AUTUMN 2013 European Energy Innovation

Country profile Sweden

E-MOBILITY PV SOLAR Autumn 20 LED LIGHTING 13

Includes editorial contributions from:

Günther Oettinger Anna-Karin Hatt Philip Lowe European Commissioner Minister for Information Director General, for Energy Technology and Energy, European Commission, Sweden DG ENER

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Untitled-2 1 30/08/2013 10:20 Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation CONTENTS 3 Contents

7 Foreword 40 Interchangeable LED light sources enhance the adoption of LED lighting 8 Renewable energy in the EU: to 2020 technology, Tim Whitaker, Zhaga Consortium and beyond Günther H. Oettinger, European Commissioner for Energy 43 Solid-state lighting considerations, Siegfried Luger 23 13 Making nuclear energy in Europe Founder and CEO of Luger Research – Institute for Innovation and Technology even safer Philip Lowe, Director General for Energy, European Commission, DG ENER 47 Smart lighting: Energy efficient streetlights with comfort 14 How competitive is photovoltaic Eveliina Juntunen and Marko Jurvansuu, VTT Technical Research Centre of electricity? Finland Arnulf Jäger-Waldau, European Commission, Joint Research Centre 49 New energies in road transport at the 20 Investing in a solar future heart of Horizon 2020 Rheinhold Buttgereit, Secretary General, Frederic Sgarbi, Directorate-General European Photovoltaic Industry for Research, Head of Automotive Association (EPIA) Innovative Systems, European Commission 40 23 Photovoltaics R&D: Pursuing new 52 Accelerating e-Mobility! frontiers in performance measurements Lambert van Nistelrooij MEP Nigel Taylor, PhD, European Commission’s Joint Research Centre 57 E-mobility: providing a seamless 26 Solar PV Technologies and the charging experience Aura Caramizaru, Policy Advisor, sustainable challenge Eurelectric Professor Vladko Panayotov, MEP, (ALDE, Bulgaria) 61 Norway takes the lead on fastcharging Rune Haaland, President, 30 Europe’s energy efficiency challenge: Electric Vehicle Union The need for market uptake measures Vincent Berrutto, European Commission, Executive Agency for Competitiveness 63 Sweden country profile and Innovation, Energy Efficiency Unit

64 Lagom är Bäst 52 32 Artificial made natural Mike Edmund, Editor Mike Edmund, Editor

66 Sweden’s road to a sustainable energy 36 Public procurement lighting up future innovation opportunities Anna-Karin Hatt, Minister for Information Malcolm Harbour CBE MEP Technology and Energy, Sweden

38 Lighting the way: The European lighting 68 Innovation and R&D for a sustainable industry at the forefront of innovation and prosperous society and sustainability The Swedish Energy Agency Dietmar Zembrot, President, LightingEurope 70 In the news…

64 www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu European Political Monitoring: A New Service

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SOLAR-ERA.NET Transnational Implementation of the Solar Europe Industry Initiative

SOLAR-ERA.NET is a network that brings together more than 20 RTD and innovation programmes in the field of solar electricity technologies in the European Research Area. The network of national and regional funding organisations has been established in order to increase transnational cooperation between RTD and innovation programmes, as well as to contribute to achieving the objectives of the Solar Europe Industry Initiative (SEII) through

dedicated transnational activities Lab Neuchâtel PV ofIMT Courtesy EPFL (especially transnational calls). RTD and innovation projects ii) scientific and technological More than 100 MEUR shall be potentially boosting the PV and excellence and iii) high quality and mobilised for transnational CSP sectors development beyond efficiency of the implementation RTD and innovation projects “business-as-usual”. and management. The first set for photovoltaics (PV) and of transnational calls raised concentrating solar power (CSP) The project proposals submitted great interest in the solar power through the support of the funding in SOLAR-ERA.NET joint calls must industry sector and research organisations. By identifying and clearly demonstrate i) potential community. Approximately 60 choosing SEII call topics, SOLAR- commercial impact, relevance preproposals, with a total project ERA.NET will select and fund to industrial and market needs volume of around 90 MEUR were industrially relevant transnational and added transnational value, submitted. Based on the full project submissions, the first projects

Countries and regions selection to be funded under involved in SOLAR-ERA. SOLAR-ERA.NET is planned to take Sweden Finland NET place towards the end of 2013. The second set of joint calls is expected to be launched early 2014.

SOLAR-ERA.NET is an EU Denmark (associate) funded FP7 project running from 2012 to 2016 with the mission to implement the SEII United Netherlands Kingdom Poland Germany on the transnational level. The Flanders North-Rhine- main activity is the launch and Wallonia Westphalia coordination of joint transnational

France Austria calls for industry oriented RTD Switzerland projects. SEII is embedded in the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan). l

Regione Spain Puglia Coordinator and Contact Greece Turkey Regione Sicilia Stefan Nowak, NET Nowak Energy & Technology Ltd., Waldweg 8, CH-1717 St. Ursen, Cyprus Switzerland, [email protected]

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Smart Solutions Forum

Smart Integration of Photovoltaic & other Renewable Energy Systems into the Network for a Sustainable Growth

The forum Smart Solutions is a parallel event organized Session I in the framework of the 28th EU PVSEC in Paris, France Storage & Micro Grids on 1st October 2013. The forum will consist of two Session II sessions related to the smart integration of Photovoltaic Smart Buildings & Cities systems into the network by highlighting the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Storage and Smart Integration Solutions. All sessions 1st October 2013 will cover examples on technical solutions, an overview Parc des Expositions Paris Nord Villepinte, Paris, France on market and economic issues and their bene ts. The target group are industrial representatives from the ICT sector, storage, transmission and distribution grid For more information, please visit operators, consultancies, RTD research and those who www.smartbuild.eu are interested for integrating Photovoltaic in a smart www.photovoltaic-conference.com/ parallel-events way into the electrical grid, building sector and cities.

