . . . They were examined and passed. It was the last steamboat to make the trip from New Orleans to St. Louis. Mark Twain's pilot days were over.6

5 John Gerber, "Mark Twain's Private Campaign," Civil War History, I (March, 1955), 39. Gerber's erroneous observation concerning Twain's partici­ pation in the activities of the Louisiana Guard, based upon material found in The Letters of Quintus Curtius Snodgrass (Dallas, 1946), preceded the appear­ ance of research proving the contrary. 6 Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain (New York, 1912), I, 161-162. For a thoroughly apocryphal version of Twain's last trip up the Mississippi, written in the tradition of the southwestern humorists, see "Mark Twain's Last Trip As Pilot," Missouri Historical Review, XXI (January, 1927), 279-281. Twain's Last Months on the Mississippi 401

Both Lorch and Gerber chose to accept Paine's statement concerning Twain's return north on "a steamer named the Uncle Sam" and rejected the balance of the account on the grounds that the Uncle Sam (more accurately, the New Uncle Sam) arrived in St. Louis without incident on April 19, 1861, considerably before the establishment of the blockade at Memphis.7 Neither seems to have considered the possibility that Paine may have been mis­ taken concerning the lesser detail of the vessel's identity and gen­ erally correct in every other regard. Fortunately, however, the means are available for disposing of this long perplexing question as to Twain's specific whereabouts during this period without resort to the expediency of mere conjecture. Many of the facts relative to Twain's activities during the early months of 1861 were first brought to light in the course of Allan Bates's investigation into the authorship of the controversial "Snodgrass Letters."8 Drawing upon the combined resources of Twain's early correspondence and notebook, Bates demonstrated beyond doubt "that from January through March of 1861, Sam Clemens was a pilot on the Alonzo Child."9 One can even go as far back as September 28, 1860, when Twain, having just come down the river with Bixby aboard the Alonzo Child, wrote his brother Orion from New Orleans telling of a night on the town in which they "ate, drank, and smoked, from 1 p.m. until 5 o'clock. . . ." Although twenty-five at the time, the would-be worldly pilot was not above warning his brother to "breathe it not unto Ma!"10

7 Lorch, "Campaign That Failed," 461. See also St. Louis Missouri Re­ publican, April 20, 1861. Lorch seems to leave the door open to the possibility that some damage may have been inflicted upon the New Uncle Sam by con­ ceding that the steamer was "laid up for a few days" after its arrival in St. Louis. However, this concession proceeds from an inadequate examination of the sources. For not only was the boat's retirement considerably more enduring (I have been unable to find any mention of its return to service in the reports of 1861) , but the cause was more commonplace. As was the case with virtually every other steamer on the river, the impact of approaching hostilities wreaked havoc with commerce, rendering impossible the profitable conduct of the carry­ ing trade. In characteristic fashion the Missouri Republican of April 28, 1861, reported "A large number of New Orleans and St. Louis packets are doing nothing." 8 Allan Bates, "The . . . Snodgrass Letters . . .," American Literature, XXXVI (March, 1964), 31-37. This excellent analysis, together with Claude S. Brinegar's statistical study, "Mark Twain and the . . . Snodgrass Letters . . .," Journal of American Statistical Association, LVIII (March, 1963) , 85-96, argues conclusively against Twain's authorship of the Snodgrass series. 9 Bates, "Snodgrass Letters," 35. 10 Albert Bigelow Paine, ed., Mark Twain Letters (New York, 1929) , I, 48. While October proved a busy month aboard the Child,11 the need for repairs in November (due probably to the reported grounding of the Child on a re­ turn voyage to St. Louis12) and the subsequent drastic fall of the Mississippi's water level in December, combined to bring the vessel to a virtual stand­ still until January of 1861.13 It is at this point, immediately following Louisiana's act of se­ cession on January 26, 1861, that

11 Twain piloted the packet on two trips to St. Louis and back during this period. Although the New Orleans Bee failed to note the activities of the Child with but few exceptions, the following represents a reliable guide to its where­ abouts at the time. Sept. 29, 1860. Dep'd. New Orleans, St. Louis Missouri Republican, Oct. 7, 860. Oct. 6, 1860. Arr. St. Louis, Ibid. Oct. 9, 1860. Dep'd. St. Louis, Ibid., Oct. 10, 1860. Oct. 20, 1860. Arr. New Orleans, New Orleans Bee, Oct. 22, 1860. Oct. 21 1860. Dep'd. New Orleans, St. Louis Missouri Republican, Oct. 28, 860. Oct. 27 1860 Arr. St. Louis, Ibid., Oct. 29, 1860. Oct. 31 1860. Dep'd. St. Louis, Ibid., Nov. 1, 1860. Nov 9, 1860.. Arr. New Orleans, Ibid., Nov. 18, 1860. 12 St. Louis Missouri Republican, November 16, 1860. That Twain was aboard the Child at this time is evident from a notebook entry reading, "No­ vember, 1860 1st high water trip of 'Child'." (See Notebook, Copyright 1963, by the Mark Twain Company) . 13 The itinerary of the Child during this period was as follows: Nov. 10, 1860. Dep'd. New Orleans, St. Louis Missouri Republican, Nov. 19, 1860. (The same issue of the Missouri Republican reports the subsequent grounding of the Child on Nov. 16, 1860.) Nov. 18, 1860. Arr. St. Louis, Ibid., Nov. 19, 1860. (On November 19th, the vessel went to a shipyard for repairs where it remained until November 22nd. See Ibid., November 20, 22, 1860.) Nov. 23, 1860. Dep'd. St. Louis, Ibid., Nov. 24, 1860. Dec. 1, 1860. Arr. New Orleans, New Orleans Bee, Dec. 3, 1860. Dec. 4, 1860. Dep'd. New Orleans, St. Louis Missouri Republican, Dec. 12, 1860. Dec. 11, 1860. Arr. Cairo, Ibid., Dec. 13, 1860. (Due to the low water conditions north of Cairo, the Child hoped to store its St. Louis-bound freight and operate on the Cairo-New Orleans run until matters improved. She failed to get any cargo, however, and laid idle until January.) Jan. 8, 1861. Dep'd. Cairo, Ibid., Jan. 12, 1861. Jan. 11, 1861. Arr. St. Louis, Ibid. Jan. 14, 1861. Dep'd. St. Louis, Ibid., Jan. 15, 1861. Jan. 24, 1861. Arr. New Orleans, New Orleans Bee, Jan. 25, 1861. A second entry in Twain's notebook reads, "2d high water trip—Jan. 1861 — Alonzo Child. . . ." Twain's Last Months on the Mississippi 403 we pick up Twain's narrative as related to Moffett in the Auto­ biography. Twain did not, it is true, start North "the next day" after Louisiana's secession as noted in the Autobiography. The facts were misrepresented by only two days, however—Louisiana se­ ceded on Saturday, the port was idle on Sunday, and the Child, though scheduled to sail on Monday, was delayed until Tuesday.14 When it finally did get away from Dixie's great port city on the 29th, the vessel steamed north for St. Louis, making its first sched­ uled stop at Cairo.15 That the young pilot was aboard the Child at the time is evident from a letter datelined "'Steamer Alonzo Child,' Cairo, Feb. 6th, 1861," in which Twain wrote Orion tell­ ing of his experiences in New Orleans at the house of Madame Caprell.16 While in Cairo, for some unstated reason the Child transferred its freight to the St. Louis-bound steamer White Cloud, took another cargo on board, and returned to New Orleans, arriv­ ing there on February 16, 1861.17 From that point on, until late April, the journeys of Twain aboard the Child are easily traced: February 18, 1861. Departed New Orleans.18 February 25, 1861. Arrived St. Louis. February 27, 1861. Departed St. Louis.19 March 6, 1861. Arrived New Orleans. March 8, 1861. Departed New Orleans.20

1* New Orleans Bee, January 27, 28, 29, 1861. 15 Ibid., January 29, 1861. 16 Samuel C. Webster, Mark Twain, Business Man (Boston, 1946) , 52-57. Unnecessary confusion has been generated by Paine's much used edition of Twain's letters where a fragment of the famous Madame Caprell letter was erroneously dated "New Oleans [sic] February 6, 1861," thus lending credence to the conclusion that Twain did not leave New Orleans immediately after Louisiana's secession. See Paine, Letters, I, 48-51. 17 New Orleans Bee, February 18, 1861. Although Bates correctly quoted the Daily True Delta's February 17, 1861, report concerning the Child's arrival "from St. Louis" (see Bates, "Snodgrass Letters," 37) , his source was uninformed as to the Child's change of schedule. (See St. Louis Missouri Republican, Febru­ ary 7, 1861.) Some mention should perhaps be made here of Lorch's rather ambiguous observations to the effect that on December 26, 1860, "Samuel Clemens peti­ tioned the Polar Star Lodge No. 10, at St. Louis, for membership," and that on February 13, 1861, "Samuel Clemens, in St. Louis, was elected to receive degrees in the Masonic Order" (Lorch, "Campaign That Failed," 459-460) . If by this it is meant that Twain was in St. Louis on either of these dates, Professor Lorch is clearly mistaken. Nor does this run counter to his Masonic sources, inasmuch as Twain would not have been permitted to attend the meeting of a lodge considering his candidacy under any circumstances. It is, of course, possible that Lorch intended merely to present interesting bits of Twainianna, though, if this is so, one might question their relevance to such a chronology. is New Orleans Bee, February 18, 1861. 19 St. Louis Missouri Republican, February 26 Sc 28, 1861. 20 New Orleans Bee, March 7 & 8, 1861. 404 Missouri Historical Review

March 15, 1861. Arrived St. Louis. March 20, 1861. Departed St. Louis.21 March 26, 1861. Arrived New Orleans. March 28, 1861. Departed New Orleans.22 April 5, 1861. Arrived St. Louis. April 9, 1861. Departed St. Louis.23 April 16, 1861. Arrived New Orleans. April 18, 1861. Departed New Orleans.24 April 25, 1861. Arrived St. Louis.25 That Twain was aboard the Alonzo Child during this period is evident from a 1905 notebook entry reading, "Alonzo Ch. heard of firing on Fort Sumter, April 18 [sic~]— at Vicksburg on way down (the day after it happened). We hoisted stars & bars & played Dixie."26 Thus, when Twain was supposed to have been approach­ ing St. Louis as a passenger aboard the New Uncle Sam, accord­ ing to Paine, Lorch, and Gerber, he was, instead, down river whistling "Dixie" aboard the Child. On April 25th, the Alonzo Child arrived in St. Louis where, on the very next day, Twain boarded the popular Keokuk packet, Hannibal City. The young pilot was "on the wing for Hannibal to collect money" due him.27 It is here where his trail grows somewhat faint. Contrary to the opinion of most recent scholars, however, there is no basis for believing that Twain terminated his life on the river at this time and every reason to believe he did not.28 The evidence clearly establishes that Twain was present in St. Louis in late April of 1861 and on May 22nd of the same year, at which time Twain was initiated Entered Apprentice in the

21 St. Louis Missouri Republican, March 16 & 21, 1861. 22 New Orleans Bee, March 27 & 28, 1861. 23 St. Louis Missouri Republican, April 6 & 10, 1861. 24 New Orleans Bee, April 17 & 19, 1861. 25 St. Louis Missouri Republican, April 26, 1861. 26 Notebook No. 38. Copyright, 1963, by the Mark Twain Company. Twain obviously was mistaken as to the exact date, for not only was the Child in New Orleans on the 18th, but Beauregard's Confederate batteries opened up on Fort Sumter on April 12th. This is not to say that Twain did not learn of the event "the day after it happened," however, for on that date, April 13, 1861, the Child should have been approximately abreast of Vicksburg as the story broke, via telegraph and newspaper, all up and down the valley. 27 Webster, Twain, Business Man, 61. Twain's letter is headed, "Steamer 'Hannibal City,' Under Way, Apl. 26." Although the manuscript lacks any notation as to the year, the above chronology would seem to confirm Webster's estimate of 1861. 28Lorch's statement that Twain's "pilot license expired within a few weeks" after April 9, 1861 (Lorch, "Campaign That Failed," 460) runs counter to his own source which reads, "Twain's license had been reissued . . . March 20, 1861. . . ." (The Twainian, I [December, 1939], 2) . This fact further establishes the validity of this chronology in that it coincides perfectly with Twain's de­ parture from St. Louis aboard the Alonzo Child on the evening of the same day. St. Louis Levee

Polar Star Lodge.29 But these facts do not necessitate the arbitrary dismissal of a rather substantial body of testimony relative to Twain's activities in the interim. Horace Bixby (Twain's pilot mentor), for example, states that "at the outbreak of the war," Twain was "down the river on some boat and was caught in the blockade."30 Annie Moffett Webster, Twain's niece, recalls that "In the spring of 1861 . . . Uncle Sam returned home to St. Louis, his occupation of pilot lost forever. He came on the last boat from New Orleans to get through the Union lines."31 Moreover, in addi­ tion to those already cited references to hostilities which were supposed to have accompanied Twain's last voyage upriver, there is the passage in Twain's autobiography in which he asserts that he served as a pilot "until the Mississippi River traffic was brought to a standstill by the breaking out of the Civil War."32 Thus, in spite of minor discrepancies in detail, there seems to be complete agreement among the primary sources concerning the fact of Twain's presence on the river during the period immediately pre­ ceding May 21st, at which time river traffic all but ceased with the imposition of the Union blockade at Memphis.33

29 Grand Lodge Bulletin, Grand Lodge of Iowa, A. F. & A. M., XXIX (May, 1928), 575-576. 30 st. Louis Republic, April 22, 1910. 31 Webster, Twain, Business Man, 60. 32 Mark Twain, Autobiography (New York, 1929), II, 290. 33 St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 22, 1861. 406 Missouri Historical Review

Assuming Twain did not leave the river in April, 1861, can we, with a reasonable degree of accuracy, trace his whereabouts from the day of his arrival in Hannibal on April 26, 1861, until the day of his reappearance in St. Louis on the 22nd of May? The answer would seem to be in the affirmative, for on the basis of all of the available information, a fairly reliable picture does present itself. In his letter, written while on the way to Hannibal, Twain informed Orion of his intention to return to St. Louis on the very next day. Whether he actually got away on the 27th as planned is uncertain. If matters proceeded as usual, however, we can be reasonably confident that Twain was in St. Louis in time for the departure of the Alonzo Child on May 2, 1861,34 and that he was aboard that craft when it put in at New Orleans six days later.35 Within twenty-four hours of its arrival there, the Child's pro- Confederate owner-captain, D. E. DeHaven, anticipating the up- river blockade, decided to reschedule his vessel as a Memphis-New Orleans packet, a decision which, no doubt, left the young pilot stranded on the delta without a way home.36 It is this develop­ ment which perhaps explains why Twain was forced to make his last trip north "as a passenger," as noted by Paine,37 and corre­ spondingly raises a problem with regard to the particular identity of his return carrier. At the time of Twain's layover in New Orleans, there were six St. Louis-bound steamers at the levee, any one of which might have booked him for the trip north; these were the Imperial Rogers, the Gladiator, the Henry Chateau, the Hiawatha, the Ne­ braska, and the Sovereign. In attempting to ascertain which of these actually did so, we are quite fortunately, not without clues. Both Paine and Annie Webster, for example, observed that Twain came through on the last vessel to clear the Union blockade. Again, both Twain and Paine spoke of a cannonading from the Jefferson Barracks just south of St. Louis. Lastly, we know that Twain was back in St. Louis in time to take part in the Masonic initiation rites on May 22, 1861. Although the authenticity of the first two statements has heretofore been judged highly questionable, it now

34 ibid., May 3, 1861. 35 New Orleans Bee, May 9, 1861. 36 Ibid. 37 Paine, Letters, 161. Twain's Last Months on the Mississippi 407 appears they coincide almost perfectly with the facts relating to the return voyage of one of the six steamers, namely, the Nebraska. When the Nebraska slipped out of New Orleans on the 13th of May and began its way upstream for St. Louis, it was soon to become the last boat bound for the Upper Mississippi to be granted free passage through the blockade at Memphis.38 What is more, on May 18th, three days prior to the arrival of the Nebraska in St. Louis, the Missouri Republican announced, "All steamboats now bound up [the river] are now stopped at the Old Quarantine Station and searched. They are brought to by several heavy ordinance [sic'] planted there."39 Thus, if we are to believe the report of the Missouri Republican, it is certain that the Nebraska was treated to a dose of cannon fire similar to that described by both Twain and Paine.40 Finally, not least important is the fact that the Nebraska was back in St. Louis on May 21st, in time for Twain

38 New Orleans Bee, May 14, 1861. The Sovereign, following not many days later, was caught south of the blockade. St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 22, 1861. 39 There were two quarantine stations in St. Louis during this period; one was at the Old Arsenal on Second and Arsenal Streets, the other at Jefferson Barracks. The reference here, however, more than likely concerns a third station located south of St. Louis on Quarantine Island (known also as Arsenal Island) which had been in use prior to 1854. The military records of Jefferson Barracks make no mention of such an incident. 40 Although this in itself may well have provided the basis for their accounts, additional material was made readily available when, on the day after Twain's arrival in St. Louis, two river boats had unusually close encounters with the shore batteries stationed at Hyde Park, in the northern part of the city. Report­ ing on the first such incident of its kind in the area, the St. Louis Missouri Republican angrily announced that "Two shots were fired at the LaSalle, one of which came very nearly striking the boat," adding that the Robert Campbell, Jr. had also "received two signal shots, passed on notwithstanding, but was boarded and searched upon tying up in St. Lo." (see the St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 23, 1861). Inasmuch as the Gladiator, the Henry Chateau, and the Hiawatha arrived in St. Louis on the day prior to the Missouri Republican's report of May 18th, it is, of course, conceivable that they too could have been hailed via cannon. However, due to the fact that they cleared the Memphis blockade fully a week before its closing, they can hardly be thought to rival the Nebraska's claim to Twain. The Imperial Rogers must also be ruled out as a possibility inasmuch as it tied up in St. Louis on May 15, 1861, several days prior to the deployment of cannon at Jefferson Barracks (St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 16, 1861) . A possibly significant clue to Twain's presence on the Nebraska may be found in published reports concerning the fate of the Alonzo Child. On May 16, 1861, immediately after the arrival of the Imperial Rogers, the Missouri Re­ publican reported that the Child was expected in St. Louis shortly. On the 18th, following the arrival of the Gladiator, the Henry Chateau, and the Hiawatha, the same newspaper reported that the Child had been laid up in New Orleans. It was not until the Nebraska arrived that the true fate of the Child was finally known (see St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 22, 1861) . Obviously, if Twain had been aboard any of the earlier vessels at the time of their arrival, their reports to the press would not have been so mistaken. 408 Missouri Historical Review

to join in the initiation rites of the Masonic order on the follow­ ing day. As for Twain's whereabouts from May 22, 1861, until mid-June, at which time he joined the Confed­ erate para-military band known as the "Marion Rangers," there can be little doubt. His cousin, Annie Webster, relates that Twain spent the largest part of this time hiding in St. Louis, "obsessed with the fear that he might be arrested by government agents and forced to act as a pilot on a government gunboat. . . ."41 That he remained in St. Louis until the last minute before returning to Hannibal to Mark Twain about 1859-1860 join the Confederates seems cor­ roborated not only by the Webster narrative, but also by the records of the Polar Star Lodge which in­ dicate that on June 12, 1861, "Samuel Clemens" was passed to the Fellowcraft Degree in Masonry in a ceremony that would have re­ quired his presence.42 On that very same day, Missouri's Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson issued a proclamation calling for the enlist­ ment of fifty thousand militia to aid in the defense of the Confed­ eracy. Responding to that call, Twain found himself, for the rest of June and early July, locked in a titanic struggle against rain, rats, and a stubborn mule, all of which is delightfully recorded in the semi-historical, tragi-comical essay, "The Private History of a Cam­ paign That Failed."43 In the final analysis, it would appear that both Twain and Paine were considerably more careful of the facts than we have

41 Webster, Twain, Business Man, 60. Absalom Grimes, in his book Con­ federate Mail-Runner, submits that he (Grimes), Twain, and a third pilot named Bowen, were subsequently arrested in this fashion while "sitting on a pile of skids . . . below the landing" at Hannibal (see Absalom Grimes, Con­ federate Mail-Runner [New Haven, 1926], 3). The reliability of Grimes's account has been called into serious question, however, by the editor of the volume, M. M. Quaife. (See "Mark Twain's Military Career," The Twainian III [June, 1944], 4-7.) 42 Grand Lodge Bulletin, 575-576. 43 Mark Twain, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed," Cen­ tury Magazine, XXXI (December, 1885), 193-204. Twain s Last Months on the Mississippi 409

heretofore been led to believe. For although one would be fool­ hardy to regard either of these writers as being reliable without qualification, it must be admitted that the general outline of events which they have provided with respect to this period of Twain's life does stand up to historical examination.44 To be sure, Twain professed to take great delight in seeing "the detected and truculent historians of this land . . . brought to shame and confusion . . .,"45 and was not above doing his part to deliberately mislead any of their kind. Yet, in spite of his ill-veiled hostility to the seemingly vexatious scruples of the professional historian, Twain was by no means enamored of pure fancy. He rarely, it seems, fabricated history in toto. He much preferred playing with history to creating it. If only tangentially, this re­ appraisal of Twain's last months on the Mississippi will serve as a case in point.

44 Even Twain's seemingly preposterous assertion to the effect that "Every day on the trip a blockade was closed by the boat. . . ." proves hardly absurd. In the first place, as early as January 24, 1861, the Louisville Journal reported that in Vicksburg, "The battery still frowns from the bank, compelling all descending boats to come up to, undergo a formal search, and pay wharfage, although they have no business in the port." The same was true in Memphis. (See Thomas J. Scharf, History of the Confederate States Navy [New York, 1887], 240.) In addition to these more official "blockades," there were scores of little river towns where self-organized vigilantes took great sport in leveling their rusty pieces of parade ordinance at passing Yankee vessels during the early months of 1861. (See H. Allen Gosnell, Guns on the Western Waters [Baton Rouge, 1949], 25-30.) 45 "Mark Twain's War Experiences," The Twainian, XIII (March-April, 1954), 2.

Soap Facts and Remedies In Grandma's Day. Compiled by the Cape Girardeau County Historical Society. One pound washing soda, add a half pound of unslacked lime, put in a large dish and pour over this boiling hot water, stir till dissolved; let stand until clear, pour off the clear liquid, add one pound of lard, can use clear tallow or bear grease, 1 tablespoonful salt. Boil four hours, then pour into pans to cool. If inclined to curdle or separate pour in a little more water and boil again. For hand soap perfume may be added. Cool, cut into bars.

The Weaker Sex Paris Mercury, May 13, 1873. Miss Phoebe Cozzens [sic] is practicing law and lecturing. Dr. Jonson once said: 'Sir, a Woman's preaching is like a dog standing on his hinder legs; it is not done well, but you wonder to see it done at all.' The Barth Family

Harper's Weekly, June 20, 1868

A Case Study Of Pioneer Immigrant Merchants

BY HARVEY A. KANTOR*

In 1824 the American western frontier was experiencing dy­ namic growth. Into the area west of the Mississippi River had come masses of settlers whose adaptation to the new region helped create the great American tradition of democratic pioneer life. In that year Andrew Jackson, soon to become the symbol of the new frontier community, received the largest number of popular votes for the Presidency only to be thwarted by Congressional maneuver-

*Harvey A. Kantor, a native of Kansas City, is currently a teaching assist­ ant and a Ph.D. candidate in American Urban History at New York University. He received the Louis Lerner Fellowship, New York University, 1967. He holds the B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Missouri where he served as a teaching assistant in 1967.

410 The Rarth Family 411 ings. The American West was destined to wait four more years for the Jacksonian reign. From the vast expanse of the Louisiana Purchase, Missouri was formed and had just been admitted into the Union. Drawing settlers in increasing numbers from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia, the new state developed its nature out of this southern origin. But in 1824 amidst the predominantly Southern population a German physician by the name of Gottfried Duden settled in Warren County in eastern Missouri. Prior to his arrival, few Ger­ mans had migrated to the State. Duden was pleased with his new life on the midwestern frontier and dreamed of attracting more of his countrymen to America. Therefore during the three years in which he lived on his Warren County farm, he made a careful study of the surrounding country and recorded his observations. In his famous book, Report of a Journey to the Western States of North America, published in Germany in 1829, he pictured the freedom of the forest and of democratic institutions in America in contrast to the social restrictions and political embarassments of Europe. He encouraged natives of his home land who were faced with dwindling property or growing families to accept the uncertainties of immigration and come to the United States.1 The year 1824 is particularly important because it marks the birth date of an individual who became the personification of Duden's dream. Moses Barth, the son of Michael and Sarah Barth of Illingen, Prussia, did not rise to the fame of other German immigrants like Carl Schurz and Oscar Straus, but he is significant as a representative of the unique integration of nationalities which was possible on the western frontier in the early nineteenth cen­ tury. His story illuminates that peculiar blend of cultures which comprises the amorphous pattern of "the American character." For indeed it was an integration of nationalities and a blend of cultures when Moses Barth left his Jewish parents in Frederick William IV's Prussia and came to settle in the Boone's Lick Coun­ try of Central Missouri. Barth's story is not only a testimony to his personal enterprise and industry, but it is a useful case study for describing the immigrant and his role in pioneer life. This case study also allows popular notions of frontier life to be tested by the specific actualities of the time. For example, it

i William G. Bek, tr., "Gottfried Duden's Report, 1824-1827," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XII (October, 1917), 1-9. 412 Missouri Historical Review would seem that a German-Jewish immigrant settling in Missouri at this time, with the increased activities of the anti-foreign Know- Nothing group, might have experienced a great deal of bitterness and hostility. In the microcosmic study of this immigrant family the fact that no trace of prejudice or harassment can be found lends credence to the conclusions of a study by Frederick Brock on the American party in Missouri. It was Brock's contention that "according to the original doc­ trines of the order [nativism and anti-foreign sentiment], true Know-Nothingism did not exist in Missouri. It may be said that in spite of the basic principles of the order, rather than because of them, the American Party grew to be as successful as it was."2 Since the Barth family was assimilated into the frontier with rela­ tive ease, factors of foreign prejudice must be minimized in the study of the American Party and other political concerns such as the waning influence of the Whig and Democratic parties must be highlighted. The study of the Barth family shows the absence of nativism directed toward the immigrant on the frontier. Thus Frederick Brock's contention that the American Party came to serve as a base for homeless politicians seems more historically accurate than the notion of the party serving as a haven for prejudiced Mis­ sourians.3 The significance of Moses Barth's story is increased by the in­ fluence he had on the future. At the end of the second generation the Barth family seemed to fulfill Duden's dream. It was written of his son at the time of his death—"Isadore Barth brought integrity into his business and into his attitudes and his work as a citizen. . . . Columbia has lost one of those American citizens who without fame or great fortune, have with quiet integrity and working civic concern built our national tradition."4 This then is the story—a German-Jewish immigrant, his assimi­ lation into the frontier community during the period of Know- Nothing activity, his role in early merchant trade and the legacy he left in his family's activity. Moses Barth was reared and educated in his native city of Illingen and entered the business of his father as a money ex-

2 Frederick Elmo Brock, "American Party in Missouri; 1854-1860" (M.A. thesis, University of Missouri, 1949) , 145. 3 Ibid., 146. 4 Columbia Missourian, December 18, 1936. The Rarth Family 413 changer. In 1847, when he was twenty-three, Moses severed this business relationship, left his family in Germany, and migrated to America. His reasons for departure are not recorded, but it is known that the severe winter of 1846-1847 in Germany caused great suffering and food shortages. An American consul in Amster­ dam reported the sentiments of the German emigrants as they passed through his port, "All well informed persons express the belief that the present crisis is so deeply interwoven in the events of the present period, that 'it' is but the commencement of the great Revolution, which they consider sooner or later is to dissolve the present constitution of things. . . ."5 On June 15, 1847, Moses landed in New York City and pro­ ceeded immediately to Philadelphia. There he became an itinerant peddler in Berks and Lancaster counties. Shortly he left this ven­ ture, moved farther into the interior of his adopted land and stopped in the Boone's Lick Country in Central Missouri. To the tide of immigrants who came to Missouri from Kentucky, Tennes­ see, Virginia and the Carolinas after the War of 1812, the Boone's Lick Country, with its abundant game, vast forests and fertile valleys, was a land of promise. Moses again took up the occupation of itinerant merchant peddler exhibiting his goods on horseback as he rode from farm to farm in Boone and Howard counties. He was soon joined by his younger brother Alex, who had followed a similar course to Missouri. The two brothers set up headquarters for a small dry goods business in Fayette. Moses, however, was not ready to establish his roots. When news of the discovery of gold in California reached him, like so many other young men of the area, he set out across the plains to make his fortune. Alex stayed behind to run the store. Moses fell ill with fever when he arrived in San Francisco in 1852 and relinquished his search for gold to return to his mer­ chant trade in Missouri. His brother had taken up partnership with Alexander Greenabaum, and when Moses arrived, the three men organized a branch store in Rocheport, a small town located on the Missouri River. In 1853 Moses went there to run the outlet.6 At this time Rocheport enjoyed active river trade and traffic,

5 Marcus Lee Hansen, The Atlantic Migration, 1607-1860 (New York, 1940), 252. 6 William F. Switzler, History of Boone County, Missouri (St. Louis, 1883) , 1013. 414 Missouri Historical Review and the branch store on Central Street shortly became a thriving enterprise. An advertisement placed in the largest newspaper of the area, the Missouri Weekly Sentinel, describes the store in its first year of operation:

NEW ERA FOR 1853 GREENABAUM AND BARTHS ROCHEPORT, MISSOURI Have in store one of the heaviest stocks of goods ever brought to the Western interior, purchased with great care by one of the firm in New York and Philadelphia embracing a large and miscellaneous stock of SPRING AND SUMMER GOODS Call for we are selling rapidly and cheap. For the ladies, we have a rich and beautiful assortment of fashionable goods of every description. READY-MADE CLOTHING A very heavy stock of ready made clothing from the best eastern manufacturers.7 The advertisement, placed regularly in the Sentinel, is im­ portant not only because it shows the nature of the business that was established in Rocheport, but also because it points out one of the most interesting aspects of Barth's trade—his close connec­ tions with merchants in the East. These contacts were established when both brothers originally landed in this country and went to Philadelphia. The business ties were cemented through mar­ riage. Alex married the sister of Michael Jacobs, a Philadelphia merchant, who was associated with the firm of Arnold, Nusbaum and Nirdlinger.8 Jacobs became a close business associate with his brother-in-law. He not only provided him with the latest goods from the East, but also reported the business activity in Phila­ delphia. Their frequent correspondence shows he was a financial confidant. The ties with the East were further strengthened when, on March 21, 1855, Moses married Minna Arnold, the daughter of merchant Isaac L. Arnold of Philadelphia.9 Moses returned with his new bride to Rocheport and pur-

7 Columbia Missouri Weekly Sentinel, April 21, 1853. 8 Michael Jacobs, Philadelphia, to Alex Barth, Rocheport, Mo., November 4, 1862, in the Barth Family Papers, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia. 9 Switzler, History of Boone, 1014. Courtesy Courtesy Mrs. W. Whitaker Mrs. W. Whitaker Minna Arnold Barth Moses M. Barth

The 1855 Barth Home as it Appears Today. Courtesy Jack Hackethom 416 Missouri Historical Review

chased a lot and house for nine hundred dollars.10 He was settled at last and Rocheport became the home where he fathered his seven children and managed his dry goods business until his death. The Barth brothers succeeded as merchants in Rocheport be­ cause they constantly strived to offer their customers the finest goods in the area at the lowest prices. This was accomplished by providing an extensive and varied assortment of merchandise ob­ tained through their connections in the East. Both men made fre­ quent trips to Philadelphia or ordered goods by mail through Jacobs. The Barths succeeded for another reason; they worked hard at their business and took pride in the stock they could offer. They tried to maintain a reputation for honest and fair business practices and frequently built their public image through advertisements merely thanking their customers for patronage. They dealt pri­ marily on a cash basis and attempted to keep prices competitive with the other merchants in the area.11 In 1856 the Barth brothers ended their business connections with Alexander Greenabaum and Alex Barth moved to Rocheport to concentrate all effort on the Rocheport store. An advertisement placed in the Weekly Missouri Statesman shows the effect of this consolidation and the expansion of merchandise:

NEW FALL AND WINTER GOODS AT ROCHEPORT BARTH AND BROTHER Most respectfully call the attention of their old friends and the public to their mammoth stock. VARIETY, QUALITY, AND PRICE our stock cannot be surpassed by any establishment in the West. We shall be in constant receipt of NEW SUPPLIES during the season, and are determined to keep our stock com­ plete in all respects. All we ask is for buyers to call and see the stock—no trouble to show goods. . . .

LADIES' DRESS GOODS Flounced silks; brocades, black, plaid and fancy dress silks from 75c to $2.50 per yard; crape tissues, berages, challies, organdies, brilliantines, lawn, embroidered swiss and

io Leopold and Magdalena Grossman, Boone County, Missouri, Deed to Moses and Alexander Barth, December 27, 1855, Barth Papers. 11 Columbia Weekly Missouri Statesman, March 5, 1858. The Rarth Family 417

chintz flounces, white goods, ladies' collars, undersleeves, jewelry of all kinds and latest styles, all warranted goods. Toys and fancy notions.

MANTLES AND SHAWLS A large stock of black and fancy mantles; white and black crape shawls, Bonnets, ribbons, flowers, rueben, ladies' shoes, hosiery, gloves, &c.

READY-MADE CLOTHING Carpeting, oil cloths, curtain goods, &c., together with our usual supply of Queensware, Hardware and Groceries. Call at our stand on Central St., Rocheport, and you will be sure to get goods cheap as the cheapest.12 By the outbreak of the Civil War in 1860, Moses Barth, at the age of thirty-five, owned his own home—where he housed his wife, his brother, and his children. He operated a successful dry goods business, and had an estate valued at $2,250 in real property and $8,500 in personal property13 which included three female slaves.14 Although he owned slaves, Moses opposed secession. In Novem­ ber, 1860, his name was included in a published list of Boone County citizens who wanted to maintain the Union at any cost.15 Business continued to operate normally during the early stages of the war, and in 1861-1862 Alex traveled to the East about every three months. On many of these buying trips he would carry up to $3,000 to purchase goods from his brother-in-law in Philadelphia.16 In 1862 the Barths became interested in expanding their business operations and felt it would be profitable to enter the tobacco market. Unable to raise enough capital themselves, they again turned to their Philadelphia relatives for aid. Evidently they were convincing because Michael Jacobs and Simon Arnold agreed to invest $50,000 in the tobacco speculation, with the Barth brothers receiving equal shares of the profits. With all the money furnished by the Philadelphia investors the partnership of Arnold, Jacobs, and Barth was consummated in a letter sent to Alex on Novem­ ber 4, 1862:

12 Ibid. 13 Census Record, Schedule I—Free Inhabitants in the town of Rocheport in the County of Boone, State of Missouri, June 6, 1860, on microfilm, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 14 Slave Schedule, Schedule II—Slave Inhabitants in town of Rocheport, Mis­ souri, Township in the County of Boone, State of Missouri, June 5, 1860, on microfilm, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 15 Columbia Missouri Statesman, November 16, 1860. 16 Alex and Moses Barth, Financial Statement, 1862-1863, Barth Papers. 418 Missouri Historical Review

Mr. Arnold just returned from New York and Missouri tobacco is worth from 14 to 25c. . . . Now Sir I expect you to write me full particulars at once. Don't delay a second. What kind of Tobacco it is. What you can buy at. What it formerly was worth. . . . In fact we both think well of the speculation if the To­ bacco is good and if we can get it at low prices, at the same time. If your letter meets with my views I likely will come out and we may double the amount of money I propose to put in. . . . Dear Brother times will be critical our money has depreciated and will eventually depreciate more therefore take a Brothers advice and collect and raise in all the money you can of your outstanding debts and so you will be safe when the dreadful blow may come. . . .1T The blow did come and it struck hard enough on both fronts to destroy the Barth-Jacobs-Arnold combine permanently. In the East unwise investment and over-extension of credit ruined Michael Jacobs' finances. By February, 1863, he was afraid that rising prices would wreck his speculations and was determined to collect his debts and extend no further credit.18 There is no recorded data on the extent of the losses incurred in the tobacco trade but in 1862-1863 more than $100,000 was recorded in tobacco transac­ tions.19 By July, Jacobs had suffered such severe losses that he even attempted to borrow from his brother-in-law Alex.20 Unfortunately, the Missouri brothers could be of no assistance. Guerrilla fighting among the Civil War forces was destroying the effectiveness of the business they had developed the decade before. The history of the Civil War in Missouri is unique because of the small bands that formed to carry on their own crusades, and nowhere can the uncertainties of the times be better seen than in the little town of Rocheport. The townspeople were known to be Southern sympathizers, and "Bloody Bill" Anderson used Roche­ port as his base of operations for so long that it became known as his "capital." But the town was devastated by both sides, and the frequent fighting, burning, and looting destroyed any possibility of future progress for Rocheport.21 The first major bushwhacker raid came in October, 1863. Several stores were robbed, and Moses Barth was listed as a

17 Jacobs to Barth, November 4, 1862, Barth Papers. 18 Michael Jacobs, Philadelphia, to Alex and Moses Barth, Rocheport, Mo., February 10, 1863, Barth Papers. 19 Alex and Moses Barth, Financial Statement, 1862-1863, Barth Papers. 20 Jacobs to Barth, July 20, 1863, Barth Papers. 21 Switzler, History of Boone, 1002. The Rarth Family 419

"principal loser."22 Anderson left the town and it was immediately occupied by Federal troops. Moses felt Rocheport was no longer safe and decided to set up a small dry goods operation and take his family to live temporarily in the nearby military post of Columbia. In 1864 Alex enrolled in the draft.23 Moses made arrangements for a long-time employee, William Crump, to remain in Rocheport and run the store as long as it was possible. The correspondence between these two men illustrates the devastating effect the war had on Rocheport and the steady deterioration and final ruin of the Barth mercantile enterprise. On August 28, 1864, Crump related to Moses in Columbia, "Our cash sales have been from $6 to 16 per day since you left."24 On September 5 he described the effect Federal occupation was having on the town: There has been so much excitement in the vicinity of Rocheport that no person comes to Town except for their mail or to the Mill. I have not been able to collect any money last week except from John Maxwell his small acct. . . . Quite a number of our citizens in the country have had demands made of them for money and had to raise it or forfeit their life.25 The next day Crump again replied to his employer's request for information: Our town looks completely desserted [sic~\. Business of every kind completely dead. No person comes in from the country. If times get any worse I shall have to move my base of operations. . . . Now I want your advice shall I go on and collect and run the risk or shall I stop business altogether for awhile?26 Crump endeavored as best he could to wind up the financial affairs of Barth's business. But fear of the uncertainties of the future as well as the fluctuation of the greenback currency ham­ pered his ability to manage the affairs effectively: He wrote: In regard to business thats dead dead . . . Persons you owe want their money and you want to pay them but cannot do so until we collect ... I hope as you do that I

22 ibid., 1003. 23 Columbia Missouri Statesman, January 8, 1864. 24 William Crump, Rocheport, to Moses Barth, Columbia, Mo., August 28, 1864, Barth Papers. 25 Crump to Barth, September 5, 1864, Barth Papers. 26 Crump to Barth, September 6, 1864, Barth Papers. 420 Missouri Historical Review

may not have to leave the stand in Rocheport for I want to remain here and attend to the business.27 By early September it appeared that in Rocheport almost all normal operations had ceased. Poor business conditions and bloody fighting drove the townspeople out of the community. On Sep­ tember 7, a friend wrote to Moses: "Everything excepting death seems suspended and almost every business except the coffin maker has closed."28 A week later William Crump reflected the same attitude: I write you a few lines to let you know that I am yet in the land of the living. Times have been rather quiet here for 4 or 5 days have had no person in Town. We scarcely see a Farmer come to Town.29 Two weeks later, on October 2, 1864, the Federal troops burned Rocheport and Moses Barth lost the physical plant and inventory of his business.30 At the end of the year he esti­ mated his loss from the fire at $3,000.31 But this figure fails to represent adequately his entire losses suffered from the Civil War. It does not account for the actual value of the store building nor does it reflect his loss of slave property after the Emancipation Proclamation. Although Rocheport was "scarred and blackened and con­ siderably prostrate"32 after the war ended, Moses was determined to return to his home town and attempt to rebuild. The move was unwise because Rocheport was crippled and offered dim prospects for real business activity, especially for a man in poor financial standing. He continued his small operation in Columbia and went into partnership with A. Victor and H. W. Meyer to begin again in Rocheport.33 The company of Barth, Victor, and Meyer filled their storeroom with a wide assortment of all kinds of goods. They cat­ ered primarily to trade in dress and piece goods but offered boots and shoes, glassware, and groceries as well; all offered at "Anti-War Prices."34 But the decline in population and activity in Rocheport

27 Crump to Barth, September 7, 1864, Barth Papers. 28 John N. Hartman, Rocheport, to Moses Barth, Columbia, Mo., Sep­ tember 7, 1864, Barth Papers. 29 Crump to Barth, September 14, 1864, Barth Papers. 30 Switzler, History of Boone, 1013. 31 Barth Brothers, Profit and Loss Statement, 1864, Barth Papers. 32 Switzler, History of Boone, 1005. 33 Ibid., 1013. 34 Columbia Missouri Weekly Statesman, April 17, 1868. The Rarth Family 421

after the war coupled with Barth's personal losses proved too much to overcome with the same type of operation that had succeeded before. The business collapsed.35 In 1870 the forty-five-year-old merchant was worth $7,000 in real property and $6,000 in personal property.36 But a year later his brick store house in Columbia and his lots of property in Rocheport were placed in a deed of trust. Moses Barth declared bankruptcy owing his creditors $6,000.37 The war destroyed Barth's opportunity to become a promi­ nent merchant and trader in a bustling community. Some friends gave him assistance and little by little he began to rebuild after he was relieved of his debts. Barth then accumulated a line of merchandise and became engaged in the shipping of grain, wool, and general produce.38 But if the war years gave him anything good it was the for­ tune to have two of his nephews migrate from Germany and settle in Central Missouri.39 This immigration was followed by other members of the same family and soon through a combination of business relationships of brothers and cousins the Barth name became well-known throughout merchandising circles in the Mid­ west. Soon there were clothing stores run by a member of the Barth family in Rocheport, Columbia, Boonville, Mexico, Lamar, and Trenton, Missouri, as well as in Atchison, Kansas, and Okla­ homa City, Oklahoma. Joseph V. and Victor Barth, two nephews who came to Missouri at the close of the Civil War, opened the Barth Store in Columbia. The nephews followed a course which paralleled the one Moses pursued twenty years earlier. They left their home in Ger­ many, went to Philadelphia, and then took up the task of peddling their goods in Boone County, Missouri. They rode from house to house on horseback and within two years had accumulated enough profit to enable them to locate in a single place. In 1868 they opened a small store room with a twenty-foot frontage40 on Ninth

35 Switzler, History of Boone, 1013. 36 Census Record, Missouri Township, County of Boone, State of Missouri, July 14, 1870. 37 Moses Barth to Squire Turner, Jr., Deed of Trust, May 27, 1871, Barth Papers. 38 Switzler, History of Boone, 1013. 39 Information obtained in correspondence with Mrs. Sora Barth Loeb, November 15, 1966. 40 Walter Williams, ed., History of Northeast Missouri (Chicago, 1913), 1145. Joseph V. and Victor Barth's Columbia Store. and Broadway in Columbia and began a clothing company with a few furnishing goods and a few suits of men's clothing.41 The store stands on the same spot today and still bears the family name. Through extensive use of credit the brothers entered the com­ petitive market quickly, and the J & V Barth Clothing Store be­ came a popular new addition to the Columbia business world. Joseph and Victor worked hard and turned their profits constantly back into their inventory. They built an extensive and varied stock and advertised frequently.