Organized Jointly by WIP / EU PVSEC and EU Photovoltaic Technology Platform Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation FOREWORD 7

The publishers of European Energy Innovation would like to offer their Foreword sincere thanks to all individuals and Eurozone recession ends with 0.3% growth in 2nd quarter. organisations who have contributed This encouraging headline on the France24 website is a ray of positive news editorial images photos and illustrations among all the horror emerging from the Middle East. The recession has of to the magazine. Whilst every effort course reduced levels of economic activity and carbon emissions across Europe, has been made to ensure accuracy making our article by Commissioner Oettinger particularly timely. Acknowledging of the content, the publishers of progress towards the 20.20.20 climate objectives, he nevertheless sounds a European Energy Innovation accept no note of caution about the 2009 Renewable Energy Directive. He suggests that responsibility for errors or omissions. renewable technologies represent the most cost effective way to decarbonise the energy sector, and that a diverse mix of low carbon energy sources across the EU The contents of European Energy will deliver the cheapest electricity for consumers. At issue is the need for large Innovation are protected by copyright. investment in energy infrastructure across Europe, which he believes will create jobs and boost the economy. ‘Green growth’, he says, doesn’t mean growth of All rights reserved. green technologies, but is ‘growth of the whole economy stimulated by green projects’.

European Energy Innovation is In our country focus on Sweden, Minister for Information Technology and published by: Energy Anna-Karin Hatt emphasises the importance of strong public support Prologue Media Ltd for the country’s climate, energy and environmental policies. These, she says, 1a Shire Lane are designed to help make Sweden carbon neutral by 2050. She discusses the Chorleywood driving factors, which include the carbon tax and green-certificate schemes and Hertfordshire WD3 5NQ argues that both renewable energy and energy efficiency will have to increase significantly by 2030. Meanwhile, the Swedish Energy Agency reminds us of the United Kingdom tradition of energy research that stretches back to the first oil shock of the 1970s, and which has put the country within touching distance of generating 50% of its Tel: +44 1923 286238 energy from renewable sources. This places the efforts of some countries towards www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu their 20-20-20 targets into perspective.

Head of Brussels office Vincent Berrutto provides another insight into Europe’s Energy Efficiency Sophia Silvert Challenge. Energy efficiency is, he says, a ‘no regrets’ option that increases 145/15 Avenue Molière competitiveness, creates jobs and often improves living conditions while responding to concerns about the affordability of energy and security of supply. B-1190 – Brussels Malcolm Harbour offers a further insight when writing about the significance Belgium of public sector buying power. He assesses the case for the most economically Tel: +32 2 413 0387 advantageous tender (MEAT) to be used when assessing opportunities for SMEs Mob: +32 4737 30322 when it comes to public procurement. [email protected] Dietmar Zembrot, President, LightingEurope comments upon the success of the To obtain additional copies please email policy of phasing out inefficient lighting products. However, he adds that it would be an injustice only to look from an energy efficiency perspective. Meanwhile, [email protected] Siegfried Luger, Founder and CEO of Luger Research - Institute for Innovation & Technology explains the importance of Trends of Engineering System Evolutions Business Development Director (TESE) for predicting future product generations and for extracting the winning Philip Beausire technology approaches for lighting strategies. [email protected] A review by Reinhold Buttgereit, Secretary General, European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) of the growth of photovoltaics concludes that it is no Editor Michael Edmund longer a niche technology, but on its way to becoming mainstream. This is why the article by Arnulf Jaeger-Waldau is so important. Dr. Jaeger-Waldau reviews the [email protected] factors that influence proper consideration of the price of electricity to address an absolutely fundamental question: How competitive is Photovoltaic Electricity? DESIGN & PRODUCTION Among the considerable economic evidence is his observation that electricity RayHeathDesign.co.uk production from residential photovoltaic solar systems has shown that it can be cheaper in a growing number of countries, depending on the actual electricity Website design price and the local solar radiation level. pulseart.co.uk Now that really is positive news.

PRINT …and there is a lot more for you to read inside. The Magazine Printing Company, Michael Edmund Enfield, Middlesex, United Kingdom Editor www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 8 Renewable Energy

Renewable energy in the EU: to 2020 and beyond By Günther H. Oettinger, European Commissioner for Energy

n 2009 the Member must ensure that state support show that the most cost effective States of the European in one country does not make way to decarbonise the energy Union set themselves it harder and less competitive sector to meet our commitments the goal of having to build renewables elsewhere. to help stop climate change show 20% I of their energy come from Furthermore, renewables must that a diverse mix of low carbon renewable sources by 2020. More one day be able to compete energy sources across the EU will than three years on, we are still openly against other energy committed to achieving this goal. sources. As a nascent technology Our latest Report on Renewables it is right that they receive shows that while progress has public support but we cannot been made until 2010, there are create a system that is overly reasons for concern about future reliant on public funds as this progress: the transposition of the is unsustainable. National 2009 Renewable Energy Directive support schemes must also find has been slower than wished, also equilibrium and settle. due to the current economic crisis in Europe. Key to our success is creating an environment that provides Since the indicative trajectory certainty for investors. Most of to meet the final target grows the funding for transforming our steeper over time, in reality energy system will come from more efforts by most of the private sources and governments Member States’ are needed in must show signs that investors the forthcoming years. Current will see good returns if they chose policies alone will be insufficient European energy projects. For to trigger the required renewable the time beyond 2020, without energy deployment in a majority a suitable framework renewable of Member States. Hence, energy growth will slump. This additional efforts will be needed why we have to set a framework for Member States to stay on track for 2030. In March this year, we in the forthcoming years. have published a Green Paper which will be discussed with In addition to investing in stakeholders and Member States renewable generation, we before coming forward with a must invest in grids to have a concrete proposal. One of the functioning market. Firstly, we key questions is whether we need smart grids capable of should have a binding target for handling multiple variable inputs, renewable energy as we have balancing power and delivering for 2020 or opt for a technology

consistent supply to consumers. neutral target for CO2 only. Secondly, we need support schemes for renewables that do You may ask ‘why renewables?’ not create harmful distortions The answer to this is simple. In between states. All countries spite of our current economic within the EU will be building situation all our studies, including their renewables capacity and we the EU 2050 Energy Roadmap,

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation Renewable Energy 9

deliver the cheapest electricity the most cost effective approach. turn, boost the economy. That is for consumers. This will require Indeed, large scale infrastructure why it is important to remember large investment in energy investment will pay dividends to that ‘green growth’ doesn’t mean infrastructure across Europe and European economy by creating growth of green technologies, but our analysis shows that starting jobs in building and operating is growth of the whole economy earlier, rather than later will be our new systems which will, in stimulated by green projects. l

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 10 COMMUNICATION

Efficient use of residual heat in Combined Heat & Power systems

By: Jeroen van Ruitenbeek and Johan van der Kamp

Generating electricity, a (fossil) fuel – gas, coal, or oil – is converted into heat and subsequently is being used to generate high pressure, high temperature steam. Then, in a steam turbine connected to a generator, a significant part of the energy in this steam is converted into electrical energy to be supplied to the power grid. In large modern power stations, approximately 40% of the energy in fossil fuel is converted into electrical energy, the remainder being discharged in (cooling) water as waste heat, and/or into the air. That waste energy does nothing other than heat the planet.

Combined Heat and Power also has negative consequences, buildings, or processes. This It is physically and technically because it usually means that an waste heat can also be stored almost impossible to convert a even smaller proportion of the underground as a seasonal higher percentage than the above energy in the fuel is converted energy supply. Processes making mentioned 40% of the energy into electrical energy. In most efficient use of part of the waste from fossil fuel into electrical cases, just one third (33%) of the heat, are called CHP (Combined energy. It is, however, possible to potential energy in fossil fuel than Heat & Power). make efficient use of the waste is converted into electrical energy. heat – for example, for district But in these applications, a larger Location of the CHP heating. However, this solution proportion of the remaining two- Most electricity is still generated thirds of the waste heat can be in large power stations with Figure 1: A-frame at existing plant used for heating greenhouses, an efficiency of 40%. Where the powerstation is built is determined by the supply and/ or availability of fuels because the electricity can easily be transported over long distances. In CHP plants, however, the waste heat cannot be transported over long distances. These power stations must therefore be built close to the waste heat users. For that same reason, CHP plants are often smaller, as there is often a limited local capacity to use large amounts of waste heat. Waste incineration plants are much smaller, for example, than the larger power stations. But these waste incineration plants are very suitable for CHP. The electricity supplied by these waste incineration plants is supplied to the power grid and the waste heat is used nearby.

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation COMMUNICATION 11

The electrical efficiency The electrical efficiency of a power station is mainly determined by two criteria that influence the efficiency of the turbine:

• The higher the pressure and temperature of the steam before the turbine, the higher the efficiency of the turbine, but also: • The lower the pressure and temperature of the steam after the turbine, the higher the efficiency of the turbine. Figure 2: P&ID of existing plant with additional options for higher energy efficiency.

Condensers are used to achieve cooling air is needed to achieve at which the steam comes out the lowest possible pressure and a lower pressure, the larger the of the condenser. This problem temperature after the turbine. condenser needs to be (and the can easily be solved by choosing Because the steam boiler and more expensive it will be). to set the pressure after the the steam turbine in the first case turbine a little higher. Although (high pressure, high temperature The steam pressure in air-cooled the electrical yield of the entire steam) are relatively very condensers is usually between system then would decreases expensive for smaller systems, its 0.2 and 0.06 bar absolute at a slightly, steam becomes available operators of smaller systems opt temperature of between 36˚C at a higher temperature, making to work with lower pressures and and 60˚C. Some of the heat that a lot of waste heat available for temperatures. Also, since very low is still present in the condensed other purposes. This may in fact pressure after the turbine can only steam can be used for other be a profitable choice for the total be achieved when the condenser purposes. For many waste system. is very large and very expensive, incineration plants also have a the operators of small systems water purification installation, in More efficient use of often opt for a higher pressure which bacteria play an essential residual heat in existing after the turbine. Together, role. These bacteria survive at CHP systems this means that the electrical temperatures between 30˚C One of our clients, Attero, had efficiency of a CHP plant is usually and 40˚C and break down an A-frame condenser that significantly lower than that of a certain substances in the water. was operating at a pressure of large (expensive) power station. If the temperature of the water 0.07 bar with a corresponding becomes too high or too low, steam temperature of 39˚C. Factors that influence the the bacteria die. It is important, When the temperature of the design therefore, to keep the water outside air was higher than 15˚C, Because in most locations it is exactly at the right temperature. the pressure in the condenser no longer allowed to use surface The waste heat in the cooling air increased, which resulted in water to condense steam, after of the air-cooled condenser is lower efficiency of the turbine, it has passed through a turbine, very often exactly right for these causing less electricity to be nowadays steam is almost always types of applications. produced. Bronswerk developed condensed using air-cooled and delivered an alternative to condensers. The lower the However in many cases the this system, which taps off some pressure in this condenser, the processes would employ the of the steam between the turbine higher the electrical efficiency waste heat require a higher and the condenser. This steam of the system. But also the more temperature than the temperature is used to heat water. As a result,

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 12 COMMUNICATION

use of CHP will lead to much lower electrical efficiency. Another disadvantage of district heating is that the heat requirement varies enormously in summer and winter and during the day and at night. Needless to say, no advantage is gained from generating electricity with a low efficiency, while on top of that, only a small part of the waste heat can be used efficiently. In most systems, this disadvantage is overcome by creating an extra steam tap in the steam turbine. This is used to take Figure 3: The Rive Droite Environment plant. steam from the turbine where the pressure is still high. Although less steam is supplied to the • Designing and manufacturing this is a good technical solution, condenser, so less cooling air is a new water-cooled condenser it does make the turbine design required and the ventilators can • Supplying the pipe section very complicated. run more slowly; this means that from the main steam pipe to less driving power is required for the condenser For this reason, our client Rive the ventilators. • Supplying the vacuum unit to Droite Environment (Veolia extract air in the steam Environment, Bordeaux, France) Because the condenser is • Supplying condensate pumps decided not to opt for this supplied with less steam, up to an • And supplying a special concept. Instead, they chose to outside air temperature of 19˚C booster heat exchanger operate the turbine with a low the pressure in the condenser can for proper control of the outlet pressure in the summer remains low, so that the maximum temperature. allowing the maximum amount amount of electricity can be of electricity to be supplied. In generated for many more hours This is a good example of how the summer, there is no need for per year. In the past, this water low-temperature waste heat can district heating. In the winter, the was heated by a separate boiler be used efficiently. outlet pressure of the turbine running on biogas. This boiler is increased, leading to the can now be taken out of service Other possible applications generation of less electricity, with and the biogas can be sold. All for the efficient use of low- greater amount of heat. in all, the economic efficiency temperature waste heat include: of the entire system has greatly When the plant is in winter mode, improved. • Greenhouses most of the steam is supplied to • Swimming pools a shell and tube heat exchanger By proposing and implementing • Fish farms for the district heating. This heat this type of conversion as a total • Drying food or grass or grain exchanger now operates as a project, Bronswerk’s know-how • Seasonal soil heat. condenser (surface condenser). and skill were shown to great However, heat consumption advantage and the client only More efficient use of is not constant in winter, so an needed a single supplier. The residual heat in new CHP air-cooled condenser is used to entire project consisted of: plants control the system pressure in a For district heating, heat is simple manner. This solution was • Tying into the existing steam required at temperatures of up supplied complete with a vacuum pipe such that it caused to around 100˚C. The criteria system, condensate collector and minimal pressure loss described above show that this return pipes. l