COME AND SEE THE GREAT STOCK OF CLOTHING AT THE POPULAR HOUSE OF J & V BARTH

They take great pleasure in announcing to their number- ous friends and customers, that they have just received direct from the manufacturers a magnificent assortment of the latest and most improved styles of

GENTS AND BOYS CLOTHING COMPETITION

41 Columbia Evening Missourian, October 18, 1909. The Rarth Family 423

We defy any house to offer greater INDUCEMENTS Prepared to dress the smallest boy and the largest man.42 Four years after the store opened, in 1872, a third brother Gustav came to the country. Joseph and Victor put him to work clerking in their shop.43 In 1876 the bonds between Moses Barth and his nephew Vic­ tor were tightened as the twenty-six-year-old merchant married his uncle's oldest daughter Nettie. The marriage of first cousins is related in the Columbia newspaper:

NOTABLE EVENT IN ROCHEPORT A JEWISH WEDDING BARTH—BARTH No social event for a long period is regarded so notable in the annals of Rocheport as the celebration of this marriage. The bride a universal favorite, young, beautiful, and ac­ complished; the groom an enterprising clothing merchant of Columbia, united in the holy bonds of wedlock accord­ ing to the rites of the Jewish church. No marriage banquet in a western village ever exceeded in exquisite taste, elegance, and variety as this occasion.44 A year later a son Irvin was born to the new couple. The business in Columbia continued to build and in 1880 the brothers decided to expand and opened a new branch in nearby Mexico. Joseph left Columbia to manage the new store.45 Several years later Victor joined with a cousin in Lamar, Missouri, and his field of business interest was broadened by the partnership.46 In Rocheport his Uncle Moses remained in his small stand on Central Street and continued to ship wheat. His family was now complete; and in the 1880s his two sons—Joseph A., born in 1857, and Isadore A., born in 1868,—helped him occasionally in the store. His eldest daughter Nettie was happily married to Victor in Columbia where the couple participated in the town's business affairs and civic development projects.47 Another daughter, Pauline, married her first cousin Gus Barth. Moses and Minna Barth had three other daughters, Sakie, Carrie and Linda, making a total of seven children.

42 Columbia Weekly Advertiser, April 30, 1869. 43 History of Grundy County, Missouri (Kansas City, 1881), 422. 44 Columbia Missouri Statesman, August 25, 1876. 45 Williams, Northeast Missouri, 1145. 46 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, February 17, 1888. 47 Columbia Evening Missourian, December 8, 1921. 424 Missouri Historical Review

In 1888, after Joseph left home to strike out on his own in Columbia, Isadore gave up his job as a traveling salesman and returned to Rocheport to help his father run the store. Years later he related this merchandising experience: We figured twenty-five dollars a year for advertising, three hundred and sixty for rent, and three hundred a year for each salesman. The biggest expense we had then was insurance. The rates were high. The storeroom we paid thirty a month for was 24' X 90' giving us plenty of room for all departments . . . Farmers used to bring butter and eggs into the little River shipping town in exchange for merchandise. Occasionally they would sell them for cash, however. But rather than send their customers home with products which they had brought in to sell, merchants often bought butter and eggs and threw them out. In these days we had a great deal of credit business, nearly every customer we had was on the books at one time or another. But we never lost a cent on most of them. He knew how much he owed and that was that.48

48 Columbia Missourian, February 1, 1928.

Moses M. Barth's Store in Rocheport in the late 1800s. Courtesy Mrs. Grover Young The Rarth Family 425

Credit was fairly easy to extend in those days for several reasons. Jobbers and manufacturers gave the merchants six months to settle their accounts and the relatively slow turnover in stock did not necessitate a great deal of cash on hand. Moses and his son Isadore sold a good suit of clothes for ten dollars and men's hose ran about ten cents a pair or three pair for twenty-five cents. They carried a large stock of sweaters which sold for a dollar and a half or two dollars and the top price for underwear was seventy-five cents.49 But while these experiences in merchandising were unique for young Isadore, they were old stories for his pioneer father. On August 31, 1888, Moses Barth left on the last of many trips to the East to buy new goods. He said at his departure that he expected "the new stock to be the largest he has purchased for years and expects to surprise the people on low prices."50 But the new stock was no real boon to his business and soon even his health deteriorated. Moses wrote to his son Joseph in Columbia: You can see by this letter that I am still in the land of living. Today is the first day I can write and I hope I will improve all along and write this letter in the store. Business is still dull but hope soon will improve.51 In the last year of his life Moses continued working in his store although business was constantly declining. He always ex­ pressed hope for the future but knew his successes could only come with the younger generation. I hope you succeed in your business and doing well Dear Jo. I hope business is good with you. It slow here. Sales yesterday cash $88 cr $32.52 On September 7, 1890, Moses wrote to his son, "Business here is slow this week sold $403."53 Two months later on November 29, the pioneer merchant died at the age of sixty-six. He had success­ fully adapted to his new environment and although faced with financial catastrophe caused by forces beyond his control, he always held to his principles of decent and honorable business

49 Ibid. 50 Rocheport Commercial, September 31, 1888. 51 Moses Barth, Rocheport, to Joseph Barth, Columbia, Mo., April 10, 1890, Barth Papers. 52 Moses Barth to Joseph Barth, July 27, 1890, Barth Papers. 53 Moses Barth to Joseph Barth, September 7, 1890, Barth Papers. 426 Missouri Historical Review

practices. He was active in the affairs of his community as a mem­ ber of the Boone Lodge, the IOOF, and the Masons and was known as the "foreign-born gentleman."54 He was a true repre­ sentative of the finest German tradition, and his sons reflected the spirit of his guidance. After his death his son Isadore operated the business for a few years. He later became a traveling salesman for a Kansas City merchandising firm and operated a clothing store in Wichita Falls, Texas, for eight months.55 His cousin Victor continued the business on Ninth and Broad­ way in Columbia. Victor had tireless energy and worked con­ stantly at his trade. Astute management of the small amount of capital with which he began caused his business to grow steadily. He bought small amounts of merchandise and always reinvested the profit in a new stock of goods. He gained a reputation for being very progressive because of his effective management and extensive use of credit. Often it was easier to get credit from Victor Barth than any other merchant in town. This trust in his clientele served his purpose well, especially in building up trade with the students of the University of Missouri.56 In 1906 he bought out his brother's interest in the store and changed the name to the Victor Barth Clothing Company.57 In 1909 he outgrew the shop he had opened in 1868 and began to construct a modern storeroom. Keeping his same loca­ tion on what became known as "Barth Corner," Victor built a two-story 62' X 52' store to house his merchandise. The new building became one of the largest and finest mercantile establish­ ments in the Midwest.58 But Victor did not live to enjoy the new quarters. He had attended so closely to his business that illness forced him to retire, and on October 18, 1909, he died. At the time of his death Victor Barth was the oldest merchant in Columbia59 and had gained the reputation of being one of the town's most prominent businessmen and respected citizens.60 He and his wife had worked closely in Columbia civic affairs, and when the University's Academic Hall

54 Switzler, History of Boone, 1013. 55 Columbia Missourian, December 18, 1936. 56 Statement obtained from employee of over 43 years in the Barth Com­ pany, Mrs. Wallace Whitaker, Columbia, Missouri, November 1, 1966. 57 Williams, Northeast Missouri, 1145. 58 ibid. 59 Columbia Missourian, January 18, 1909. 60 Williams, Northeast Missouri, 1145. The Rarth Family 427

Victor Barth Walter Williams, ed., A Hist, of N. E. Mo.

burned Barth contributed a thousand dollars toward its recon­ struction. He had developed from an immigrant peddler on a merchant route to one of the largest clothiers in the Midwest. In 1909 his stock was appraised at over $28,000.61 A year later the company became incorporated with his wife Nettie, as president; his son Irvin, vice-president; his cousin Isadore, secretary-treasurer; and his cousin Joseph, a director.62 Isadore moved to Columbia to manage the store and increased the size of the trade from year to year. In 1916 he was elected presi­ dent of the Missouri Retail Clothier Association.63 By the 1920s he had tripled the stock and capital from the time he had taken charge.64 In the late 1920s Isadore and his brother Joseph decided to buy the remaining interest of the corporation and conducted gigan­ tic merchandise sales to raise necessary capital. The sale was the largest in the store's history and included fantastic reductions. The brothers ran full-page advertisements to attract customers:

61 Victor Barth Administrator's Inventory, Boone County Probate Court, Columbia, Missouri, Granted, October 30, 1909. 62 Williams, Northeast Missouri, 1145. 63 Columbia Missourian, February 17, 1916. 64/fcjd., May 8, 1922. 428 Missouri Historical Review

Joseph Arnold Barth and Isadore Arnold Barth Courtesy Mrs. W. Whitaker

OUR FIRST SALE IN 10 YEARS To buy out the interest of the Victor Barth Estate in the Victor Barth Clothing Company, Joseph A. and Isadore A. need $30,000 IN CASH We are not going out of business but we are buying the remaining interest of this estate so that with the entire ownership under our control we may give you even better service than in the past. In order to do this we are putting on this tremendous

MONEY RAISING SALE 59 YEARS OF HONEST MERCHANDISING65 After the estate was settled Isadore reflected on his business activities in the past twenty-five years. He had always maintained a close relationship with university students. Because credit was easily obtained and a wide variety of latest styles was offered, Barth's became Columbia's most popular and stylish men's cloth­ ing shop. But Isadore had seen many changes both in the demands of students for more varied styles and their purchasing power. He wrote: A quarter of a century has brought a great change in the appearance of the young man on the streets of Colum­ bia. Quiet rides in the carriage on a dirt pathway are by­ gones, and the youth of '27 seems to enjoy a "collegiate" car, or a low slung roadster with its quiet purring motor.

QSIbid., May 10, 1927. The Rarth Family 429

With this disappearance of the horse and carriage and the coming of the motor car comes a dash and snap to mens styles. One great difference between the two periods is the demand of men. With about the same income to spend and the same proportional buying power, the student of a quarter century ago was not as fickle in his demand, nor did he require as much for his wardrobe as the college youth of today . . . While there are literally thousands of cuts for mens suits today, we had a few hundred at that time.66 The attitude Isadore had toward students was representative of his general nature. He extended credit when no other Columbia merchant would, thus reflecting the great trust he had of the students and of his clientele. Isadore ran a popular store and he was proud of it. Many of his former students came back to shop or mailed in their orders. He always strived to offer the latest and finest goods of merchandise and had a reputation for courtesy. He was a friendly man of high morals67 and it is truly a reflection of his character when he was referred to as a "gentleman of the old school."68 Active in community affairs, he served as president of the Columbia Rotary Club in 1932 and he was a charter member of the Round Table Club, organized in 1922 by Walter Williams, dean of the University of Missouri School of Journalism.69 When Isadore Barth died in December, 1936, it was more than the loss of a single businessman: There was this in particular about Isadore Barth that will make his passing a bitter privation to the community which he vitally helped to build: he cared deeply for Columbia and Boone County, and he served not with mere utterance, and emotion, but brain and work and time . . . He brought integrity into his business and into his attitude and his work as a citizen. He gave liberally in money and time to improve the way of life in his town and county . . . He so enjoyed telling stories of incidents and person­ alities of the old days in Boone County, particularly those in Rocheport. He loved Missouri people.70

66 Columbia Missourian Magazine, March 26, 1927. 67 Undated newspaper article in files of the University of Missouri Alumni Office, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 68 Statement by Mrs. Wallace Whitaker. 69 Columbia Missourian, December 18, 1936. 70 ibid. 430 Missouri Historical Review

This was the son of Moses Barth, a pioneer immigrant mer­ chant. When his brother Joseph died ten years later the Barth estab­ lishment came into the hands of another family.71 But even today —as the store approaches its one-hundredth anniversary—it is known as Barth's. The case study of the Barth family is an interesting one. For the history of the family captures the spirit of immigration, the establishment of a merchant enterprise on the western frontier during a period of Know-Nothing activity, the devastation caused by the American Civil War, the close inter-relationship of Jewish family activity and the integration of newcomers into their adopted communities. The story demonstrates the finest blend of a foreign culture with the realities of American society. Today the Barth name is still displayed on the store's front on Ninth and Broadway in Columbia and a picture of Victor Barth hangs inside. If you drive west from Columbia on Interstate High­ way 70 and take the exit before the Missouri River, the access road will wind down the valley into the town of Rocheport. Rocheport has not grown since the days before the Civil War when Moses Barth was its most active merchant. The grassland which has grown where the river used to flow signifies Rocheport's era of activity has long passed. On Central Street where the Barth store was located there remains only the false-front of a bank, an antique shop and a garage. But in the sandstone sidewalk, which has cracked and buckled with age, is imbedded a foot-high inscrip­ tion that contains a great deal of the river town's history. The in­ scription now lies in front of a vacant lot, but once marked the entrance to a merchant's bustling stand and reads simply BARTHS.

71 James W. Hourigan bought a half-interest in Barth's during 1936 and secured the remaining interests in 1946.

Premiums Paid for Triplets Doniphan Prospect-News, February 2, 1899. A man in St. Clair county, who is the father of triplets, wrote Gov. Stephens asking him his advice as to what he was entitled for adding so much to the popu­ lation of the state at one time. The governor referred the matter to the senate in executive session, and it was voted unanimously that each senator give one dollar for the support of the children. Senator Mott was authorized to collect the money and forward it. Frank Leslie's Illustrated, October 1, 1864 Administering the Oath of Allegiance to Rebels.

The Missouri Paw Paw Militia of 1863-1864

BY HOWARD V. CANAN*

The coming of the Civil War found the population of Missouri divided over the question of secession. The Missouri General Assembly convened a state convention to resolve the issue. Since it was clear that the majority of the people of the state did not favor secession, the convention, under the leadership of Hamilton R. Gamble, voted that the state remain in the Union. Many Mis­ sourians, favoring secession, never gave up trying to bring their state into the Confederate fold. The result was bitter internecine war. Some Southern sympathizers banded together in guerrilla units which spread quickly across the state. Abraham Lincoln,

* Colonel Howard V. Canan, U.S.A. (Ret.) , is a graduate of the United States Military Academy, the Command and General Staff College and the Naval War College. A previous contributor to the REVIEW, he has also published articles in the Maryland Historical Magazine, Civil War History, Armor and Signal. 431 432 Missouri Historical Review

President of the United States, did not understand conditions in Missouri and failed to assign sufficient troop strength to control the guerrillas. It was left largely to state authorities to provide Federal officers commanding in Missouri with the number of state troops required to ensure peace within the state borders. Major General Henry W. Halleck commanded the Department of the Mississippi in 1862. His command included Union troops in Missouri. He established field headquarters in Tennessee in April 1862, preparatory to an advance on Corinth, Mississippi, leaving Brigadier General John M. Schofield behind to command in Missouri. Acting under the instructions he received from Halleck in May, Schofield transferred all his available infantry to Tennes­ see. This left him only a skeleton force to protect Missouri from the ravages of the guerrillas present in the state. His command con­ sisted chiefly of 13,800 Missouri State Militia scattered thinly throughout the state. The Confederates took immediate advantage of the situation. Large numbers of recruiting officers infiltrated Missouri, recruiting and organizing guerrilla bands which were ordered to further disrupt the already divided border state.1 There was no possibility of securing additional Federal troops. The Missouri State Militia received its pay from Federal funds and its numbers were limited by Congressional action. General Schofield persuaded Governor Hamilton R. Gamble to authorize a new military force, the Enrolled Missouri Militia, which com­ prised all the able-bodied male citizens of the state. The general orders organizing the Enrolled Missouri Militia provided that only loyal men would be accepted as active members. The orders fur­ ther provided that disloyal men should report to the nearest head­ quarters to be enrolled as disloyal. Any arms they possessed would be confiscated. They could then return to their homes where they would be permitted to remain as long as they "shall ... in no way give aid or comfort to the enemy." By the fall of 1862, 52,056 men were enrolled in seventy regiments.2

i The War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (130 Volumes, Washington, D. C, 1880-1902), Volume XIII, 9-10—Hereafter cited as O.R. Unless otherwise specified, all refer­ ences will be to Series 1; Richard S. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy (Baton Rouge, 1958) , 79, 157, 158; Wiley Britton, Civil War on the Border (New York, 1899) , I, 337, II, 9. 2 Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 81, 83, 127; William E. Parrish, Turbulent Part­ nership, Missouri and the Union, 1861-1865 (Columbia, Mo., 1964), 91, 92, 95; Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Missouri for the Year 1863 (Jefferson City, 1863), 15, 16, 22, 23, 27-Hereafter cited as Mo. A. G. Annual Report: O. R., XIII, 8, 10, 11, 12, 505, 506, 518, 519, 534, 535. The Missouri Paw Paw Militia of 1863-1864 433

From the time of its organization, the Enrolled Missouri Mi­ litia was disliked by many disloyal Missourians and was unpopular among certain loyal elements of the population. German radicals in St. Louis and Radical Republicans preferred Federal troops protecting the state. Although no Federal troops were available for that purpose, many loyal citizens continued almost open oppo­ sition to the enrolled militia.3 Some Kansans retained a hatred of all Missourians because of the slavery question and the border difficulties prior to the admission of their state into the Union. In the first years of the war, Kansans frequently raided Missouri, looting throughout the countryside and encouraging slaves to escape with them. Again during the summer of 1863, there was a lack of troops to protect Missourians from attacks by guerrillas or raids by Kansans who had become known as "Kansas Red Legs" or "Kansas Jayhawkers." Hamilton R. Gamble, who became provisional governor after the regularly elected state administration fled the state, organized addi­ tional militia in Northwest Missouri to quell unrest there. The newly formed companies were composed, in part, of returned officers and soldiers from the Confederate army who were previ­ ously enrolled as disloyal. Many of these men were under bond to assure their keeping the peace.4 Although the general orders, previously referred to, specified that the "disloyal" would not be formed into companies or do duty with the Missouri militia, Governor Gamble authorized Colonel James H. Moss of the 48th Regiment, Enrolled Missouri Militia, to organize the "disloyal" as home guards for the protection of the civilian population. Disloyal men from Platte and Clinton counties were formed into companies and placed in the 81st and 82nd Regi­ ments of the Enrolled Missouri Militia. Colonel John Scott com­ manded the 81st while Moss assumed command of the 82nd Regiment. Since these units would serve only in the northwestern part of the state, it was not contemplated that they would fight Confederates. Both of the regiments became known as the "Paw Paw Militia."5 3 John M. Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army (New York, 1897), 60; Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 94-96, 219. 4 John Henry Frick, "Recollections of the Civil War," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XIX (July, 1925), 634. 5 O. R., Ser. 2, VII, 240, 258, 297; Ibid., Ser. 1, XIII, 534, 535; Ibid., XXII, Pt. II, 587, 588, 590, 591, 697-698, 1143; Ibid., XXXIV, Pt. IV, 226; W. M. Paxton, Annals of Platte County, Missouri (Kansas City, 1897), 349; Liberty Tribune, November 17, 1864; History of Clay and Platte Counties, Missouri (St. Louis, 1885), 691-693. 434 Missouri Historical Review

There are two versions of the origin of the name "Paw Paw Militia." Some believe the name was adopted because many of the units camped among the Paw Paw bushes of the Missouri River bot­ toms in Clay and Platte counties. Others think that the companies were derisively called "Paw Paws" because of the supposed sympathy they held for the bushwhackers who infested the brush in northern Missouri.6 The Paw Paws served in a large­ ly disloyal area. In the area, local, antagonisms toward the enrolled militia existed from the time it was formed in 1862. These antagonisms John M. Schofield had assumed dangerous propor­ tions by 1863. Because the regular­ ly enrolled militia units found it increasingly difficult to maintain peace in Northwest Missouri, it appeared desirable to relieve them. There were few Unionists in the area and the Paw Paws were less objectionable to the majority of the local inhabitants. The formation of the Paw Paw militia was a political appease­ ment that did not achieve its desired objective. It increased Radi­ cal discontent and gave the Radicals an opportunity to begin a virulent campaign against Schofield and Gamble. Demands were made that Schofield be relieved and the Enrolled Missouri Militia disbanded because it contained ex-Confederate soldiers who were driving Unionists from their homes.7 Conditions along the border had improved temporarily. While traveling throughout the state, Missouri's Lieutenant Governor Willard P. Hall wrote General Schofield on October 21 about con­ ditions in St. Joseph and Northwest Missouri. Hall stated that there was more security for people and property there than had existed since the war began.8

6 "Paw Paw Militia," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXVI (October, 1931), 85-87; Frick, "Recollections of Civil War," 634. 7 O. R., XXII, Pt. II, 581-584, 591, 595, 680, 697-698, 1143. 8 Ibid., 677-678. The Missouri Paw Paw Militia of 1863-1864 435

Still irate Union Radical Republicans clamored for Schofield's removal. President Lincoln refused to relieve him but requested a report of conditions in Schofield's theater of operations. Schofield replied on November 9 that he had fully investigated the condi­ tions and while there were from five to ten percent ex-Confederates in the St. Joseph militia, this was a lesser percentage than had been accepted in Kansas units. The ex-Confederates in the St. Joseph militia were guarding property of loyal citizens and, in Schofield's estimation, they appeared to be good soldiers. He noted that it was to their advantage to obey orders as their own property was held in security to assure loyal service. He informed the President that the officers were especially selected for their loyalty and, after the new companies assumed their duties, there was no report of murder, robbery or arson in the area. Schofield also believed that the Paw Paw militia presented no threat to the Union.9 But Schofield was too optimistic. Many members of the militia in the northern part of the state were disloyal. The officers were supposed to be loyal, although in reality many were not. With a preponderance of ex-Confederates and Southern sympathizers, many of the companies might be useful for guard duty but when the guerrillas became menacing each spring the very existence of the Paw Paw companies was dangerous to peace and strengthened the ever strident complaints of the Radicals. Reliance on this type of militia led to an aggravating situation which was not easy to correct when conditions became serious.10 Because of Colonel Moss's role in organizing the Paw Paw regiments he, not Governor Gamble, incurred the blame for their existence. Almost every time the Paw Paws were mentioned by the Radicals, Moss was criticized. After serving as colonel in the Mexican War, Moss became an attorney at Columbia, Missouri. After he organized the two Paw Paw regiments he was made commander of the military post at Liberty, a sub-post of the Northwest District of Missouri. His background added impetus to Radical criticism. Not only was he a Conservative and a second cousin of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, but his brother-in-law, the Confederate Colonel John C. Calhoun Thorn­ ton, was known to be in the northwest area of Missouri on a re­ cruiting mission. Among the unsubstantiated accusations against

9 Ibid., 585-586, 666-668, 677, 680, 697-698. io Ibid., XLI, Pt. I, 56-59. 436 Missouri Historical Review

Moss was that he refused a Confederate commission because he feared he might be shot if captured. Another accusation held that he was a member of the notorious Knights of the Golden Circle, a Southern oriented subversive secret society, and that he played an integral part in arming members of that organization in Mis­ souri. Moss was also alleged to have advised Southern sympathizers that taking the Union oath of allegiance meant nothing because it was administered under duress. Regardless of the truth of the charges, made to Department and District headquarters, it seemed unwise to continue Moss as commander of the sub-district. Per­ haps his promotion to brigadier general in the enrolled militia furnished the excuse for his removal; he was not referred to as the district commander after June 30, 1864.13- The Radical Republicans were also critical of the Paw Paws. They contended that Confederate sympathizers considered the Paw Paws to be loyal Southerners. It was also maintained that the majority of the Paw Paws, like Moss, belonged to the Knights of the Golden Circle. If the Confederate General Sterling Price moved north, the Radicals felt sure that the Paw Paws would flock to his standards.12 To make sure that the Paw Paws were disbanded, the Radicals, more often than not, were not truthful. On December 26, 1863, W. T. Reynolds and seven other loyal men from Liberty, where Colonel Moss had his headquarters, wrote the commander of the Department of Missouri that the country was protected solely by Paw Paws who were denouncing Unionists. They reported that the Paw Paws openly admitted they would not fight against "their Southern brothers." They recommended there be no delay in getting rid of them. However, the command situation was so confused that department headquarters sent the letter to Colonel Moss instead of district headquarters.13 Major General William S. Rosecrans, who assumed command of the Department of Missouri on January 30, 1864, was recipient of a letter from George S. Parks which was typical of the Radical correspondence:

ii O. R., XXXIV, Pt. II, 759, 760; Ibid., Ser. 2, VII, 240, 249, 258, 270, 297; Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians (St. Louis, 1943) , III, 19; History of Boone County, Missouri (St. Louis, 1884), 956; W. R. Jackson, Mis­ souri Democracy (St. Louis, 1936), 22-40; Mo. A. G. Annual Report, 1864, 357; Report of the Committee of the House of Representatives of the 22nd General Assembly of the State of Missouri, Appointed to Investigate the Conduct and Management of the Militia (Jefferson City, 1864) , 189. 12 O. R., Ser. 2, VII, 240, 250; Paxton, Annals of Platte County, 352. 13 O. R., XXXIV, Pt. II, 382-384. The Missouri Paw Paw Militia of 1863-1864 437

The day your forces were over here [Parkville] a Union scout of 14, from Parkville, tracked the stolen horses to the rebel camp in Dr. Joseph Walker's pasture, near the head of Todd's Creek. . . . They had been camping there some time. Your troops were purposely misled. Dr. Walker and others belong to the Paw Paw for cloak. When Wilson's men found the camp, then Dr. Walker reported to Major Clark, but he took good care not to go there or let your troops know it. Moss played his part of the role in arming Paw Paws and permitting rebels to get private arms; now the Paw Paws will save their property under cloak, and secretly aid rebels, while they rob and assassinate Union men. Paw Paws will never find the bushwhackers. Secesh are laughing in their sleeves...... Two weeks ago Mr. Morris' horses were stolen, and he got some men and tracked them into this pasture, but was warned by a secesh friend not to go into the brush, and he did not. . . . the great crime of Schofield and Moss & Co. in arming the rebels is now felt. When the Government has no troops and the leaves are out they [the guerrillas] act.14 When conditions in Northwest Missouri became extremely perilous, Brigadier General Clinton B. Fisk commanded the North­ ern District. When he first arrived at his headquarters, Fisk had no preconceived ideas about the quality of the troops he would command. The 82nd Regiment, Enrolled Missouri Militia, was guarding critical positions but the 81st had been relieved from active duty. The latter were allowed to take their arms home with them. It was reported that some of them were "slipping into the brush" with their arms and joining the rebels. Understandably, Fisk ordered that all men of the 81st be disarmed and the arms shipped to the St. Joseph Armory. Upon receipt of the order, the arms of twelve men of Captain R. H. Bywater's company at Cam­ den Point were collected and stored in a building for shipment the next morning. That night arms were stolen by a small body of guerrillas. In spite of similar occurrences adding doubt to Paw Paw loyalty, General Fisk necessarily retained some of the best Paw Paw companies. He could not secure other troops at the time and the Paw Paws were almost all he had to defend the north­ western part of the state from the guerrillas.15 General Rosecrans learned of Colonel Moss's part in organizing the Paw Paws but he did not believe the companies represented a

14 ibid., Pt. IV, 476-477. 15 Ibid., 23; Ibid., XLI, Pt. I, 56-57. 438 Missouri Historical Review

real threat. On April 29, 1864, he telegraphed directly to Moss con­ cerning the new Confederate re­ cruits north of the Missouri River and expressed the hope that they, and the recruiters, would meet a reception from Moss that would "vindicate" charges of disloyalty being made against him. Moss sent Rosecrans' telegram to Fisk with the remark that there was little to fear as the people would put down any uprising by local guerrillas. The reply led Rosecrans to con­ W. S. Rosecrans clude that Fisk and Moss could manage the situation.16 Fisk, how­ ever, did not share this optimism and, on May 15, he instructed Captain William B. Kemper of the 9th Missouri State Militia Cavalry to, "Clean out and kill" all disloyal Paw Paws and find out to whom Moss distributed arms.17 Unexpected difficulties arose for Fisk in late April. An out­ break of murders in his district gave Radicals the opportunity to accuse Paw Paws of the crimes. As the accusations involved his troops and threatened the peace of his district, Fisk, personally, investigated the killings. The investigation required many disagree­ able hours of labor.18 In the end, Fisk reported to department headquarters that the murders probably "were the result of little personal animosities existing between two militia companies . . . one a Paw Paw organization and the other not." He also upheld that the Paw Paws and the Enrolled Missouri Militia were working well together.19 Agitation continued against the Paw Paws. Fisk was informed in May, by Ray County Unionists, that while Confederate sym­ pathizers were protected by Federal troops during the day and by bushwhackers at night, loyal men were without protection from either source and lacked weapons to protect themselves. The Ray County Unionists wanted to form a company of home guards.20

16/fcid., XXXIV, Pt. Ill, 351, 405, 445. n Ibid., 612-613. 18 Ibid., Pt. IV, 13, 23, 36-38, 90, 170, 263-264. 19 Ibid., 263-264. 20 Ibid., 37, 38; Kansas City Western Journal of Commerce, June 4, 1864. Frank Leslie's Illustrated, April 4, 1863 Rebels Burning House of Unionists. 440 Missouri Historical Review

Soon after this request, twenty-three kegs and 150 cans of gun­ powder were discovered on the premises of four of the first fam­ ilies of St. Joseph. This gunpowder, stolen from Camp Jackson in 1861, was hidden in the barns and dwellings of men who professed loyalty to the Union and were leaders of the Paw Paws.21 Although Fisk knew that President Lincoln believed the Paw Paws had saved northwestern Missouri from anarchy, the events in May made Fisk skeptical about their military effectiveness. By early June, he was completely disillusioned as to their value. Fisk telegraphed Rosecrans, on June 3, concerning the bitter feeling existing between the loyal and disloyal militia. His next report told Rosecrans that the Paw Paw militia on duty at New Market had surrendered to the bushwhackers and then joined them. Re­ ceiving unbiased information highly unfavorable to the Paw Paws, Fisk again telegraphed Rosecrans stating that none of the Paw Paws were trustworthy. From then on, Fisk attempted, although without success, to use only loyal Enrolled Missouri Militia com­ panies with loyal officers.22 The next incident in June found the Paw Paws allowing seven guerrillas to escape from jail in St. Joseph. A few days later a loyal militia company skirmished with guerrillas at Ridgely. Eleven of the guerrillas encountered were recognized as being on the Platte County Enrolled Missouri Militia (Paw Paw) muster rolls and had been on active duty all winter. Other reports from Platte County indicated that Paw Paws were assisting guerrillas in steal­ ing horses. Major General Samuel B. Curtis, commanding Federal forces in Kansas, commented that bushwhackers stole six horses near Farley, on June 15, and that there was an agreement among "bushwhackers and Paw Paws to let each other alone."23 Through the spring and into June, the bushwhackers drifted in large numbers across the Missouri River into General Fisk's district where there was more to steal. Fisk was without means to curtail their activities effectively but kept department head­ quarters informed of their movements. On June 19, 1864, he be­ lieved it was now time to send a separate report of the situation to General Rosecrans. The number of bushwhackers in his district was increasing greatly and Fisk asked for reliable troops to cope with

21 o. R., XXXIV, Pt. IV, 115. 22 ibid., 72, 200, 203, 263, 264. The two classes of militia were the loyal and the Paw Paws who had been enrolled for the militia as "disloyal." 2S Ibid., Pt. I, 999; Pt. IV, 248, 417-418. The Missouri Paw Paw Militia of 1863-1864 441 them, particularly in Clay and Platte counties. Fisk had only Paw Paw militia stationed in the four western counties of Andrew, Buchanan, Platte and Clay. In all, the Paw Paws represented over fifty percent of the militia force assigned to his district. He acknowledged that some of the Paw Paws were fair soldiers but none of them had much "zeal for fighting anything or anybody but Kansas Jayhawkers and Red Legs." The Paw Paws had not tried to capture Confederate recruiters who were active in the area. In Clay and Platte counties, no bushwhacker had harmed a Paw Paw. Lieutenant Governor Hall, who became governor after the death of Governor Gamble on January 31, 1864, still retained faith in the Paw Paws, which did not improve the situation. Additional companies of militia, presumably loyal, had been enrolled in Andrew and Buchanan counties but they had not received the official approval of Hall.24 General Fisk's troop strength consisted of some 1,500 Enrolled Missouri Militia and approximately 800 men of the 9th Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment.25 The number of State Militia Cavalry in his district was about one-fourth of the number of similar troops assigned to any other district. As conditions in his district continued to deteriorate and with no acknowledgement from Rosecrans of receipt of the June 19 letter, Fisk wrote again, on the 25th, amplifying his previous report. He wanted the Paw Paw militia in Clay and Platte counties relieved. Even though he had replaced all the ex-Confederates in those companies with the best men the counties afforded, the units were not dependable and would not fight. When calling up additional militia, Fisk carefully tried to secure the best loyal officers and men available and those with the least prejudice and bias. Still, undesirables filtered in. Fisk suggested in lieu of the enrolled militia, a force of two regi­ ments of 150-day United States Volunteers be called for duty. He ended his letter by saying that he would do his best with the men available but the time had come when the Unionists now accused him of personal admiration for the Paw Paws.26 Fisk's reports should have clearly explained the precarious situation in his district. As he prophesied, an outbreak occurred in early July which required a combined force of Missouri-Kansas Federals to put down. Apparently Rosecrans had not read or con-

24 ibid., 263-264, 457. 25 ibid., 523, 623. 26 ibid., 552-553. 442 Missouri Historical Review sidered Fisk's previous reports seriously. On July 16, he ordered Fisk to submit a complete report on the defection of Paw Paws in Platte and adjoining counties. He asked that the causes and cir­ cumstances of the outbreak be included. Fisk, in his report of Au­ gust 1, sketched the background of the Paw Paws and covered their early operations. He stated that the 82nd Regiment of the Enrolled Missouri Militia had permitted Colonel John H. Winston, of the Confederacy, to remain in Clay County during the winter of 1863-1864, although Winston's presence in the area was well known. The Paw Paws were equally remiss in not arresting Colonel John C. Calhoun Thornton and his Confederate recruits whose ac­ tivities in the area were common knowledge.27 Colonels Winston and Thornton recruited for the Confed­ eracy in Northwest Missouri as early as June of 1863. Although previous attempts at recruiting in Missouri had failed, many Confederate leaders, including Major Generals Sterling Price and Joseph O. Shelby, now believed that a coordinated effort by rebel recruiters would be highly successful. Both Winston and Thornton were Clay Countians and when Winston was captured by the 9th Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment, on March 23, 1864, Thornton continued the recruiting alone. His headquarters were in Clay County and he traveled throughout the northwestern part of the state, often in a Confederate uniform. Thornton appointed agents in various townships and his recruiting efforts began meet­ ing with some success.28 By June 1, 1864, Thornton and his agents had signed a siz­ able force to fight for the Confederacy. At the end of the month, it was conservatively estimated that Thornton's strength was ap­ proximately 500, including from 250 to 300 Paw Paws, not on active duty, who had joined him. Thornton and his recruits appeared before Parkville on July 7 and the Paw Paw company stationed there offered no resistance; some of the men joined the rebel force. Three days later, Thornton's force arrived at Platte City and raised the Confederate flag over the town. This particularly rankled the Union commanders. Thornton instructed his men to spare no Fed­ erals on any terms, although in practice he did not personally follow his own orders. The five companies of Paw Paws in Platte

27 ibid., XLI, Pt. 1, 56-59; Pt. II, 216, 293. 28 ibid., XXXIV, Pt. I, 999-1000, 1005; Pt. II, 707, 817; Pt. Ill, 287; Pt. IV, 457; Ibid., Ser. 2, VII, 240; History of Clay and Platte Counties, 720-723; O. R., XLI, Pt. I. 57. The Missouri Paw Paw Militia of 1863-1864 443

City, with a strength of 130 men, surrendered to Thornton and within fifteen minutes, were in Confederate uniforms. Later, part of the Paw Paw company in St. Joseph joined Thornton and the remainder refused to fight. By this time it was estimated that Thornton's force was 800 strong.29 Thornton's activities led General Fisk to write Rosecrans on July 12 that there had been a general uprising in his district. The people had thrown off their masks and declared "openly for Jeff. Davis and the Southern Confederacy." Fisk asked for reinforce­ ments to combat Thornton and his rebels.30 Thornton's force was potentially the most dangerous to Fisk. After the fall of Parkville, Rosecrans informed the War De­ partment of the acute situation in Northwest Missouri. He reported that Thornton was boasting of a general uprising north of the Mis­ souri River and that he was resorting to conscription to augment his forces.31 Rosecrans had made little effort to secure reinforcements for Fisk who was left to his own devices to secure additional militia needed. He could not persuade Governor Hall to replace the Paw Paws with newly enrolled militia. Finally, Rosecrans realized that the Platte City affair indicated that the Union position in North­ Willard P. Hall west Missouri had declined to the Straus Portrait point where positive action was needed. Both he and Hall re­ sponded to Fisk's dilemma—Rose­ jr^?^^ crans by assigning Federal troops to the district and Hall by author­ izing additional militia.32 Thornton could not remain in­ active after taking Platte City. He learned through his spies of the concentration being made against