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation NUCLEAR ENERGY 13

Making nuclear energy in Europe even safer

Philip Lowe, Director General for Energy, European Commission, DG ENER (pictured)

ime has moved on Stress Test recommendations not fall under the responsibility and the shock of the remains a national responsibility. of nuclear safety regulators, but Fukushima nuclear The Commission is monitoring rather Member States' authorities. power plant accident in this implementation process It is being dealt with in a dialogue springT 2011 has already faded in close cooperation with between the Commission and in terms of media priorities. national regulators and intends ENSREG. In January 2013, the Whilst no longer headline news, to issue a report in June 2014. Commission launched a study Fukushima, nevertheless, will have The European Nuclear Safety on existing arrangements in a lasting impact around the world. Regulators' Group (ENSREG) will the EU's Member States and in It shook public trust in the safety come out with a follow-up peer neighbouring countries. By the of nuclear energy production review in 2015. end of this year, we intend to to its very roots and directly led identify possible improvements to the stress testing of nuclear I am convinced that the future and communicate them to the power plants here in Europe. of nuclear energy will depend Council and the Parliament. to a large extent on public Between 2011 und 2012 the acceptance and trust in the Nuclear insurance and liability is European Stress Tests assessed safety of nuclear operations. another important element for a the responses of nuclear power This requires a modern and modern nuclear safety framework. plants to severe external events transparent way of deciding on In the EU, different international and made recommendations nuclear safety provisions. As a conventions apply and some for improving their design in consequence, following a wide EU Member States are not party order to reduce, even further, the public consultation, last June the to any convention at all. Victim chances of a nuclear accident Commission adopted a proposal compensation levels for example occurring in Europe. These Stress for a directive reviewing the still vary widely across the EU and Tests extended beyond the existing European framework for are in general insufficient. borders of the EU and involved the safety of nuclear installations, also the Ukraine, Switzerland and the 2009 Nuclear Safety Directive. Furthermore, claims management for parts of the exercise Turkey, is not addressed by the Member Armenia and Belarus. This follows The Commission's proposal States in the case of a cross- a longstanding tradition of complements and strengthens border accident. This issue also international collaboration under the provisions of the 2009 impacts on the internal market. the International Atomic Energy directive. It further increases The Commission therefore set Agency (IAEA). transparency on nuclear safety up an informal expert group on matters and enhances the role this matter which presented its By the end of 2012, both Member and effective independence of recommendations several months States and participating non-EU the national regulatory authorities. ago. The overall aim is to propose members had to draw up national It introduces ambitious safety a legislative initiative on nuclear action plans to implement the objectives which are shared at third party liability insurance in Stress Test recommendations. the EU level, and a European early 2014. These were peer-reviewed system of peer reviews of during an international workshop nuclear installations, successfully If we want to make nuclear energy in Brussels in order to ensure practiced in the Stress Tests. in Europe even safer – and the a consistent implementation focus areas are now pretty well of these recommendations Whilst on-site emergency identified – we all need to work throughout Europe. While the management in the event of a together in the years to come. Stress Test exercise showed severe accident was one of the Let us all assume our respective the benefits of international topics covered by the stress tests, responsibilities, from operators coordination and cooperation, off-site emergency management and regulators to the European the implementation of the was not included since it does institutions. l www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 14 PV SOLAR Energy

How competitive is Photovoltaic Electricity

olar energy is the The importance of renewable almost 30% in 2011 and another most abundant energy energy and amongst it solar 11% in 2012, despite difficult resource on earth today, photovoltaic electricity for economic conditions. The 2010 providing about 10,000 mitigating Climate Change was market volume of 20.9 GW Stimes more energy per year than highlighted by a special report includes those systems in Italy, we actually use. There is a whole of the Intergovernmental Panel which were reported under the family of solar technologies for Climate Change (IPCC)1 and second “conto energia” and which can deliver heat, cooling, recently by the IEA Medium- installed, but connected only electricity, lighting, and fuels Term Renewable Energy Market in 2011. There is an uncertainty for a variety of applications. Report2, which forecasts a more about the actual installation One of these technologies is than threefold increase of figures in China. The Chinese photovoltaics which converts cumulative PV installations in National Energy Administraion solar energy directly into 2018 compared with 2012. published a cumulative installed electricity using semiconductors capacity of 7 GW at the end of which exhibit the photovoltaic After the world-wide photovoltaic 2012, whereas most other market effect and are called solar cells. market more than doubled in reports cite figures between 8 2010, the market grew again by and 8.5 GW3. The stronger than expected market in Germany and the strong increase of Figure 1: Cumulative Photovoltaic Installations from 2000 to 2013 installations in Asia and the (data source: EPIA4, Eurobserver5 and JRC analysis)

140

Rest of Europe 120 Italy Spain 100 Germany Rest of World China 80 United States Japan

60

40

20 Cumulative Photovoltaic Installations [GWp] 0 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013e

1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, 2011; http://srren. ipcc-wg3.de/report 2 International Energy Agency, Medium-Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2012 - Market Trends and Projections to 2018, 182 pages, ISBN 978-92-64- 19118-1 (2013) 3 National Energy Administration, China, 8 January 2013, http://www.nea.gov.cn/2013-01/08/c_132089068.htm 4 European Photovoltaic Industry Association, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics until 2017, 2013 5 Photovoltaic Energy Barometer, Systèmes Solaires, le journal du photovoltaique no 9 – 2013, April 2013, ISSN 0295-5873

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation PV SOLAR Energy 15

Figure 2: Residential PV system price development over the last decade. Data sources: IEA PVPS, BSW, DoE Sun-Shot Initiative, Eurostat, OECD key economic data

€12.00 leading in PV installations with Germany a little less than 70% of the €10.00 Japan total world-wide 100 GW of USA solar photovoltaic electricity €8.00 generation capacity at the end of 2012.