29 ibid, XXXIV, Pt. IV, 416, 417; Ibid., XLI, Pt. I, 56-59; Pt. II, 11, 126, 127, 133, 134, 137, 138, 145, 159, 312-313. so Ibid., 158, 159; Parrish, Turbu­ lent Partnership, 190. 31 O. R., XLI, Pt. II, 126, 133-134. 32 ibid., 128, 129, 149, 152, 204, 247, 249, 270, 292-296, 298, 313, 320, 339, 340, 392, 409; Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 190-191. 444 Missouri Historical Review him. Passive action no longer sufficed to hold his men together and guerrilla tactics became necessary. He had previously contacted all guerrilla leaders in the area, including John Thrailkill, George Todd, Richard Yeager and Fletcher Taylor, to secure their coop­ eration.33 Now was the time to use them. General Curtis, in Kansas, kept abreast of the situation in Missouri. A spy, sent into Fisk's district, reported to Curtis on July 11 that there were 200 men in Platte City, recruiting rapidly, while waiting for General Shelby, who was coming up from Ark­ ansas to join them. While they were waiting, these men in Platte City were cooperating with the guerrillas in the vicinity.34 Al­ though he knew that Missourians distrusted most Kansans, Gen­ eral Curtis offered to assist the Union forces in Northwest Mis­ souri. Rosecrans accepted the offer. When the combined force of Kansans and Missourians assembled at Weston on July 13, it was learned that Thornton had evacuated Platte City and moved to Camden Point, a few miles to the northeast. As the Union force marched on Camden Point, advanced troops of the column met Thornton with a detachment of 300 men and decisively defeated him. From then on, Thornton and his entire force of some 1,500 recruits were ruthlessly pursued. They were harried from place to place by one Union force working from the west and another from the southeast. Missouri River crossings were guarded by Union troops. Home guards were formed and defended the towns while the newly organized militia provided valuable assistance.35 Colonel Thornton's force, now joined by Thrailkill's guerrillas, was pushed eastward toward Cameron and part of it as far south as Carrollton. By July 23, Thornton's men seemed to have lost their military ardor. Rumors circulated that Thornton's forces were breaking up. Hundreds of young men, from Platte, Clay and Ray counties who had joined Thornton because they believed that the Confederacy would hold Missouri, now deserted and were hiding in the woods. Loss of his recruits and the number of loyal Mis­ sourians who combined against him came as a surprise to Thorn­ ton. His problems magnified when General Shelby did not reach Missouri as planned. With pursuers pressing in on all sides, Thorn­ ton scattered his force. On the 24th, he fled to the woods near Cameron.36 33 o. R., XLI, Pt. I, 53-63, 255; Pt. II, 145. 34 ibid., 136, 137, 145, 159, 161. zzibid., Pt. I, 49, 52-54, 56-59; Pt. II, 136, 145, 149, 153-156, 160-162, 174, 175, 187, 188, 191, 249-251, 295, 314. 36 ibid., 342, 343, 362, 365, 374, 375. Trapping Rebel Guerrillas. 446 Missouri Historical Review

Convinced that the rebel force had disintegrated, General Fisk divided the area north of the Missouri River into sectors and assigned troops to each. The troops were to drive south in their respective sectors and kill or capture any enemy found. Between the 25th and the 30th, Fisk's plan was carried out successfully.87 He reported on the 28th that Thornton's conspiracy was "flickering out." A few guerrillas crossed the river near Lexington and small bands were still in the brush.38 They represented no problem and many of them were soon "mustered out." Thornton escaped from Cameron and, with Thrailkill, crossed the Missouri River in late August. Two hundred of Thornton's recruits were killed and 100 were captured during this operation. At the conclusion of the operation, men who deserted the rebel colors earlier were still surrendering to Union authorities. The persistent Union dragnet had further results. Great num­ bers of former Paw Paws who had joined Thornton were now sending their friends to Federal headquarters to plead for mercy. One complete company petitioned to return. All they wanted was the right to live in peace. On July 28, General Fisk queried department headquarters on what he should do about those young men who first deserted the Paw Paw Militia and now had deserted Thornton. While he awaited a reply, he stipulated that they, and others desiring to surrender, would be protected when coming to his headquarters. He would make disposition of their cases after their arrival.39 The department commander answered Fisk promptly. Fisk was informed that in all history there was no example of deserters who joined the enemy being pardoned when caught. Paw Paws captured in arms would not be considered prisoners of war. That meant they would be held responsible for their acts while in Fed­ eral service. Under no circumstances were they to escape punish­ ment for their unpardonable crimes. If they surrendered without being compelled by force, the Paw Paws should be held for action by due course of law.40 It was announced on August 5 that all guerrillas captured would be tried as quickly as circumstances permitted.41 A few Paw Paw companies were required to take the field

37 Ibid. 390, 409, 421, 422, 425, 441. 38 ibid., 439. 39 ibid. 40 ibid., 459. 41 Ibid., 574. The Missouri Paw Paw Militia of 1863-1864 447

against Confederate Major General Sterling Price when he invaded Missouri later in the year. However, for the majority of the Paw Paw companies the July outbreak signalled the end of their active duty. It appears that some of the companies were disbanded on March 12, 1865, under the provisions of a militia law passed by the General Assembly of Missouri on February 10, 1865.42 It is difficult to understand why the Paw Paws were retained in service. It was contemplated, when they were organized, that their chief responsibility would be police guards. It was apparent that they would be worthless against Confederate troops. The District of Northern Missouri, sharply divided in sentiment, should have been supplied more reliable troops. A proper evaluation of the role of the Paw Paws is difficult. Accounts of their activities vary according to the bias of the author. It is significant that the greatest criticism of the Paw Paws came from Kansas. One author wrote: "Remembering the bitterness and fanaticism engendered by civil war, it is well to discount at least part of the accusations made against the Paw Paw militia."43 Imme­ diately after the units were formed they were accused of driving Union men from Northwest Missouri. But on October 1, 1863, Union Brigadier General Odon Guitar denied that the Paw Paws had been guilty of any misdoing.44 Perhaps his faith in the Paw Paws was one of the reasons for Guitar's later removal as district commander. It is undoubtedly true that many of the Paw Paws joined with Thornton or "took to the brush." However Governor Hall claimed they brought peace to the area and their services were invaluable.45 Their loyalty aside, the evidence indicates that the Paw Paws were of value in protecting the lives and property of citizens in Northwest Missouri during the winter of 1863-1864. They were also effective in stopping raids across the border by the "Kansas Red Legs."46 Nevertheless they were worthless against Confederates or guerrillas. Looking back, it is evident that the

42 "Paw Paw Militia," 86. 43 ibid. 44 o. R., XXII, Pt. II, 590. 45 ibid., 677-678. 46 'Taw Paw Militia," 86. On March 4 and 18, 1864, the Liberty Tribune commented on the peace and quiet enjoyed by Clay and Platte counties and commended the Paw Paw Militia. By May 27, 1864, A. G. Beller, editor of the Weston Border Times, wrote of the "disloyalty of the Paw Paws" and proceeded to organize a company of men to protect Weston. A. F. Cox, editor of the Weston Sentinel, had been one of the defenders of the Paw Paws. In June, 1864, events forced him to alter his views and condemn their actions. See Paxton, Annals of Platte County, 362, 366. 448 Missouri Historical Review

Paw Paws should have been relieved when the guerrillas resumed their activities.47

47 in the History of Clay and Platte Counties, it was written that "The Paw Paws did valuable service for the county [Platte] and freed it of thieves and plunderers. Comparative peace prevailed under their surveillance until the summer of the following year [1864], when Col. Calhoun C. [sic] Thornton and others came into the county recruiting for the Southern service . . . ." See p. 717.

Bible, Pin Used to Select Name for Festus, Mo. By Allan Hale St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 18, 1966. Would you believe that the city of Festus, Mo., gets it name from Porcius Festus, the Roman official who was procurator of Judea at the time of St. Paul? Not that the inhabitants picked him out specially for distinction. In fact, they picked him out with a pin. It happened, the story goes, when 19th-century residents decided to give the city a new name. At that time it was known as Tanglefoot. Legend is that they opened the Bible, stuck in a pin and took the nearest name. The volume fell open at the Book of Acts and the pin fell on the line "Then Agrippa said unto Festus. . . ." The town of Emma, near Sedalia, legend alleges, was named in honor of Paul Revere's horse ... at least, that's what they say in Lafayette County, even though the Revere Society, in Boston, believes the patriot's horse was called Brown Beauty. Enon, not far from Jefferson City, was named to keep the railroad com­ pany records straight, they say. It was policy, when the Mo-Pac was driving its line, to establish a station at fixed distances. WThen the railroad builders failed to establish one station they filled in the space on the form for "Station Estab- lishd"—None. Some clerk in the office forestalled any inquiries from high officials about deviation from company policy by reversing the word and entering "Enon" on the form.

Conclusive Evidence Sarcoxie Record, January, 29, 1904. An amusing little incident happened in Judge Dabb's court last evening dur­ ing the trial of the Oliver divorce case. The attorney for the plaintiff placed Bud Wormington, of Sarcoxie, on the stand to testify as to the good reputation of the plaintiff. After he had given the required information, the attorney con­ ducting the cross examination asked, "Pretty good fellow, is he?" "Yes, sir." "Hard working man?" "Yes, sir." "Associates with good men?" "Yes, sir. He associates with me." "That's enough," said the attorney. Joseph LaBarge Steamboat Captain

BY T. S. BOWDERN, S.J.*

Some of the most exciting episodes in America's frontier history during the nineteenth century involved the steam­ boat traffic and trade. Ex­ plorers, traders, adventurers, merchants, artisans and farmers relied on this mode of transporta­ tion to take them, or their goods to points on the western frontier and beyond. Joseph LaBarge, whose lifetime (1815-1899) spans the history of the Missouri River steamboat trade, traveled the river for fifty-three eventful years. His fortunes rose and fell concurrently with the success and failure of the steamboat trade. Joseph LaBarge was born in St. Louis on October 1, 1815. At that time, St. Louis was an important center of steamboat activity. The community's geographical position, near the conflu­ ence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, made it a natural meeting place, base of operation and point of embarkation for those connected with any operations involving river traffic. His father, Joseph Marie LaBarge, had followed the river

*T. S. Bowdern, S.J., received his B.A., his M.A. in Scholastic Philosophy and his Ph.D. in Education from St. Louis University. Former president of Creighton University, he is now a professor of Education at Rockhurst College, Kansas City, Missouri. Editor's Note.—The story of Joseph LaBarge and the historic nineteenth century steamboat era appears in the two-volume work, History of Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River, by Hiram Martin Chittenden. Using these volumes and other related works, Professor Bowdern has recon­ structed LaBarge's career in that exciting era. 449 450 Missouri Historical Review

routes from Canada to St. Louis in 1808. Born in Assomption, Quebec, in 1787, Joseph Marie on his arrival in the St. Louis area began selling charcoal to the inhabitants of that community. Even­ tually, he opened a boarding house that he later transformed and expanded into a hotel, tavern and livery stable. Joseph Marie led an exciting and often dangerous life. He carried dispatches during the Indian wars with the Sac and Fox, fought against the British during the War of 1812 and periodically joined various fur trading expeditions. In 1813, Joseph Marie married Eulalie Alverez Horitz, a young woman whose father, Joseph Alverez Horitz, had served as mili­ tary attache to Spanish territorial governors Zenon Trudeau and Charles Dehault DeLassus. Their son, Joseph LaBarge, was the second oldest of seven children in the family. Shortly after Joseph's birth, the family moved to a farm at Baden, north of St. Louis. As he grew older, Joseph received what elementary education was available in St. Louis. This education included the learning of English. For three years, he was a stu­ dent at St. Mary's College, Perry County, Missouri. He probably acquired some semblance of a high school education at this insti­ tution before he was sent home at the age of fifteen. St. Mary's, a preparatory school for candidates for priesthood, discovered that young LaBarge was not really interested in becoming a member of the religious order. After his dismissal, Joseph worked for John Bent, a lawyer in St. Louis. Because of Bent's excessive drinking, young LaBarge left his employ and for almost a year clerked in a clothing store. Bored with this occupation, and wanting adventure and excite­ ment Joseph found himself attracted to the fur trade. In 1831, with his father's blessing, Joseph LaBarge started looking for a fur trading venture. When young LaBarge made his decision to leave the clothing business the fur trading expeditions were already on their way up the Missouri. This predicament afforded Joseph the opportunity to travel down the Mississippi River as a clerk on the steamboat Yellowstone, which was engaged in the sugar trade downriver. Because he spoke both French and English, LaBarge proved most useful as an interpreter on this trip. The next spring, as an engage, or hired hand, of the American Fur Company, he started up the Missouri on the Yellowstone on her historic trip "farthest north" to the Yellowstone River. At Council Bluffs, a few miles above the Joseph LaBarge, Steamboat Captain 451

&

George Catlin's Study of Fur Traders Which Ap­ peared in His North American Indians, Vol. I. site of the present city of Omaha, he was drafted off the boat by John P. Cabanne, the bourgeois, or head man, of the trading post there. When the Yellowstone came down the Missouri on her return trip, Cabanne boarded her with his favorite new hand, LaBarge, and went to St. Louis. While Cabanne was busy with affairs of the company, LaBarge shipped on the Warrior for a trip up the Mississippi to Prairie du Chien at the mouth of the Wisconsin River, where the famous Jesuit Father Marquette had discovered the Mississippi in 1673 and where his own father had entered the Mississippi in 1808. On his return to St. Louis LaBarge joined Cabanne. Together 452 Missouri Historical Review they went up the Missouri to Council Bluffs for LaBarge's first winter among the Indians. With four men under his command and a supply of merchandise to trade for furs he spent the winter of 1832-1833 in a village of Pawnees on the Loup Fork of the Platte River in Nebraska about 100 miles west of modern Omaha. LaBarge was popular with the Indians because he possessed the knack of making himself agreeable to all. The Pawnees were espe­ cially infatuated by his writing down their language and reading it back to them. This procedure helped LaBarge master the lan­ guage which, in turn, added to his stature in the Indian community. With spring's arrival in 1833 LaBarge took his stock of furs in bull boats down the Loup to the Platte to the Missouri and then in mackinaw boats to St. Louis. On the Yellowstone's second trip up the Missouri in the sum­ mer of 1833 LaBarge went aboard for Council Bluffs. Cholera broke out on board and by the time the steamboat reached the Kansas River, so many of the crew were dead including the pilot, engineer and all the firemen that Captain Anson G. Bennett had to put ashore. Bennett left for St. Louis to engage another crew leaving young LaBarge in command. LaBarge, on previous voyages, made the most of his opportu­ nities to learn how to handle a steamboat. When the Missouri settlers heard that cholera was rampant on the Yellowstone, they proceeded to the river to burn the boat unless LaBarge moved it. He became a one-man crew—fireman, engineer, pilot. He got up steam and single-handedly piloted the Yellowstone far enough up­ stream to be free from the threats of the Missourians. Eventually Captain Bennett returned with a new crew and proceeded to finish the trip to Council Bluffs. That winter LaBarge rode for the Pony Express. The Ameri­ can Fur Company exchanged messages between its St. Louis head­ quarters and all its posts. This precious packet of letters went by horseback from St. Louis to Fort Pierre and by dog-sled between Fort Pierre and the posts above. At Pierre the St. Louis messenger usually met the messenger coming down from the outposts. Ex­ changing packets, each returned to his starting point. In this way the headquarters obtained invaluable and timely information about supplies needed all along the line and on the prospects of the season's procurement of furs. The express rider from St. Louis to Council Bluffs in January, 1834, was none other than LaBarge's father, Joseph Marie. As a Joseph LaRarge, Steamboat Captain 453 young man, the elder LaBarge had paddled a birchbark canoe from Quebec to St. Louis with only eight miles of portage. In his own right he was a hero of the West. Named for him is the La- Barge Creek (also called Battle Creek) that flows into the upper Missouri and the LaBarge Creek that flows into the Green River in Wyoming. After a brief reunion between father and son, Major Joshua Pilcher asked the younger LaBarge to take the express to Pierre. The day after his arrival at Fort Pierre the express from Fort Union came in by dog-sled. LaBarge took the express down the river to Council Bluffs, or Cabanne's Post as the company's estab­ lishment was called. That spring, Joseph LaBarge was sent to St. Louis with furs and buffalo robes collected at Cabanne's Post. Again, in the spring of 1835, he transported furs to St. Louis. Concluding this venture, his three-year contract with the American Fur Company was com­ pleted and he signed to work for the winter with Joseph Robidoux in the Black Snake Hills. Robidoux's post, named St. Joseph, even­ tually developed into the Missouri city of the same name. The next four years LaBarge traveled on the Missouri River serving on different steamboats as clerk, pilot and master. With his reputation as a pilot established he could command almost any steamboat he wanted. Returning to the employ of the American Fur Company in 1840, he received an order to transfer to a new steamboat, the Trapper. By refusing to obey he shocked and an­ gered the company's officials. The American Fur Company's dis­ cipline with their employees and their crushing of competitors was ruthless and unscrupulous. Expecting to be obeyed without a word, the owners were undoubtedly surprised when LaBarge not only walked out on them but, also, immediately became one of their competitors or the "opposition." With his own savings and the backing of two partners, J. B. Roy and Henry Shaw of St. Louis, LaBarge bought a store of goods to trade with the Indians and chartered the Thames to carry them as far as Council Bluffs. The cargo included a number of wagons for which LaBarge hoped to buy enough horses or oxen to pull. Starting late in the season from Council Bluffs he pro­ ceeded by wagon to the Niobrara River. There, because of snow, he changed to sleds and traveled on the ice of the frozen Missouri. These actions were construed as a declaration of war by the American Fur Company. 454 Missouri Historical Review

At the Niobara, LaBarge found Narcisse LeClerc, a cas­ ualty of a previous "opposition" war with the company. In fact, LaBarge had helped Cabanne put LeClerc out of business eight years before this meeting. The latter was in desperate need of employment to feed his family who were with him and LaBarge hired him. The caravan proceeded up the frozen Missouri, past the Vermillion and Handy's Post. At the post, they met a white man, Bruyere, and ten Indians who said they were on their way to Vermillion. LeClerc did not be­ Henry Shaw lieve their story and warned La- Barge of his apprehension. LaBarge then plied the strangers with liquor. Inebriated, Bruyere admitted the party was sent to am­ bush the trading venture. While his new "friends" slept off their stupor, LaBarge slipped away reaching safely the abandoned Fort Lookout, took possession of the buildings, and set up his own trad­ ing post. Another plot against him unfolded when a single unarmed Indian, a brother-in-law of the agent at Pierre, brought LaBarge an invitation to visit Pierre. LaBarge discovered that the Indian was not unarmed when he found the latter's weapons hidden in a tree. Hiding the weapons himself, the captain left the next day with his would-be assassin. His unexpected arrival at Pierre em­ barrassed the treacherous agent. However, he feigned welcome, fed LaBarge and kept the unexpected guest awake all night trying to get him drunk in hopes of killing him or cheating him while he was in the desired condition. LaBarge, wary of this plot, refused to drink and, as he expected, the agent offered to buy him out. At first the offer was re­ jected but when the captain discovered that LeClerc, through imprudence or disloyalty, had placed him and his property in even greater danger, he yielded. Selling all of his stock at cost-plus-ten- Joseph LaRarge, Steamboat Captain 455 percent, LaBarge, in 1841, signed a three-year contract with the American Fur Company. His first job under the contract was to bring furs, trapped by the Pawnees, down the Platte and the Missouri to St. Louis. The year 1845 was a turning point in the history of the Mis­ souri River. Until that year, LaBarge and others, making their living in the steamboat trade, spent the majority of their time immersed in the fur trade. But with the coming of the Mexican War, the westward trek of the Mormons and the discovery of gold in California and adjacent areas, the volume of business destined for the steamboat trade swelled enormously. With these windfalls rapidly developing, LaBarge took the necessary steps to increase his own fortune. In 1846, he purchased his first steamboat, the General Rrooks, for $12,000. Selling the boat at the end of the trading season, La- Barge stayed in Cincinatti to supervise the construction of a new steamboat, the Martha, which was readied for the 1847 season. LaBarge became master of the Martha due to the retirement of Captain Joseph A. Sire. Accompanying him on the Marthas maiden voyage was his wife, the former Pelagie Guerette, whom he had married in 1842. Pelagie's Louisiana French father, Pierre, was a millwright and architect who constructed one of the first grist mills in St. Louis for Auguste Chouteau. The mother of LaBarge's five sons and two daughters, she achieved distinction on this voyage of being the first white woman to travel the upper Missouri River. On the return trip of 1848, LaBarge brought a menagerie of wild animals to St. Louis. At this time he experienced more diffi­ culties with the American Fur Company which he solved by selling the Martha to the company. Immediately he built a new steamboat named the St. Ange, after the first military governor of Upper Louisiana. Both LaBarge and the steamboat were commissioned by the Quartermaster's Department for army service. Under the commission, one of LaBarge's duties was to trans­ port supplies from St. Louis to army posts. On the second return trip from Fort Leavenworth, being delayed by a storm kept the St. Ange from being destroyed. Arriving at St. Louis after midnight, LaBarge discovered the levee enveloped in a roaring inferno. If the St. Ange had not been delayed, it might have been destroyed in the "Great Fire" of 1849 which devastated twenty-three other steamboats and the main business district of the city. 456 Missouri Historical Review

LaBarge established the speed record for steamboats on the Missouri River in 1850 when he piloted the S*. Ange from St. Louis to the Yellowstone River in twenty-eight days. He achieved an­ other record the next year when he navigated the same steamboat to the Poplar River, the farthest point reached by that mode of travel at that time. His passenger list on the latter trip included the famous Jesuit missionary, Father Pierre Jean DeSmet, and his companion, Father Christian Hoecken. During the trip up the rivers, Father Hoecken died of cholera and was buried at the Little Sioux River. On the return, LaBarge exhumed the remains and brought them to St. Louis where they were received by the Jesuit Fathers. After the record-breaking trip, LaBarge sold the St. Ange and, at the age of thirty-six, retired from the river to enjoy the fortune he now possessed. Some of this fortune he invested in a large section of real estate called Cabanne Place. The captain chose to sell this property and undoubtedly regretted his move as later developments made the site extremely valuable. LaBarge returned to the river in 1852 and, until 1855, he bought, sold and built steamboats and once again began trading. The American Fur Company, in 1855, sold Fort Pierre to the

E. B. Trail Coll. Joseph LaRarge, Steamboat Captain 457

United States government. This prompted the beginning of the military conquest of the upper Missouri country and LaBarge, with a new boat named the St. Mary, moved the fur company out to a new post and returned to bring the army to the newly acquired fort. Pierre Chouteau invited LaBarge to become a partner, super­ vise the construction, and command the St. Mary. The former's action was not unselfish. A mutiny on the fur company's voyage of the preceding year resulted in a great financial loss. Knowing that LaBarge had never failed in any of his voyages, the owners, for their own protection, wanted the captain to become a member of their company. LaBarge agreed and obtained a quarter interest in the St. Mary. In 1849 a delay was responsible for LaBarge's missing the levee fire at St. Louis. His daring and seamanship, in turn, saved the St. Mary in 1856. Usually the river ice in the Mis­ sissippi would break and move gradually because of melting, causing only small ice-floes. But in 1856 the ice was four feet thick and the water level very low. With an unexpected rise in the river, the entire ice-surface moved from its shore anchorage in a solid, unbroken mass. It crushed all the steamboats and other craft win­ tering at St. Louis except the St. Mary. Reacting quickly, LaBarge got up steam while the mate persuaded several men to volunteer to come aboard. At the proper moment, the captain backed the St. Mary out into the moving ice and went down the river; he traveled twenty miles before he could maneuver the boat free. In spite of saving this steamboat in which the American Fur Company owned half interest and other services he performed, LaBarge ended his employment with the company in the same year. This parting of the ways stemmed from an incident involving the chief clerk of the St. Mary, one of the sons of the partners in the fur company. The clerk's wife went along on a trip under the protection of LaBarge. At Fort Clark, the "bourgeois," or head of the post came aboard to travel to Fort Union. To make room for the man, two junior clerks were put out of their stateroom to sleep on cots elsewhere. The "bourgeois" resented this, and, holding an important post in the fur company hierarchy, said he would com­ mandeer the lodging of the chief clerk, with pointed reference to the young man's wife. That night LaBarge allowed the bully to get as far as the cabin door, then collared him and literally kicked him to the other end of the boat. He ordered the crew to put the 458 Missouri Historical Review man off to spend the remainder of the night in the willows along the shore. When the St. Mary returned to St. Louis, the young wife at once called on Mrs. LaBarge to thank her for the captain's gallant protection. In the meantime, the clerk proved himself an un­ grateful coward by omitting all reference to LaBarge's chivalry and submitted to his father an official report that the captain was guilty of severe conduct to the company's employees. The report led to LaBarge's dismissal from the company. He ac­ cepted the disgrace silently and, in three years, when the father learned the truth, he called on the captain to apologize and at­ tempted to repair the damage caused by his son's actions. LaBarge declined the offers of the father and did not rejoin the fur com­ pany. He never could accept the cruel injustices and unscrupulous methods of that dictatorial monopoly. Captain LaBarge did not have to worry about unemployment. The years 1855 to 1860, were the peak years of the golden age of Missouri River steamboating and the Missouri River pilot was the king. A natural highway to the West, the Missouri's banks were settled higher and higher, year after year, until by 1852, the tide of settlement reached Sioux City, Iowa. In 1858, there were fifty- nine steamboats in regular traffic between Omaha and St. Louis. During the next year, more steamboats left St. Louis for Missouri River points than for the upper and lower Mississippi River to­ gether. The farthest point of navigation on the Missouri was con­ stantly changed by the daring river pilots. Finally, in 1859, the Chippewa traveled to a point fifteen miles from Fort Benton. John LaBarge, brother of Joseph, captained the Chippewa during this venture. The former was also a famous pilot and in the opinion of the only woman pilot on the Missouri, Mrs. Woolfolk, (later Mrs. M. I. Draper), the brothers were the greatest steamboat men in the history of the Missouri River. Captain John LaBarge, who died at the wheel while making a landing at Bismarck, North Dakota, in 1885, accomplished a memorable feat on that 1859 journey. He piloted the Chippewa farther from the sea than any steamboat on any river in history—3,500 miles. On October 1, 1859, Joseph LaBarge celebrated his forty- fourth birthday by taking his new steamboat, the Emilie, on her maiden voyage. Designer, builder, owner and pilot, the captain named the vessel for one of his daughters. The Emilie was 225 Joseph LaRarge, Steamboat Captain 459 feet long, 32 feet wide in the beam, six feet deep in the hold with a capacity of 500 tons; the average steamboat carried 200 or 300 tons. The Emilie's most famous passenger was Abraham Lincoln. In modern Council Bluffs, a monument marks the spot where Lincoln stood in August, 1859, and looked out over the majestic Missouri River Valley. He gave a speech, examined some real estate and conversed with General Grenville M. Dodge, just returned from making surveys for the route of the Union Pacific Railroad. Later, when Lincoln was president, and because of these talks, he de­ creed that the Union Pacific should start in Council Bluffs instead of Omaha. In the fall of that same year, ice stymied the Emilie near Atchi­ son, Kansas, and forced LaBarge to stay there for the winter. The next spring, at the request of the citizens of Atchison, he used the Emilie as an ice-breaker, opening a channel between Atchison and St. Joseph by maneuvering the boat up on the ice until her weight broke through. Ice caught LaBarge and his vessel the next year near Liberty, Missouri, and while there he heard that his tall passenger of the previous year had been elected president. Within a few months the Civil War became a reality. The Mis­ souri River was a "Southern" river. Most of the people along her banks and almost all the river pilots were Southern sympathizers. LaBarge, although in sympathy with the South, preferred union to disunion and took an oath of allegiance to the United States government. Operating his boat in the service of that government, he suffered rough treatment from the armies of both North and South because neither side completely trusted him. The traffic on the Missouri reached enormous proportions dur­ ing the war. This increased volume did not originate solely because of the civil conflict. A gold rush in Montana attained its peak in the same period and naturally added names to the passenger lists of the steamboats. For those who traveled the Missouri at this time it was an exciting and dangerous experience. Below Omaha, in the lower river, boats were fired upon by both armies, while on the upper river, they were attacked by the Indian tribes who were becoming bitterly hostile. LaBarge, hoping to reap an even larger share of the govern­ ment trade, went into business in 1861 with his brother John, Eugene Jaccard, James Harkness and Charles Galpin. Each of the partners invested $10,000 in LaBarge, Harkness & Company. The 460 Missouri Historical Review captain sold the Emilie to the company and the smaller Shreveport was also purchased. At the end of April, 1862, the "fleet" prepared to sail. John LaBarge departed in the Shreveport and two weeks later, his brother followed with the Emilie. Still the pride of the river, the Emilie not only overtook the Shreveport but lost time in helping her into port at Fort Benton. Still, with loss of time, the Emilie completed its trip upriver which totaled 2,300 miles in thirty-two days and the return trip to St. Louis in fifteen days, an average speed of 71 miles per day up and 152 miles per day down the river. This feat was considered remarkable in 1862. In fact, it was so remarkable that Pierre Chouteau, Jr., sent his carriage to the St. Louis levee to bring LaBarge to him to discuss the record trip. This was an extraordinary courtesy from a member of the American Fur Company and a leader of LaBarge "opposition." One incident, which occurred during the record trip was less surprising and more in keeping with the American Fur Company policy. The Spread Eagle, a fur company boat, attempted to ram the Emilie above Fort Berthold. This transpired during the first steamboat race on the upper Missouri. The Spread Eagle left St. Louis three days before the Emilie and the latter overtook her near Fort Berthold. For two days the boats were together; then the Emilie began to pull away. Captain Robert E. Bailey maneuvered the Spread Eagle into the regu­ Pierre Chouteau, Jr. lar channel to the right of the island while LaBarge turned to the left. The course to the left provided the captain with a shorter channel and it was nav­ igable only because of a recent flooding of the river. As soon as Bailey realized that he was beaten, he brought his boat around in pursuit and rammed the Emilie amidships. Under the threat of being shot Bailey backed away before much dam­ age occurred. Triumphant, the Emilie proceeded to Fort Ben­ ton and arrived four days before the Spread Eagle and returned Joseph LaRarge, Steamboat Captain 461

to St. Louis a week ahead of her adversary. Charges were preferred against Bailey for his actions and the steamboat inspector revoked his license which was eventually restored through the efforts of LaBarge. Before Bailey was reinstated, LaBarge returned up the Mis­ souri with a group of people, including his wife. At Sioux City they met the Shreveport coming down and the cargo and passengers were transferred from the Emilie to the lighter steamboat which returned to Fort Benton. Here, LaBarge, Hark­ ness & Company planned to construct their main trading post. On June 28, 1862, Mrs. Joseph LaBarge drove the stake of the new post named Fort LaBarge. To celebrate the event a pleasure trip was taken to see the Great Falls of the Missouri, thirty-seven miles away, by a party that included Mrs. LaBarge, Margaret Harkness and Father De Smet; the two ladies from St. Louis were the first white women to see the Great Falls. After the departure of the Shreveport with the tourists from St. Louis, James Harkness left Fort LaBarge with an ox train of merchandise for the new mining camps in Montana. He exhibited the telltale signs of an unregenerate tenderfoot and by the time he reached Deer Lodge Valley he gave up his mission, turned over his goods to Nick Wall and hurried back to St. Louis. Captain La- Barge later said in disgust, "He was back in St. Louis almost as soon as I was." Wall was instructed to sell the goods and receive a commission. However, the company never obtained any money from the goods left with him. Ironically, Wall's trading post was named LaBarge City although two years later the name was changed to Deer Lodge. The year 1862 was a busy one for the Emilie. After the two voyages on the Missouri Captain LaBarge took her into govern­ ment service on the Mississippi during late summer, fall and through the winter. Union armies under General Ulysses Grant were fighting their way south to the climax of the siege and cap­ ture of Vicksburg in 1863 as the Emilie carried stores between St. Louis and Memphis. In the spring of 1863, Captain LaBarge expected to make the usual trips up the Missouri with the Emilie and the Shreveport. To his surprise the quartermaster at St. Louis told him he could not take the Emilie out of government service. Captain LaBarge then sold the Emilie for $25,000 to the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad and left them to argue with the quartermaster. He 462 Missouri Historical Review chartered the Robert Campbell and began to load her and the Shreveport. The Shreveport left in the latter part of April with a cargo for the mines of Montana and the trading posts of the LaBarge, Harkness & Company while the Robert Campbell was under contract to transport the goods which the government was to distribute to the Indians. The year 1863 was a year of low water. In any year the steamboats always left as early as they could to have the advantage of the high water necessary to reach the farthest posts and forts on the upper river. But the Department of Indian Affairs delayed Captain LaBarge forty-two days! Even then he had to leave without some goods which were shipped by railroad to meet him at St. Joseph. An armed guard of thirty soldiers went on the boat as far as St. Joseph. Their original orders were to see the government cargo safely through the war zone. However, they were just as important in defending against hostile Indians as they were against Confederates. Unfortunately the soldiers disembarked at St. Joseph and LaBarge continued his slow journey unprotected. By June 20, 1863, the Robert Campbell reached Fort Pierre. Samuel M. Latta, the Sioux Indian agent, began distributing the goods assigned to the Indians by the United States government. Because of Latta's dishonesty, he held back one-third of the total goods; the Indians became incensed. Their anger was aroused even earlier when eight of their tribe were killed by soldiers. Hoping that LaBarge could help them, the Sioux appealed to the captain for help. However, LaBarge was powerless and could not per­ suade the Indian agent to deal honestly. Latta ordered LaBarge to proceed on his journey. Still angered by the failure in receiving their allotted goods, the Indians pursued the Robert Campbell. Whenever the current carried the steamboat close to a high bank the Indians fired their weapons. LaBarge, to protect lives and property, ordered the building of a barricade using the freight on board. For 600 miles this running fight continued—all the way to Fort Union. The worst incident occurred at Tobacco Garden where 1,500 Sioux lay in ambush planning to capture the boat and massacre the crew and passengers. An attempted parley was ended by the treachery of the Indians who killed three and severely wounded one out of a volunteer crew of seven men who rowed a small boat ashore to meet them. Retaliating with all their firearms, Joseph LaRarge, Steamboat Captain 463 including three howitzers, those aboard the two steamships killed eighteen Indians and wounded many others. The annuity goods destined for the Montana tribes of Crows, Assiniboines and Blackfeet were to be carried as far as Fort Benton but the boats could not make it because of low water. Progress halted at the mouth of the Yellowstone River and Dr. Henry W. Reed, agent for the Blackfeet, proposed that the cargo be unloaded and stored in the American Fur Company warehouse at Fort Union to be delivered as soon as possible. Past experience reminded La- Barge that he could not trust the fur company but under the cir­ cumstance there was nothing that he could do. He did, however, insist that full receipts be made with Captain W. B. Greer, United States Army, as witness and that agent Reed sign a statement con­ cerning the transaction. The empty steamboats started for St. Louis under the com­ mand of the two LaBarge brothers. They were stopped at Crow Creek, eighty-two miles below Fort Pierre, by General Alfred Sully who commandeered the Shreveport. John LaBarge refused to stay with the vessel, so his brother traded boats with him and John took the Robert Campbell back to St. Louis while Joseph operated the Shreveport in support of Sully's victorious expedition against the Indians. LaBarge started home again but at Leavenworth he was ordered to bring a cargo of supplies to Sioux City. As late in the season as it was, the trip was successful and when LaBarge finally returned to St. Louis he was exhausted from the rigors of the past months. He then went to Washington, D. C, to straighten out his un­ satisfactory affairs. Unfortunately, the government paid him only for the goods delivered to the Indians and renewed his contract to pick up the goods stored with the American Fur Company and carry them on to Fort Benton. By the next spring, the American Fur Company sold these goods and since the goods never reached Fort Benton, the government refused to honor the contract; this meant a loss of $20,000 for LaBarge. LaBarge, Harkness & Company could expect no mercy from the American Fur Company. Being in opposition, both were in­ volved in a war to the death. With a better partner than Hark­ ness, LaBarge might have combatted the company more effective­ ly. To make matters worse, in 1863, the Roe and Wall Company of St. Louis was also fighting for the right to supply the Montana mines. Although LaBarge had done many substantial favors for Nick Wall, the latter now used all his resources to ruin his benefactor. He succeeded, with the help of LaBarge's incompetent partners and staff. Court proceedings con­ tinued through 1865, and LaBarge, Harkness & Company were then out of "opposition" and the captain incurred a loss of $100,000. Before the court reached its final judgment, LaBarge decided on his own initiative to enter the still profitable trade with the Mon­ John S. McCune tana mines. He sold the Shreve­ port earlier for $25,000 and was without a boat; but this predicament was soon remedied. John S. McCune, president of the Keokuk Packet Company, brought to St. Louis the steamboat, Effie Deans which, being in­ adequate for his business, he decided to sell. LaBarge bought three-fourths interest in the boat for $40,000 and McCune retained the other fourth as a partner's share. On March 22, 1864, the Effie Deans left for Montana and, because she could not get as far as Fort Benton, the cargo for the mines was transferred to a wagon train and the captain's brother, John, took the boat back to St. Louis. Moving the supplies overland, LaBarge succeeded in selling out at Fort Benton and Virginia City. Everyone in Virginia City seemed to know that he accumulated $100,000 in gold-dust from his trading and a group of citizens kept an eye on the captain while they planned to rob the stagecoach in which he would de­ part for St. Louis. Since it was too dangerous to return home via the Missouri River because of the potential Indian attacks, La- Barge announced his departure for Salt Lake City by stagecoach and then left at an earlier date. The stagecoach on which he had announced his departure was waylaid and a passenger killed. In Salt Lake City, he visited with his old friends, Brigham Young and the Mormon leaders. Because it was the least expensive way to return home, he organized a party of fellow travelers and together they purchased a team and wagon. Going by way of Fort Joseph LaRarge, Steamboat Captain 465

Bridger and the South Platte Valley, they were informed near the Platte River, that an Indian war party was running amuck. For several days the travelers hid on an island in the Platte and when they started again, they found a party of emigrants who had been massacred the previous day. At Nebraska City, south of Omaha, they reached the Missouri River just in time to catch the last boat for St. Louis. On his arrival LaBarge discovered that his partner's company had chartered the Effie Deans for a trip to Montgomery, Alabama. When the steamboat returned to St. Louis the long dis­ tance record for one season, 8,400 miles, was completed. The next spring, Captain LaBarge left for Montana hoping to repeat the preceding year's success. On the way, he heard the news of Lee's surrender and Lincoln's assassination. When he ar­ rived at Fort Benton, the cargo was put ashore and Captain Thomas Ray took command of the Effie Deans' return voyage. LaBarge again hired a wagon train and journeyed to a new mining town in Montana named Helena. Deciding to retail his goods, he bought a house, used it for a store and appointed himself and his son as salesmen. While LaBarge was selling his goods in Helena, McCune sent another cargo of supplies to Fort Benton on the Kate Kearney with LaBarge's brother John as captain. Potential Indian attacks caused the Kate Kearney to turn back above Fort Union. When the Montana miners heard of this they sued McCune for $300,000. Remembering LaBarge's $100,000 disaster, McCune hurried an overland message to his partner. Leaving his son in charge at Helena, Joseph LaBarge started for Fort Benton. Fortunately, Captain Ray met the Kate Kearney and trans­ ferred the cargo to the Effie Deans and prepared to travel back to Fort Benton. Shallow water forced Ray to unload at Fort Galpin, a little above the Milk River. He then sent a message to Fort Benton and LaBarge, already there, at once hired thirty ox teams and went to Fort Galpin. Taking over the cargo from Ray, he de­ livered it to the Montana mines. LaBarge reached the mines in time to prevent the suit and with $50,000 profit in gold-dust the trading venture ended in success. After his return to St. Louis in 1865, LaBarge became sole owner of the Effie Deans. During the winter months he overhauled the steamboat and made ready for the annual trip to Fort Benton. He secured contracts for a full cargo and decided, on McCune's advice, not to insure the boat. After refusing an offer of $40,000 for 466 Missouri Historical Review

the Effie Deans he was awakened at home, that same night, and in­ formed that the Effie Deans had caught fire from another steam­ boat, the Nevada, and was a total loss. This was a staggering blow but, backed by credit advanced by McCune, a new steamboat was ordered at once. Needing a boat for the summer, LaBarge leased the Ren Johnson and was engaged by the Northwestern Treaty Commission, popularly known as the Peace Commission of 1866, to transport the members at $300 a day. The commission's ignorance of Indian ways and character plus their contempt for advice handicapped their success and even endangered their lives. Only LaBarge's courage and skill kept the commission's summer work from becoming a total failure. On his return, LaBarge gave back the Ren Johnson to the owners, claimed his new boat and brought her to the wharf to finish her construction. "I drew the entire plans and specifications for the boat, machinery and all, and she was built that summer accordingly. . . . She cost $57,000 and was a splendid boat. I paid for her partly in cash and gave my notes for the balance." On October 1, 1866, the Octavia, named for his second daughter, began her first trip on the lower Missouri and then on the Mississippi. She wintered at Kimmswick, twenty miles south of St. Louis. The steamboat season of 1867 was a golden harvest for the Octavia and her master. With every member of his family on board, LaBarge sailed on the lower river in early spring and, on May 7, he started his most successful and important trip to Fort Benton; according to the Montana Post, this trip was also the fastest ever made. By special order of General William T. Sherman, 100 troops were taken aboard at Omaha. These troops were mostly Irish Fenians under the command of a lieutenant who was as openly hostile to the English as his men. A British officer, Captain Spear, also boarded the Octavia at Omaha. He quickly sensed his danger and spoke of his apprehension. After midnight, as Spear and LaBarge mounted some steps, the sentinel posted on the hurricane deck fired his weapon and the bullet struck the English­ man in the head and killed him instantly. The sentry was released without a trial and this action led to an international incident. A civil trial was demanded by the British government and, at the trial, the soldier was acquitted. The 300 passengers and 300 tons of cargo made this trip the largest in LaBarge's career. His assumed responsibilities kept him Joseph LaRarge, Steamboat Captain 467

at work night and day allowing him very little sleep. He stated that "The moment we landed at Benton and I knew the danger was over, I went to sleep and instructed my wife not to awaken me even for meals. I slept almost continuously for twenty-four hours." At the end of the season, LaBarge made a profit of $45,000 and to the delight of McCune, he was able to pay the remaining notes on the Octavia. LaBarge had another good season in 1868, but it did not measure up to the previous year. Returning to St. Louis in 1868, he chartered the Octavia to the Department of Engineers of the United States Government for service in their river work. At the end of the season, he sold them the boat for $40,000. The captain admitted that he should have quit the river at that time. "I had the $40,000 which I had received for my boat. I had about $50,000 in the bank. My home, 40 acres at Cabanne Place, was easily worth $40,000 even at that time; and I was entirely out of debt." Instead of quitting, he built a bigger and better steamboat, the Emilie LaRarge, for $60,000. The new steamboat was ready for service in 1869. By this time, however, railroads were rapidly replacing steamboats. About the only lucrative trade left was with the government and, although the captain missed a government contract, he spent a profitable summer working for the successful bidder and then made two trips to New Orleans. In 1870, he worked again for the government and during the next year, he spent the season trading between St. Louis and Omaha. He sold his boat for $30,000 in the fall. In 1872, LaBarge built the DeSmet, in honor of the Jesuit mis­ sionary. Finishing the steamboat in time to engage in the Missis­ sippi-Red River trade between St. Louis and Shreveport, Louisiana, LaBarge suffered great financial losses because of the low water in the Red River. To offset this inconvenience, the captain shipped his cargo overland, at his own expense, and fulfilled his contract. During the next year, the DeSmet made profitable trips to Shreveport and Fort Benton. At Fort Benton and preparing to re­ turn to St. Louis, LaBarge was arrested by Deputy United States Marshall and sub-Indian agent, C. D. Hard. The latter charged the captain with selling whiskey to the Indians and seized the DeSmet expecting LaBarge to bribe her free. Instead, the captain traveled to Helena and secured an order from Chief Justice Wade of Montana, for the release of his boat. After this incident, La- Barge competed for trade between St. Louis and Alton, Illinois. 468 Missouri Historical Review

E. B. Trail Coll. Steamer DeSmet at Fort Benton, Montana

This did not prove successful, and when his friend McCune died unexpectedly, LaBarge sold the DeSmet to his competitors, the Eagle Packet Company. Captain LaBarge built another steamboat, the John M. Cham­ bers, and was trading again the next year. The best trade in 1877, was out of Yankton, South Dakota, and LaBarge was a part of this trade until engine trouble forced him to return to St. Louis for repairs. He entered the Yankton trade again the next season. At the close of the season he sold the last steamboat he ever owned. In 1879, he was a pilot on the lower river and from 1880 through 1885 he served as pilot on the government steamboat Missouri which carried a Missouri River Valley surveying party. The survey was completed in 1885 and as LaBarge walked off the Missouri he marked the end of a career and the end of an era. At the age of seventy-five, in 1890, the captain was an old and poor man. His fortunes had risen and fallen with the fortunes of the steamboat trade. Friends secured a position for him with the St. Louis city government from 1890-1894, and, in 1897, he was employed by the United States government to aid the Missouri Joseph LaRarge, Steamboat Captain 469

River Commission in compiling a list of steamboat wrecks on the Missouri. Two years later, at the age of eighty-four, Joseph La- Barge died.