€6.00 Over the last decade prices for residential grid-connected €4.00 PV systems have decreased significantly as shown in Figure €2.00 2. The increase of PV system prices in Japan between Residential PV system Price [€2013/kWp] €0.00 2007 and 2010 on is due to 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 the change in exchange rates because in local currency the Year system prices decreased further. USA resulted in a new installed connected photovoltaic market. capacity of about 30 GW in 2012 To what extent the off-grid and Electricity production from and for 2013, an increase to consumer product markets residential photovoltaic solar about 35 GW is expected (Fig. 1). are included is not clear, but systems has shown that it can be This represents mostly the grid it is believed that a substantial cheaper as residential electricity part of these prices in a growing number of Figure 3: LCOE shares of PV generated electricity for markets are countries, depending on the residential systems with a system price of 1,700 €/ not accounted actual electricity price and the kWh (excluding VAT), 1.5% Operation, Maintenance for as it is very local solar radiation level. and Repair (O&M) cost, an annual generation of 1,000 difficult to track kWh/kWp/y installed, Return on Investment of 5% and a them. In June 2013 the world-wide financial lifetimes of 20 years. average price of a residential With a system without tax was given with cumulative 1.97 $/Wp6 (1.54 €/Wp). Taking installed this price and adding a surcharge capacity of of 0.16 €/Wp for fees, permitting, about 69 GW, insurance etc., an installed the European PV system costs 1,700 €/kWp Union is without financing and VAT.

29% Capital 19% PV Module 5% Inverter 14% Balance of Systems 12% Engineering Procurement & Construction 16% O&M 5% Other (Fees, Permitting, Insurances...)

6 PVinsight, 29 June 2013, http://pvinsights.com/SolarSystem/SolarSystemPrice.php www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 16 PV SOLAR Energy

LCOE LCOE LCOE LCOE Price Product Capital O&M 1.5% Total [€/kWp] [€ct/ [€ct/kWh] [€ct/kWh] [€ct/kWh] kWh]

Return on Investment - 0% 3% 5% 10% - 3% 5% 10%

Annual electricity generation 1,700 8.5 3.3 4.4 9.7 2.5 13.5 15.4 20.7 of 1,000 kWh/kWp

Annual electricity generation 1,700 6.5 2.1 3.5 7.5 2.0 10.6 12.0 16.0 of 1,300 kWh/kWp

Table 1: LCOE of PV generated electricity for residential systems with a system price of 1,700 €/kWh (excluding VAT, because the differences in various countries are too large), 1.5% Operation, Maintenance and Repair (O&M) cost, and financing payback of 20 years.

It is interesting to note that The average European residential sold to the grid. The question is at already at 5% Return on electricity price given by which price: contract, wholesale or Investment (ROI) the financing EUROSTAT7 for the 2nd Semester day ahead price. Table 2 shows at costs are the largest single cost 2012 was 0.197 €/kWh and higher what price the surplus electricity has factor (Fig. 3). Together with than PV generated electricity for to be sold to break even with a ROI fees and permitting costs they the lower ROI financing options, of 3%. contribute to one third of the which are more realistic for private electricity generation costs from a consumers. Denmark, Cyprus and The average annual electricity residential PV system during the ex. Equo Estonia and Germany consumption of European first 20 years. had the highest prices with 0.297 households is about 3,500 kWh and €/kWh, 0.291 €/kWh and 0.268 would require a PV system of 3.5 Depending on the actual €/kWh respectively. It has to be kWp. radiation level, the 1.5% mentioned, that the LCOE in Operation, Maintenance and Cyprus are more than 20% lower The first option to improve the repair costs (O&M) are the due to the higher solar radiation. profitability would be to increase second or third largest cost the self-consumption by demand factor. The O&M costs cover Without any support, the shifting and using electrical the foreseeable repairs and profitability of a solar PV system appliances like the washing machine exchange costs of components primarily depends on the self- or dishwasher during the day when like the inverter, as well as the consumption by the owner, as the sun shines. Another option annual degradation of the solar less energy has to be purchased is to use the difference between modules as specified by the from the utility. In the case of a the necessary selling rice of PV manufacturers. LCOE for different PV system size that generates electricity and household retail ROI rates are shown in Table 1 for enough electricity over a year price could also be used to invest the financing period of 20 years. as the customer uses, the actual in local storage options, being they Adding a conservative safety consumption during the time residential or community owned. margin of 1.5 €ct/kWh on top of of generation is in general However, at the moment this is still the 2.0 to 2.5 €ct/kWh results in just around 30% if no demand a relative expensive options with an electricity price of 3.5 to 4.0 shifting or local storage is prices for electricity from storage at €ct/kWh after the 20 years of applied. Therefore, 70% of the 0.18 to 0.21 €/kWh, which has to be financial payback time. generated electricity has to be added to the PV LCOE.

7 EUROSTAT, Electricity prices for domestic consumers, from 2007 onwards - bi-annual data [nrg_pc_204]; Last update: 26-06-2013

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation PV SOLAR Energy 17

Table 2: Necessary selling price of PV electricity to break even with a system price of 1,700 €/kWh (excluding VAT), 1.5% Operation, Maintenance and Repair (O&M) cost, ROI of 3% and financing payback of 20 years.