Bibliography Chappell, Philip E., "A History of the Missouri River," Kansas State His­ torical Collections, IX (1906). Chittenden, Hiram Martin, History of Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River (Minneapolis, 1962). , The American Fur Trade of the Far West (New York, 1935). -, and Richardson, Alfred Talbot, Life, Letters and Travels of Father Pierre-Jean DeSmet, S.J. 1801-1878, 4 vols. (New York, 1905). "Diary of James Harkness of the Firm of LaBarge, Harkness & Co.," Contributions of the Historical Society of Montana, II (1896). Garraghan, Gilbert J., The Jesuits of the Middle United States, 3 vols. (New York, 1938). Hyde, William, and Conard, Howard L., Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis (New York, 1899). Johnston, Allen, and Malone, Dumas, Dictionary of American Biography. (New York, 1930). Lamb, Mrs. Martha J., ed., Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries, XXIII & XXIV (1890). Miers, Earl Schenck, ed., Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809-1865, 3 vols. (Washington, 1960). Sunder, John E., The Fur Trade on the Upper Missouri, 1840-1865 (Norman, Okla., 1965). Vestal, Stanley, The Missouri (New York, 1945). Works Progress Administration, Missouri (New York, 1941). Various articles in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"Tree Molasses"

Monroe City News, August 13, 1931. Sorghum cane was not raised in the county until several decades after it was settled. But nearly every settler had what they called "tree molasses," the luscious maple syrup made from hard maple trees. They tapped the trees in the spring when the juicy sap first began to flow, usually about February. They hoarded the sap in huge kettles or whatever receptacle they had until the "stirring off." The watery sap had to be boiled until it attained the consistency of syrup. They usually made the maple syrup down in the woods and put the huge brass kettle over the fire, stirring the boiling mess down. Part of the juice was put in jars and kept as syrup and part was boiled down to hard cakes of maple sugar. 470 Missouri Historical Review

'Grocery Store" by Fred Shane HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Professor Frederick D. Shane Gives Painting to the Society Professor Frederick D. Shane, chairman of the Art Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, recently gave the Society a painting entitled "Grocery Store." Approximately 45" X 60", "Grocery Store" was completed by Shane in 1942 and exhibited in his one-man show sponsored by the Associated American Artists, in New York, October 4-16, 1943. The idea for "Grocery Store" came from visits to the former Piggly Wiggly Grocery in Columbia, where Shane accompanied his wife on shopping expedi­ tions. While waiting for Mrs. Shane to complete her shopping the artist sketched the people in the store. These sketches prompted the painting. Shane spent many hours "roughing in" his projected painting. His first in­ clination was to create a horizontal painting which included many people, but then he decided on a vertical painting with four adults and one child. After he roughed the vertical painting he secured models for the five persons depicted. As he painted Shane became disenchanted with the overall study. Not until he was almost finished with the painting did he realize that what was making him unhappy was the facial position of the man between the two women. The face was positioned exactly the same as that of the woman's holding the groceries. Shane then painted several different facial positions of the man's face on acetate. When they were completed he placed the acetates on the paint­ ing until he found the position which balanced the grouping. "Grocery Store" is a mixed-technique painting consisting of tempera un- derpainting, resin-oil glazes and a mixed tempera white. In addition to the original painting, Shane gave to the Society the horizontal and vertical "roughs" and a series of slides that illustrate various levels of work involved in the painting.

471 Views from the Past Ladies' Fashions of the Gay '90s

This 1894 tennis suit of linen and cotton duck was made with a pilgrim skirt and Zouave jacket and worn with a tennis belt, sailor hat ascot scarf and stiff bosom shirt waist—a very fetching outfit for girls in the field for show but worth- Jess for real sport.

The bathing beauty of 1893 wore a hooded cloak of bengaline for short walks to the beach. At the beach the cloak was removed to reveal a daring bathing suit designed with a short skirt ol three abbreviated silk ruffles. The silk waist was open with a V shape to the belt over a sYlk chemisette. Around the armholes were silk ruf- fles tied with ribbons. Drawers, tied at the knees were trimmed with a ruffle. Stockings andslft tZCaeTb w^eThet 1* ^ and Silk *™ «^T£ m^d ,1 0 Though ver^ uncomfortable, society's maid always wore a corset and when she left the water she knew her figure would be shown to the very best advantage. A storm costume for 1897 was made of wiry, light weight but durable English brilliantine. The five-gored skirt, reaching just be­ low the shoe tops, was made full at the bottom and fitted over the hips. Matching leggings, umbrella and stout shoes completed the outfit.

Women in 1893 were alerted to the latest in fashion styles. Skirts, no longer so voluminous, were usually trimmed and hung gracefully in graduating fullness. A close-fitting bodice was very ornate. The upper sleeve puffed but ended abruptly a little above the elbow with the lower sleeve tight enough to reveal the shape of the arm. Low square-cut gowns were appropriate for evening wear, the theater and dinner. All au­ thorities agreed that the hair should be worn high in the evening and many piled it in elabo­ rate twists, looping it to a height of several inches. Grecian knots were very fashionable on top or at the back of the head.

The school girl wore a winter frock of storm serge or heavy Cheviot. Sleeves were stylishly given a tiny puff at the shoulders and then well fitted to the arms. The Tarn O'Shanter hat was very fetching with a bunch of five quills to take away the bare look. The ^V" coat was a double-breasted reefer with a soft liberty satin bow be­ neath the chin. A fur muff, fitted gloves and low-heeled, round-toed kid boots, reaching midway to the knee, completed the ensemble. 474 Missouri Historical Review NEWS IN BRIEF

The Ste. Genevieve County Court in Special services, a basket dinner and February announced the return of the homecoming of former members area's valuable historical documents marked the 100th anniversary of the from the Missouri Historical Society First Baptist Church, Versailles, April in St. Louis. They were taken to St. 5-7. The centennial sermon was de­ Louis for preservation in 1916. As livered by Dr. Lesley Christian, Inde­ area residents became aware of the pendence, at the Sunday afternoon need for these records, petitions were session. The Reverend Robert Stokes, passed asking for their return. The church pastor, gave a short history of documents are now deposited in the the church. courthouse at Ste. Genevieve. Residents of Louisiana, Missouri, are this year celebrating their 150th anniversary. The original plat of the The city of Branson, recently hon­ town was laid out in 1818 by Joel ored posthumously, two outstanding Shaw and Samuel Caldwell, who came writers of the area. from Kentucky to settle in the fertile Rose O'Neill, author of The Loves valley of the Mississippi River. of Edwy, is best remembered for the Sesquicentennial plans were cli­ Kewpies, which she created at her maxed the week of June 8-15. Special "Bonniebrook" home near Branson. events were scheduled each day. Gov­ The "Rose O'Neill Kewpiesta," April ernor Warren E. Hearnes officially 5-7, was sponsored by the Branson opened the week on June 11 with the Chamber of Commerce and the Rose crowning of a queen. O'Neill Club. Included in the fes­ A costumed pageant, "Our Precious tivities were a musical interpretation Heritage," was presented for five of Rose O'Neill by oboist Jean Cant- nights by a cast of about 350 people. well; lecture by Ralph Alan McCanse, A fireworks display closed each pres­ author of the book, Titans and Kew­ entation. pies; tours of the collections of Rose One of the many historical attrac­ O'Neill memorabilia at the Shepherd tions, visited by tourists of the area, of the Hills Farm's Memorial Mu­ was the two-room log cabin, built seum and School of the Ozarks; and about 1830 by James Stark, founder a tour of Bonniebrook homestead. of the famous Stark Brothers Nurs­ The memory of Harold Bell eries. The cabin, shown below, is lo­ Wright, author of The Shepherd of cated near old U.S. Highway 54 and the Hills, was honored at the annual was the home of Stark's son William. Plumb Nelly Days Celebration, May 16-18. The traditional season-opener for the Branson area tourist season, Plumb Nelly Days featured a parade, square dance festival, musical enter­ tainment, chicken barbecue and games for young and old. Visitors were able to see Old Matt's Cabin, Barn, Grist Mill and Sawmill and the Lizzie Mc- Daniels Memorial Museum. Historical Notes and Comments 475

According to announcements made Louis, April 12. William Clark Eng- early in March, Thornhill, the farm man, great-great-great grandson of home of Missouri's second governor, explorer Captain William Clark, Frederick Bates, was given to St. Louis placed a wreath at the statue of County by Mr. and Mrs. Leicester B. Thomas Jefferson located in the Old Faust of Chesterfield. The gift in- Courthouse. The ceremony was spon- cluded some 98 acres of land, an 1807 sored by Jefferson National Expansion house, outbuildings, and the family Memorial Association. burial ground in which the former governor's grave is located. Bates A month-long display at the Kan- served as governor from 1824 until sas City Museum of History and Sci- his death in 1825. The county plans ence, entitled "Heritage, '68," opened to develop the area into a historical April 28. Historical items were ex- park. hibited, including a painting on loan from Kansas City artist Thomas Hart Former Governor John M. Dalton Benton. The painting was used as a delivered an address at the 225th basis for Benton's mural, "Independ- birthday anniversary of President ence and the Opening of the West," Thomas Jefferson at a ceremony in at the Harry S. Truman Library in the historic Old Courthouse, St. Independence.

It Required Self-Control University City Woman's National Daily, January 31, 1910. Columbia, Mo., Jan. 30—Fourteen Columbia ladies have organized the Harmony and Embroidery club. Members are bound by the constitution and by-laws not to comment on the dress, complexion or behavior of their neighbors under penalty of fines ranging from $1 for the first offense, $5 for the second and expulsion for the third. The club is inexpensive for those with a perfect vocal control. Each member is assessed 5 cents for refreshments at each meeting. At the end of the year a prize is to be given to the hostess who concocted the best lunch with the funds at her disposal. At each meeting one member is allowed to have a visitor.

In Defense of the Missouri Mule Ava Douglas County Herald, April 20, 1911 Capt. J. C. McArthur of the Twenty-eighth Infantry is about the first army officer to be guilty of seriously and deliberately slandering the Missouri mule. The officer has been abroad and attending foreign army maneuvers and through a "service" paper has fired a broadside into the ranks of muledom. Capt. McArthur would relegate the mules to the peaceful pursuits of agriculture and common everyday drayage, using the proceeds of their sale to purchase motor trucks. He declares an auto truck can carry the same amount of supplies as a mule team six times as far and faster. He adds that an automobile can work all the time, while a mule must rest, and says "mules are now a useless expense to the army." Friends of the Missouri mule venture the prediction that the faithful animal will be "on the job" long after Capt. McArthur is placed on the retired list. 476 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Pictorial Collections Preserve History of Local Community

One of the major projects of a often deposit or donate items in re­ local historical society should be the turn for credit upon their use, or the collection, preservation and use of society may be able to obtain copies photographs, paintings, drawings and of these prints at special rates. other types of illustrations of its local If the local newspaper office uses area. No other group is as competent photographs in its publication, it may or as interested in preserving this kind provide another valuable resource. of regional history. Provisions should Old pictures are often used to illus­ be made soon after the society is or­ trate historical stories and articles ganized for the preservation of pic­ and the editor may have a sizable torial items offered to it. collection. He will often deposit his Almost every community has nu­ holdings in the local historical society merous sources from which to begin a in return for use of the society's pic­ picture collection but the gathering ture collection. If the editor has no of pictorial items should be done with photographs he may know persons in discretion and thoughtfulness. The the community who might be con­ society must decide what and whom it tributors to the picture collection and will collect for posterity, and make he may help search for pictures special appeals for these items. Promi­ through his newspaper columns. nent area persons, businesses, public Old county platbooks, atlases and buildings, homes, street scenes and histories abound in lithographic re­ pictures depicting social history (ev­ productions of leading citizens and eryday life) are of most historical their homes. These may be copied for value. Family photos or portraits have society files or noted for quick ref­ less historical value, although they erence in case of need in the future. may have use as illustrations of period Societies should also attempt to col­ costumes. lect present-day views and portraits Older residents probably have the of prominent citizens, for they too largest collections of photographs of will soon become history. Probably historic interest. Negatives of a gen­ every local group has some member eration or two ago, made on glass, who is interested in photography as are often found tucked away in attic a hobby, and his assistance will be trunks and can still be used to print invaluable. new pictures. Appeals for picture do­ When an important historical item nations may emphasize the importance or collection is given to the society of preservation long after this genera­ it can be the occasion for a notable tion is gone. If the owner cannot part display and for publicity. The attention with his picture collection, perhaps paid to one success often leads to arrangements could be made for copy­ others. ing the most historically valuable Pictures do not always carry their ones. own documentation and written iden­ Photograph studios that preserve tification of each item is of utmost old negatives are another source for importance. Care must be taken to picture gathering. Photographers will include the title or full name of the Historical Notes and Comments All subject. Where and approximately Louis Globe-Democrat, Columbia Mis­ when was the view taken? Who made sourian, Salem News, Buffalo Reflex, it? Any other facts that add interest Ste. Genevieve Fair Play and the Shel­ or information about the subject byville Shelby County Herald. In only should be recorded. This identifica­ one instance, however, were these tion along with the donor's name, series the result of a local historical address and the date it was given, society project. should be written on the back of Pictures can also be reproduced in each item. the society's publications—bulletins, The society will need to establish a handbooks or guidebooks. Authors of convenient, simple method of filing historical books and articles may want pictures. Steel letter files are relatively to publish pictures from the society's inexpensive, easy to use, provide suf­ collection. ficient care for items and can be ex­ Window displays in local business panded as the need arises. Negatives establishments for anniversary cele­ and pictures to 8" X 10" size can be brations are effective and appropriate filed in large individual envelopes. uses of pictures and excellent publicity The title of the contents should ap­ for the society. The society should also pear at the top left corner of each exhibit its picture collection in its envelope. own headquarters. Excellent displays Pictures are usually grouped in two are made up of photographs, a few major categories—persons and subjects. related manuscripts and museum Both are filed in alphabetical order items, accompanied with correct and by the person's last name and the informative legends. title of the subject. Oversize items, The society must determine how its portraits in frames and family snap­ pictorial items are to be used and shot albums should be kept intact who will use them. The society's pic­ in a special storage area. tures are public property like books A small card file may also be kept in the local library and should be containing information on each pic­ loaned to those who have a legitimate torial item. This will eliminate need­ need for them. Unlike books, pictures less handling of the photograph en­ are almost impossible to replace if velopes, provide cross references and lost, but relatively easy and inexpen­ direct the researcher to pictures found sive to copy from the original. It is in an oversize collection or in pub­ well for the society to establish con­ lished works. tact with a photographer who is re­ Although the collection and pres­ sponsible and able to make good re­ ervation of pictures are important productions. He should be allowed projects for historical societies, the use to make copies from the society's col­ of such material is also of major con­ lection when requests are made for cern. Societies find that collection is photographic purchases. If pictures easier when the donors are able to are borrowed, reasonable care and see their gifts utilized. protection in transporting and han­ A popular use for old photographs dling, and prompt return should be is to publish them regularly in a agreed to by the borrower, preferably series in the local newspaper. In what in writing. When pictures are pub­ better way can the society publicize lished, a credit line is expected, giving its picture holdings? Old photographs public acknowledgment of the user's have in the past year been featured indebtedness to the owner of the pic­ regularly in the Jackson Journal, St. ture. 478 Missouri Historical Review

All local historical societies should Boone County Historical Society make their picture holdings known to Some 70 members attended the an­ the public. One item of their collec­ nual dinner meeting, April 17, at tions may be of vital interest to a Magnolia Inn, Columbia. Dr. John historian in another community. Since Crighton, professor of History at many requests for photographs come Stephens College, Columbia, spoke on to the State Historical Society, a list "Early Days in Columbia," with spe­ of the collections of local historical so­ cial emphasis on community life in cieties would be of great value to the the 1830s. general public. Societies are encour­ Officers elected for 1968-1969 were aged to send their list, provisions for James E. Clark, president; Mrs. Jack loan and reproduction work, to the Matthews, vice president; Mrs. Paul editorial office of the State Historical Burcham, secretary; Willard Eckhardt, Society. Historians widening their treasurer; and Mrs. James Comfort, search for new material will be able historian. to make greater use of these rare illus­ "History of a County," presented trations and readers throughout the on KOMU-TV, Columbia, April 16, country may enjoy a picture of a was co-sponsored by the Society and local Missouri scene. the University of Missouri School of Journalism. Pictures and stories of Co­ Atchison County Historical Society lumbia, Rocheport and Centralia were Members discussed future projects presented by Patterson Bain, Mrs. and plans at the February 25 annual George Russell, "Cab" Atkins, Mrs. meeting in the Tarkio Community Dorothy Caldwell and George Ogden. Center. Neal Perz, in charge of de­ Dr. Edward Lambert was moderator. velopment at Tarkio College, outlined the college's plans for improvements Boonslick Historical Society at the historic Mule Barn on the Some 100 persons attended the campus. Quarters for the Society will April 10 meeting at Hotel Frederick, be maintained on the second floor of Boonville, and heard Mrs. Warren E. that building. Hearnes, Missouri's First Lady, speak on the "Governor's Mansion." Books, A large manuscript copy of the photographs and memorabilia of the educational history of the county was mansion were displayed. presented to the Society by S. W. Membership in the Society has risen Skelton, Rock Port, former county this year to 125. superintendent of schools. A commit­ tee composed of Mr. Skelton, Mrs. Butler County Historical Society William Sly, Mrs. Gladys Martin and At the April 18 meeting in the Poplar Bluff Loan and Building Asso­ Dick Altman was named to put the ciation, Mrs. Beverly Marvel reported manuscript in book form. on the Butler County bridges across Officers elected for the coming year Black River. Special emphases were were Harry Broermann, Tarkio, presi­ placed on the Vine Street Bridge in dent; Mrs. Anna Vogler, Rock Port, Poplar Bluff and the Old Hargrove first vice president; Everett Deardorff, Bridge, a "turntable bridge," south Fairfax, second vice president; Mrs. of Poplar Bluff. Elizabeth Taylor, Rock Port, treas­ Camden County Historical Society urer; and Dick Altman, Rock Port, Mrs. Fern Moreland spoke on the secretary. Dry Ridge community of southern Historical Notes and Comments 479

Camden County at the February 8 board of directors, committee mem­ meeting in St. George Episcopal bers, membership list and by-laws o£ Church, Camdenton. the Society. At the March 14 meeting Mrs. Ethel Houston, Montreal, presented a Chariton County Historical Society program on the early history of the Mrs. J. A. Collet presented a paper Riverview Baptist Church of Osage on "Butter Making and Butter Beach. Churns," at the April 21 meeting in In 1967 the Society initiated a pub­ Dulany Library, Salisbury. Several lishing program designed to establish historical items were on display. better communication and greater The Society Museum was opened to rapport between members, provide the public, May 2. Hours are from more research coordination, to pub­ 2-5 p.m., Thursday-Sunday, and on lish and preserve the writings and other days by appointment for groups data collected by various Society mem­ and classes. bers, to advertise the activities of the Society, and perform more public ser­ Civil War Round Table vices. A four-part plan was adopted. Of Kansas City The Society sponsored the publication At the February 27 meeting in Ho­ of a tourist guidebook of the region's tel Bellerive, Kansas City, the Round scenic and historical features in 1967, Table presented the Harry S. Tru­ and members are expanding the pub­ man Award for Meritorious Service in lication for 1968. The group printed the Field of Civil War History to Dr. and distributed meeting and program Howard N. Monnett. Dr. Monnett, notices in the form of an open letter Kansas City author, historian, profes­ which considerably improved meeting sor, administrator and charter mem­ attendance. The publication of a reg­ ber of the Civil War Round Table of ular newsletter, "The Bulletin," was Kansas City, is the first member of begun in September, 1967, and in­ that group to receive this award. He creased from 50 to 210 copies with is a former president of the organiza­ the March, 1968, issue. A journal for tion and served for many years as the preservation of large documented regular editor of its monthly bulletin. manuscripts and the serialization of After receiving his Doctorate from the county history will appear late in the University of Colorado, he taught 1968. The Society is to be commended history and served as dean of faculty for this outstanding project. at the Kansas City Metropolitan Jun­ ior College where he is now acting Carondelet Historical Society president. In 1964 he published the At the April 8 meeting in the Civil War book, Action Before West- Carondelet Branch Library, St. Louis port. Following presentation of the Attorney Arthur Litz, spoke on "The award, Dr. Monnett addressed the Spanish Influence in Early Caron­ group on "March to the Sound of delet." Mr. Litz is the author of sev­ Trumpets." eral legal publications and book re­ At the March 26 meeting, Lloyd view editor of the St. Louis Bar D. Miller, co-founder of the Chicago Journal. Civil War Round Table, spoke about The Society is to be commended for the "Second Day of Gettysburg." His its recent publication of a directory of talk emphasized the controversial and its organization. The booklet in­ decisive day of the duel between cludes a listing of the officers and Meade and Lee. 480 Missouri Historical Review

Civil War Round Table samples of his collection on display Of the Ozarks in the museum show windows. At the March 13 meeting at Ra- Dr. T. R. Beveridge, chairman of mada Inn, Springfield, members the Department of Geology, Univer­ viewed the film, "Meet Mr. Lincoln," sity of Missouri at Rolla, was the which depicted the presidency of featured speaker at the second annual Abraham Lincoln. The film, of still spring dinner meeting, April 25, at photographs and period drawings, was the new William Jewell dining room, produced by the National Broadcast­ Liberty. Dr. Beveridge discussed "Band ing Company and issued by the Ency­ Music of the Civil War," illus­ clopaedia Britannica. trated with recordings, and exhibited Dr. William E. Hammond, associate some items from his collection of professor of History at Southwest band instruments. Missouri State College, Springfield, spoke at the April 10 meeting on "Na­ Cole County Historical Society poleon III, and His Foreign Policy The Society has announced that its with the United States During the Museum, 109 Madison Street, Jeffer­ Civil War." son City, is now open from 1:00 to 5:00 p.m. Tuesday-Saturday. Mrs. Theodore Schweer, curator, has been Civil War Round Table cataloging and filing pictures in the Of St. Louis Museum to make them more acces­ At the February 28 meeting at Le sible. Chateau, Fred Barton of Baton Rouge, The Historical Sites Preservation Louisiana, spoke on the little-known Committee of the Society, under the but interesting Civil War Battle of chairman, David Brydon, has outlined Port Hudson, south of Vicksburg. The three functions to be carried out this talk was illustrated with pictures and year. They include the selection of sound recordings. sites within Jefferson City to be des­ Lloyd D. Miller, member of the ignated as historic sites, the designa­ Chicago Civil War Round Table, tion of historic sites to be preserved spoke on "The Union Left Second at within the county, and the selection Gettysburg," at the March 27 meeting. of sites which the Society would like to have registered as National Historic Clay County Museum Association Landmarks by the National Park Mrs. Samuel Clay Chapman, Regent, Service. Alexander Doniphan Chapter of the The Society recently published a Daughters of the American Revolu­ booklet, The Jefferson City Story, by tion, Liberty, presented a program on Myrene Houchin Hobbs, reprinted "Revolutionary War Veterans of Clay from the Capital City Telephone Com­ County," at the February 22 meeting pany Directory of 1956. It sells for in the Clay County Historical Mu­ 25 cents. seum, Liberty. The museum show windows were decorated for the his­ Dallas County Historical Society toric month of February by members Some 30 persons attended the Feb­ of the D.A.R. Chapter. ruary 16 meeting in the Dallas County A program on "Antique Clocks" courthouse, Buffalo. Reports on area was given at the March 21 meeting by mills were given by Lucille Scott, Gordon Byler. Mr. Byler, a widely Sarah Beth Bradley and Earl Hurst. known authority on clocks, placed At the March 15 meeting members Historical Notes and Comments 481 voted to sponsor an essay contest for Florissant Valley Historical Society high school and junior high school The Society held its 10th annual students of the county. Essays will birthday dinner, April 18, at Holi­ have the title, "My Most Interesting day Inn, Hazelwood. Professor Homer Ancestor Who Lived In Dallas Coun­ Clevenger, instructor of History and ty." First prizes will be $5.00 in cash, Government at Lindenwood College, plus memberships in both the State spoke on restoration of the St. Charles Historical Society and the Dallas community including the First State County Historical Society. Capitol. Mrs. Lucille Scott read a paper, pre­ As part of the Valley of Flowers pared by Clifton Stafford, on the Staf­ celebration, the Society sponsored its ford Mill in Buffalo. Histories of 9th house tour, May 4-5. The group some Buffalo churches were given by visited some 13 homes and gardens in Thelma Reed. the Old Town section of Florissant, Some 22 persons attended the April and the Trinity Missionary Baptist 18 meeting. The winning essays of a Church. recent contest sponsored by the So­ Officers of the Society are Charles ciety, were read during the program. Harke, president; Mrs. William Crume, Anne Clay was the winner in the first vice president; Mrs. D. Moore, high school division and Sam Pittman second vice president; Mrs. Fred Glad- Clay was a winner in the junior high bach, Jr., secretary; Robert Hendel, division. Runners up were Reba treasurer; and Charlotte Bindbeutel, Wingo and Jimmy Price. Mrs. Belva historian. Stafford presented a review of the book, Martyrs of Missouri, by W. M. Foundation for Restoration Leftowich. Of Ste. Genevieve At the February 13 meeting in Cafe Dent County Historical Society Genevieve at Ste. Genevieve, directors A covered-dish dinner preceded the of the Foundation heard Lee Carter of March 8 meeting at the Salem Chris­ Allied Architects speak on the city's tian Church. Table decorations con­ restoration plan. Allied Architects sisted of antique items from the formulated the restoration plan collection of Mr. and Mrs. James through extensive research and as­ Coffman. On the program were the sisted in the organization of the Foun­ following: Mrs. Joe Hirsch who spoke dation. They will help to put the on the origin and history of surnames; plan into a usable form. Mrs. Julia Ogle presented stories of On April 1, the Foundation re­ her family, the Lewis Ogles, in Civil ceived news from the Economic De­ War days; and the Reverend Virgil velopment Corporation that it had Parker gave the history of rural qualified and completed the first two schools which have progressed to pres­ phases for a $30,000 grant from the ent-day consolidated systems. agency. It will now be necessary for On display was a picture album the Foundation to raise matching of Dent County history compiled by funds. the Fortnightly Civics Club. At a meeting of the Foundation, Officers elected for the coming year April 18, at Cafe Genevieve, Lee Car­ were Mrs. Pearl Craddock, president; ter again spoke and suggested a num­ Ed Gill, vice president; Mrs. Ed Ben­ ber of projects. Plans were adopted nett, secretary; and Dr. M. M. Hart, for a permanent French Market Build­ treasurer. ing for use at the annual Jour de Fete 482 Missouri Historical Review

a Ste. Genevieve, a tourist information had special interest. Judge York re­ center and for making a film on Ste. ceived his college education at Drury Genevieve to be produced by KETC College in Springfield and Washington Channel 9 Educational TV Station. University Law School in St. Louis. The Jour de Fete a Ste. Genevieve He served for a time as Presiding Dis­ is planned for August 10-11. trict Judge of the U.S. District Courts and in 1958 was appointed Clerk of Friends of Rocheport the Springfield Court of Appeals. Some 200 members attended a coun­ The Society announced that copies try ham dinner and business meeting, of the 1840 Census Report of Greene March 22, at Pete's Cafe, near Roche­ County were placed on sale, February port. Plans for the second annual 15. Work on these booklets was done Friends Fest, June 22, were discussed. by Mrs. Adrian Morrison, Mrs. Frank Gentry County Historical Society Cain and Allan S. Humphreys. At the April 14 meeting in the At the March 28 meeting in the Gentry County Library, Stanberry, Springfield Art Museum, Dr. J. David Aletha Whittington spoke on the ori­ Lages, professor of Economics at gin and progress of the library in Southwest Missouri State College, Stanberry. Mrs. Homer Pyle and Springfield, spoke on "Springfield Verno C. Humphrey gave the history Shoppers." His talk was based on a of Old Palmer College in Albany. report entitled "A Religious and Eco­ Officers elected for the coming year nomic Survey of Springfield, Mis­ were George Manning, Albany, presi­ souri," which he and Dr. Clarence dent; Loy Hammond, Darlington, first W. Ketch, professor of Sociology at vice president; Mrs. Ora Smith, Stan­ Southwest Missouri State College, pub­ berry, second vice president; Mrs. lished in 1966. Chester Burks, King City, recording Mrs. Arlene Webb Moore, a stu­ secretary; Mrs. Pearl Feldman, Stan­ dent at Southwest Missouri State Col­ berry, corresponding secretary; H. H. lege, Springfield, presented a paper Manring, McFall, treasurer; Robert on "A Study of Springfield's First Birbeck, Stanberry, historian; Verno College and Its Founder, Charles Carl­ C. Humphrey, Darlington, parliamen­ ton," at the April 25 meeting. In a tarian; and Mrs. Helen Hen ton, Al­ discussion that followed the talk, Dr. bany, librarian. B. B. Lightfoot, professor of History at SMS, expressed the wish that Grand River Historical Society descendants of students of Carlton At the April 18 meeting in the Liv­ College who have material concerned ingston County Memorial Library, with the institution make it available Chillicothe, Leo Hopper presented the for research work. history of Sturges. The town, estab­ lished because of the Chicago, Mil­ Harrison County Historical Society waukee and St. Paul Railroad, now A program on antique guns was consists of only a few residences. given by Robert Calloway, January 7, at the First National Bank, Bethany. Greene County Historical Society At the February 29 meeting at the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Springfield Art Museum, the Honor­ Memorial Association able York Johnson read a paper, en­ The fifth annual Arbor Day pro­ titled "Their Day in Court," which gram and planting was held at Me­ gave an account of court cases that morial Friendship Park, near Ana- Historical Notes and Comments 483 conda, April 28. Trees were planted P. Donnelly, S.J., of Marquette Uni­ and numerous roses added to the rose versity at the April 5 meeting in garden. Ralph Gregory, Florida, Mis­ Knights' Hall, St. Louis University. souri, opened the program. Johnson County Historical Society Henry County Historical Society The annual spring meeting was A program on potteries in Calhoun held, April 28, in the Old Court­ and Clinton around the turn of the house, Warrensburg. Attorney Charles century was presented by Ireby Bar­ Fitzgerald spoke on "The Responsi­ row, Calhoun, at the February 15 bilities of a Historical Society and its meeting in the First National Bank, Board of Directors." Kim Null, a Clinton. Examples of the potters' art junior member of the Society, wearing were displayed. a costume of the 1870s, read the At the March 21 meeting, Dr. Roy "Eulogy on the Dog," by Senator Stubbs, professor of History at Central George G. Vest. An exhibit of a deer Missouri State College, Warrensburg, rifle, powder horn and pouch and spoke on guerrilla warfare on the stuffed birds, native to Johnson Coun­ Missouri-Kansas border during the ty, were displayed. Civil War. The Old Courthouse, now being re­ A "show and tell" program, at the stored by the Society, will be open April 11 meeting, featured a large weekends during the summer, 1:00- collection of rare photographs depict­ 5:00 p.m. The initial opening was ing Clinton scenes and citizens. May 30 and the weekend following. Display rooms were opened in the The Country Store will be open the courthouse, Clinton, on May 18. same hours in the Pioneer Museum Hickory County Historical Society on the grounds. Items on sale at the Members brought a variety of his­ store include homemade preserves, torical items for display at the March jellies, pickles, handcrafts, aprons, 19 meeting in the courthouse, Hermi­ souvenir note paper and cards. tage. A report on the history of the Joplin Historical Society Parke, Crow, Wilson and Perry fam­ During 1967 the Society raised a ilies was given by Mrs. Claude Car­ separate Mineral Museum fund by vol­ penter. Mrs. Ester Malstrom gave a untary contributions which was more short history of the Mustain place in the county and Mrs. Lucille Parke than sufficient to finance an addi­ presented a short sketch of her family. tional three month's operation of the city-owned Mineral Museum. The mu­ Officers elected for the coming year seum was therefore kept open for nine were Nannie Jinkens, president; Dil­ months and had an attendance of lon Tipton, vice president; Faye Cof- felt, secretary; Eugene Harryman, as­ over 13,200. The museum opened for sistant secretary; and Frankie Bartshe, the 1968 season on March 15. A new treasurer. exhibit features old mining town miniature buildings, made by Matt Historical Association of Vickrey. Greater St. Louis An overflow crowd of some 400 per­ "Indian Life in the Rocky Moun­ sons attended the March 24 meeting tains, 1840-1847, as Depicted in the of the Society at Connor Hotel, an Diaries and Color Paintings of Father occasion marking the city's 95th birth­ Nicolas Point, S. J." was the topic day. The program, entitled "A History of an illustrated talk given by Joseph of Music in Joplin," included special 484 Missouri Historical Review

musical entertainment and a special Ward Darnell, Mineola, read excerpts tribute to Joplin's music leaders, from the paper, "The Life and Influ­ past and present, given by Mrs. Henry ence of Danville and Danville Town­ Warten, president of the Joplin Coun­ ship," written in 1912 by Olive Baker. cil for the Arts. Guest speaker, Eve­ Dedication ceremonies for the lyn Milligan Jones, addressed the Boone Rock and rededication cere­ group on "Joplin Hits a High Note." monies for the Captain James Calla­ Master of Ceremonies Robert T. Hub­ way monument were held on the bard impersonated D. K. Wenrich, courthouse lawn, Fulton, November 4. an early prominent citizen, poet, com­ The rock, on which Daniel Boone poser and father of nationally-known carved his name when he passed Percy Wenrich. A special historical through the county in 1801, now exhibit featured scrapbooks of musi­ stands in the courthouse yard. Judge cal events, programs, old music and Hugh P. Williamson delivered the original music by local composers. dedicatory address. Two descendants Robert I. Johnson, author, lecturer of Daniel Boone, present at the cere­ and director of the Kansas City Mu­ mony, were Mrs. Roger Weeks, Mont­ seum of History and Science, spoke gomery City, and Mrs. Vivian Pen- at the April 30 meeting, on "The dergraft, Fulton. The dedication was Value of a Historical Museum to a arranged by the Society and the Calla­ City." He also showed a color mo­ way County Court. tion picture on "The Gifts of Time," Orval Henderson, Jefferson City, a tour of the highlights of Kansas historian for the State Park Board, City museum buildings. presented an illustrated talk on his­ Membership in the Society now to­ toric sites at the February 19 meeting. tals 600. A paper on "The History of the Ovid Bell Press," was read by Ovid Kansas City Westerners Bell at the March 18 meeting in the Some early western movies were Library of Fulton Senior High School. shown by Mac McConnell, Kansas The April 15 meeting was held in City movie collector, at the February connection with the Annual Green 13 meeting at Hotel Bellerive. The Foundation Lecture at Westminster Great Train Robbery (1903) and College, Fulton. Dr. Franc L. Mc- Knight of the Trail (1923) were two Cluer spoke on "Little Iron Curtains of the featured attractions. Which Divide the United States." At the March 12 meeting, Professor Donald Danker, Washburn University, Kirkwood Historical Society Topeka, Kansas, presented a paper on Professor Donald Alter spoke on frontier experiences of authoress Ena "The Uses of History," at the March Raymonde. 12 meeting in the Kirkwood City Hall. The Society participated in the Fes­ Kingdom of Callaway tival of the Arts, sponsored by the Historical Society Kirkwood Art Council, April 18-20. A At the September 18 meeting in display, planned by Herbert C. Meier, the R.E.A. Building, Fulton, Harold assisted by Josephine Farrington, fea­ Slusher spoke on "The Early History tured objects of art and curios of the of Extension Work in Callaway." past, from Mr. Meier's collection. The A number of souvenir artifacts Society's publications and member­ were displayed and described at the ships were on sale. October 16 annual meeting. Mrs. Membership cards, bearing the So- Historical Notes and Comments 485 ciety's emblem of a railroad engine Macon County Historical Society and the date of organization, have Some 55 members and guests at­ been designed by Mr. Meier. tended the April 25 dinner meeting at Traveller Cafe in Macon. Mrs. Kath- Knox County Historical Society erine Robnett, a teacher of world At the April 16 meeting in the history and sociology at Macon High courthouse, Edina, Dr. Richard S. School, presented "The History of Brownlee, director of the State His­ High School Education in Macon torical Society of Missouri, Columbia, County." spoke on the life and military career Officers elected for the coming year of Ulysses S. Grant. were Gerald Kerr, president; Mrs. Officers elected for the coming Evalyn Ratliff, vice president; Mary year were Mrs. Claude Parcell, presi­ Graves, secretary; and Mrs. Howard dent; Raymond Hall, vice president; Gilleland, treasurer. Mrs. Don McGlothlin, secretary; and Mrs. Delbert Flawkins, treasurer. Marion County Historical Society The society was first organized in Ladies of the Christian Women's April, 1966, and its Historical Room Fellowship served the dinner for the Museum, in the courthouse, opened April 10 meeting at Mt. Zion Church. in April, 1967. To commemorate these A map marking churches and inven­ two anniversaries, the group sponsored toried cemeteries and two books cata­ an open house at the museum each loging these locations were given to afternoon, April 15-19. the Society by Tom Clatworthy, a history teacher from Palmyra High Lawrence County Historical Society School. State Representative Harold At the April 21 meeting in Jones L. Volkmer, Hannibal, spoke on new Memorial Chapel, Mount Vernon, laws recently enacted or about to be members discussed plans for the com­ passed by the State. pilation of cemetery inscriptions. Hol- lis Heagerty, Aurora antique dealer and collector, spoke on "Antique McDonald County Historical Society Glassware and Bottle Collecting." Seventy-one members and guests at­ Historic items were displayed by mem­ tended the February 4 meeting in bers for a "show and tell" session. Pineville. Judge Paul E. Carver, Neo­ sho, spoke on the two Civil War bat­ Lewis County Historical Society tles of Newtonia. Numerous historical At the April 18 meeting in La items were displayed. Grange, Delmar Lake, Lewistown, was At the May 5 meeting at Simsberry elected to serve as president for the Church 73 persons heard reports on remainder of the year. Reports were early Simsberry and Whittenburg given on the progress of locating and community history. A paper, written identifying old burial sites. by Mrs. Nellie Warren Head, Golden, The Canton Chapter of the Society on early Whittenburg school days held its regular meeting, March 5, in was read by Mrs. Ida Wolfe Bur­ the Canton city hall. Members heard nett. The following former teachers a report on "Stage Coaches and their were present and honored: Alva De- Routes in Lewis County and Surround­ Witt, Southwest City; Mrs. Ella Spur- ing Areas," presented by Ben Plank. lock Armstrong, Pineville; and Norma Following the talk, Mr. Plank showed Wescott, Stella. Each gave short com­ slides of bridges, stagecoach models ments. J. B. Sims presented the B. E. and remaining inn sites of the area. Berry family story, written by Glen 486 Missouri Historical Review

Berry of Imperial Beach, California, Moniteau County Historical Society and told about the Wescott family Some 56 persons attended the March who settled in the area in 1897. Mrs. 18 meeting at the Masonic Hall, Cali­ Meda Feasel gave the history of Sims­ fornia. Clarence Putnam, California berry Church. car dealer, spoke on the art of weav­ Mementoes of pioneer days were on ing the split white oak seats in ladder display. back chairs. A museum case, built by Francis Mercer County Historical Society Ketterlin, Tipton, was installed at the Elford Horn gave a program on courthouse, California. Items were Princeton High School football teams prepared for public display in it, from 1900 to 1909, at the April 30 April 21. meeting in East Pine School House, near Princeton. A paper, on "Inter­ Morgan County Historical Society esting Facts About Pioneer Churches," Forty-five members and guests at­ was read by Mrs. Perry Coon. Mrs. tended the March 25 meeting in the Frank Lowry reported on exhibits in Morgan County Bank, Versailles. It the History Room at Mercer County was announced that the Society was Library and Joe Linn stated that he ready to receive items for display in and Mrs. Linn had restored and its museum. Old school furnishings cleaned the old Norwood Cemetery were donated by the Prairie Valley near Princeton. A letter from the Li­ Community for exhibit of a typical brary of Congress was read concern­ rural schoolroom. ing General John J. Pershing's Mrs. Dorothy Houston, a member appointment to the U.S. Military of the Morgan County R-2 High Academy at West Point which was re­ School faculty, gave the early history ceived from Congressman Joseph H. of Missouri. Bob Arnold, Kenneth Burrows, a former Mercer County Erickson and Walter Eickholz dis­ resident. played antique firearms and presented their histories.