Without PV system With PV system

Purchase from utility (kWh) 3,500 2,450

Own PV electricity use (kWh) - 1050

PV electricity generation costs at 1,000 kWh/kWp (€ - 472.5

PV electricity generation costs at 1,300 kWh/kWp (€) - 371.0

Retail electricity price European average (€/kWh) 0.197 0.197

Electricity bill European average (€) 689.50 482.65

Necessary selling price of PV electricity to break even at 1,000 - 0.11 kWh/kWp (€/kWh)

Necessary selling price of PV electricity to break even at 1,300 - 0.067 kWh/kWp (€/kWh)

Retail electricity price Denmark (€/kWh) 0.297 0.297

Electricity bill Denmark (€) 1,039.50 727.65

Necessary selling price of PV electricity to break even at 1,000 - 0.066 kWh/kWp (€/kWh)

Retail electricity price Cyprus (€/kWh) 0.291 0.291

Electricity bill Cyprus (€) 1,018.50 712.95

Necessary selling price of PV electricity to break even at 1,300 - 0.027 kWh/kWp (€/kWh)

Retail electricity price Estonia, Germany (€/kWh) 0.268 0.268

Electricity bill Estonia, Germany (€) 938.00 656.6

Necessary selling price of PV electricity to break even at 1,000 - 0.08 kWh/kWp (€/kWh)

According to various consultancy reduction could lower the LCOE reports, the electricity storage of a PV system including storage market is expected to grow below the average European 10-fold over the next five years electricity retail prices and make and exceed € 2 billion by 2017. PV electricity the lowest cost This market development option for more than 230 million together with a further retail price Europeans within the next five increase and a PV system price years. l

Contact Details Dr Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission, Joint Research Centre; Institute for Energy and Transport, Renewable Energy Unit Via E. Fermi 2749, TP 450, I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 18 COMMUNICATION Multi-Approach for high efficiency integrated and intelligent Concentrating PV (CPV) New module concepts and PERSPECTIVES for the Concentrating Photovoltaic technology as results of the FP7 large integrated project APOLLON

he APOLLON project device, to the final construction In order to achieve the higher carried out in the of a prototype concentrating potential for a future commercial European Seventh photovoltaic system. exploitation of the CPV technology, Framework Program has the APOLLON Consortium has reachedT its culmination of 5 years With respect to the previous been formed by aggregating 17 work from 2008 to 2013. European Projects, one innovative Partners (coming from 8 European character of APOLLON was the countries), joining the two “wings” This Project is bringing together possibility to compare the two of technological innovation, the the results concerning all the main concentrating photovoltaic research centers and the industry, development chain of the technologies under development fixing the final objective to develop Concentrating Photovoltaic of the Photovoltaic Community, an innovative, high concentration Technology, from the namely, Point Focus (PF), based on CPV system with a target cost of improvement of the Metal- refractive optics, and PF or Dense 2 Euro/W. The ultimate product Organic-Chemical-Vapor Array (DA), based on reflective developed in APOLLON has been Deposition (MOCVD) technique, optics, throughout a full integrated a concentrating mirror-based which is used for the growth approach able to face all the critical photovoltaic system, composed of semiconductor materials technology issues related to each of new tracking control based composing the photovoltaic component of the CPV system. on “intelligent” modules, 30 %

APOLLON project development scheme.

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation COMMUNICATION 19

efficient (850 W/m2 and 25°C), standard on CPV, developing new These and other results of the with patent pending new optics methodology on module current APOLLON project, along with the working at high concentration mismatch analysis and for the possible development scenarios factor (around 850 X) and adopting determination of outdoor solar cell of the Concentrating Photovoltaic high efficiency InGaP/InGaAs/Ge temperature. It is finally important Technology, will be presented during multi-junction (MJ) solar cells. The to highlight the contribution of the APOLLON Workshop which new “intelligent” concentration this project on the measurement will be held in Paris on the 3rd of modules have been developed campaign of Solar Direct Radiation October, as parallel event of the 28th with integrated patent pending (DNI) in joint collaboration with European Photovoltaic Conference. sun pointing sensors which allow the European FP7 project on The research leading to these results tracking the sun with high precision Research Infrastrures SOPHIA which has received funding from the (angular resolution of 0.012 °) and allowed increasing the accuracy European Union Seventh Framework integrated DC/DC devices with of these measurements, as well as Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Maximum Power Point algorithm to enrich the European data-base. the Grant Agreement n°213514. l which are able to maximize the production of the electric power Partner Country Role generated by each CPV module. Coordinator. Multi-junction solar cell development by adopting a new Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition RSE Italy growth chamber; Mirror design, cell and module The APOLLON Consortium has also characterization. Development of Point Sensitive Sensors (PSS) investigated a new technological for intelligent module route enabling to expand the AIXTRON Germany Development of a new MOCVD growth chamber combination of semiconductor Fundamental research activities on epitaxial germanium and CNRS France materials to be used in the solar SiGe alloy on Si by MOCVD device, in particular demonstrating ENE Belgium III-V solar cell industrial partner Development of Chip on Board (COB) solar receivers. the possibility to deposit with a new CRP Italy “MOCVD” growth chamber both Reliability and mechanical testing Development of Chip on Flex (COF) receivers. Life time elements of group IV and elements SE SR TIIE Ukraine. testing of groups III and V of the periodic (European Measurement, Testing devices/modules. Pre-qualification JRC table. in perspective, by joining Commission) testing of the CPV components III-V and Ge alloys, for example, Si solar cell optimization, selection of Anti reflection coatings, developing InGaP/InGaAs/SiGeSn ENEA Italy design of prismatic/hybrid lenses. Outdoor Round Robin (0.9-1 eV) /Ge MJ junction solar characterization cells, the concentrating photovoltaic UCY Cyprus Out door high insulation CPV module testing. Dissemination technology is expected to show CPower Italy Mirror Based Spectrum Splitting System (MBS3) development further progress surpassing Solar*Tec Int. Germany Point Focus (PF) system development efficiency value of 45%. The Environmental and Economic Assessments of CPV ECN Netherlands. technologies Enel Ingegneria e Monitoring off-grid and grid connected PF and MBS3 CPV In order to show the reliability Italy Innovazione S.p.A. system status of the CPV technology , the FUNDACIÓN TECNALIA Developing tracking electronic control, Maximum Power Point Consortium conducted reliability Spain Research & Innovation Tracking devices, software and control logic for PSS tests on solar cell receivers and United NaREC Si cell industrial partner pre-qualification on CPV modules. Kingdom UNIFE Italy Design of MBS3 concentrator Furthermore the APOLLON partners ASSE Italy Mirror based system development worked for contributing to the actual