Missouri Historical Society Native Sons of Kansas City At Steinberg Hall, Washington Uni­ Dr. Sterrett S. Titus, Native Sons' versity, St. Louis, March 22, the So­ historian and archives chairman, spoke ciety presented an illustrated lecture on the "History and Views of Early on "John Deere's Buried Plow Fac­ Kansas City," at the February 21 tory," given by Richard S. Hagen, cor­ meeting in Twin Oaks Restaurant, porate historian for Deere and Com­ Kansas City. pany. Mr. Hagen has currently been doing restoration work at the John Nodaway County Historical Society Deere Historic Site in Grand Detour, "Old School Days" was the theme Illinois. His talk related the life of of the program for the February 28 a New Englander who came west in meeting at the home of Mr. and Mrs. 1837 and invented the first self-scour­ R. Bruce Montgomery, Maryville. ing steel plow. Emery Airy, retired businessman of Maryville, spoke on changes in the Missouri "Show Me" Club area during his lifetime. Teaching Members enjoyed a bus trip, March experiences at the Old Hagey School, 2, to the William S. Hart County near Burlington Junction, were re­ Park, California, where they toured viewed by Mrs. Montgomery. The Co­ the zoo, museum and ranch house. lonel Pruitt family sang old school Historical Notes and Comments 487

songs and Mrs. Laurel River Sewards were G. Z. Hull, Weston, president; read some well-known school poems. Darwin Martin, Kansas City North, A picture of the last graduating class first vice president; John Hoy, Park­ of Gaynor Public School was pre­ ville, second vice president; Mary B. sented to the Society by Mrs. L. F. Aker, Parkville, executive secretary; Bosch of the Maryville Chapter of the and Ira Hassenpflug, Kansas City Daughters of the American Revolu­ North, treasurer. tion. Tape recordings of the meeting were made by Dr. James Lowe. Pony Express Historical Association The hosts served a typical rural Officers elected at the December 3 school sack lunch to the 57 persons meeting at the Y.W.C.A., St. Joseph, who were present. were D. V. Frame, president; Lee Richard Wiles, of the Nodaway Val­ Starnes, executive director; Larry ley Bank, Maryville, spoke on the Foutch, first vice president; Francis early county history at the March 28 Ross, second vice president; John meeting in the Dream Kitchen of the Karle, treasurer; Mrs. Earl Stuber, re­ Electric Light and Power Company, cording secretary; Mrs. Larry Foutch, Maryville. corresponding secretary; Mrs. E. Tay­ lor Campbell, historian; Mrs. Lee A review of the late Homer Cray's Starnes, parliamentarian; and Dwaine novel, Wonderful Neighbor, was given Chesnut, sergeant-at-arms. by Thomas R. Hooper, county his­ torian and member of the Society's Some 5,000 persons attended the board of directors, at the April 25 first semi-annual Pony Express Gun meeting in the Dream Kitchen. Mr. and Antique Show for 1968, held Hooper is the owner of the original March 30-31 at Patee House. Larry manuscript of the book. Foutch and Jack Akines were co- The first marker of a series desig­ chairmen of the event. Five awards nating historical sites of the county were presented for outstanding dis­ was placed in the courthouse yard, plays. Maryville, in April. Others will be Historical authors, newspaper pub­ located in Franklin and Bertha Beal lishers and businessmen who helped parks, Maryville. publicize St. Joseph's historical heri­ tage and the Pony Express were hon­ Pike County Historical Society ored, March 31, at Hotel Robidoux, Mrs. Helen Morgan, Worland, Wyo­ St. Joseph. Milton F. Perry, curator of ming, gave an account of the early the Harry S. Truman Library-Museum, history of Big Horn Basin at the at Independence, addressed the group April 30 dinner meeting at Duvall on "Our Historical Heritage." Cafe, Clarksville. Awards were presented to John Ed­ ward Hicks, Kansas City author and Platte County Historical Society historian; First National Bank; Byron The spring covered-dish dinner was Guise, owner and editor of the Marys- held, April 24, at the Platte City ville [Kansas] Advocate; Charles A. Christian Church. The Kansas City Browne, Jr., publisher of the Horton Park and Recreation Department pre­ [Kansas] Headlight; Mayor Paul V. sented a program of slides depicting Murphy, Elwood, Kansas; John J. historical scenes of the old river front Waldron, president of the St. Joseph and projected roads and parks for the Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company; and area north of the river. Paul Jenkins, Gothenburg, Nebraska. Officers elected for the coming year Barrett Jones, city administrator, 488 Missouri Historical Review

welcomed the Association and told of are on display at the museum, 515 St. Joseph's efforts to participate in South Main. George Feltz supervised the model cities program. the exhibit. Historical displays were shown by Frank Popplewell and Glenn M. Set- St. Joseph Historical Society zer. A new western painting, by Kan­ Officers of the Society are Leonard sas City artist Byron Wolfe, was also Gasper, president; Ray Waldo, first on exhibit. vice president; Mrs. Bartlett Boder, second vice president; Sheridan A. Lo­ Patee House prepared a special his­ gan, secretary; and Mrs. Leonard Gas­ torical display for the Homebuilders per, treasurer. Association show on the mall at East Hills, St. Joseph, April 24-28. St. Louis Westerners The summer tourist season for Fred L. Lee, secretary of the Kansas Patee House began May 30. Hours City Westerners, spoke on "Sha Ha will be from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. week­ Ka: Lewis and Clark's Mandan In­ days, and 2-5 p.m. Sundays, until La­ dian Friend" at the March 15 meeting bor Day, with no admission charged. at Garavelli's Restaurant, St. Louis. Two benefits for Patee House de­ At the April 19 meeting a program velopment included the third annual on the "Rise and Fall of the South­ Antique Dealer Show, May 24-26, and ern Pacific's Political Power in Cali­ an antique and gun show on June 8-9, fornia" was presented by James L. both held at Patee House. Becker, assistant librarian for the Municipal Reference Library at the Ray County Historical Society St. Louis Public Library. More than 160 persons attended the Members attended the May 17 din­ annual banquet held March 6, in the ner meeting at the Student Center, Richmond High School. Guest speaker Southern Illinois University, Edwards- for the evening was Missouri Gov­ T ville. Professors William Baker and ernor W arren E. Hearnes who ad­ dressed the group on "Progressive Robert Koepke gave a program on Leadership: Bulwark of Democracy." "Maps of the American West," in the The Richmond Kiwanis Theatre Lovejoy Library Auditorium. A spe­ Guild presented musical entertain­ cial display of maps from the library's ment. collection was exhibited for the occa­ sion. Raytown Historical Society Officers for 1968-1969 are George Charles Kerr, historical curator for R. Brooks, president; Russell Fisher, the Jackson County Park System, gave vice president; J. Orville Spreen, sec­ a slide program on historical sites of retary; Harold T. Smutz, assistant the area, at the April 24 meeting in secretary; Carl A. Brummett, treas­ St. Matthew's Episcopal Church. urer; and Lewis M. Blanton, assist­ ant treasurer. St. Charles County Historical Society Saline County Historical Society The history of St. Charles churches The Saline County History, contain­ was the subject of a talk given by ing 552 9X12 pages and over 175 the Reverend Dr. Frederic Niedner at pictures, was published by the Society the April 25 dinner meeting at the early in 1968. First copies of the Lutheran Church in Harvester. volume were sold out in a few days Indian relics of the St. Charles vi­ and more were printed. This society cinity, dating back some 7,000 years, project was featured in a longer arti- Historical Notes and Comments 489 cle in the January, 1968 issue of the 11 issue. The contents for this report REVIEW, pp. 174-175. are varied and for the present time are A recognition dinner, March 12, at being written by the Society president, McKay's Wings, Marshall, honored Mrs. Harold Harris. A. H. Orr and approximately 150 writers of the new history. Mr. Orr, Harry S. Truman Library Institute president of the Society, was editor A conference of scholars on civil of the book, printed by the Wals- rights and the Truman Administra­ worth Publishing Company of Mar- tion at the Library in Independence, celine. The work involved in the April 5-6, was held in conjunction gathering and writing of the history with the 11th annual meeting of the was told by Mr. Orr. A copy of the Institute's board of directors, April 6. book was presented to him with his Those participating in the conference name printed in gold on the front were able to attend a public address cover. Memorial services paid tribute at the University of Missouri, Kansas to 13 of the original writers who died City, given by Professor John Hope before the book was published. Franklin, chairman of the History Arrangements for the dinner were Department, University of Chicago. coordinated by the Executive Com­ An addition to the east end of the mittee of the Marshall Chamber of library building, completed in Feb­ Commerce. ruary, will be used for office space, An organized, county-wide, mem­ storage and work areas and an addi­ bership drive was conducted by the tional exhibit room. More than 174,- Society during the month of May. 000 people visited the museum in the last calendar year. Shelby County Historical Society Twenty-six persons were present at Westport Historical Society the April 29 meeting in the Shelbina Some 100 members attended the Baptist Church. George Bunney, Shel­ February 29 meeting at the Westport byville, member of the Shelby County United Presbyterian Church. Edmund Soil Conservation Service staff, pre­ D. Fink, of the Kansas City Star, spoke sented a program on the American on "Stars on Your Doorsteps," tracing Indians. He displayed his collection the history of the newspaper from its of Indian relics consisting of arrow founding by William Rockhill Nel­ heads, tools and weapons. son. Souvenir copies of the first edi­ tion of the Kansas City Evening Star, Smithville Historical Society September 18, 1880, were presented to Regular all-day meetings are held the audience. at Smithville Paterson Memorial Mu­ "The Literature of the Santa Fe seum each month on the second Trail" was the subject of a talk given Tuesday and the fourth Saturday for by John Hicks at the May 17 dinner genealogical sessions. Mrs. Lee Sims, meeting at the Westport Presbyterian family history chairman, reported a Church. wide interest and an increase in refer­ ence material in the historical library Wright County Historical Society of the Museum. At the February 29 meeting in the The Society is sponsoring a weekly county courthouse, Hartville, members column, entitled "What's New About discussed the possibilities of purchas­ The Old," in the Smithville Democrat- ing the E. C. Steele Mansion in Hart­ Herald, which began with the April ville for use as a museum. Action 490 Missouri Historical Review

was taken to determine the extent of zens, to be filed in the courthouse, interest in the project. Members have voted to award hon- In February the group published orary membership plaques to all their first bulletin and urged mem- county residents who are 90 years of bers to suggest a name for the publi- age or over, ation. The Society reported that a file of The Society has a tape recorder "Family Trees" will be maintained available for interested members and for the benefit of genealogists at the a project is underway to establish a Society's headquarters in the county library of recordings from senior citi- courthouse, Hartville.

The War Problem Weston The Border Times, February 20, 1864. After a lapse of time, some one has been found competent to set forth the problem of the rebel dilemma. We find it in twenty propositions, .... Each proposition establishes a quandary; and, though the rebellion may be a powerful fact, it is at least a logical impossibility: 1. If they increase their army they cannot feed it. 2. Unless they increase their army they are whipped. 3. Unless the press speaks out, their liberties are gone. 4. If the press speaks out their government will be gone. 5. Unless they draft the whole population they must surrender. 6. If they draft the whole population, they must starve. 7. Unless they recover East Tennessee they can get no saltpeter. 8. If they undertake to recover East Tennessee they will get more salt­ peter than they want. 9. Unless they free the negroes they have nothing left to fight with. 10. If they free the negroes they've nothing left to fight for. 11. Ever since the rebellion began negroes have been falling. 12. Nevertheless, their greatest fear now is, lest the negroes should rise. 13. Unless Jeff Davis repudiates his present debts he can't borrow from anybody. 14. If he repudiates, nobody will lend to him. 15. If he impresses food he turns the land into a desert. 16. Unless he impresses food he turns his men into deserters. 17. They can't succeed in the war until they have got the means of building railroads. 18. They can't get the means of building railroads. 19. If they fight they lose the day. 20. Unless they fight they lose every day.

Testimonial Lancaster Schuyler County Republican, July 4, 1913. A Kansas man sent the following testimonial to a patent medicine company "My wife took a bottle of your medicine and died, I am married again. Please send me another bottle." Historical Notes and Comments 491

Honors and Tributes

Kemper Dedicates After graduation from high school in MacNeely Room 1922, he attended the University of Illinois and the Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania. In World War II he commanded an Infantry Battalion in combat opera­ tions in Normandy, France, where he was wounded, July, 1944. In his home community, Columbus, Georgia, he was a highly respected business execu­ tive and prominent accountant. He died, March 1, 1966. Kemper Military School and College is the oldest military school west of the Mississippi River, and under Pres­ ident Colonel James P. Kelly, is now A special ceremony dedicated the in its 124th year. Founded in 1844, it Colonel Carlton O. MacNeely Room offers today an academic program of of Military History at Kemper Mili­ four years of high school and two tary School and College, Boonville, on years of college. April 28. The dedication honored the memory of an illustrious son, who Cape Girardeau Honored bequeathed to the school his personal As All American City collection of some 500 rare and val­ Cape Girardeau was one of 11 city- uable military history books. M. C. communities recognized as a 1967 All Jennings, Columbus, Georgia, a close American City by Look magazine and personal friend of Colonel MacNeely, the National Municipal League. Win­ paid a special tribute to him at the ners were selected for their citizens' dedication ceremonies during a Kem­ demonstration of grass-roots ability per Corps of Cadets Dress Parade. and desire to better community sur­ Guests toured the campus, library and roundings. Some of the winners were MacNeely Room, where they viewed spotlighted because their people had the prized book collection exhibited in jointly averted an economic crisis, walnut, custom-made glass-enclosed mastered a civic disaster or brought bookshelves. The display is examined local social attitude fully in step with above by (left to right) Cadets Timo­ the 20th century. thy A. Terry, Covington, Georgia; Cape Girardeau was recognized for SSG Karl A. Hodge, St. Louis; and its citizens' response to major prob­ Major Thomas E. Speer, Ottawa, lems caused by a sudden upward surge Kansas. Also on exhibit were pic­ of population. Efforts were made to tures of Colonel MacNeely, his Kem­ modernize the community through per diploma and certificate of achieve­ the establishment of a council-man­ ment and medals for military service, ager form of city government, the an­ presented by Mrs. Carlton O. Mac­ nexation of more land to improve the Neely of Columbus, Georgia. Municipal Airport, and the financing Colonel MacNeely came to Kemper of new playground facilities and a from Parkersburg, West Virginia. portion of a new 300-bed hospital. 492 Missouri Historical Review

The ten other winning cities, se­ tion, in Springfield, April 30-May 1, lected from a field of 116, included by former students, co-workers and Auburn, Maine; Fresno, California; friends. Dr. Meador began teaching Grand Island, Nebraska; Hickory and economics and political science at the Laurinburg, North Carolina; Leaven­ college in 1913 and was head of the de­ worth, Washington; Royal Oak, Mich­ partment from 1914 to 1953. Gifts to igan; South Bend, Indiana; Tupelo, the endowment came from alumni, Mississippi; and Wheaton, Illinois. parents of students, businessmen and Two other Missouri communities list­ friends of the college. From the en­ ed as runners-up, were Jackson County dowment a chair in political science and St. Louis. The 1967 All American will be established in the name of Cities were saluted in the April 16, Dr. Meador. 1968 issue of Look. The inauguration included two convocations and a dinner. Former Missouri Governor John M. Dalton John G. Neihardt Receives discussed state government and Dr. Thomas Jefferson Award William N. Chambers, Washington Dr. John G. Neihardt, lecturer University, St. Louis, spoke on Amer­ emeritus in English at the University of Missouri, Columbia, was presented ican political history at the convoca­ the Thomas Jefferson Award, April 12, tions. Dr. Franc L. McCluer, former at the annual Jefferson Day ceremony president of Linden wood and West­ at Francis Quadrangle, on the campus. minster colleges, spoke at a dinner in The award is given annually to an Kentwood Arms Hotel. individual from any of the Univer­ Dr. Meador is an honorary mem­ sity campuses who best exemplifies the ber of the Rotary and Kiwanis clubs, attributes of Jefferson. The award a member of the State Commission for consists of a citation and some $400 Wilson's Creek National Battlefield from the Robert Earl McConnell Park and a board member of the Foundation. Springfield Association for the Blind, Dr. Neihardt, a poet, literary critic the Missouri Public Expenditures Sur­ and Indian history authority, is espe­ vey and the Guaranty Federal Savings cially noted for his major work, The and Loan Association. Cycle of the West. He came to the Dr. Meador received his M.A. de­ University in 1949. gree in 1913 from Columbia Univer­ University Chancellor John W. sity, New York, and completed his Schwada presided at the ceremony. work there for the Ph.D. degree. He The principal speaker, Dr. Carl H. holds honorary doctor's degrees from Chapman, University professor of An­ Westminster College, 1945; Univer­ thropology and director of Archeology, sity of Missouri, 1949; and Drury Col­ discussed "Jefferson in Science and lege, 1953. Exploration." In governmental service, Dr. Mea­ dor is most widely known for his work in the Missouri Constitutional Dr. L. E. Meador Honored Convention of 1943-44, where he In Springfield served as delegate-at-large. Dr. Lewis E. Meador, first vice president of the State Historical So­ Rev. A. R. Suelflow Recognized ciety of Missouri and Drury College For 20-Year Service professor, Springfield, was honored at The Reverend Dr. August R. Suel­ the Meador Endowment Inaugura­ flow, director of the Concordia His- Historical Notes and Comments 493

torical Institute, the Department of of the Kansas City artist's 79th birth­ Archives and History of the Lutheran day anniversary. A ceremony at the Church-Missouri Synod, St. Louis, Mayfair Hotel, St. Louis, also marked was recognized by the Board of Gov­ the publication of a collection of ernors of the Institute, for his 20 years paintings by the artist, published by service to that organization, the Synod the University of Missouri Press. and the Church. He was elected to his present posi­ tion in January, 1948, and has greatly expanded the Institute's archival R. M. White, II, Elected work. The archives today contain the To Board of Directors largest collection of Lutherana Amer­ Am. Soc. of Newspaper Editors icana in the world. Robert M. White, II, editor and publisher of the Mexico Ledger and trustee of the State Historical So­ ciety of Missouri, was elected to the Mrs. Truman's Portrait Unveiled board of directors of the American At White House Ceremony Society of Newspaper Editors at a A new portrait of the former First meeting in Washington, D. C, April Lady, Mrs. Harry S. Truman, Inde­ 18. Mr. White was chosen for a two- pendence, was unveiled, April 18, at year term to fill a vacancy on the the White House, Washington, D. C. board created by a pending shift in Mrs. Truman did not attend the the slate of officers. ceremony but was represented by her daughter Mrs. Clifton Daniel, of New York. The portrait, by Greta Kemp ton, was a gift of the White Lee Starnes Named House Historical Association for the National Director Executive Mansion's permanent col­ Of Pony Express Assn. lection of paintings of presidents' Lee Starnes, executive director of the Pony Express Historical Associa­ tion of St. Joseph, has been named national director of the National Pony Express Centennial Association. Missouri Honors Originally created to promote the cen­ Thomas Hart Benton tennial of the Pony Express in 1960, Missouri's Governor Warren E. the Association holds annual meetings Hearnes proclaimed April 15 as to help co-ordinate efforts to main­ Thomas Hart Benton Day in honor tain accurate Pony Express history.

The Phrenologist Was Right

Kingston Caldwell County Sentinel, December 10, 1886. A phrenologist says that "fullness under the eye denotes language." When the fullness is caused by another man's fist it denotes very bad language, generally. 494 Missouri Historical Review

GIFTS

DR. LESLIE ANDERS, Warrensburg, donor: "Consolidated Descriptive Roll, 18th Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 1861- 1865," by donor. R*

MRS. RUTH ASHER, Galena, donor: John B. Williams family material. R

BANK OF CARTHAGE, Carthage, donor: Bank of Carthage—100 Years of Banking & Community Service, 1868-1968. R

PAUL R. BECK, Jefferson City, donor: Copies: Diary of Garland Jefferson Mahan of Cole County, "Ox Train Trip West in 1864," and "Homes Erected in Jefferson City Before 1860," by Jean Ann Harrison. M MRS. H. L. BENSON, Columbia, donor: The Barbee Family. R

MRS. ZORA PETTY BILLINGSLEY, Amarillo, Texas, donor: The Petty and Francis Families and Allied Lines, by the donor. R MRS. W. A. BLOOM, Fayette, donor: Bishop William F. McMurry Papers: trip journal, calendar books, pastor's books, visitation books, expense books, and other miscellaneous books; newspapers; clippings; and correspondence. M Autobiography of William W. McMurry. M

MRS. P. F. BLUM, Kahoka, donor: Booklet: Centennial History of St. Paul United Church of Christ, Kahoka. R

E. DORA BOHM, Edwardsville, Illinois, donor: Letter from Louis Frederick Bohm, at college in Warrenton, October 6, 1866. M Copy: Catalogue of Western Educational Institute, Warrenton, 1866. M

REVEREND THOMAS S. BOWDERN, S.J., Kansas City, donor: Copy of a diary of Dr. Elias Joseph Marsh, concerning a steamboat voyage from St. Louis to Fort Benton, 1859. M

TRENTON BOYD, Columbia, donor: Xeroxed copy: "Maternal Genealogy of the Family of Garret Minor and Elizabeth McWilliams," compiled by Page Minor. M

STEPHANIE BRUNDA, Boonville, donor: Framed sketch of Thespian Hall, Boonville, "Oldest Theatre West of the Alleghenies." A

*These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: R refers to Reference Library; E, Editorial Office; M, Manuscripts Collection; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. Historical Notes and Comments 495

BUSINESS & PROFESSIONAL WOMEN'S CLUB, Columbia, donor: Official minutes: Columbia Business & Professional Women's Club, 1941- 1966. M

MRS. DANIEL BYRNE, Mill Valley, California, donor: "Notes on McDaniel/McDonald Families," compiled by donor. R

REVEREND JOHN H. BYRNE, New Haven, donor: An Epoch of Love and Sacrifice, a history of Assumption Church, New Haven, 1853-1967, by Sister Mary Louis Jasper. R

ARTHUR B. CALDWELL, Chevy Chase, Maryland, donor, through MRS. A. A. STEINMETZ, Union: Franklin County Tax Lists, 1819, 1820 & 1824. M

RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly, donor: Randolph County Warranty Deeds, 1879-1910. M Special tax bill receipts, 1890s. M

CITY COUNCIL, Miami, donor: Miami, City Council Proceedings, 1915-1965. M TOM CLATWORTHY, Fayette, donor: Cemetery inscriptions, Mitchell Cemetery, near Palmyra and old town of Newmarket, and misc. telephone directories. R Marion County Cemeteries and Index. R

WALLACE CRANE, Columbia, donor: Genealogy: Fortney Family, Boone County. R

MRS. DOROTHY ROBNETT DOYLE, Kansas City, donor: Genealogy: Robinett, Robinette, Robnett. R

ROY H. DUNGAN, St. Louis, donor: Genealogy Records and Ancestry of Asher, Barkley, Dungan, German, Jor­ dan, Hodgson, Light, Stephenson and Other Related Families, by Roy H. Dungan and Erma Olander. R

MRS. LOYS I. EDWARDS, Silver Spring, Maryland, donor: The Caples Family and Some of Its Allied Families of Early Maryland, by Almarie Moore Edwards. R

J. ALLEN EICHENBERGER, Saverton, donor, thru MRS. OLIVER HOWARD, Columbia: Pictures loaned for copying: Mark Twain's last visit to Hannibal, May, 1902. E

WALTER L. ESCHBACH, Planning & Zoning Commission, Hillsboro, donor; Jefferson County Historic Sites Study. R

ROLPH FAIRCHILD, Upland, California, donor: Picture postcard: A. Ross Hill and Champ Clark (1910) . E

MSGR. C. J. FLAVIN, Richmond Heights, donor: Immacolata, in dedication of the new Immacolata Parish Church, St. Louis, December 17, 1968. R 496 Missouri Historical Review

E. M. FUNK, Columbia, donor: History of the Department of Poultry Husbandry, by donor. R GEORGE J. GERMAN, Dallas, Texas, donor: Letter: Orion Clemens, brother of Mark Twain, to Atlanta Constitution, June 5, 1875. M

GREENE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, donor, thru DR. H. LEE HOOVER, Spring­ field: Greene County Missouri—United States Census, 1840, transcribed by Barbara H. Morrison and Irma A. Cain, alphabetized by Allan S. Humphreys. R PAUL HEITMAN, Maplewood, donor, thru GOVERNOR WARREN E. HEARNES, Jef­ ferson City: Picture postcards of Jefferson City, 1906. E

HENRY CHAMPION CHAPTER, DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN COLONISTS, donor, thru MRS. JOSEPH SOETAERT, Kansas City: The Saga of the Parman Family, by Opal Miller Soetaert. R MRS. SAMUEL C. HICKS, Walla Walla, Washington, donor: Copy: Rodgers Family Flistory and Genealogy, by Beulah Bennett Hicks. R Unsigned Civil War Letter from Campbell Hospital, Washington, D. C, December 31, 1863. M MRS. ROY HOWELL, Kansas City, donor: Kinfolks of William Parke & Synah Perry & Josiah Wilson & Margaret Crow, compiled by donor. R A. S. HUMPHREYS, Springfield, donor: Humphreys Genealogy, by donor. R

MRS. KATE MITCHELL KING, Dadeville, donor: History of the King Family, edited by donor. R

KNOX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, donor, thru STIEFEL JUNIOR WILKERSON, Presi­ dent, Novelty: Old photographs of Knox County loaned for copying. E

SIDNEY LARSON, Columbia, donor: Two sketches of National Military Home in Leavenworth County, Kansas, and Andersonville Prison. E RICKA LEIMKUEHLER, Mount Sterling, donor: Reverend August Rauschenbusch Letters, 1849-1854, regarding experiences in, and opinions of, German-American communities in Missouri and Illinois. M Record Book, 1856-1865, and other misc. records of the Pin Oak Creek Baptist Church. M Der Sendbote, December 13, 1899, obituary of August Rauschenbusch. M Walter Rauschenbusch, Leben u. Wirken von August Rauschenbusch (Cas- sell, 1901) . M

MRS. JACK MATTHEWS, Columbia, donor: National Farmers and Laborers Union, Charter of Incorporation, Hazel Mound Union, #1046, St. Louis, January 17, 1890. M Historical Notes and Comments 497

MERCER COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, donor, thru MRS. JOE LINN, President, Princeton: Photographs: Football teams of Princeton High School, 1904 & 1905. E Booklets: Princeton High School, Courses of Study & Announcements, 1914- 1915 (reprinted, 1967). R

ELSA NAGEL, Columbia, donor: Books: Unsichten Von Der Weltausstellung in St. Louis Mit Dem Hochst Interessanten "Pike" and Das Christenthum Im Krieg. R

VINCEL PADGETT, Jefferson City, donor: 1st Baptist Church, Centennial History [Versailles]. R

D. R. POLLARD, Fresno County Historical Society, Fresno, California, donor: Account books, 1876-1880, of the Reverend A. N. Odell, financial agent for Marionville Collegiate Institute. M

PONY EXPRESS HISTORY AND ART GALLERY, San Rafael, California, donor: Pony Express Versus Wells Fargo Express, or Hoof Prints That Can Not be Eroded by Time, with preamble by Waddell Smith. R L. D. PREWITT, Barbourville, Kentucky, donor: Prewitt, Pruitt Family, compiled by donor. R

HOMER PYLE, Bethany, donor: Typescript: "Old Palmer College," by donor. M

RANDY ROTT, Columbia, donor: Minutes of the North Missouri Baptist Association (63rd annual session, La Grange, August, 1928). R

MRS. RUTH D. SCHERR, Columbia, donor: Dedication of First Presbyterian Church, Mexico, Mo., April 28, 1968. R

EDWARD T. SCHOENBERGER, thru MARATHON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Wausau, Wisconsin, donor: Postal card views made by James Colby, Wausau, Wisconsin, of the follow­ ing Missouri towns: Cairo, Calhoun, Centralia, Clarence, Green Ridge, Higbee, Kirksville, Queen City and Windsor. E

MRS. EARL T. SECHLER, Springfield, donor: The One and Only City, Marionville, U.S.A., by the donor. R

P. O. SELBY, Kirksville, donor: "Missouri's Governors and Lieutenant Governors," "Past and Present Mem­ bership of the Missouri Supreme Court," and "The Langdon-Clemens Cemetery Plot at Elmira [New York]," all compiled by the donor. R "Mark Twain Holdings" in the Missouriana Library at Northeast Missouri State College, Kirksville, Missouri, compiled by David S. Webb and Paul O. Selby. B "Mark Twain's Relatives," compiled by donor. R

MRS. JAMES B. SHAWHAN, Lee's Summit, donor: The Story of Lone Jack, by Romulus L. Travis. R 498 Missouri Historical Review

DR. J. M. SHOCKLEY, Joplin, donor: "The Boone Family in Maries County, Missouri," prepared by donor. R GUY SMITH, Walnut Creek, California, donor: Letters and papers concerning Conrad Andreas Schmidt (Smith) , Warren County, Missouri (1813-1848) . M DR. WILLIAM E. SMITH, Oxford, Ohio, donor: Belton Zeppelin September 26, 1922-May 15, 1923; and Walnut Grove Tribune, May 2, 1929. N FELIX E. SNIDER, Cape Girardeau, donor: Booklet: Otahki—Trail of Tears Princess, by Aileen Lorberg, drawings by Eva Jane Lesem. R

ST. JOHN'S UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST, St. Charles, donor: Booklet. A Heritage from the Past, A Gift to the Future, 100th Anniversary of the Founding of St. John's Church, 1868-1968, St. Charles, Mo. R

ST. LOUIS PIONEER CHAPTER, NATIONAL SOCIETY OF U.S. DAUGHTERS OF 1812, donor, thru MRS. MAURICE CLYDE, Marshall: "Tombstone Inscriptions, St. Louis Co., Mo. & Franklin Co., Mo." R

, thru MRS. JOSEPH JANNUZZO, Clayton: Grave location blanks for Archibald H. Roberts, Robert Wash, Thomas Wood and Martrom Lewis. R

JIM STRICKER, Linneus, donor: Typescript: "Joseph C. Moore [of Linn County], May 1, 1791-May 19, 1873." R JOHN L. SULLIVAN, Flat River, donor: Copy of article: "St. Joe's Lead Belt," by Sheldon Moyer, published in The Big Magazine, Volume 7, 1951. M WILLIAM L. TALBOT, Keokuk, Iowa, donor: Fort Edwards Military Post and Fur Trade Center, by donor. R

ANDY TAU, Columbia, donor: Photograph: View from entrance of Rock Bridge, Boone County, about 1933. E

MRS. IRENE TAYLOR, Columbia, donor: Booklet: "Saint Jo" Buchanan County—Honoring Eugene Field (n.d.) . B

TUESDAY CLUB, Columbia, donor: Yearbook: Tuesday Club, Columbia, Missouri, 1967-1968. R

ROBERT M. WHITE, II, Mexico, donor: Books: Thomas W. Jackson, Through Missouri on a Mule; William J. Bryan, The First Battle, A Story of the Campaign of 1896; and Alexander H. Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States, Vol. I. R Color circus poster of Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey Circus, 1945, used on front cover of April, 1968, issue of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL RE­ VIEW. A Historical Notes and Comments 499

MARIE WOODS, Columbia, donor: Photographs: Union Station and Milles Fountain in St. Louis, and views of Central College, Fayette. E

WILBUR A. ZINK, Appleton City, donor: Booklet: The Roscoe Gun Battle, The Younger Brothers vs Pinkerton De­ tectives, by donor. R

JAX ZUMWALT, Portland, Oregon, donor: Copy: Plat map of Cuivre Township, St. Charles County, ca. 1823. R

Census Takers Abroad Chilhowee News, April 29, 1910. One of the favorite topics of conversation thro the length and breadth of Johnson county now is the census. The enumerators started on their work last Friday morning. As this count is made only once in ten years, Uncle Sam has prepared an elaborate lot of questions which must be answered by all. You must not only know your own pedigree and be able to rattle it off without killing any time for the enumerator, but you must be able to tell the name, age, and every detail about your children and live stock of every description. Blanks had been sent in advance to the farmers in order to give them an idea of the line of information wanted, so they could be studying up answers to the questions. If the farmers are able to answer the questions as fast as the enumerators can ask and write them, the agents of Uncle Sam will be happy. Whatever you do, don't refuse to answer the questions, for if you get balky, the enumera­ tor is liable to have you pinched for contempt, just to show you that they can. Be good when the census taker comes around—J.-D.

"The Marrying Parson"

Hartsburg Truth, January 10, 1913. "The Marrying Parson" Rev. A. W. Pasley, of Columbia, holds the record for performing the greatest number of marriage ceremonies in Boone County during 1912, and is now known to his friends as "The Marrying Parson." Two weddings every day in the year was Rev. Pasley's average.

Times Had Changed Ironton Arcadia Enterprise, March 12, 1926. "What became of the fine old names of Prudence and Patience?" the old sage asked. "They wouldn't be appropriate these days," he replied. "If I had a couple of daughters, I'd christen them Extravagance and Hysteria." 500 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Buffalo Dallas County Republican January 25, February 1, 22, March 14 & 21, 1968—A series of old photo­ graphs of the Dallas County area.

Buffalo Reflex April 4, 1968—Vaxt of a series of old photographs on the Dallas County area.

Camdenton Central Mo, Leader March 12, 1968—"Historical Society [of Camden County] Report on Dry Ridge," given by Mrs. Clyde Moreland.

Camdenton Reveille April 26, 1968—"History of Riverview Baptist Church," by Ethel Houston.

Columbia Missourian February 4, 1968—"Missouri River Is Historical Bane Of Area Farmers," by D. M. Kreisher. March 10—"Education Celebrates 100 Years [at the University of Missouri, Columbia]," by Alan Leahigh. March 10—A picture story of George Caleb Bingham, "Missouri's Frontier Artist," was produced by Herb Hemming. March 10, April 28—The column, "Do You Remember?" featured respectively the University of Missouri School of Journalism and University of Missouri football. March 17—"A Bridge into the Past," a picture story of the old Union cov­ ered bridge near Paris, by Willis Knight and Harry Hawblitzel. March 25—A brief history of Zaring School, near Columbia, by Steve Wynn. March 31— "Fires Singe Ashland's Past," by Leslie Krantz and Willis Knight. April 7—"[H. A.] Henley, 83, Recalls Tiger Cage [University of Missouri Basketball] History," By Richard Liefer. April 7—"Hartsburg . . . 'The Garden Spot of Boone County'," by Roy Inman. April 28—A picture story, "Memories of Journalism Week 40 Years Ago."

Hannibal Courier-Post April 4, 1968—"[William Hepburn Russell] 'Napoleon Of The West'—Dream And Nightmare," by John Lyng.

Jackson Journal February 7, 1968—"Jackson Missouri is 154 Years Old on February 8," writ­ ten and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. February 14-April 24—A weekly series of old photographs of Jackson area scenes. February 14, 21, 28 & March 6, 1968—"Bell, Book and Candle," a series on the history of the first schools in Jackson and Cape Girardeau. This, and all the articles below, written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. March 13—"Aunt Rhody and her Grey Goose, The Story of the Riverview Hotel." March 20, 27, April 3 6> 10—A four-part article on the Civil War's effect in the Jackson area. Historical Notes and Comments 501

April 17 & 24—A series, "Once Upon an April Day, The [Civil War] Battle of Cape Girardeau." Kansas City Star February 3, 10, March 2, 9, 23, 30, April 13 & 27, 1968—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively Belle Starr, 12 most famous names in Missouri history, U. S. Senator James S. Green, the State Historical Society of Missouri, William F. Switzler, George and Mary Sibley, George S. Park, and Hiram M. Bledsoe. February 3, 17, 24, March 16, April 6, 20 & 27—A series of old postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured Kansas City scenes. March 3—"Verona Hills Extension Recalls Old Santa Fe Trail." March 10-l [Clark Clifford] Calm Hand at Defense Helm," by Saul Pett. March 19—"Many Remembered Rose O'Neill's Art and Poetry," by Ralph Alan McCanse, author of her recently published biography. April 12—The illustrated article, "Settlers Grew Own Fruit for Table and Cellar," by Roderick Turnbull, recalled the rivalry between Missouri and Kansas fruit growers. April 21—"Council of Jewish Women, Since 1893, a Community Force," by Gloria Joffee Goodfriend. Kansas City Times February 8, 1968—Biographies of two Kansas City newspapermen, WTilliam Allen White and Frederick H. Funston, were written by John Edward Hicks in the article entitled "They Had Fun Here on Way to Fame." February 10, March 2, 9, 23 & 30—A series of old postcards from the collec­ tion of Mrs. Sam Ray featured Kansas City scenes. February 17, 24, March 16, April 4 & 20—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively Joseph Washington McClurg, the University of Missouri's School of Mines at Rolla and the College of Agriculture at Columbia, the Civil War battle of Pea Ridge, Missouri's pre-historic era, and James S. Rollins. February 20—"Clark Clifford Likes a Challenge," by John R. Cauley. February 28—"The Story 'Bonnie and Clyde' Ignores," by Mike Royko. March 4—The news item, entitled "Old Group to Modern Quarters," re­ lated a brief history of the Greater Kansas City Chamber of Commerce. March 14— "[Kansas City] Fire Department's First Century," by Calvin Manon. March 26—"When Kansas Citians Struck Gold," by Frank H. Strickland. April 25—A history, "Tunnel was Vital Link in Transit Here," by Calvin Manon. Linn Osage County Observer February 8, 15, 22, March 7, 14, 28, April 11, 18 & 25, 1968-A series, "His­ tory of Osage County," by Hallie Mantle. Marshall Democrat-News April 29, 1968—-The text of Mrs. Warren E. Hearnes's address at the dedica­ tion of the George Caleb Bingham house in Arrow Rock, reprinted. Owensville Gasconade County Republican March 21, 1968—"How a Horseshoe Game Gave Owensville Its Name," by Tom Warden. 502 Missouri Historical Review

Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic February 24, 1968-"The Probate Court in Butler County," by G. R. Loug- head. March 25—"The Carpenter and Patterson Cemeteries [Butler County]," by Mrs. Betty Hanks.

Poplar Bluff Three Rivers Times April 11, 1968—"Views from the Past," by Bob Manns, featured the Poplar Bluff tornado of 1927 and ferries in Butler County.

Princeton Post-Telegraph January 4, 1968—"Notes on Ravanna Post Office," by Mary Casteel Linn.

St. Charles Journal December 7, 1967—"[Spanish-American] Soldier Roster." This, and all the articles below, written by Edna McElhiney Olson. December 14, 1967 6- March 28, 1968—Featured reminiscences of by-gone years. December 21, 1967—"Revolutionary Soldiers." December 28—"Leona Ehrhard." February 8, 1968—"Venerable Mother [Philippine] Duchesne." February 15—"Three Flags." February 29—"Home of Col. Timothy Kibby." March 7—"Railroad Construction." March 14—"Genealogy." April 4—"Augusta, Missouri." April 11— "Missouri State Flag."

Ste. Genevieve Fair Play February 2, 16, 23, March 1, 8, 15, 29, April 26, 1968—A series, "History of Our Town," by Mrs. Jack Basler. April 5—An old photograph of World War I draftees.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat February 4, 1968—This Week Magazine contained the article, "[Charles A.] Lindbergh's Latest Triumph," by Allen Greenacre. February 4, 11, 18, 25, March 3, 17, 24, 31, April 7, 21 & 28-The column, "Looking Backward" featured respectively air travel, downtown St. Louis, rail­ road terminal, World War I, first Union Station, World's Fair, old Southern Hotel, beer garden, Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh, Old Rock House, and the National Democratic Convention of 1888. February 24-25—"[Washington University] Law School of Distinction," by Sue Ann Wood. March 1— "Reaching Out From the River Bank," a history of St. Louis' Second Presbyterian Church, by John Brod Peters. March 10—"When the Railroad Came to St. Louis." March 25—"Rome of the West, Dubourg . . . Rosati . . . Kenrick . . . Kain . . . Glennon . . . Ritter . . . Carberry [St. Louis Catholic Bishops]," by Martin L. Duggan. April 20-21—"Post Mortem Of Riot in Kansas City: Why Did the Town Explode?" by Larry Fields. Historical Notes and Comments 503

April 21— Architecture at Stephens College, Columbia, was featured in the article, "Chapel by Saarinen," by Nell Gross, photos by Marvin Kreisman. April 28—"Portrait of a Citizen [William Clark]."

St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 3, 1968—"Wake for the River Queen and Riverfront," by Jack Rice. February 4—"Benevolent, Convivial Elks Mark Centennial," by Dickson Terry. February 6—A history of Lutheran Family and Children's Service was writ­ ten by Dorothy Gardner. February 16—"[University of Missouri Chancellor and Mrs. John W. Schwada] Their Home, a Landmark in Columbia for a Hundred Years," by Dorothy Brainerd. February 23—"[Charles A.] Lindbergh Saga," by Theodore P. Wagner. February 25—An article about Miss America Vespucci's visit to St. Louis was told by Paul J. Reale in "Escapes of the First 'Miss America'." March 3—"Missouri's Honored Ladies," a picture story of governors' wives, by Richard M. Jones and Herb Weitman. March 3—The article by Dickson Terry, "Plans to Revive Creve Coeur," presented history of the area. March 10—"[Daniel R.] Fitzpatrick, Retired Cartoonist Sketches His Reac­ tions to a Visit to Yucatan," by Richard M. Jones. March 10—"New Man At the Pentagon," a picture story of Clark Clifford. March 21—"Bitter Memories of Bonnie and Clyde," by Mike Royko, was illustrated with old photographs found in Joplin. March 27—"[Hotel] Coronado's Golden Days," by Donald F. Burnes. March 31—"The Mississippi of Long Ago," a picture story of Henry Lewis' 1854 book, Das Illustrirte Mississippithal, by William J. Nazzaro. April 20—A short history of Dawt Mill near Tecumseh, recently restored by Mr. and Mrs. Wayne W. Dinnell, was written by Wayne Leeman.

Sikeston Daily Standard February 24, 1968—The progress edition noted the renovation and history of the Hunter-Dawson Home of New Madrid in an article written by Nadine Townsend.

Stover Morgan County Press April 4, 1968—"History of Stover Cemetery," by Mrs. R. J. Blackman, Sr.

Washington Missourian February 1-April 25, 1968—A weekly series, on German contribution to Washington, by Ralph Gregory.

Beading Between the Lines Ste. Genevieve Fair Play, August 22, 1872. Several people who have answered an advertisement promising a "correct likeness of yourself, and your fortune told," for fifty cents, have received a three cent mirror, and are informed that they can tell their own fortunes by counting their money. 504 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American Heritage, April 1968: "[Walt Disney] Bringing Forth The Mouse," by Richard Schickel.

American Legion Magazine, March, 1968: "Ste. Genevieve—Missouri's First Town," by Alden Stevens.

Annals, Association of American Geographers, March, 1968: "The Ozark Culture Region As Revealed By Traditional Materials," by Joan Wilson Miller. R

Arizona and the West, Winter, 1967: "The Mississippi River, Spillway of Sin," by Philip D. Jordan; and "The Mormons in the Mountain West, A Selected Bibliography," edited by Thomas G. Alexander and James B. Allen.

, Spring, 1968: "Alfred Henry Lewis: Western Storyteller," by Flournoy D. Manzo. Bulletin, Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, March, 1968: "History of the Agricultural Extension Service in Callaway County, Mo.—1919-1960," by Harold Slusher. Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, April, 1968: "The Road to Jefferson City: David R. Francis's Campaign For The Governorship, 1888," by C. Joseph Pusateri; "The Kansas-Pacific Railway Survey, 1867," with photographs by Alexander Gardner; "Aeronautics At The World's Fair of 1904," by James J. Horgan; "Music on The Streckfus Steamers," by Dolores Meyer Williams; "James MacDonald Barnsley: St. Louis Period, 1879-82," by Dorothy Garesche Holland; and "Christ Church Cathedral and Its Music," by Eugene L. Rodgers.

California Historical Society Quarterly, March, 1968: "Sketches of Dr. Glen Owen Hardeman: California Gold Rush Physician," by Nicholas P. Hardeman.

Civil War Times Illustrated, February, 1968: "Nathaniel Lyon," by Stephen B. Oates.

Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, March, 1968: "The Hughes Family in Clay County," by Harley Wyatt, Jr.

, April, 1968: "The John Wilkerson Family in Clay County History," by Catherine D. Wilkerson.

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, February, 1968: "Ernst Friedrich Wil- helm Meier," by William H. Traugott.

Greater Saint Louis Magazine, February, 1968: "Cordwainers of St. Louis"; and "Resurrecting Jefferson Barracks," by Judson W. Calkins.

Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Winter, 1967: "The Artist Gustav Pfau," by William K. Alderfer.

, Spring, 1968: "John Rice Jones, Citizen of Many Territories," by Charles E. Burgess. Historical Notes and Comments 505

Journal of the West, January, 1968: "Water in the Missouri Valley: The Inter- Agency River Committee Concept at Mid-Century," by John R. Ferrell.

Kansas Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1967: "Humorist on Tour: Artemus Ward in Mid-America, 1864," by Robert W. Richmond.

Kirkwood Historical Review, March, 1968: "Mooreland Farm," by Elizabeth S. Donovan; and "The Diary Of Miss Mary Elizabeth Hunt," Part III.

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, April, 1968: "Verona Founded by Judge James Madison White a Century Ago," by Fred G. Mieswinkel; "The White Family Genealogy," and "Some Interesting Facts About the White Family," by Rex L. Gatton; "First Sunday-School in Southwest Missouri Located Near Verona," reprinted from Mount Vernon Lawrence County Record, February 16, 1939; and "The Spring River Cemetery," by Fred G. Mieswinkel.

Lincoln Herald, Winter, 1967: " 'Private Joe' Fifer in the Civil War," by Loren Keltner.

Mark Twain Journal, Winter, 1967-1968: "Mark Twain's Unpublished Letter to Tom Taylor—an Enigma," by James R. Sturdevant; "Geographical Delimi­ tation of the Dialect Areas in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," by Curt M. Rulon; "Universality in 'Huckleberry Finn'; A Comparison of Twain and Kivi," by Daniel J. Casey; " 'Huckleberry Finn'; A Final Irony," by W. Keith Kraus; and "Structural Unity in 'The Man That Corrupted Hadleybury'," by D. S. Bertolotti.

Montana Magazine of Western History, April, 1968: 'The Galpin Journal: Dra­ matic Record of An Odyssey of Peace [with the Reverend Pierre-Jean DeSmet, S.J.]," edited by Reverend Louis Pfaller, O.S.B.; and "Kit Carson and the Navajo Expedition," by Richard C. Hopkins.

Museum Graphic, Spring, 1968: "Reuben Kay," by Charles Radcliffe.

National Genealogical Society Quarterly, March, 1968: "Some Cemeteries of the Ozarks," by Louise Hamby Skaggs.

Nebraska History, Spring, 1968: "Rock Creek Ranch Fight: An Introduction," by Addison E. Sheldon; "True Story of Wild Bill [Hickokj-McCanles Affray in Jefferson County, Nebraska, July 12, 1861," by George W. Hansen; "The Only Living Eye Witness," by William Monroe McCanles; "Descriptive Bibliography of 'Wild Bill'," by Addison E. Sheldon; and "Wild Bill in Harper's," by Colonel George Ward Nichols.

Oregon Historical Quarterly, March, 1968: "Meriwether Lewis: Zoologist," by Paul Russell Cutright.

Ozarks Mountaineer, March, 1968: "The Turnback Mill [near Miller]," by Nolan Gunter; and "The Pine Log War," by Warren Cook.

, April, 1968: "The Blacksmith Shop," by Harold Hatzfeld; and "Memories of Rose O'Neill," by Rose Fechner. 506 Missouri Historical Review

Pacific Historian, Winter, 1968: "New Light On [William H.] Ashley & Jedediah Smith," by Dale L. Morgan.

Palimpsest, February, 1968: "Pike's Mississippi Expedition," edited with com­ mentary and illustrations by William J. Petersen.

Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, October, 1967: "Travelers on the Western Waters," by John Francis McDermott.

Raytown Trail News, April, 1968: "Letters of John J. Frost, 1875."

St. Louis Genealogical Society Quarterly, March, 1968: "Hold The Fort, A Brief History of Fort Jefferson," by Judith Ann McClung Toler.

True West, June, 1968: "It's Death to Bonnie [Parker] and Clyde [Barrow]," by William Cx Hancock. West Virginia History, January, 1968: "Stonewall Jackson's Jolly Chaplain, Beverley Tucker Lacy," by W. G. Bean. Westport Historical Quarterly, February, 1968: "The History of Westport High School," Part I, 1885-1929 (reprinted), compiled by Sharon Ruth Erwin Chapter, "Quill Scroll," journalism organization, Westport High School; "The Allen School," reprinted from Kansas City Times, September 5, 1938; "The Penn School," by Edith Turner.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Summer &: Fall, 1967: "The Eglinton Colony in Missouri, 1882," by Roy E. Stout; "World War I Veterans of Taney County, Mo.," compiled by Elmo Ingenthron: "Uncle Ben," from "Stories of the Pioneers," by E. J. and L. S. Hoenshel; "Life in the Ozarks —Then and Now," by Margaret Gerten Hoten; "Ozark and Vicinity in the Nineteenth Century," by William Neville Collier; and "Civil War Letters," by Cletys R. Ackerman.

Most Were Honest St. Joseph Gazette, February 5, 1925. Hotel men declare that 97 per cent of their guests are honest. For the other 3 per cent they have signs in the rooms asking, "Have you left anything besides the Gideon Bible?"

A Perfect Excuse Kansas City Star, September 1, 1964. Somebody figures out that you work two hours a day to pay your taxes. So why should the boss object if you come in late? After all you're not working for him until about 11 o'clock.

A Political Barb Jonesburg Journal, April 16, 1908. The Republican campaign slogan this year is to be a "full baby carriage and an empty dinner pail." Historical Notes and Comments 507

IN MEMORIAM

DONALD ZUERL BECKMAN, ALLEN E., Kansas City: Donald Zuerl, Fulton, member of June 20, 1928-October 6, 1967. the State Historical Society and a di­ rector of the Kingdom of Callaway BOWLES, KARL C, San Carlos, Cali­ Historical Society, died April 20. fornia: July 23, 1882-March 21, 1968. Born July 10, 1911, at Brunswick, he was a graduate of the University of BROOME, GEORGE E., Amarillo, Missouri School of Engineering. At Texas: August 25, 1893-January 15, the time of his death he was vice 1968. president of manufacturing at the Danuser Machine Company in Fulton. CAMPBELL, HOWARD, Kansas City: Mr. Zuerl was an active member of May 9, 1882-May 30, 1967. the First Christian Church and in many civic and social organizations. CLINE, N. C, Buffalo: February 2, For several years he had been editor 1896-March 21, 1967. of the Kingdom of Callaway Historical CLOUD, ROY T., Pleasant Hill: Oc­ Society Bulletin. tober 3, 1878-April 8, 1968. Mr. Zuerl is survived by his wife, the former Mildred Kuhne, whom he CONGER, ARTHUR, JR., Harrisonville: married on March 10, 1946. June 15, 1893-January 28, 1968. FANNIE HURST CORNETT, Miss BRACY, Linneus: Fannie Hurst, author and graduate 1883-June 4, 1967. of Washington University, St. Louis, died at her home in New York, Feb­ CUPP, DR. HENRY C, Memphis, ruary 23. Born in Hamilton, Ohio, in Tennessee: July 8, 1871-August 12, 1889, she married Jacques S. Daniel- 1967. son, a pianist and composer, in 1915. A writer of short stories, plays, essays DAVIS, JOHN E., Kansas City: Feb­ and novels, Miss Hurst is perhaps best ruary 2, 1883-October 28, 1966. known for her book, Back Street (1930), which was made into a DAVIS, MRS. SYLVIA KIMZEY, Kan­ movie. She served on a number of sas City: February 15, 1888-October civic boards and various governmen­ 13, 1967. tal positions including the board of directors of the New York Urban DEACY, THOMAS E., Kansas City: League and a special delegate to the April 23, 1894-August 7, 1967. U.N. Assembly of World Health Or­ ganization in Geneva, Switzerland. DOWNS, MRS. OLLIE B., Marshall: December 6, 1882-May 12, 1967. BABCOCK, GRAFTON, Liberty: July 5, 1904-September 1, 1966. DUNCAN, WILLIAM C, Greenville,

BAIR, MRS. WALTER L., Richmond: South Carolina: April 15, 1897-June March 3, 1904-March 14, 1968. 11, 1966.

BECK, FRED W., St. Louis: March 13, FISHER, A. E., Glasgow: April 19, 1888-October 29, 1967. 1883-June 14, 1966. 508 Missouri Historical Review

FITZGERALD, FRED, Festus: April 21, RAINSBURG, NELSON J., Raytown: 1897-March 6, 1968. September 28, 1908-January 21, 1968.

Fix, P. G., St. Louis: July 3, 1892- REDFORD, MARTHA, Holden: August August 15, 1967. 8, 1882-October 27, 1966.

GISSLER, FRED A., University City: Ross, MRS. LEONE F., Excelsior January 25, 1884-June 6, 1967. Springs: February 5, 1899-August 1, 1967. HIATT, VIVIAN E., Sallisaw, Okla­ homa: May 12, 1887-May 17, 1967. ROSSER, MRS. MARIE MCCALL, Dallas, Texas: March 13, 1887-November 30, JOHNSTON, VIRGIL A., Fulton: Jan­ 1965. uary 8, 1890-April 4, 1968.

JONES, ROY F., Marble Hill: Octo­ ROZIER, CARLISLE E., Farmington: ber 3, 1891-April 7, 1967. March 31, 1889-April 8, 1968.

LAWSON, MRS. EDWIN A., Los An­ SASSE, ARNO R., Brunswick: October geles, California: March 18, 1880-April 31, 1891-June 2, 1967. 4, 1968. SHAW, COL. JOHN A., USA RET., MAGILL, MRS. ANNIE RUSSELL, Farm- Springfield: July 8, 1881-February 19, ington: April 23, 1885-December 31, 1968. 1967. SHELEY, O. C, Independence: Feb­ NELSON, MRS. AXEL S., Farmington: ruary 2, 1881-April 18, 1967. October 21, 1889-October 31, 1967. SINCOX, F. L., Independence: Sep­ PARRISH, LORENA, Fayette: Died tember 18, 1894-February 6, 1968. February 5, 1968. STEINKAMP, MRS. FRANCES, Union: PAUL, MRS. ESTELLE G., St. Louis: January 17, 1906-December 1, 1967. May 18, 1885-September 10, 1967. STEVENS, COL. BEVERLY CORDELL, St. PENN, DOROTHY, Kansas City: Died Louis: May 24, 1885-February 10, April 1, 1968. 1968.

POINDEXTER, FRANCIS, Kansas City: STUTENROTH, CARL, Seal Beach, Cali­ February 26, 1894-July 10, 1967. fornia: April 5, 1885-September 18, 1967. POWELL, EARL, Boonville: June 16, 1897-December 15, 1967. VAWTER, O. E., Carthage: November 16, 1887-May 14, 1967. POWER, SARAH, Kansas City: May 9, 1880-October 30, 1966. WATERS, GEORGIA L., Columbia: September 16, 1891-September 25, PRANGE, LOUIS H., St. Louis: March 1967. 22, 1887-July 12, 1966. WAYMAN, MRS. EDNA, Bethany: Au­ RACINE, MRS. FRANK W., Chilli- gust 1, 1892-August 26, 1967. cothe: April 28, 1898-August 29, 1967. President Grand River Historical So­ WELLING, JOHN, Montrose: March ciety. 26, 1897-March 13, 1968. Historical Notes and Comments 509

BOOK NOTES

Ewing Young, Master Trapper. By Kenneth L. Holmes (Port­ land, Oregon: Binford & Mort Publishers for the Peter Binford Foundation, 1967). 180 pp. Index. Illustrations. $5.95. The name Ewing Young frequently appears in the nineteenth- century history of the Far West. Until this work by Professor Kenneth L. Holmes, chairman of the History Department of Lin- field College, McMinnville, Oregon, no lengthy biography of this trader, trapper, explorer and mountain man had been published. By using contemporary accounts, government documents, second­ ary sources and reminiscences, Holmes has constructed an inter­ esting and scholarly study of Ewing Young. Young was born in Tennessee; the exact date, as are many aspects of his life, is not known. In his early life, Young trapped, tended livestock and was apprenticed to a carpenter. Holmes, after studying Young's few existing letters, concludes that the Tennessean received some education while in his native state. With partner Thomas P. Gage, Young purchased a farm, on January 18, 1822, not far from the Missouri town of Chariton. Farming did not prove successful and within six months, events beyond their control forced Young and Gage to sell the farm. The sale was made on May 24, 1822, and the next day Young left with his friend William Becknell on a trading venture to the Mexican borderlands. This was the beginning of Young's experiences in the Far West. Young's adventures took him from the southwest Mexican to the northwest British borderlands. After trapping beaver from the Pecos to the San Joaquin rivers he traded stock in the Southwest. 510 Missouri Historical Review

In California Young hunted sea otter and, in 1837, he bossed the first cattle drive from there to Willamette Valley in Oregon. The transplanted Tennessean had settled in Oregon a few years before the cattle drive. During that time he was constantly feuding with John McLoughlin of the Hudson's Bay Company. Young acquired extensive land holdings in the Oregon Coun­ try. His farm in Chelahem Valley became the farthest western out­ post of American settlement. When Young died in 1841, a squatter government was set up by the Americans in Oregon to probate his estate. This action was a major factor leading to the confrontation between the United States and Great Britain known as the Oregon Question. Holmes's study will be of great interest to the student of the history of the Far West. The treatment of the problems between Young and the Mexican authorities in the Southwest is most in­ formative. Young's dealings with the Indians once again illustrates the harsh treatment the red man received from most American traders and trappers. The difficulties encountered by the Ameri­ cans in the Oregon Country, especially with the Hudson's Bay Company, are useful in understanding the eventual rift between England and the United States. Although some may disagree with certain interpretations offered by Holmes most will agree that this treatment is a useful addition to the study of the Far West.

A Rio-bibliography of Langston Hughes, 1902-1967. By Don­ ald C. Dickinson with a Preface by Arna Bontemps (Archon Books, 1967). 267 pp. Index. $10.00 Through his published works Langston Hughes gained an in­ ternational reputation as the most eloquent spokesman for the American Negro. In the 1920s he was a leader in the drive toward social and economic equality for the Negro, as expressed by a group of young Negro writers who broke away from stereotyped charac­ ters to portray their people with realism. Although Dr. Dickinson presents a chronology of important events in Hughes's life, the main emphasis of the volume is on his literary works and the devel­ opment of his career as a writer. Dr. Dickinson concludes that Hughes always gave credit to the Negro people for his source ma­ terial but he stamped this material with his own talent to make it come alive as literature. Hughes, at the beginning of his career, published his works in The Crisis and Opportunity, the journals of the National Associa- Historical Notes and Comments 511

tion for the Advancement of Colored People and the National Urban League. His first-prize award in Opportunity's literary con­ test in 1925 for the poem, "The Weary Blues," was instrumental in launching his literary career. Afterward his writings were ac­ cepted by prominent book publishers and quality magazines. A prolific and versatile writer, from 1920 to 1930 he was best known for his poems. Dr. Dickinson believes that this was the most important period of his career. In the 1930s he concentrated on fiction and drama. Editorial work, writing for the theatre and translation of works from the French and Spanish were included in his later activities. The son of James and Carrie Langston Hughes, he was born in Joplin, Missouri, February 1, 1902. From 1902 until 1914 he lived in Mexico, Missouri, and Kansas for short periods with his mother and father, then, after they separated, with his grandmother in Lawrence, Kansas. He attended Columbia University, New York, and was graduated in 1929 from Lincoln University in Philadelphia. He received the Guggenheim Fellowship in 1935 and the Rosen- wald Fellowship in 1941. Lincoln University, Philadelphia, and Western Reserve University, Cleveland, conferred upon him the Hon. Litt. Degree. He died May 22, 1967, in New York. In the second part of the volume Dr. Dickinson presents a bibliography of Hughes's books and the books he edited. Also included are his book-length translations; works published in for­ eign languages; contributions to other publications; prose and drama; poems; and the reviews of his works. Dr. Dickinson is associate librarian, University of Missouri Library.

Creve Coeur and Surrounding Area. By the Citizens' Historical Committee (Encore Printing Co., 1968). 78 pp. Illustrations. Not indexed. $1.50. Stories abound as to how Creve Coeur (broken heart) in west St. Louis County acquired its name. One Indian legend, noted in this booklet, is that a beautiful young Indian girl fell in love with a Frenchman traveling through the area. When a band of braves from her tribe later killed the white man, she jumped from the cliff into the lake below. Creve Coeur Lake appears heart- shaped, broken by a finger of land. This spiral-bound booklet was written to acquaint new resi­ dents with the history of the Creve Coeur community. It should be informative and interesting to all area residents. 512 Missouri Historical Review

The history deals primarily with the community now incor­ porated into the city, the communities immediately surrounding, and the Creve Coeur Lake area, which has helped to add popu­ larity and color to the community. Information for the volume was obtained from histories of St. Louis County; courthouse records; interviews with older resi­ dents; records of businesses, churches and schools; and many private sources. Topics in this booklet include early settlement and the set­ tlers; the formation of the county; brief histories of social organiza­ tions and cultural institutions; economy and businesses of the area; history of city utilities and services; community recreation; and a look to the future. Numerous old photographs illustrate the work.

A Masculine Viewpoint LaGrange Weekly Indicator, January 26, 1899. A lady of this place, after viewing the dancing scene in the Ladies Home Journal for January, remarked to us that the women at that ball were all dressed in "full" evening costumes, but we thought and remarked that their costumes would better be called "scant"' than "full". Perhaps, though, we are a little behind the times on women's dresses. If a man should attend one of these fashionable balls without a collar, or even with a "lay-down" collar, the people would be greatly horrified, but what would they think should the men appear at one of these fashionable balls or theaters, wearing no outer shirts, but undergarments with out sleeves, having perhaps little ruffles around the collars, and only a waist-coat over them? There would be a great stampede among the fair sex.

Summertime Folly Sainte Genevieve Representative, June 13, 1867. During the hot days of last week the "little mackerels" around town spent most of their time sporting in the pellucid waters of the Gabourie. Had an observer stopped for a few moments near the creek, many "a solitary boy might have been seen," aproaching in haste, and as he came towards the water, hurried­ ly "shucking his linen," preparatory to the cooling process. But the sun is the natural enemy of boys' backs and we saw one "swimming hole" full of boys, with their backs burned nearly to a blister, and the scene strongly reminded one of a huge kettle of boiled lobsters. There is no little complaint among the boys that their "gallusses hurt." Sweet cream is an excellent remedy. INDEX TO VOLUME LXII COMPILED BY MRS. SUE PLATT

"Army of Israel Marches into Mis­ souri," by Warren A. Jennings, art., Abbott, Clayton, donor, 330 107-135 Abell, Peter, 20 Arnold, Bob, 486 "Acquisition of St. Louis' Forest Park," Arnold, Isaac L., 414 by Kevin C. Kearnes, art., 95-106 Arnold, Simon, 417 Adair, Margaret, 63 Asboth, Alexander, 139, 142, 144 Adams, Alexander B., "John James Ashby, Daniel, 49 Audubon: A Biography," book note, Ashe, Thomas, 162 355-356 Asher, Ruth, donor, 494 Adams, Charles (Babe), 337 Atchison County Historical Society, Adams, David, 329 175, 478 Adams, W. Howard, 181 Atchison, David R., 16 (illus.) , 17, Adkins, Katie M., 328 21, 24, 27, 121 "Administering the Oath of Allegi­ Athens Park Development Association, ance to Rebels," 431 (illus.) 175, 327 Agassiz, Louis, 273, 281 Atherton, Lewis E., 168, 178 Airy, Emery, 486 Atkins, "Cab", 478 Aker, Mary B., "Southern Platte Coun­ Attebery, James, 63 ty, Yesteryear, Today and Tomor­ Atterbury, Robert L., (Uncle Bob) , row," book note, 356-357; 487 304 Akers, Muriel Eva, 171 Aubry, Charles, 155 Akines, Jack, 487 Audrain County Historical Society, 60, Albin, Edgar A., 62, 63 175, 327, donor, 339 Alderson, William T., 178 Audubon, John J., 164 Alexander, John White, 57 Aull, Edward, donor, 339 Alexander, Perry, 329 Aull, William, III, 168 Alexander, Mrs. R. W., donor, 70 Austin, James C, 335 Alexander, Thomas, 83 Allen, Lois, 185 Allred, James, 113 B Alonzo Child, 401-409; 402 (illus.) Alter, Donald, 484 Babcock, Grafton, obit., 507 Altman, Dick, 478 Backman, John, 301 Amberg, Richard H., obit., 202 Bailey, Robert E„ 460, 461 Ambler, W. King, 65, 332 Bain, Patterson, 478 Amendment Association, 381 Bair, Mrs. Walter L., obit., 507 American Federation of Labor, 369, Baker, William, 488 371 Baldwin, Lester, 180 American Fur Company, 452, 453, 455, Ballard, Ed, 302, 306 456, 457, 460, 463 Ballew, Clay, obit., 80 Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Baltimore, Lester B., "Benjamin F. Orient of Missouri Valley of St. Stringfellow: The Fight for Slavery Louis, donor, 70 on the Missouri Border," 14-29 Anders, Leslie, 177; donor, 494 Bank of Carthage, donor, 494 Anderson, Bill, 318 Bank of Missouri, 33, 34, 35, 40, 41, 42 Anderson, "Bloody Bill," 58, 418 "Banking in Early Missouri," Part II, Anderson, George, 182 by Harry S. Gleick, art., 30-44; 30 Anderson, James, 66, obit., 350 (illus.) Anti-Prohibition League of Missouri, Bannon, John F., 168 368 Barclay, Esther, 176 Anti-Saloon League, 373, 374, 377, 381, Barger, Mrs. R. L., obit., 202 382, 386, 391, 392, 393, 396 Barkley, Esther, 60 Apfelbaum, Earl P. L., 324 Barnes, Al. G., 305 513 514 Index

Barnes, Gerald, 61 Bell, Nicholas M., 100 Barnett, George, 68 Bell, Ovid, 484 Barnett, Ray, 333 Bender, Mrs. A. B., 331 Baron, David, 331 "Benjamin F. Stringfellow: The Fight Barrett, Carroll, 61, Mr. & Mrs., 177 for Slavery on the Missouri Border," Barrow, Ireby, 483 art. by Lester B. Baltimore, 14-29 Barth, Alex, 413, 414, 416, 417, 419 Benjamin, Judah P., 150 Barth, Carrie, 423 Bennett, Anson G., 452 "Barth Family: A Case Study of Bennett, Mrs. Ed, 481 Pioneer Immigrant Merchants," art. Benson, Mrs. H. L., donor, 494 by Harvey A. Kantor, 410-430 Bentley, Jordon R., 176 Barth, Gustav, 423 Benton, Thomas Hart, 43 (illus.) , 44, Barth Home, 415 (illus.) 67, 172,221,233,276,475,493 Barth, Irvin, 423, 427 Bernard, Burton C, 331 Barth, Isadore, 412, 424, 425, 426, 427 Bernheimer, Marcus, 331 Barth, Isadore A., 423, 428, 429 Berry, Glen, 485 Barth, Joseph A., 423, 428, 430 Berthold, Ernest C, obit., 202 Barth, Joseph V., 421, 422, 423, 427 Bestor, Arthur, 91 Barth, Linda, 423 Bethel Mennonite Church, donor, 188 Barth, Michael, 411 Beveridge, T. R., 480 Barth, Minna Arnold, 414, 415 (illus.) ; Biddle, Nicholas, 205 423 Billingsley, Mrs. Zora Petty, donor, 494 Barth, Moses, 411-415 (illus.); 417, Bindbeutel, Charlotte, 481 418, 423, 425 Bingham, George Caleb, 172, 179, 220, Barth, Nettie, 423, 427 233 Barth, Pauline, 423 Bio-bibliography of Langston Hughes, Barth, Sakie, 423 1902-1967, by Donald "c. Dickinson, Barth, Sarah, 411 book note, 510 Barth Store, 422 (illus.) Birbeck, Robert, 330, 482 Barth, Victor, 42L427 (illus.), 430 Bixby, Horace, 405 Barton, Fred, 480 Black, Mrs. Robert A., 337 Barton, John A., 300 Black, Van Leer, 302 Bartshe, Frankie, 483 Blackwell, Henry, 181 Bass, B. R., obit., 80 Blair, James T., Jr., 186 Bates, Allan, 401 Blanton, Lewis M., 488 Bates County Historical Society, 328 Bless, Mrs. B. J., donor, 70 Bates, Frederick, 475 Bless, Mr. & Mrs. Charles A., donors, Bates, Maud, obit., 80 188 Battle of Shiloh, 150 Bloch, E. Maurice, George Caleb Bing­ Battle of Wilson's Creek, 137 ham: The Evolution of an Artist Baucus, Mr. 8c Mrs. W. N., 184 and George Caleb Bingham: A Cat­ Baudendistel, C. H. (Highpockets) , 309 alogue Raisonne, book review, 352- Bauman, Mrs. Alvin, 331 353 Bauman, G. Duncan, 337 Bloom, Mrs. W. A., donor, 494 Baumeister, Ed, 293 Blow, Susan Elizabeth, 171 Bear, William M., obit., 202 Blum, Mrs. P. F., donor, 494 Beard, Ike, 309 "Board Meeting of Bank Directors," ar­ tist's conception, publ. 1859, 37 Beardsley, Charles G., obit., 350 (illus.) Bearss, Edwin C, 177 Boatman, Don Earl, 181 Beasley, Josiah, 286 Boatmen's Savings Institution, 34, 40 Beattie, J. W., 302 Beatty, H. M., 172 (illus.) Beauvais, Vital St. Gemme, 165 Boatwright, William E., obit., 202 Beck, Fred W., obit., 507 Boder, Mrs. Bartlett, 488 Beck, Paul R., donor, 339, 494 Boder, Bartlett C, 168 Becker, James L., 488 Bodmer, Carl, 169 Becker, John, 67 Boggs, Lilburn W., 31 Beckman, Allen E., obit., 507 Bohm, E. Dora, donor, 494 Beinke, Franz R., donor, 188 Bolduc Home, 164 (illus.) Bell, Charles, 330, Mr. & Mrs., donors, Bonnell, Josephine Brady, 185 339 Bonnewitz, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur L., 331 Index 515

Book Notes, 86-92; 207-210; 354-358; Bryan, Paul R., 67, obit., 350 509-512 Bryant, William Cullen, 100 Book Reviews, 81-85; 203-206; 352-353 Brydon, David, 480 Boone County Historical Society, 175, Buchanan, Billy, 184 328, 478 Buchanan, Fred, 293, 298, 306, 307, 310 Boone, Sally Knox, donor, 70 Buck, Archie, 327 Boonslick Historical Society, 175, 328, Buckley, Charles E., 325 478 Budde, G. Edward, 332, 334 Bosch, Mrs. L. F., 487 Buffum, Mrs. Charles, 335 Bowdern, T. S., S.J., art., "Joseph La- Buford, Jefferson, 24 Barge Steamboat Captain," 449-469; Bulger, Harold A., obit., 80 donor, 494 Bull, John, 48 Bowles, Karl C, obit., 507 Bunch, Mrs. W. F., 311 Bowling, Robert A., 168 Bunney, George, 489 Bowness, Mrs. John, 175 Bunning, Roy F., obit., 350 Boyd, Julian P., 325 Burbank, David T., Reign of the Boyd, Trenton, donor, 70, 494 Rabble: The St. Louis General Strike Brackenridge, Henry Marie, 158, 161, of 1877, book note, 87 162, 163 Burcham, Mrs. Paul, 478 Bradbury, 125 Burk, Russell, 65 Braddy, Haldeen, Pershing's Mission Burkhart, Mr. & Mrs. Fred J., donor, in Mexico, book note, 357 70 Bradley, Harry, donor, 70 Burks, Mrs. Chester, 482 Bradley, Henry D., 186 Burnett, Ida Wolfe, 485 Bradley, Larry, 182, 333 Burnham, Mrs. H. S., 63 Bradley, Omar, 170 Burning Morman Houses, 116 (illus.) Bradley, Sarah Beth, 480 Burnside, John, 328 Branch, Harold F., obit., 80 Burrows, Joseph H., 486 Branson, P. H., 248 Bushnell, David I., 98 Branson, P. M., 250 Business Mens' Prosperity League of Branson, W. W., 250 St. Joseph, 385 Branton, William Coleman, 63, 331 Business & Professional Women's Club, (illus.) donor, 495 Bray, Robert T., 62 Butler County Historical Society, 176, Breech, Ernest R., 186 328, 478 Breihan, Carl, 60 Buttram, Leo, 336 Brennan, J. F., 290 Byler, Gordon, 480 Brent, John, 450 Byrd, Clarence, 330 Brewery Workmen, 369 Byrne, Mrs. Daniel, donor, 188, 339, Briesacher, L. J., obit., 202 495 Brightwell, A., 329 Byrne, Dick, 332 Brinkley, Thelma, 182 Byrne, John H., donor, 495 Brock, Frederick, 412 Byrnes, St. Louis family, 243 Broderick, Mrs. William L., 184 By water, R. H., 437 Broermann, Harry, 478 Brooks, George R., 325, 333, 488 Brooks, Philip C, 63, 331 (illus.) Brooks, Mrs. Robert F., donor, 188 Broome, George E., obit., 507 Cabanne, John P., 451 Broughton, William B., 67 Cabeen, William, 46 Brown, Mrs. Albert, 332 Cabell, Charles J., 46, 48 Brown, Mrs. Ethel, obit., 202 Cabell, Edward Blair, 48 Browne, Charles A., Jr., 487 Cabell, Harriett Forbes Monroe, 48 Brownlee, Richard S., 63, 168, 173, Cady, Elwyn L., Jr., donor, 339 Cain, Mrs. Frank, 482 186, 353, 485 Caldwell, Arthur B., donor, 495 Brummett, Carl A., 488 Caldwell, Dorothy J., 56; Part II of Brunda, Stephanie, donor, 494 "Missouri's National Historic Land­ Brush & Palette Club, 175, 176 marks: Ste. Genevieve," art., 152- Bryan, John A., 325 165; 173, 324, 330, 478 Bryan, John Albury, 171 Caldwell, Pearl, 185 Bryan, Monk, 173 Caldwell, Samuel, 474 516 Index