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 20 PV SOLAR energy

Investing in a solar future

By Reinhold Buttgereit, Secretary General, European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA)

Solar power has come a long way surpassed 100 GW. This capacity fuel interests will continue to in a relatively short time. Now, can produce as much annual argue that renewables cannot at a crucial time in its evolution, electrical energy as 16 coal contribute significantly to it faces political challenges that power plants or nuclear reactors meeting our energy needs. But will determine how effectively of 1 GW. Each year these PV the numbers do not lie. In 2012, it continues its progress toward installations save more than 53 even in the face of growing

being a mainstream source of million tons of CO2. adversity, more than 30 GW electricity. of new solar PV capacity was Few could have predicted even connected to the electricity grid. In 2012, even during a time of five years ago that today, PV In Europe it was the number- economic crisis and regulatory technology would be meeting one newly installed source of uncertainty, the global market nearly 3% of Europe’s electricity electricity, ahead of gas and for photovoltaics (PV) – the demand – and would be on a path wind. technology behind solar to providing 15% or even 25% of electricity –– continued to grow. Europe’s electricity needs by 2030. Polls continue to show that In fact last year, PV achieved people want solar power, and a significant milestone as the There will always be naysayers, see its potential for improving world’s cumulative capacity and the old-school fossil our energy system. In the debate

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over how best to achieve the PV is no longer a niche product. It their options for investing in world’s climate-change goals, is an increasingly important source new and more efficient grid we should not underestimate of electricity generation, on its way infrastructure, they should take this potential, and policymakers to becoming mainstream. This into account the benefits that should ensure that the progress means we have to start thinking PV is already producing and, made in recent years can differently about it. more importantly, plan for the continue. As a clean, safe and greater benefits it is capable of infinitely renewable source of For Europe’s electricity system, producing in the future. electricity, PV has the power to the coming decades will bring help achieve these goals. We a whole new world. Achieving Now is the time to take the all know the benefits of solar Europe’s ambitious climate goals steps that will allow us to take electricity, and the market’s will require an almost complete full advantage of PV’s enormous appetite for it will continue to decarbonisation of the energy potential. With so many grow as the technology becomes sector by 2050. This will have stakeholders involved – the PV more efficient – and cost-effective important implications for the industry, grid operators, utilities, compared to other sources of continent’s power system. The policymakers and, let’s not electricity. rise of variable renewable energy forget, electricity customers – the sources, including PV, requires a discussion in the coming years new perspective on managing will not always be easy. the electricity grid. However, in many ways, PV is already providing By making the right choices now, solutions – meeting a growing PV can deliver on its promise as share of electricity demand at a major contributor to meeting increasingly competitive cost Europe’s energy, environmental without creating a strain on the and economic goals for the European power system. coming decades.

EPIA’s recent report: “Connecting For more information on the Sun: Solar photovoltaics “Connecting the Sun”, visit www. on the road to large-scale connectingthesun.eu grid integration”, is all about taking the next step in the PV About the Author industry’s evolution. Yes, this will Reinhold Buttgereit became require some changes from grid Secretary General of EPIA in May operators, from policymakers 2011. Previously, Mr Buttgereit and from the PV industry itself. worked in Public Affairs and But the challenges are not Lobbying for Vattenfall Europe insurmountable. Solutions to for 12 years. He has also worked enable a high penetration of as an expert in environmental PV are achievable and, in many impact assessment, mediation cases, already exist. and project management at the technical consultancy firm Europe’s electricity demand Prognos as well as at the Berlin is increasing. In the context of utility Bewag. Europe’s decarbonisation goals, this power will have to come Mr Buttgereit earned his PhD from more variable sources. As in Landscape Architecture from European policymakers consider Technical University of Berlin. l www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 22 COMMUNICATION

Solar Revolution: More opportunities for own consumption

A revolution in using photovoltaics has started in Germany and other European countries, which is going to have an enormous impact on the decentralization of energy supply and on the modifications of renewable energy.

on a resolution of the Committee of Industry, Research and Energy for electricity and heat generation in small and micro scales. Therein, the Board is committed to small-scale photovoltaic and is demanding that the Commission allows electricity generation in future European energy legislation especially in the context of the climate and energy package of the EU for 2030.

Sun Invention is already the global leader in the technology as well as in the development of easy-to- use solar modules. Since August the company has combined the innovative decentralized energy generation technology of Plug Therefore Plug & Save can be & Save with their own exclusive utilized by home owners, tenants eco power tariff and eco gas and landlords if they have a tariff, S-I-E 100. For the first time balcony, a façade, a garage, a supplier and customer have garden or a roof exposed to the common interests – namely the sun. The produced solar energy decentralized production of a is directly fed into the household reasonable part of the required grid through a cable and a socket energy or to make customers and contributes to the private almost self-sufficient using standby-consumption. stationary energy storage systems.

The configuration of the solar The EU Committee has also systems plays a crucial role as requested that the European modules with energy storages and Commission develops guidelines he Plug & Save modules without energy storage to simplify the grid connection solar systems, which can be combined. The standby- of small photovoltaic systems in are produced by consumption of households the member states. European ALGATEC Solar AG can be programmed for day or harmonization of these rules and fromT Brandenburg, Germany, and night with intelligent controllers regulations should essentially invented by the British-German and thus achieving an own be striven for; to let the solar company Sun Invention, extend the consumption rate of 30 percent. revolution 2.0 go ahead. l range of utilization of solar energy: Plug & Save is unique and the first Also the European Union has now worldwide easy-to-use solar modules noticed the potential of the Plug & Further information: with integrated micro inverter, Save solar system. At present, The www.suninvention.com www.suninvention-energy.com controller and energy storage. European Parliament is debating