Call, Fred, 62 Chick, William Winship, donor, 188 Callahan, S. J., obit., 202 Chilcote, Gary, 67 Callaway, Robert, 330, 337 Chittenden, Hiram, 272 Calloway, Robert, 482 Chouteau, Auguste, 256, 455 Calvert, Harold N., art., on "Old Chouteau, Charles P., 103, 105 (illus.), Chariton," 45-50 282 Camden County Historical Society, 60, Chouteau Family, 99, 240 176, 328, 478 Chouteau, Gil, 242 Cameron, Ross J., 332 Chouteau, Pierre, 256, 457 Campbell, Al. G., 297, 302 Chouteau, Pierre, Jr., 460 (illus.) Campbell, Mrs. E. Taylor, 487 Christian, Lesley, 474 Campbell, Howard, obit., 507 Christiansen, Thelma, 60 Campbell, James, 125 Christman, Mrs. Edith, obit., 350 Campbell, Joyce Cooper, donor, 70 Christopher, Adrienne, 185, 331, 338 Campbell, Lloyd, 185 Christopher, Mrs. O. H., 335 Campbell, Robert, 243 Church, Mildred S., 63, 180 Campbell, Samuel, 117 Churchill, Sir Winston, 58 Canaday, Dayton, 335 Circus Poster, 299 (illus.) Canan, Howard V., art., "The Mis­ Citizens Defense Committee, 368, 382 souri Paw Paw Militia of 1863-1864," Citizens' Historical Committee, Creve 431-448 Coeur and Surrounding Area, book Cannon, Clarence, 170 note, 511 Cannon, Joe, 184 Citizens' Protective Committee, 384 Canon, Reverend, 175 City Council of Miami, donor, 495 Cantwell, Jean, 474 Civil War, 15 Cape Girardeau Honored, 491 "Civil War Reminiscences at Danville Caprell, Madame, 403 Female Academy," by Mary Lee Carnell, Pauline, 333 Kemper, 314-320 Carondelet Historical Society, 60, 176, Civil War Round Table of Kansas 328, 479 City, 177, 328, 479 Carpenter, Mrs. Claude, 483 Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks, Carr, Eugene A., 139, 142, 143, 144 60, 177, 328, 480 Carroll County Historical Society, 328 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, Carter, Charles B., donor, 188 60, 177, 329, 480 Carter, John, 133 Clark, Bill, 330 Carter, Lee, 481 Clark, Champ, 392 Carver, George Washington, 170 Clark County Historical Societv, 329 Carver, PaulE., 485 Clark, Edward Hardy, 330 Gary, Clarence J., obit., 350 Clark, George Rogers, 247 Cary, Jefferson, 125 Clark, Helen, donor, 188 Cashman, George L., 329 Clark, James E., 478 Cass County Historical Society, 60, 176 Clark, Maj., 437 Castel, Albert, "A New View of the Clark, W. A., obit., 80 Battle of Pea Ridge," 136 Clark, Wade, 295 Cates, Mrs. Dean, 329 Clark, William, 247 Cather, Willa, 205 Clatworthy, Tom, donor, 188, 339; Catholic Prohibition League of Amer­ 485; donor, 495 ica, 374, 377 Clay, Anne, 481 Cauble, Albert Monroe, 293, 295 Clay County Museum Association, 61, Cauger, Ted H., 63, 331 177, 329, 480 Central Methodist College One Hun­ Clay, Mrs. Ewing, 334 dred and Ten Years, by Frank C. Clayton, Mrs. LaReine Warden, 175 Tucker, book note, 209 Clemens, Clara, 57 Central Trades and Labor Union of Clemens, Cyril, donor, 70, 339 St. Louis, 370 Clemens, Samuel, 52, 57, 399, 408 Chambers, William N., 492 Cleveland, Grover, 1-13, and Mrs. Chamier, Richard J., donor, 188, 495 Cleveland, 12 (illus.) Chapman, Carl H., 492 Clevenger, Homer, 335, 481 Chapman, Mrs. Samuel Clay, 480 Cline, N. C, obit., 507 Chariton County Historical Society, Clinton Daily Democrat, 207 176, 479 Clock, Edward, Jr., donor, 339 Chesnut, Dwaine, 487 Cloud, Roy T., obit., 507 Index 517

Clough, Wilson O., 206 Cross, Debbie, 169 Coffelt, Faye, 483 Cross, Mr. & Mrs. Paul, 169 Coffman, Mr. & Mrs. James, 481 Cross Section of a Typical Western Cole, Arthur C, 82 River Boat, 51 (illus.) Cole County Historical Society, 178, Crouch, Anna J., 328 480 Crume, Mrs. William, 481 Cole, Hannah, 171 Crump, William, 419, 420 Cole, Harry, 180 Culver, Mary, 170 Cole, William C, 67 Cupp, Henry C, obit., 507 Coleman, C. R., 290 Curran, Rev. J. J., 374 Collet, Mrs. J. A., 479 Curti and Carstensen, 214 Collier, George, 243 Curtin, Virginia Lee, donor, 70 Collier, Lee, 182 Curtis, Samuel B., 440', 444 Columbia Rotary Club, 429 Curtis, Samuel R., 137-150 Combs, Mrs. Monro P., obit., 350 Curtis, William, donor, 70 Comegys, J. G., 160 Cruzat, Don Francisco, 157 Comfort, Mrs. James, 478 Conant, Mrs. George K., Jr., 337 Concordia Historical Institute, 61, 178 D Conger, Arthur, Jr., obit., 507 Connally, Ernest Allen, 164 Dade County Historical Society, 178 Connelly, Jim, 60 Dallas County Historical Society, 61, Conover, Richard E., 306 329, 480 Conrad, Mrs. Pat, 66 Dalton, John M., 475, 492 Cook, D. C, 303 Daly, Leo A., 171 Cook, Lawrence, 334 Dangerfield, George, 83 Cook, Mrs. Steve, "St. Ludgers' Cath­ Daniel, Mrs. Clifton, 493 olic Church—Germantown," book Danker, Donald, 484 note, 207 "Danville Female Academy," 316 Coon, Mrs. Perry, 486 (illus.) Cooper, John, 130 Darby, John F., 245 Cornett, Miss Bracy, obit., 507 Darling, John M., obit., 350 Cornett, Winifred, donor, 339 Darnell, Mrs. Ward, 484 Corrill, John, 115, 118 Datchurut, Jean, 163 Corse, Mrs. Wahneta, donor, 188 Daughters of the American Revolution, Corwin, Edward S., 91 Jane Randolph Jefferson Chapter, Cotton, W. Philip, Jr., 321 donor, 70 Coues, Elliott, 46 Daughters of Old Westport, 61, 179, Coulter, Wade H., 295, 298 329 Counsell, C. M., obit., 80 Davis, Jefferson C, 139, 142, 144, 435- County Circuit Court No. 1, 103 443 Couzins, Phoebe, 171 Davis, John E., obit., 507 Cowden, Mrs. Bernard, 183 Davis, Sylvia Kinzey, obit., 507 Cox, John C, 181 Davison, Michael S., 328 Coxe, Mrs. Howard, 61 Deacy, Thomas E., obit., 507 Coxey, William, 290 Deardorff, Everett, 478 Coy, Roy, 168 De Armond, Fred, 328 Craddock, Pearl, 481 Decker, Perl D„ 396 Crain, Ed, 334 DeHaven, D. E., 406 Cramer, Buell B., donor, 189 Deines, E. Hubert, obit., 80 Crane, Lucy, 277, 285 DeLassus, Charles Dehault, 450 Crane, Wallace, donor, 189, 495 Denny, Hugh, donor, 70 Crank, Rose, 335 Denslow, William R., 168, 187 Crans, Mrs. Grace, obit., 350 Dent County Historical Society, 62, 179, 329, 481 Creve Coeur and Surrounding Area, Dependent Pension Bill, 3, 5 by the Citizens' Historical Commit­ DeSmet, Pierre Jean, 456, 461 tee, book note, 571 DeSmet Steamer at Fort Benton, 468 Crighton, John, 478 (illus.) Criswell, E. H., obit., 202 De Voto, Bernard, 205 Crockett, William E., 64 Dew, Thomas R., 23 Crook, Leo, 308 DeWitt, Alva, 485 518 Index

Dickey, D. I., 250 Edwards, Dr. Ben, 49 Dickinson, Donald C, A Bio-bibli­ Edwards, Hilliard, 332 ography of Langston Hughes, 1902- Edwards, Mrs. Loys I., donor, 495 1967, book note, 510 Edwards, Ninian, 49 Dickinson, Leon T., book review by, Ehrlich, Mrs. Donald B., donor, 71 205-206 Eichenberger, J. Allen, donor, 495 Dietrick, Benjamin E., obit., 80 Eickholz, Walter, 183, 486 Dill, Sam B., 309 Eidelman, Mrs. Jack, donor, 189 Dillman, L. Wyman, obit., 350 Eighteenth Amendment, 365, 392 Disney, Walt, 170 Eldridge, Art, 298 Dissly, Karl W., 66 Elliott, Lawrence, George Washington Dixon, Ben F., donor, 340 Carver: The Man Who Overcame, Dixon, Mrs. Clyde G., 64 book note, 86 Dodge, Grenville M., 143, 459 Elliott, Leona, obit., 80 Doniphan, Alexander, 121, 122, 275 Ellis, Elmer, 168 "Doniphan's Army of Missourians," Ellsworth, Phil, 290 276 (illus.) Elmer, Philip, 67 Donnan, Mrs. Mary E., obit., 350 Elmore, Fletcher, 61 Donnelly, Harold K., 334 Elsea, Mrs. C. Wayne, 330 Donnelly, Joseph P., S.J., 483 Embree, George H., 298 Dorman, J. G., 330 "Emperor" a fire wagon by C. W. Dorothy, Doris B., 182, 333 Hoffman, 242 (illus.) Dorsett, E. Lee, obit., 202 Engelmann, George, M.D., 273, 277, Douglass, Frederick, 86 281, 283, (illus.) Dowell, Vern, donor, 340 England, John B., 69 Downie, Andrew, 298 Englemann, Theodor, 269 Downs, Mrs. Ollie B., obit., 507 English, W. Francis, book review by, Doyle, Dorothy Robnett, donor, 495 203-205 Drake, J. J., 252 Engman, William Clark, 475 Draper, Mrs. M. I., 458 Enrolled Missouri Militia, 432, 433, Dred Scott Decision, edited by Stanley 434, 438, 440, 441 I. Kutler, book note, 91 Erickson, Kenneth, 486 Drissen, Ladean, 183 Erwin, Mr. 8c Mrs. Paul, 67 Duchesne, Mother Rose Philippine, Eschbach, Walter L., donor, 495 171, 335 Eschman, J. H., 300 Duden, Gottfried, 411 Everett, Ann, "Trials of Our Women Duke, Mrs. Merton, 337 in the War," book note, 207 Dulin, Thomas S., obit., 80 Everett, William, 124, 125 Duncan, T. O., 252 Ewing Young, Master Trapper, by Duncan, William C, obit., 507 Kenneth L. Holmes, book note, 509 Dungan, Roy H., donor, 495 Dunklin, Daniel, 107, 111, 118, 119, 121 (illus.) Duralde, Martin, 324 Dwite, Lafe, 250 Faherty, William Barnaby, S.J., 176, Dye, Russell V., 168 185 Dyer, Robert L., donor, 189 Fairchild, Lucius, 5 Fairchild, Rolph, donor, 340, 495 Falconer, P., 160 Falstaff Brewing Corp., St. Louis, donor, 340 Eads, Mrs. David F., 330 Farrington, Josephine, 484 Eads, James B., 282 Farris, J. W., 175 Eagleton, Thomas F., 57 Faubion, Mrs. R. P., obit., 202 Earle, Carville V., donor, 70 Faust, Mr. & Mrs. Leicester B., 475 Earp, Claude C, obit., 80 Fay, Tom, 290 E. B. Trail Collection, 52, (illus.) Feasel, Meda, 486 Eckart, Conrad, 335 Feazle, John M., 49 Eckhardt, Willard, 478 Feder, Sara, 171 Edelman, Mary, donor, 189 Federal Constitution, 393 Edmondson, Mrs. Lloyd, 184 Feldman, Pearl, 482 Edson, Mr. & Mrs. Elmer, 62 Feltz, George, 488 Index 519

Fencil, George, 332 Fuller, Hubert, donor, 189 Ferguson, Oliver B., 57 Funk, E. M., donor, 496 "Ferrying Missouri Voters to the Kan­ Fur Traders, 451 (illus.) sas Shore," Cover October issue Furry, Edith, 328 (illus.) Fusco, Tony, The Story of Jefferson Fessler, Theodore, 176 Barracks National Cemetery, book Fike, Stanley R., 186 note, 91; donor, 189 Fink, Edmund D., 489 Fussell, Edwin, 206 Fire of 1892 on University Campus, 231 (illus.) Fire Wagon, 259 (illus.) Fischer, Charles L., obit., 80 Fischer, R. J., 334 Gabriel, Don, obit., 351 Fisher, A. E., obit., 507 Gage, Thomas, 153 Fisher, Walter, 325 Gallatin, Albert, 38 Fisk, Clinton B., 437, 438, 440, 441, Galloway, George, 17 443, 446 Galpin, Charles, 459 Fitzgerald, Charles, 483 Gamble, Hamilton R., 431-435, 441 Fitzgerald, Fred, obit., 508 "G.A.R. celebration at St. Louis," 7 Fitzhugh, George, 23 (illus.) Fix, P. G., obit., 508 "G.A.R. Delegates Badge," 3 (illus.) Flavin, Msgr. C.J., donor, 495 Gardner, Frederick D., 392, 393 Fletcher, John, obit., 351 Garesche, Ferd, 243 Flint, Timothy, 161, 205 Garner, Ida E., 61 Florissant Valley Historical Society, Garner, John M., 177 62, 179, 329, 481 Garrett, John H., 293 "Footsteps in the Corridors Behind Garvin, Mrs. Wilma Peery, obit., 202 Us," by John C. Weaver, 213-234 Gasper, Mr. & Mrs. Leonard, 488 Forest Park in 1875, 95 (illus.) Gaty, Samuel, 252 Forest Park Bill, rev., 102, 103 Gay lord, Mrs. Jessie, 56 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 88 Gentry, Ann Hawkins, 171 Forsyth, Robert, 97 Gentry County Historical Society, 62, Forsyth, William, 102, 103 179, 330, 482 Foundation for Restoration of Ste. Gentry, Richard, 330 Genevieve, 481 Gentry, William R., Jr., 236, 237 Foutch, Mr. & Mrs. Larry, 487 George, B. J., 67 Fowler, Richard B., 168 George Caleb Bingham: The Evolu­ Frame, D. V., 67, 487 tion of an Artist and George Caleb Francis, David Rowland, 1-13; 1 (illus.) Bingham: A Catalogue Raisonne, by Franken, Leo G., donor, 340 E. Maurice Bloch, book review, Franklin, Benjamin, 236 352-353 Franklin, John Hope, 489 George Washington Carver: The Man Franzwa, Gregory M., 171; The Story Who Overcame, by Lawrence El­ of Old Ste. Genevieve, book note, 207 liott, book note, 86 Fratcher, William F., donor, 189 Gerber, John, 400, 401, 404 Frazier, Mrs. Forrest, 184 Gerbig, Francis C, 183 Fremont, Jessie, 72 German, George J., donor, 496 Fremont, John C, 137, 273 Germany Uprising, 265 (illus.) Frick, William M., 66 Gertz, Elmer, 177 "Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus: From Gibson, Ruth McCann, 330 Student Rebel to Southwestern Ex­ Gifts, 70-72; 188-191; 339-342; 494-499 plorer," by Douglas D. Hale, Jr., Gilbert, Algernon, 121, 133 art., 260-285 Gilbert, Elsie, 335 Friends of Arrow Rock, 62, 179, 330 Gill, Ed, 329, 481 Friends of Rocheport, 62, 482 Gilleland, Mrs. Howard, 66, 485 From West to East: Studies in the Gilliam, Cornelius, 130 Literature of the American West, Gilligham, Al. G., 290 by Robert Edson Lee, book review, Gilmore, Robert K., 180 205-206 Girard, Monsieur, 160 Frost, Daniel M., 143 Gissler, Fred A., obit., 508 Fuerbringer, Alfred O., 168 Gladbach, Mrs. Fred, Jr., 481 Fullayer, William, 244 Gladiator, 406 520 Index

Gleason, George D., 330 Gunn, O. S., obit., 80 Gleick, Harry S., "Banking in Early Gunnels, H. Jay, Jr., 335 Missouri," Part II, art., 30-44 Glenn, Mrs. Luther A., Sr., donor, 340 H Goebel, Rudolph, 90 Golden, James, 67 Hagen, Richard S., 486 Golden, Nellie Warren Head, 485 Hagenbeck, Carl, 287 Goldman, Mrs. Alfred, 337 Hailey, Mrs. E. E., 330 Goldwater, Barry M., 69 Halbert, E. J., obit., 202 Golterman, Elizabeth, 169 Hale, Donald R., 58 Goodman, Mrs. B. F., 66 Hale, Douglas D., Jr., art. on "Fried­ Goodman, Eva Wassung, 334 rich Adolph Wislizenus," 260-285 Goodrich, James W., 179 Hall, Ben, 290 Goodson, McVeigh, 61 Hall, Bert, Jr., 335 Goodwin, Thelma P., editor, State of Hall Farm Office, 304 (illus.) Missouri, Official Manual, 1967-1968, Hall, Gordon Langley, 185 book note, 355 Hall, James, 205 Gordon, Mrs. Hollis J., 60 Hall, Leonard, 186 Gorman, Patrick, 243, 244 Hall, Louis, 287, 308 Gorman, Mrs. T. F., obit., 351 Hall, Mary A., obit., 202 Gorrell, Larry, 332 Hall, Raymond, 485 Gossler, John, 90 Hall, Roy H., donor, 71 Graff, Mrs. Richard, 179 Hall, Sidney, 286 "Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri Hall, Willard P., 434, 441, 443 (illus.) , History," 200-201 447 Graham, Mrs. Kenneth L., 331 Hall, Mrs. William P., 312 Gramms, Virginia R., 335 Hall, William P., Jr., 311, 312 Grand Army of the Republic, Dele­ Hall, William Preston, 286-313, 286 gates Badge, 3 (illus.) ; celebration (illus.) at St. Louis, 7 (illus.) Hall, William Spurgeon, 286 Grand River Historical Society, 62, Hallauer & McReynolds, 171 180, 482 Halleck, Henry W., 138, 432 Grant, John W., 250 Halls, Norman, 61 Grant, Ulysses, 461 Halter, Millard M., obit., 80 Gratiot Family, 99 Hamilton, Mrs. Henry, 330 Graves, Mary, 66, 485 Hammond, Loy, 330, 482 Gray, Asa, 273 Hammond, William E., 480 Gray, Fern, 64 Hancock, Joseph, 132 Gray, Kenneth, 327 Hanks, Mrs. William, 328 Green, Duff, 48 Hard, C. D., 467 Green, George Fuller, 168, donor, Hardin, Hord, obit., 351 340 Hardy, Estel, 67 Green, Martin, 141, 145, 147 Hargus, Clark, 66, 182 Green, Mary Fitzgerald, 64 Harke, Charles, 481 Greenabaum, Alexander, 413, 416 Harkness, James, 459, 461 Greene County Historical Society, 62, Harkness, Margaret, 461 180, 330, 482; donor, 496 Harlan, Lane, 175 Greer, Ellsworth, 145 Harlow, John, 335 Greer, Lee, 297 Harmon, Lydia, obit., 80 Greer, W. B., 463 Harmon, M. Don, 64 Gregg, Josiah, 126, 273 Harrington, Phyllis, 57 Gregory, Ralph, 483 Harris, Gilbert, 181 Grennan, Jacqueline, 171 Harris, Mrs. Harold, 489 Griffith, Ralph, 329 Harris, Moses, 270 Grimes, Mrs. Champ, 335 Harris, Tom, 399 Grindstead, Frances, donor, 189 Harris, W. H., 288 Griswold, William D., 103 Harrison, Bernard, 65 "Grocery Store," 470 (illus.) by Fred Harrison County Historical Society Shane 63, 330, donor; 340, 482 Guerette, Pelagie, 455 Harrison, William H., 156, 247 Guise, Byron, 487 Harry S. Truman Library Institute, Guitar, Odon, 447 489 Index 521

Harryman, Eugene, 483 Hiatt, Vivian E., obit., 508 Hart, Cornelia, obit., 202 Hiawatha, 406 Hart, H. B., 176 Hibbard, Fred C, 170 Hart, M. M., 481 Hickman, Donna, 169 Hartje, Robert J. Van Dorn: The Hickory County Historical Society, 63, Life and Times of a Confederate 180, 483 General, book note, 87 Hicks, John, 489 Hartwell, Lee M., Jr., 332 Hicks, John Edward, 487 Harvey, George Y., obit., 80 Hicks, Mrs. Samuel C, donor, 496 Hassenpflug, Ira, 487 Hight, Mrs. Knox, 65 Hatfield, Fred, 297 Hildner, George J., obit., 80 Haukenberry, Mrs. Herbert H., 63, Hillhouse, J. D., 65 331 Hilpert, Mrs. Elmer E., 337 "Have the Book Reviewers Made Up Hindman, Thomas C, 151 Their List of the Six Best Cellars Hirsch, Mrs. Joe, 481 Yet This Week?" Carton from St. Historical Association of Greater St. Louis Paper, 395 Louis, 63, 180, 331, 483 Hawken, Samuel, 242 (illus.) Historical Notes & Comments, 71-92; Hawkins, Mrs. Delbert, 485 168-210; 321-359; 471-512 Hawn, D. C, 300, 305 Historical Saint Charles, Missouri, Hayes, Thomas, 132 compiled by Edna McElhiney Olson, Hayes, William C, 334 book note, 90 Haynes, C. C, 64 History of Missouri, by David D. Hays, Charles M., 392 March, 203-205 Hays, Paul, 176 Hitchcock, Seth, 133 Hazer, Mrs. William, 184 Hlad, Richard, 170 Head, Glenn L., donor, 71 Hobart, Carl, obit., 351 Heagerty, Hollis, 485 Hobart, Mrs. O. E., obit., 202 Hearnes, Warren E., 56, 69, 172, 186, Hobbs, Myrene Houchin, 480 474, 493 Hockaday, E. I., 186 Hearnes, Mrs. Warren E., 186, 337, Hodder, Frank H., 91 478 Hodge, Karl A., 491 Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, back cover Oct. issue (illus.) Hoecken, Father Christian, 456 Hearst, Phoebe Apperson Memorial Hoehn, John P., 90 Association, 330 Hoff, Marilyn England, 69 Hebert, Louis, 138, 144, 148 Hoffhaus, Charles, 184 Heimbeck, Willard, 66 Hoffman, Arthur, 308 Heitman, Paul, donor, 496 Hoffman, C. W. "The Emperor," Helm, Tommy, 335 (illus.) Helms, Mrs. Harley, 60 Hoffstetter, Ray, 61 Hendel, Robert, 481 Hogan, Mr. & Mrs. Cecil, 184 Henderson, Orval, 484 Hogue, Adda, obit., 202 Henderson, P. M., 110 Holladay, Ben, 185 Hendren, Mrs. John H., 178 Holliday, Samuel N., 103 Henry Champion Chapter, Daughters Holmes, Kenneth L., Ewing Young, of the American Colonists, donor, Master Trapper, book note, 509 496 Honors and Tributes, 69; 186-187; 337- Henry Chateau, 406 338; 491-493 Henry County Historical Society, 63, Hook, Clayton H., 65 180, 330, 483 Hooper, Thomas R., 487 Henry, Robert, 335 Hoover, Mrs. David, 64 Hensley, Jack L., 184 Hoover, H. Lee, 180 Hopper, Leo, 180 Henton, Helen, 482 Horitz, Eulalie Alverez, 450 Heritage Foundation of Florissant, 63 Horitz, Joseph Alverez, 450 Hester, Hubert Inman, Jewell Is Her Horn, Elford, 486 Name: A History of William Jewell Horton, Frank, 333 College, book note, 89; 209 Hosmer, Charles B., Jr., 325 Hewitt, R. Floyd, obit., 80 Houston, Bernie, 309 Hewitt, W. C, obit., 79, 168 Houston, Dorothy, 486 Hiatt, Mrs. Robert J., Jr., 184 Houston, Ethel, 479 522 Index

Houts, Mrs. Hale, Revolutionary Sol­ Jefferson, Albert, 60 diers Buried In Missouri, book note, Jeffries, Charles B., 179; donor, 189 92 Jekel, Oscar H., 65 "How Missouri is Shaking Out the Jenkins, Paul, 487 Saloon," 390, maps Jennings, Gayle, map by, route of Howard, John, 252 Zion's Army, 126-127 Howell, Mrs. Roy, donor, 496 Jennings, M. C, 491 Howery, David, 63 Jennings, Warren A., "The Army of Hoy, John, 487 Israel Marches into Missouri," 107- Hubbard, Robert T., 484 135, 177, 329 Hudson, William W., 223 Jerabek, Don, 207 Huff, Leo E., 329 Jesse, Richard H., 230-234 (illus.) Hughes, Fred G., 181 Jessee, Randall S., 172 Hughes, James Langston, obit., 79 Jewell Is Her Name: A History of Hughes, Russell, 335 William Jewell College, by Hubert Hull, A. C, 241 Inman Hester, book note, 89 Hull, G. Z., 487 Jewell, William, 89 Hull, Nelle, 330 Jewish Historical Association of Great­ Humphrey, Mr. & Mrs. Verno C, 179, er St. Louis, 181, 331 482 Jinkens, Nannie, 483 Humphreys, Allan S., 482; donor, 496 John James Audubon: A Biography, Hungate, William, 66 by Alexander B. Adams, book note, Hunter, D. K., 334 355-356 Huntley, Spencer, 309 Johnson, Ewing, 63 Huntman, John W., 185 Johnson County Historical Society, 64, Hurliman, Mrs. Sam, 184 181,483 Hursig, George E., Sr., 66 Johnson, Helen, 180 Hurst, Earl, 480 Johnson, Helen Moore, obit., 350 Hurst, Fannie, obit., 507 Johnson, Luke, 127 Hutchison, Mrs. Preston, 66, 183 Johnson, Mrs. Lyndon, 237 Hutton, John W., obit., 351 Johnson, Robert D., 178 Hyde, Florence Fuller, donor, 189 Johnson, Robert I., 484 Hyde, Orson, 118, 119 Johnson, York, 482 Johnston, Albert Sidney, 137, 150 Johnston, Virgil A., obit., 508 I Jones, Barrett, 487 Jones, C. S., 309 "Immigrant Merchants," 410 (illus.) Jones, Evelyn Milligan, 181, 484 Imperial Rogers, 406 Jones, Grace G., obit., 80 Impey, Mrs. William F., 65 Jones, J. A., 301 Important Firsts in Missouri Imprints Jones, James, 172 1808-1855, by Viola Anderson Perotti, Jones, Paul C, 186 revised by R. F. Perotti, edited by Jones, Rolla, 330 T. N. Luther, book note, 208 Jones, Roy F., obit., 508 In Memoriam, 79-80; 202; 350-351; Joplin Historical Society, 64, 181, 483 507-508 "Joseph LaBarge Steamboat Captain," Indian Mound in Forest Park, 98 art., by T. S. Bowdern, S.J., 449-469; (illus.) 449 (illus.) Ingenthron, Elmo, 60 Joy, Harper, 295 Ingraham, Robert J., obit., 80 Julian, Allen P., 177 Irving and Parkman, 205 Julian, Vance, donor, 71 Jungmeyer, Mrs. Robert, 334

j Jaccard, Eugene, 459 K Jackson, Andrew, 48, 410 Jackson, Claiborne Fox, 408 Kansas City Westerners, 64, 182, 331, Jackson County Historical Society, 63, 484 180, 331 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 15 Jacobs, Michael, 414, 417, 418 "Kansas Red Legs," or "Kansas Jay- Jaeger, Joseph, Jr., 67 hawkers," 433, 441, 447 Index 523

Kantor, Harvey A., art., "The Barth Kramer, Gerhardt, 173, 178 Family: A Case Study of Pioneer Krenkel, Don, 64 Immigrant Merchants," 410-430 Krum, C. H., 103, 104 (illus.) Kaplan, Justin, editor, "Mark Twain: Kubly, Ben J., 307 A Profile," book note, 357-358 Kuhn, Kate Ray, 184 Karle, John, 487 Kutler, Stanley I., editor, The Dred Katsey, Robert, 61 Scott Decision, book note, 91 Kearnes, Kevin C, "The Acquisition of St. Louis Forest Park," art., 95- 106 Kearney, Stephen W., 273, 274 Keeley, Mary Paxton, 324 LaBarge, John, 458, 459, 460, 463 Keller, Henry J., 329 LaBarge, Joseph Marie, 449, 450, 452 Keller, Lucille, 328 LaBarge, Mrs. Joseph, 458, 461 Kemper Dedicates MacNeely Room, LaBudde, Kenneth, J., 332 491 (illus.) Lac, Perrin de, 161 Kemper, Mary Lee, art. on "Civil War la Coudreniere, Henri Peyroux de, 156 Reminiscences at Danville Female La Fonde, Jean Baptiste, 163 Academy," 314-320 Lager, J. David, 482 Kemper, William B., 438 Lake, Delmar, 182, 485 Kempton, Greta, 493 LaMar, Stephen G., 183 Kendrick, Wilmer, 180 Lamb, Mrs. Harvey D., obit., 351 Kennedy, Con. T., 301 Lambert, Edward, 478 Kerdolff, Mrs. G. W., obit., 202 LaMont, C, R., 303 Kern, John, 245, 254 Lamont, Daniel, 8 Kerr, Charles A., 61, 488 Lampe, A. B., art. on "St. Louis Vol­ Kerr, Christina, 329 unteer Fire Department 1820-1850; Kerr, Gerald, 65, 485 A Study in the Volunteer Age," 235- Kerrick, Howard, donor, 189 259, 331 Ketch, Clarence W., 482 Lampe, John W., obit., 202 Ketterlin, Mr. & Mrs. Francis, 66, 486 Lancaster Excelsior Circus adv., 292 Keyte, James, 49 (illus.) Keytesville Fair, 1877, 46 Lane, William Carr, 238 Kimball, Heber C, 112 Lang, Mrs. Howard, Sr., donor, 71 King, Austin, 89 Langdon, Al, 303, 309 King, Floyd, 288, 296 Langston, P. S,, 243 King, Kate Mitchell, donor, 496 Langworthy, Irene, 179 King, Lewis, 62 Lankford, John, 178 King, Tom, 290 Larkin, Lew, 328 Kingdom of Callaway, by Hugh P. Larson, Sidney, 325, 496 Williamson, book note, 356 Lasswell, J. V., 332 Kingdom of Callaway Historical So­ Lathrop, John H., 214-220, 216 (illus.) ciety, 65, 182, 484 Lathrop, John L., 57 Kirby, Milton, 329 Latta, Samuel M., 462 Kirkendall, Richard S., editor, The Lawrence County Historical Society, 65, Truman Period as a Research Field, 182, 332, 485 book note, 354-355 Lawrence, John, 330 Kirkpatrick, James C, 324 Laws, Samuel Spahr, 225-230, 227 Kirkwood Historical Society, 65, 182, (illus.) 332, 484 Lawson, Mrs. Billie Tom, 66 Kitchen, L. L., 252 Lawson, Mrs. Edwin A., obit., 508 Knifong, Mrs. Kenneth, donor, 189 Lay, Nora, 59 Knights of the Golden Circle, 436 LeClere, Louis, 165 Knowles, Ed, 182 LeClere, Narcisse, 454 Knowles, Lois, 171 Lee, Fred L., 332, 488 Knox County Historical Society, 65, Lee, Robert Edson, From West to 332, 485; donor, 496 East: Studies in the Literature of Knox, Mrs. Robert, obit., 202 the American West, book review, Kober, Charles A., Jr., obit., 202 205-206 Koepke, Robert, 488 Leeson, Mr. & Mrs. J. W., 67 Koerner, Gustav, 269 Leffingwell, Hiram W., 99, 100 (illus.) Kotz, Mrs. Charles W., 328 101, 106 524 Index

Lehmer, I. HM 333 Mc Leimbrock, C. H. O., obit., 80 Leimkuehler, Ricka, donor, 340, 496 McAlester, B., 89 LeMire, Clarence Plato, 337 McAnally, David Rice, 209 Lemmon, Mrs. Sidney, donor, 189 McCallister, Raymond, 65 Leonard, Abigail, 134 McCanless, Adele Littrell, 179 McCann, Charles, 330 Leonard, James M., 181 McCanse, Ralph Alan, 474 Lethworth, Dorsey, 334 McClain, Bert, 312 Lewis & Clark, 205 McClain, Mabel, 332 Lewis County Historical Society, 65, McCleary, Glenn A., obit., 202 182, 332, 485 McCluer, Franc L., 484, 492 Leyba, Ferdinand de, 155 McCollister, Myron T., 66 Lichtenstein, Mrs. Philip F., 337 McConnel, John W., 64 Liggett, John F., 245 McConnell, Mac, 484 Lightfoot, B. B., 329, 482 McCormack, Frank, 290 Lillis, Thomas F., 374 McCue, George, 325 Lincoln, Abraham, 431, 434, 440, 459 McCue, Mary Patricia, 325 Lindbergh, Charles A., 57 McCullock, Ben, 88, 137-148 Lindsay, Mrs. T. C, 329 McCullough, John, 257 Linn, Mr. & Mrs. Joe, 486 McCune, John S., 464-468; 465 (illus.) Linn, Mary Casteel, 333 McCurdy, Edith, 335 Little, Henry, 138, 143 McCurdy, Frances, 175 Littlefield, Lyman, 114, 129, 134 McDonald County Historical Society, Litz, Arthur, 479 182, 333, 485 Livingston, Mrs. Deborah, 384 McDonald, Johanna, 183 Loan Office Bank, 49 McElhiney, Mary Johnson, 90 Local Historical Societies, 60-68; 174- McFarland, Mrs. Frank Carter, donor, 185; 326-335; 476-490 188 Locke, Jas. H., 252 McGee, James, 116 McGinnis, Mike, donor, 341 Loeb, Isidor, 232 McGlothlin, Mrs. Don, 485 Loeber, G. H., 170 McGrew, M. S., 288 Loeber, Walter C, 170 McHolland, J. H., 19 Loen, John, 250 Mcintosh, James, 139, 140, 141, 148 Logan, Sheridan A., 488 Mcintosh, Robert, 337 Long, R. A., 382 (illus.) Mcintosh, Mrs. Robert, 330 Lorch, Fred W., 399, 401, 404 McKinley, Andrew, 102 Lorenzo, Jack, 309 McLain, Bert, 290 Lorie, Percy S., Jr., 66 McMullin, Mr. & Mrs. Sam, 180 Lorton, Byron, obit., 202 McNeal, Theodore D., 186 Lottes, John F., Sr., obit., 351 McNeely, Lester R., obit., 80 Loughead, G. R., 176 Mc Williams, C. M., obit., 351 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 95, 96 Lowande, Oscar, 297 Lowe, Albert W., 57 M Lowe, James, 183, 334, 487 Lowell, Arthur, 335 MacLeod, Mrs. Ellsworth, donor, 189 Lowry, Mrs. Frank, 486 MacNeely, Mrs. Carlton O., 491 Luck, Robert L., 332 Macon County Historical Society, 65, Lunbeck, Herbert T., donor, 71 182, 485 Luther, T. N., 208 Maddox, Mr. & Mrs. Wallace, 329 Maffitt, Julia, 103 Luthy, James, 257 Magill, Annie Russell, obit., 508 Lykens, Whitey, 290 Magill, Arthur Clay, 186 Lykins, Mattie Livingston, 179 Majors, Alexander, 125, 172 Lynch, David, 125 Makovsky, Mrs. Donald, 331 Lynch, D. D., 257 Mallory, Arthur L., 186 Lynch, F., 250 Malstrom, Ester, 483 Lynch, Tom, 243 Maness, Rose Green, obit., 351 Lynch, William, 244 Mankato, E. L. Christeson, donor, 188 Lyon, Nathaniel, 136, 149 Manley, Mrs., donor, 71 Index 525

Mann, Clair V., donor, 340 Meyer, Caroline 8c Charlotte, donors, Mann, Robert H., obit., 202 190 Manning, George, 482 Meyer, Ellis, 178 Manon, Calvin, 182 Meyer, H. W., 420 Manring, H. H., 482 Meyer, Nancy Frazer, 65, 332 March, David D., The History of Mis­ Meyers, Marvin, 83 souri, book review, 203-205 Meyr, Albert E., 170 Margreiter, John, 60, 61 Meyr, Vernon R., donor, 71, 170 Marienfeld, Mrs. Carl, donor, 341 Middleton, Mrs. Willard, 335 Marion County Historical Society, 66, Mieswinkel, Fred G., donor, 71, 332 333, 485 Milbanks, Mr. 8c Mrs. Eldon, 334 Mark Twain: A Profile, edited by Miles, Kathleen White, 207 Justin Kaplan, book note, 357-358 Millar, Leola, 334 Markwardt, William C, 64 Miller, Albert Daniel, obit., 202 Marlows, St. Louis family, 243 Miller, Hamlin, 65 Marquette, Father, 99, 451 Miller, Jessie, 332 Marsh, George Perkins, 277, 278, 281 Miller, Joe H., 328 Marsh, Mrs. George Perkins, 279 Miller, Lloyd D., 479, 480 Marshall, Mrs. A. B., donor, 340 Miller, Nyle H., 180, 181 Martin, Darwin, 487 Miller, Robert W., obit., 351 Martin, Edward J., obit., 351 Miller, William L., donor, 190 Martin, George, 250 Milster, Percy, 335 Martin, Gladys, 478 Miner, Mrs. S. R., 59 Martin, John L, 102, 105 (illus.) Mink, Charles R., donor, 190 Martin, Sophie, 334 Minor, Benjamin B., 223 Marty, Myron A., 331 Missouri Compromise, 15 Marvel, Beverly, 478 Missouri General Assembly, 366, 372, Masin, Jack, 328 380, 391, 392, 393, 431, 447 Massie, Mrs. Gerald, 178 Missouri Historical Society, 183, 333, Mathews, Mr. & Mrs. Harry B., Jr., 486 164 Missouri History in Magazines, 77-78; Mathison, Bob, 184 197-199; 348-349; 504-506 Matthews, Mrs. Jack, 478; donor, 496 Missouri History in Newspapers, 73- Mattson, J. Stanley, art., "Twain's Last 76; 192-196; 343-347; 500-503 Months on the Mississippi," 398-409 Missouri Museum Directory, edited by Maury, Dabney H., 144 Don Jerabek, book note, 207 Max, Mrs. Ralph, 336 "Missouri Paw Paw Militia," art., by Maxwell, John, 419 Howard V. Canan, 431-448 Mayes, Walter Wilson, obit., 80 Missouri Retail Clothier Association, Mays, St. Louis family, 243 427 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 266, 267, 268 Missouri "Show Me" Club, 183, 333, Meador, Lewis E., 492 486 Meadows, Mrs. Hugh, 184 Missouri State Federation of Labor, Meier, Herbert C, 484 369 Mendelson, Wallace, 91 Missouri State Legislature, 101, 103 Men's Bible Class Movement of Kan­ Missouri State Militia, 432, 441 sas City, 385 Missouri Supreme Court, 101, 103 Mercer County Historical Society, 183, Missouri University's Main Building, 333, 486; donor, 497 1842-1892, 217 (illus.) "Merchants' Bridge, St. Louis," 360 "Missouri Women in History," verso (illus.) back cover Oct. issue, "Phoebe Ap­ Merrier, M., 153 person Hearst;" verso back cover Mering, John Vollmer, The Whig Jan. issue, "Vinnie Ream;" verso Party in Missouri, book review, 81-85 back cover Apr. issue, "Sara Teas- Merriam, Mrs. Bernard W., donor, 190 dale;" verso back cover July issue, Merrifield, Douglas, 59, 67 "Rose O'Neill" Messing, Mrs. Roswell, Jr., 337 "Missouri's National Historic Land­ Metcalf, Joe, 309 marks," Part II, Ste. Genevieve, by Metz, Richard, 61 Dorothy J. Caldwell, art., 152-165, Meurin, Sebastian Louis, 155 152 (illus.) Meyer, Carl S., 178 Mitchell, Charles, 290 526 Index

Mitchell, Mary Prewitt, 64 "New View of the Battle of Pea Mitchell, Sadie E., 311 Ridge," by Albert Castel, 136 Moberly, O. H., obit., 80 (illus.), art., 136-151, 140 (illus.), Mock, James E., 66 143 (illus.) , 146 (illus.) Moentmann, Fred, 328 Newman, Ralph, 61 Moffett, Semuel, 398, 403 News in Brief, 56-59; 168-173; 324-325; Moniteau County Historical Society, 474-475 66, 333, 486 Newton, William, Jr., 305 Monnett, Howard N., 68, 335, 479 Nicely, Helen, 185 Monroe, James, 48, 49 Nicholson, Terry, 61 Monroe, Joseph J., 49 Nickerson, Truman, 337 Monroe, Mark, 290 Niedner, D. Frederic, 488 Montague, Samuel A., 184 Noble, George, 337 Montgomery, Mr. & Mrs. Bruce, 486 Nodaway County Historical Society, Moon, Parker, 329 183, 334, 486 Moore, Arlene Webb, 482 Nohl, Fred, 178 Moore, Mrs. D., 481 Noonans, St. Louis family, 243 Moore, Dorothy O., 330 Norbury, Alfred, obit., 202 Moore, H. Miles, 19 Norman, Francis M., 393 Moore, John, 47 (illus.) ; 48 Null, George M., obit., 80 Moreland, Mrs. Clyde, 176 Null, Kim, 483 Moreland, Fern, 478 Morgan County Historical Society, 66, 183, 334, 486 O Morgan, Helen, 487 Morgan, John, 88 Oakley, Annie, 298 Morgan, Maysia J., 176 O'Fallon, John, 246 (illus.) Morris, Hobart, 175 Ogden, George, 478 Morris, Mrs. Walter E., 337 Ogg, Mrs. Clarence, 184 Morrison, Mrs. Adrian, 482 Ogle, Julia, 179, 481 Morton, David, 67 O'Gorman, James F., donor, 341 Moss, James H., 433, 435, 436, 438 Ohlhausen, Mrs. M. M., 185 Mueller, George H., obit., 351 "Old Chariton," by Harold N. Calvert, Muench, Cora E., obit., 351 45-50, (map) Mugivan, Jerry, 295, 306 Old Trails Historical Society, 184, 334 Muhkeman, E. D., 332 Old Ste. Genevieve Scene, front cover, Murphy, Eugene P., S.J., 335 winter issue (illus.) Murphy, Patrick, 257 O'Leary, Mrs. James L., 176 Murphy, Paul V., 487 Oliver, Mrs. Roger B., 182 Musgat, W. R., 290 O'Loughlin, Ivan, obit., 80 Myers, William C, Jr., 57 Olson, Edna McElhiney, compiled by, Historical Saint Charles, Missouri, book note, 90 N O'Neil, William James, obit., 202 O'Neill, Rose, 171, 474; back cover Nagel, Elsa, donor, 497 July issue (illus.) National Retail Liquor Dealers Assoc, 367, 384 O'Neill, Thomas, 102 National Wholesale Liquor Dealers Ornduff, Donald R., 332 Assoc, 367 Oro, Sylvio Francesco Cartabono de, Native Sons of Kansas City, 66, 183, 155 486 O'Rourke, Tim, donor, 71, 341 Nebraska, 406, 407 Orr, A. H., donor, 71, 174, 175, 489 Negro Slavery; No Evil; or the North Orton, R. Z., 301 and the South, by Benjamin F. Ortuno, Manual, 62 Stringfellow, 21 Osterhaus, Peter J., 139, 142, 144 Neihardt, John G., 492 Otten, Mrs. M. S., 334 Neill, Robert, 57 Otten, Roy E., 66 Nelson, Mrs. Axel S., obit., 508 Out of the Attic, compiled by mem­ Nelson, Edith, 60 bers of the Phelps County Historical Nelson, Mrs. W. E., 334 Society, book note, 208 Index 527

Out of the Past, by Julia West Parker, Philpott, Charles H., donor, 190 book note, 358 Phoebe Apperson Hearst Memorial Owen, Ada Campbell, 179 Association, 180, 482 Owens, St. Louis family, 243 "Pictorial Collections Preserve History Owens, Samuel C, 121 of Local Community," 476-478 Pieper, Franz, 61 Pierce, Franklin, 23 Piernas, Don Pedro, 155, 162, 324 Piggott, Joseph, 173 Pace, John L., obit., 80 Pike, Albert, 137, 139, 142, 145 Padberg, John W., 63 Pike County Historical Society, 66, 334, Padgett, Vincel, donor, 497 487 Page, Daniel O., 240 Pilcher, Maj. Joshua, 453 Paine, Albert Bigelow, 400, 401, 404, Pitcher, Thomas, 117 406 Pittenger, Pauline, donor, 341 Papin, family, 99 Pittman, Clay, 481 Papin, Lewis Bernard, obit., 202 Pittman, Philip, 155, 161 Parcell, Mrs. Claude, 485 Plank, Ben, 485 Park, Mr. 8c Mrs. Lee I., donors, 71 Plank, Pearl, 182 Parke, Lucille, 483 Platte County Historical Society, 184, Parker, Julia West, Out of the Past, 487 book note, 358 Platte Purchase, 49 Parker, Rev. Virgil, 481 Platz, Mrs. Howard, 65 Parks, George S., 436 Poague, Haysler Allen, "Post-Civil Parrish, Betsy, 133 War Era," book note, 207 Parrish, Lorena, obit., 508 Pohlman, Mrs. George, donor, 341 Parrish, William E., 182 Poindexter, Francis, obit., 508 Partridge, Edward, 126 Pollard, D. R., donor, 497 Parvin, R. J., 290 Pollock, Elizabeth, 182 Pate, Sharon J., obit., 202 Pollock, Samuel, 335 Patterson, Don, 335 Pony Express, 452 Patton, Leonard, 66 Pony Express Historical Association, Paul, Estelle, G., obit., 508 67, 184, 487 Peck, John Mason, 45 Pony Express History 8c Art Gallery, Pendergast, Thomas J., 204 donor, 497 Pendergraft, Vivian, 484 Pope, Charles, 177 Penn, Dorothy, obit., 508 Popplewell, Frank, 488 Pennock, Gretchen, 180 Poulin, Louis, 153 Perotti, R. F., 208 Powell, Earl, obit., 508 Perotti, Viola Anderson, 208 Powell, Ray, 61 Perry, A. O., 293, 307 Power, Sarah, obit., 508 Perry, Milton F., 64, 487 Powers, Gladys, 185 Pershing, John J., 170, 486 Prange, Louis H., obit., 508 Pershing's Mission in Mexico, by Pratt, Parley, 108, 113 (illus.), 118, Haldeen Braddy, book note, 357 119 Perz, Neal, 478 Pratte, Bernard, 239, 240 Petigru, James Louis, 329 Preemption House, Lawrence, Kansas, Petrowski, William R., 331 1854, 27 (illus.) Petty, Evelyn, 178 Preston, S. J., 188 Peyroux, Commandant, 163 Prewitt, L. D., donor, 497 Pfening, Fred, III, art. on "William P. Price, A. M., donor, 71 Hall," 286-313 Price, Jimmy, 481 Pharis, Donald, 61 Price, Sterling, 39, 88, 137-150, 143 Phelps County Historical Society, 208, (illus.) ; 436, 442, 447 334 "Pro-Booze or Pro-hibition," artist Phelps, William Wine, 116 sketch, 378, 379 Phifer, Lyndon B., donor, 341 Proebstle, Joseph, 369 Phillips, Grace D., donor, 190 "Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910- Phillips, U. B., 82 1919," art., by G. K. Renner, 363-397 Phillips, Udolpha Dorman, 330 "Prohibition Parade," artist sketch, Phillips, V. E., obit., 351 370 528 Index

Propst, Mrs. C. M., 337 Reynolds, W. T., 436 Pruitt, family of Col., 486 Rhodes, James Ford, 91 "Public Quarrels and Private Plans: Rhodes, Neva, 334 The President, the Veterans, and the Rice, W. R., 290 Mayor of St. Louis," by C. Joseph Richardson, Paul, 271 Pusateri, 1-13 Richmond, Robert, 64, 65 Pulley, E. P., obit., 80 Rieckus, Helen, 60 Pusateri, C. Joseph, "Public Quarrels Rigdon, Sidney, 109, 111 and Private Plans: The President, "Ringling Bros and Barnum and The Veterans, and The Mayor of Bailey Circus," from 1945 advertis­ St. Louis," 1-13 ing poster, front cover, Spring issue Putman, Clarence, 486 (illus.) Putnam County Historical Society, 184 Riseling, Levi, 181 Pyle, Homer, 62, donor, 72, 330, 497 Ritchie, Everett J., 64 Pyle, Mrs. Homer, 482 River Boat, 398 (illus.) Roach, Paul Gerhardt, 176 Roach, Ruth Hunter, St. Louis Silver­ smiths, book note, 91 Roberts, Steve N., "Developments of Quinlan, Mrs. Albert F., 337 the Pottery Industry of Missouri, 1800-1950," book note, 207 Robertson, Mrs. Bruce, 173 R Robidoux, Joseph, 453 Robinson, James F., 60 Racine, Mrs. Frank W., obit., 508 Robinson, Mr. & Mrs. James Henry, Ragsdale, Mr. 8c Mrs. E. E., 169 315-320, 318 (illus.) Ragsdale, Retta, 169 Robinson, Spencer, 332 Rains, James R., 143 Robnett, Katherine, 485 Rainsbury, Nelson J., obit., 508 Rocheblave, Philip Francois Rastel de, Randall, John Deacon, donor, 190 155 Rathgeber, Ron, 61 Rollins, George, 297, 300 Ratliff, Evalyn, 485 Rosati, Joseph, 160 Ray County Historical Society, 184, 488 Rosecrans, Maj. Gen. William S., 436, Ray, Thomas, 465 437, 438 (illus.), 440, 443 Raytown Historical Society, 67, 184, Ross, Francis, 487 488 Ross, Leone, F., obit., 508 Read, Daniel, 223, 225 Rosser, Marie McCall, obit., 508 "Rebels Burning House of Unionists," Rott, Randy, donor, 497 439 (illus.) Round Table Club, 429 Redford, Martha, obit., 508 Rowell, Miriam A., donor, 341 Reed, Henry W., 463 Rowen, Clyde, 335 Reed, Thelma, 329 Roy, J. B„ 453 Reeder, Andrew H., 22 (illus.) , 27 Royal, Rhoda, 301, 305 Rees, Amos, 115 Rozier, Carlisle E., obit., 508 Reese, Mrs. E., donor, 72 Rozier, Ferdinand, 164 Rehme, Virginia A., 60 Rozier, Firmin A., 165 Reign of the Rabble: The St. Louis Rozier, Mrs. George A., 178 General Strike of 1877, by David T. Burbank, book note, 87 Rozier, Mrs. Henry Louis, Jr., obit., 79 Reis, David F., obit., 202 Rozier, Leo J., 168 Reiter, Ebert, 332 Rubenstein, Ruth, 178 Renner, G. K., art., "Prohibition Rucker, Jessie, 334 Comes to Missouri," 363-397 Ruffin, Edmund, 329 Repp, Arthur C, 178 Russell, Mrs. George, 478 Reps, Louis W., 180 Russell, William H., 172 Revolutionary Soldiers Buried in Mis­ Ryland, John F., 120 souri, compiled by Mrs. Hale Houts, book note, 92 Reynolds, Sterling Price, obit., 350 Reynolds, Thomas, 35 (illus.) Reynolds, Thomas C, 104, 105 Saalberg, Harvey, donor, 72 Index 529

St. Charles County Historical Society, Selby, P. O., donor, 497 67, 335, 488 Selders, Eugene L., 180 St. John's United Church of Christ, Sellers, Charles, 82 donor, 498 Sellers, Paul, 182 St. Joseph Historical Society, 488 Semple, James, 49 "St. Louis Levee," 405 (illus.) Settle, Raymond W., obit., 351 St. Louis Pioneer Chapter, National Setzer, Glenn M., 488 Society of United States Daughters Sewards, Laurel River, 487 of 1812, donor, 498 Sexton, Henry Clay, 255 St. Louis Public Library, donor, 190 Shalhope, Robert E., book review by, St. Louis Silversmiths, Ruth Hunter 81-85 Roach, book note, 91 Shane, Fred, "Grocery Store," 470 "St. Louis Volunteer Fire Department (illus.), 471 1820-1850; a Study in the Volunteer Shannon, James, 219-223, 222 (illus.) Age," art., by A. B. Lampe, 235-259, Shaver, Virginia, 333 235 (illus.) Shaw, Henry, 453, 454 (illus.) St. Louis Westerners, 185, 335, 488 Shaw, Joel, 474 Saline County Historical Society, 174, Shaw, Col. John A., obit., 508 175, 488 Shawhan, Mrs. James B., donor, 497 Salisbury, Lucius, 58 Shelby County Historical Society, 67, Sanders, Charles E., Jr., 175 185, 489 Sanders, Ted, 61 Shelby, Gen. Joseph O., 442, 444 Sanders, Mrs. T. J., donor, 72 Shelby, Kathryne, 337 Sandman, Mrs. Jack C, obit., 202 Shelby, Mrs. V. L., 337 Sandweiss, Jerome W., 181 Shelby, Vesper L., 336 Sasse, Arno R., obit., 508 Sheldon, Mrs. Stephen, 328 Sautelle, Sig, 297, 300 Sheley, Eleanor, 335 Scarritt, Nathan, 209 Shelley, O. C, obit., 508 Schechter, Mrs. Samuel, 331 Shelton, A. B., 184 Scheperle, Hope, 169 Sherman, William T., 466 Schermerhorn, Ed, 181 Shields, Mr. & Mrs. William, donors, Scherr, Ruth D., donor, 497 190 Schifferdecker, Charles, 181 Shifflett, Lee, 58 Schiller, Bros. Robert & Richard, 288 Shippee, J. Mett, 178 Schnedler, Kurt, 67 Shirley, Mrs. Virgil, 184 Schneider, Aleene, 331 Shockley, J. M., donor, 498 Schoenberger, Edward T., donor, 497 Shoemaker, Floyd, 214, 232, 233 Schoenlein, Johann Lukas, 266 Shoemaker, Mrs. Jack, 176 Schofield, G. P., donor, 341 Shupp, W. C, 393 Schofield, Brig. Gen. John M., 432, 434, Sibley, Mary Easton, 171 435 (illus.) Siegel, Mrs. Leonard, 183 Schroeder, Richard, 66 Sievers, Rebecca M., donor, 190 Schroeder, Walter A., donor, 72 Sigel, Franz, 139, 140 Schultz, Christian, 162 Simcox, F. L., obit., 508 Schurz, Carl, 411 Simon, John Y., 177 Schwada, John W., 171, 492 Simrall, H. R., 178 Schweer, Mrs. Theodore, 480 Sims, J. B., 485 Scott, David, 172 Sims, Mrs. Lee, 489 Scott, Everett O., donor, 190 Sire, Joseph A., 455 Scott, George, 250 Sites, John P., 179 Scott, Herbert H., 61 Sixty-fifth Congress, 392 Scott, John, 165 Skeens, James, 175 Scott, Lucile, 61, 480, 481 Skeens, Ruth, 327 Scott, Mrs. Wendell G., 337 Skelly, James William, obit., 202 Scripps, John, 173 Skelton, S. W., 478 Scruton, George H., 168 Skinker, Thomas, 102, 103 Seat, Mr. & Mrs. Emmet, 62 Slack, W. Y., 138, 143 Seat, Jay, 180 Slaughter, Carl, 330 Sechler, Mrs. Earl T., donor, 497 Sloan, Robert T., 183 Second Bank of the United States, 30 Slusher, Harold, 484 Seifert, Robert, 176 Sly, Mrs. William, 478 530 Index

Smallwood, Alice, 334 "Steamboats Burning in the Great Smiley, Mrs. William L., 337 Fire of 1849," 257 (illus.) Smiser, Mrs. A. Lee, donor, 190 Stearns, Dan, donor, 191 Smith, E. W., 328 Steinkamp, Frances, obit., 508 Smith, Frank, 293 Stephens, Earl, 330 Smith, Guy, donor, 498 Stephens, Frank, 209, 214, 219, 220, Smith, Harry L., 178 225, 229 Smith, Henry Nash, 206 Stephens, George, 250 Smith, Hyrum, 110, 113 (illus.), 114 Stephens, Louisa, 331 134 Sterett, Mrs. William C, 335 Smith, Joseph, 107, 108, 131 (illus.), Sterling, Thomas, 153 134 Stevens, Beverly Cordell, obit., 508 Smith, Ora, 482 Stewart, James, 243 Smith, Mrs. Orie, 330 Stiegemeier, Reinhart, 90 Smith, Peggy, 185, 335 Stimson, Dave, 65 Smith, Ruby, 330 Smith, T. Berry, 209 Stockton, Robert, 170 Smith, WTaddell, 67 Stokes, Robert, 474 Smith, William E., donor, 341, 498 Stones, Ross E., donor, 342 Smithville Historical Society, 68, 185, Story of Jefferson Barracks National 335, donor, 341, 489 Cemetery, Tony Fusco, book note, 91 Smutz, Harold T., 335, 488 Story of Old Ste. Genevieve, by Snell, Joseph W., 65 Gregory M. Franzwa, book note, 207 Snell, Robert J., donor, 341 Straus, Oscar, 411 Snider, Felix E., donor, 191, 498 Stretch, George, 309 Snip, Mrs. Cornelius, obit., 351 Strieker, Jim, donor, 498 Snipes, Leroy Francis, 337 Stringfellow, Benjamin F., 14 (illus.) Snow, L. J., donor, 191 Stringfellow, John, 21 Sonnenschein, Vida, obit., 202 Stroud, Elizabeth, 328 Southern Platte County, Yesteryears, Stuart, James, obit., 202 Today and Tomorrow, by Mary B. Stubbs, Roy, 483 Aker, book note, 356 Stuber, Mrs. Earl, 487 Sovereign, 406 Stutenroth, Carl, obit., 508 Sowers, Edward Walter, donor, 342 Sublette, Andrew, 49 Spann, Mrs. William, obit., 351 Sublette, Milton, 49 Sparks, Charlie, 296 Suelflow, August, 170, 492 Speer, Thomas E., 491 Suffolk Bank of Boston, 36 Spehar, Warren E., "The Walter Scott: Sullivan, John L., donor, 72, 191, 342, A Steamboat Ahead of its Day," art., 498 51-52 Sullivan, William Victor, obit., 80 Speyer, Albert, 273 Sully, Alfred, 463 Spiegel, Dorothy Helen, 184 "Summer Rendezvous," 270 (illus.) Spilker, Ronald, 185 Summers, Basil, 336 Spreen, J. Orville, 488 Sunday, Billy, 385 Spurlock, Ella, 485 Supreme Court of United States, 104 Stafford, Belva, 481 Sursa, Mrs. Henri, obit., 202 Stafford, Clifton, 481 Sutherland, Duchess of, 324 Stamper, Ed, 328 Stapel, Mrs. John, donor, 191 Stapleton, Jack, Jr., 168 Stark, Art, 302 Stark, James, 474 Taggart, Mrs. Ross, 178, 332 Stark, William, 474 (illus.) Starnes, Mr. 8c Mrs. Lee, 67, 487, 493 Talbot, William L., donor, 498 Starr, Frederick, 19 (illus.) Tarbet, William, 185 "State Council on the Arts Exhibit," Targee, Thomas B., 250, 251 (illus.) 321 Tattle-Tales: This Is The Way It State of Missouri, Official Manual, Was, compiled by Kathleen White 1967-1968, edited by Thelma P. Miles and Kathleen Kelly White, Goodwin, book note, 355 book note, 207 "State University, Columbia, Missouri," Tatus, Stewart E., 64 226 (illus.) Tau, Andy, donor, 498 Index 531

Taylor, Elizabeth, 478 Tuesday Club, donor, 498 Taylor, Fletcher, 444 Turner, Ruth, 332 Taylor, Frank, 308 Turnham, Joel T., 122 Taylor, Irene, donor, 498 Tuttle, James M., 5 Taylor, R. B., 180 Twain, Mark, 170, 204, 205 Taylor, Woodford C, 66 "Twain's Last Months on the Missis­ Taylor, Zachary, 278 sippi," art., by J. Stanley Mattson, Teasdale, Sara, verso back cover April 398-409, 408 (illus.) issue (illus.) Tyson, Edwin, 175 Teegarden, Earle E., 180 Templeman, Robert, 337 Tenth Amendment Club of St. Jo­ U seph, 384 Terry, Timothy A., 491 Union Army Veterans Organization, 1 "Testing a New Engine," 239 (illus.) United States Bank, 33, 40 Thayer, Eli, 15 United States Brewers' Association, 367, Thayer, Ezra, 132 368 Thilman, Louis D., 298 University of Missouri Library, donor, Thomas, Mrs. Henry K., donor, 191 342 Thomas, Martin, 240 Upton, Lucile Morris, 62, 186 Thomason, Robert, 178 Thompson, A. Paul, 64 Thompson, Cecile, 335 Thompson, Macklot, 243 Valle, Felix, 160, 165 Thomson, A. Cal, donor, 191 Valle, Francois, I, 155 Thomson, Esther, obit., 351 Valle, Francois, II, 156 Thornton, John, 119 Valle, J. B., 164 Thornton, John C. Calhoun, 435, 442- Valle, Jean Baptiste, 156 447 Valle, Odile Pratte, 160, 165 Thorp, Joseph, 122 Van Buren, Martin, 36 Thrailkill, John, 444, 446 Van Deusen, Glyndon, 83 Tipton, Dillon, 483 Van Dorn, Earl, 87, 137-150, 149 Titus, Sterrett S., 66, 486 (illus.) Todd, David, 47 Van Dorn: The Life and Times of a Todd, George, 444 Confederate General, by Robert J. Todd, James, 168 H. Hartje, book note, 87 Todd, Robert B., 218 Vawter, O. E., obit., 508 Todd, Robert L., 218 Vernon County Historical Society, 185, Tofflemire, William F., donor, 191 335 Tolland's Lessee vs. Hagan, 104 Vest, George G., 64 Torrance, Richard M., 63, 331 Vickery, Margaret, 329 Townsend, John K., 117 Vickrey, Matt, 483 Trades Union Liberty League, 369 Victor, A., 420 "Transportation," "Trial Balloons," 93- "Views From the Past," "Missouri Rec­ 94; "Ferrying Across the Rivers," reation," 54-55 (illus.) ; "Missouri 211-212; "Spanning the Rivers," 360- Recreation," 166-167 (illus.) ; "Mis­ 361; "Horse and Buggy Days," 535- souri Industries," 322-323 (illus.) ; 537 "Ladies' Fashions of the Gay '90s," "Trapping Rebel Guerrillas," 445 472-473 (illus.) (illus.) Vogler, Anna, 478 Traw, Zilpha, 176 Volkmer, Harold L., 485 Trudeau, Zenon, 156, 450 Voile, Herbert S., obit., 202 Truman, Harry S, 170, 325 Vollrath, Bess Chouteau, 62 Truman, Mrs. Harry S, 493 Von Humboldt, Alexander, 277, 280, "The Truman Period as a Research 283 Field," edited by Richard S. Kirken­ dall, book note, 354-355 Tucker, Frank C, 209 W Tucker, O. H., 180 Tucker, Raymond R., 186 Waddell, William B., 172 Tucker, William C, 168 Waggoner, Mrs. Hugh H., 178 532 Index

Waldo, Ray, 488 Whitefield, John, 28 Waldron, John J., 487 Whitmer, John, 115, 117, 129 Walker, Joseph, 437 Whittington, Aletha, 482 Walker, Lena Woods, 333 Wiedemann, Thomas F., 295, 300, 301 Walker, Mr. 8c Mrs. R. V., 184 Wight, Lyman, 108, 114, 134 Walker, Wayne, 182 Wilcox, Eber, 133 Wall, Nick, 461 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 171 Walrod, Mary, 329 Wilder, William, 335 Walsh, Edward, 243 Wiles, Richard, 487 Walsh, John, 243 Wilke, Mrs. Arthur, 67 "Walter Scott: A Steamboat Ahead of Wilkerson, Catherine, 61 its Day," art., by Warren E. Spehar, Willard, Frances, 392 51-52 (illus.) "William P. Hall," art., by Fred Pfen­ Walther, C. F. W., 61 ing III, 286-313 Wampler, Dee, 329 Williams, I. Stanley, donor, 191 Ward, Anthony, 338 Williams, James A., obit., 202 Warrell, Atherton, 90 Williams, Walter, 429 Warren, D. F., 393 Williamson, Hugh P., 65; The King­ Warten, Mrs. Henry, 484 dom of Callaway, book note, 356; Washington, Booker T., 86 484 Wasson, Mrs. Paul, donor, 191 Williamson, Mrs. Hugh P., 65 Waters, Georgia L., obit., 508 Wills, John, 182 Watrin, Francois Philibert, 156 Wilson, Charles C, 288 Watson, Mrs. Raymond, 184 Wilson, Milbourne O., donor, 191 Watson, Thomas M., 332 Wilson, Ola B., 185 Watters, T. Ballard, 168 Wilson, Perry, 334 Wax, Bernard, 181 Wilson, Richard, 327 Wayman, Edna, obit., 508 Wilson, Mrs. Woodrow, 380 Weaver, H. Dwight, 176, 328 Winfrey, Julia, 332 Weaver, John C, 168; "Footsteps in Wingo, Reba, 481 the Corridors Behind Us," art., 213- Winkler, John A., 168 234, 213 (illus.) Winston, Col., 442 Weaver, Rosie, 176 Wisdom, Bill, 66 Webb-Kenyon Act, 377 Wiseman, Mrs. Henry, obit., 80 Webb, Opal R., obit., 351 Wislizenus, Friedrich Adolph, 260 Webster, Annie Moffett, 405, 406 (illus.) , 261-285 Webster, J. G., obit., 80 Withers, Conn, 178 Weeks, Mrs. Roger, 484 Wobus, Paul, 184 Weiss, Francis Xavier, 160 Wodehouse, Lawrence, 325 "Welcoming the President to St. Wolbrecht, Walter F., 178 Louis," 9 (illus.) Wolf, Delilah Ann, 183 Welling, John, obit., 508 Wolfe, Byron B., 332, 488 Welsh, Elvin, 309 Woman's Christian Temperance Un­ Wenrich, D. K., 484 ion, 373, 380, 381, 382, 391, 392, 394 Wescott, Norma, 485 Wood, Dean Earl, obit., 80 Wesner, Mrs. Charles T., 63, 331 Wood, Eugene L., donor, 342 West, C. O., 182 Woodcock, Mrs. W. H. (Babe) , 302, Westerhold, E. Lorene, donor, 188 310 Westfall, Ruth Rollins, donor, 72 Woodcock, William, 309 Weston Historical Museum, 185 Woodruff, Wilford, 135 Westport Historical Society, 68, 185, Woods, Mrs. Farris, 175 335, 489 Woods, Marie, donor, 499 Wheeler, Joseph, 88 Woodside, Mae, 179 Whig Party in Missouri, by John Woolfolk, Mrs., 458 Vollmer Mering, book review, 81-85 Workingman's Liberty League of St. Whitaker, Roma," 184 Louis, 370, 382 White, Mrs. Herbert H., 63, 331 World's Fair 1904, 97 White, Kathleen Kelly, 207 Wright County Historical Society, 335, White, Mrs. Orlyn, 183 489 White, Robert M., donor, 342, 493; Wright, Donald T., 333 donor, 498 Wright, Glenda, 176 Index 533

Wyatt, Kitty, 64 Young, Mrs. E. B., obit., 80 Wymore, Jack, 64, 72, donor; 329 Young, G. C, 62 Wyneken, F. C. D., 61 Young, Mrs. Grover, donor, 191

Z Yancy, Mrs. Russel, 67 Zelleken, Edward, 181 Yarnell, Mrs. Gerald, 66 Yarnell, Ilene Sims, donor, 191, 342 Zimmermann, E. L., obit., 80 Yates, Marian L., obit., 351 Zink, Wilbur, 60; donor, 499 Yates, Marion Templeman, 63 Zion's Army Route, map by Gayle Yates, Virgil Templeman, 63 Jennings, 126-127 Yeager, Richard, 444 Zogbaum, Mrs. Rufus F., donor, 191 Yocum, Mrs. Warren W., donor, 191 Zuerl, Donald, obit., 507 Young, Brigham, 133, 135 Zumwalt, Jax, donor, 499 EDITORIAL POLICY

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HORSE AND BUGGY DAYS

Overland travel in Missouri from the middle of the 19th century to the early 20th century has been colorfully referred to as the "horse and buggy era." Some settlers, in the earlier period, traveled in crude two-wheeled carts and a few St. Louisans imported barouches from England, but roads were so few and poor that demands for light carriages were small. A majority of Missouri roads were still dirt roads in the 1840s but they had begun to improve sufficiently for carriage travel. Many plank road companies were chartered in the 1850s and some wooden highways con­ structed, but the timber warped and decayed, proving their impracticality. Gravel and macadam roads met with greater success. They could withstand temperature changes and heavy traffic, and rocks from creek beds provided a cheap source for their repair. Building of the railroad across the country forecast the end of the heavy conestoga wagon's long distance trek, and manufacturers turned their atten­ tion to lighter vehicles. As demands for carriages increased builders estab­ lished agents for wider distribution and sales. Prospective buyers could examine brand new wagon models or used ones left for trade. H. C. Stude- baker Company of South Bend, Indiana, opened its first branch house in 1870 in St. Joseph. Realizing the importance of advertising, all large wagon companies sent out booklets, handbills, posters, purchased ads in local newspapers or issued catalogues describing their products. Salesmen regularly attended state fairs, farm shows and Grange meetings where they collected trophies and blue ribbons for the best equipment. Companies encouraged public weight-

535 536 Missouri Historical Review carrying contests with rival firms. Studebaker gave a wagon to the University of Missouri agriculture school, Columbia, in 1871, for greater publicity. Missouri town squares in the late 1800s teemed with horses and wagons of various kinds. Horses were tied at hitching rails located along the streets, but sometimes on Saturdays, when business was at its peak, it was difficult to find a vacant spot. For errands and travel, townspeople owned a horse and carriage which they kept in a stable behind the house. Almost all rela­ tively prosperous farmers owned a buggy. When it was not necessary to bring back a big load of supplies from town, they drove this light one-seated, four-wheeled covered carriage. The whole family, on their way to church, a program at the schoolhouse or a picnic in the park, could bob along the country roads in a four-wheeled, two-seated surrey covered with a fringed roof. Several people could also travel in the light four-wheeled phaeton, a vehicle similar to the surrey except that the body frame was higher under the seats than elsewhere. In the wintertime the sleigh whisked the family over the snow as they sat snugly in heavy lap robes, their feet warmed by hot flat irons wrapped in blankets. An expensive new carriage and best quality horseflesh was a status sym­ bol in the horse and buggy days. A driver in an open front seat often chauf- fered prominent merchants or country squires in a light enclosed one- or two- seated brougham. In an expensive four-wheeled covered rockaway, the driver sat on a level with his passengers and the roof extended over him for pro­ tection in bad weather. The aristocratic victoria, an underslung, four-wheeled, folded-top vehicle, with a low seat over the rear axle and a raised front seat for the driver, presented a sleek appearance as it swept gracefully down the boulevards. Large cities were crowded with delivery wagons of various kinds. Goose­ neck drays, pulled by six-horse teams transported heavy items of furniture and machinery to and from factories, railroad stations and stores. Built close to the ground for easy loading, drays were designed with an arch at the front which allowed the wheels to turn sharply for easy maneuverability. Omni­ buses transported numerous passengers from trains and river steamers to uptown hotels. Two passengers could ride in a covered one-horse hansom cab operated by a driver who sat in a dickey at the rear and communicated with them through a trap door in the roof. When a fire broke out horse- drawn engines and hook and ladder wagons raced through the streets behind the fastest horses. Occasionally high-stepping black horses pulled a shiny black hearse at the head of a funeral procession. Rural roads accommodated farm wagons and brightly painted drummer wagons which hauled merchandise and sales samples to storekeepers in smaller towns. In a wagon the medicine man came to town to sell bottles of tonic and entertain spectators with tricks, jokes, dancing and music. Rural postal employees delivered the mail in a single-door, boxlike wagon which could be closed quickly for inclement weather. The horse and buggy era promoted a flourishing industry for all items related to horse-power travel and provided occupations for wheelwrights, drivers, horse dealers, blacksmiths and livery stable keepers. At livery stables horses and carriages were rented by the hour, day or week, and travelers, on Horse and Ruggy Days 537 a visit to town, could put up their vehicles and have the horses cared for, for a few cents a day. The livery was the center of horse talk and horse trading. The coming of the automobile and motor truck in the early 1900s was a severe blow to the horse and buggy era in Missouri. Wagon and carriage sales dropped sharply. The livery stable and blacksmith establishments were replaced by the service station, garage and auto mechanic. All that remains of the bygone era are nostalgic memories and numerous antique relics, some used today for museum attractions.

He Was "Defenseless" Memphis Conservative, August 15, 1872. One of the young men belonging to a choir here had his hair cut by a generous barber, Saturday. Sunday he sang for a solo: "Cover my defenseless head," and blushed like a lobster while doing it.

Object to Fences Green City Press, February 8, 1907. Wire fences have been built about the works of the Drury college campus to keep the students off the grass. A student emancipator exhorts his fellows to be "not like dumb driven cattle hedged in by wire fences. What can the students do but stampede and then they would be roped up and branded by the disciplinary committee."

Two Good Reasons Canton Missouri Plebeian, September 15, 1848. A school master, who had an inveterate habit of talking to himself when alone, was asked what motive he could have in talking to himself. Jonathan replied that he had two good and substantial reasons; in the first place, he liked to talk to a sensible man; and in the next place he liked to hear a man of sense talk.

A Dire Threat Cedar City Chronicle, August 16, 1900. An anti-chicken thief society has been organized at Clarence, Shelby county, and the next offender caught will be harshly treated. Three methods of punish­ ment are under discussion—hanging, a coat of tar and feathers and the whipping post.

MISSOURI

HISTORICAL

REVIEW

Published Quarterly

by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR VOLUME LXII OCTOBER, 1967 JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR JULY, 1968 CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME LXII

BALTIMORE, LESTER B., Ph.D. candidate in History, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. BOWDERN, THOMAS S., S.J., professor of Education, Rockhurst College, Kansas City, Missouri.

CALDWELL, DOROTHY J., Associate editor, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Columbia, Missouri.

CALVERT, HAROLD N., Carrollton, Missouri.

CANAN, HOWARD V., retired Colonel, U.S.A., Alexandria, Virginia. CASTEL, ALBERT, professor of History, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan.

GLEICK, HARRY S., lawyer, St. Louis, Missouri. HALE, DOUGLAS D., JR., associate professor of History, Oklahoma State Univer sity, Stillwater, Oklahoma. JENNINGS, WARREN A., associate professor of History, Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, Missouri. KANTOR, HARVEY A., Ph.D. candidate in History, New York University, New York, New York.

KEARNS, KEVIN C, associate professor of Geography, Colorado State College, Greeley, Colorado.

KEMPER, MARY LEE, St. Joseph, Missouri.

LAMPE, A. B., chairman of the department of History, Forest Park Community College, St. Louis, Missouri.

MATTSON, J. STANLEY, Ph.D. candidate in History, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. PFENING, FRED, III, student, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio.

PUSATERI, C. JOSEPH, assistant professor of History, John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio.

RENNER, G. K., member of the faculty at Missouri Southern College, Joplin, Missouri.

SPEHAR, WARREN E., Ph.D. candidate in English, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

WEAVER, JOHN C, president, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. CONTENTS VOLUME LXII Page ACQUSITION OF ST. LOUIS' FOREST PARK. By Kevin C. Kearns 95 ARMY OF ISRAEL MARCHES INTO MISSOURI. By Warren A. Jennings 107 BANKING IN EARLY MISSOURI, PART II. By Harry S. Gleick 30 BARTH FAMILY: A CASE STUDY OF PIONEER IMMIGRANT MERCHANTS. By Harvey A. Kantor 410 BENJAMIN F. STRINGFELLOW: THE FIGHT FOR SLAVERY ON THE MISSOURI BORDER. By Lester B. Baltimore 14 CIVIL WAR REMINISCENCES AT DANVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY. By Mary Lee Kemper 314 FOOTSTEPS IN THE CORRIDORS BEHIND US. By John C. Weaver 213 FRIEDRICH ADOLPH WISLIZENUS. By Douglas D. Hale, Jr 260 JOSEPH LABARGE STEAMBOAT CAPTAIN. By T. S. Bowdern, S.J 449 MISSOURI PAW PAW MILITIA OF 1863-1864. By Howard V. Canan 431 MISSOURI'S NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS. By Dorothy J. Caldwell 152 NEW VIEW OF THE BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE. By Albert Castel 136 OLD CHARITON—ONLY A MEMORY. By Harold N. Calvert 45 PROHIBITION COMES TO MISSOURI, 1910-1919. By G. K. Renner 363 PUBLIC QUARRELS AND PRIVATE PLANS: THE PRESIDENT, VETERANS AND THE MAYOR OF ST. LOUIS. By C. Joseph Pusateri 1 ST. LOUIS VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPARTMENT, 1820-1850. By A. B. Lampe 235 TWAIN'S LAST MONTHS ON THE MISSISSIPPI. By /. Stanley Mattson 398 WALTER SCOTT: A STEAMBOAT AHEAD OF ITS DAY. By Warren E. Spehar 51 WILLIAM P. HALL. By Fred Pfening, III 286

Missouri Women """ ^KET- In History

Rose O'Neill Rose O'Neill, illustrator, poet, nov­ elist and sculptress, is best remem­ bered as the originator of the Kewpies. From 1901 until 1928 drawings of the roly-poly, top-knotted little figures, with verses to chronicle their exploits, were published serially in turn by four national women's magazines. They appealed to all ages and a Kew- pie "craze" resulted. Four Kewpie books, Kewpie Kutouts (paper dolls), and German-made bisque Kewpie dolls enhanced their creator's fame and fortune. The idea for the Kewpies came to Rose at Bonniebrook, her Missouri home in the Ozark hills, soon after separation from her second husband, Harry Leon Wilson, best-selling author. Rose O'Neill was born June 25, 1874, in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, and educated in New York. Her father, an intellectual Irishman, concerned with books and publishing, retired with his family to the Ozark wilderness in 1893 and built a log-cabin home which he named Bonniebrook. Rose first visited Bonniebrook in 1896. Soon afterward, she married Gray Latham, son of a Uni­ versity of Virginia professor, and continued her New York career as illustrator for Life and Puck. In 1901 she was divorced, and the following year married Wilson, then literary editor of Puck. During this marriage she published her first novel and illustrated several of Wilson's more famous works. Through the years she wrote and illustrated four novels and a book of verse. Her allegorical pictures (monster drawings) were exhibited in Paris and New York and her most famous statue, "The Embrace of the Tree," was exhibited at the Academy of Arts, Paris. Although she presided over a center of old-world culture at her villa on the Isle of Capri, a studio in New York which served as a rendezvous for celebrities in the arts, and "Carabas Castle," a Connecticut country home, she often longed for Bonniebrook, with its "ragged rascal beauty." In 1936 she brought her world treasures to Bonniebrook, then a 14-room rambling frame home, where she worked and lived until her death in 1944. At work she wore rose or wine-colored velvet flowing robes over Grecian-style gowns of peach silk. These robes were often referred to as her "aura." O'Neill memorabilia are displayed in the Shepherd of the Hills Museum, Branson, and the School of the Ozarks Museum, Hollister.