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation PV SOLAR ENERGY 23

Photovoltaics R&D: Pursuing new frontiers in performance measurements

By Nigel G. Taylor, PhD, European Commission’s Joint Research Centre

lean, safe, secure and about 2.4% of Europe’s electricity in Ispra, Italy, provide power affordable energy needs – enough electricity to calibration for high performance is one of the big power 4.5 million homes. The silicon, thin film, as well as challenges facing potential to increase this share concentrated PV or organic PV. C Europe today. Increasing global significantly over the coming These will in turn contribute to demand, together with the decade relies on continuing the promotion of innovation in need to tackle climate change, technology development and PV technologies in the EU. The requires a major shift towards innovation. innovation pathway goes straight a low-carbon economy. The into PV manufacturing equipment Joint Research Centre (JRC), the Within this context, the JRC has industry. Therefore, advanced European Commission’s in-house upgraded its European Solar devices for PV conversion need science service, provides support Test Installation (ESTI) which now to develop modules made from to energy policy over a broad offers a unique range of precision organic-, plastic-, and nano- range of issues. One of these is measurement capabilities to structures. These materials allow photovoltaics, a field of strategic research into factors influencing for the development of new, importance for competitive the cost-effectiveness of high throughput manufacturing renewable energies on account photovoltaic installations. This equipment, suitable for very high of the available resource and reference role is based on best- capacity manufacturing plants. the technology’s potential for in-class measurement uncertainty One of the new facilities – the increased efficiency and extended levels, which have been improved Apollo large-area steady-state economic lifetime. by 20% since 1997 (from 2.6% simulator – opens the door to to 2.0%) - with the production of new measurements on advanced The PV industry grew an average modules now at over 10 GW per products as it provides full sunlight of 35% per year over the last 10 annum and rising, this represents conditions over a 2 m x 2 m test years, while its manufacturing a potential gain of approximately area for up to 8 hours, and is the costs went down four-fold. In €200 m/year for end-users (Fig. 1). first of its kind installed in Europe Europe, approximately 69 GW of (Fig. 2). The lab works directly with installations provide (2012) already The modernised laboratories industry and R&D organisations to

Fig 1: A JRC technician sets up the reference sensors for measuring solar radiation intensity. The final precision of the power values declared on calibration certificates provided by ESTI depends ultimately on the accuracy of these instruments.

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establish adequate performance one hand, efforts need to be Fig 2: ESTI’s new large-area steady measurement procedures for new increased on advanced solar state simulator opens a range products. This step is often critical cells – notably on low-cost organic of possibilities for studying the to establishing the “bankability” i.e. or plastic materials – together electrical performance of new investor confidence, in particular with manufacturing technologies module technologies with long for start-ups, which need to for large-scale production. In response times. provide a trustworthy, competent addition to capitalising on global and unbiased reference for partnerships, there is also large potential success of a new and scope for innovation regarding innovative technology. buildings that incorporate PV devices specifically designed as Improved methods for roof material. determination of long-term performance (more than 20 years) On the other hand, the cost of continue to be a priority. ESTI the PV device itself now accounts pioneered tests on the reliability for less than 50% in a system, so of early PV products in the 80s, the other elements have to be when the European Commission also addressed. The increasing financed the first pilot phase share of PV electricity in the grid of terrestrial PV systems, and is driving the development of helped to provide the basis for new models for distribution of international standards, which photovoltaic electricity and of supported a market worth €20- integrating storage technologies. €25 billion in Europe last year. These will rely on regulatory Emphasis is increasingly on procedures to ensure a fair and quantifying long-term performance smart access to the electricity grid so as to calculate the cost of and market. The JRC’s broad range the electricity generated once of competences, covering building the plant investment costs are energy efficiency, solar resource recovered. assessment, electricity storage technologies and smart grid To continue the growth of models, put it in a strong position photovoltaics, different technology to provide effective support to all paths have to be pursued. these developments as an integral Europe continues to be a global part of the 2050 vision for a low- leader in PV research. On the carbon economy. l

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A new path for smart grid development: more PV, more control, lower costs

he European MetaPV lead to high voltage situations. project is demonstrating There are many options to techniques to manage address these issues and make grids with high grids more resilient. However, penetrationT of photovoltaics, in very few of them have yet new, intelligent and inexpensive been demonstrated in the real ways, using smart inverters. world and at sufficient scale to deliver replicable and practical The potential costs and impact techniques to be used by of increased renewable energy utilities. MetaPV has succeeded penetration on current grid in bringing together European infrastructure are globally partners and citizens on a viable debated. Unfortunately, there testing site to deliver real world is still very little reliable data demonstration results. The from the field to weigh in on MetaPV team is focusing on the discussions. The MetaPV how to control reactive power project is addressing this issue from smart inverters and extra coordinated by renewable energy and has recently proven that it is storage, in order to increase the consultancy 3E, in cooperation possible to significantly reduce grid hosting capacity. The sense with grid operator Infrax, research the costs of photovoltaic (PV) and viability of reactive power partners AIT and the University of power integration. MetaPV has control from inverters has been Ljubljana, inverter manufacturer demonstrated that in real-world proven in real conditions, using SMA Solar Technology AG, and conditions, regulating the grid by new SMA technology. MetaPV investment partner LRM. More using the power of new inverter is now focusing on fine-tuning information and results can be technology can delay the need the parameters of this control in found on www.metapv.eu. l for grid reinforcements and be a combination with other regulation cost-efficient solution to support mechanisms. The project will then the grid. First results have shown deliver practical techniques to that grid hosting capacity for PV be used by distribution system can be increased by half with operators. costs reduced by a factor of 10. MetaPV is a first step towards This is a step forward in enabling a reliable solution for PV the deployment of more PV, integration. By proving that keeping Europe on track to reach more PV, with advanced control its renewable energy objectives. systems, can be a source of more The innovative products and stability, the project is delivering services demonstrated in major breakthroughs for the PV Contact Details MetaPV are also reinforcing the manufacturing industry 3E competitive edge of European PV Kalkkaai 6 system technology. MetaPV is funded by the Quai à la Chaux European Commission in the B-1000 Brussels Very high levels of distributed PV 7th Framework Programme T +32 2 229 26 10 F +32 2 219 79 89 generation in some regions can (GA 239511). The project is

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 26 PV SOLAR ENERGY

Solar PV Technologies and the Sustainability Challenge by Professor Vladko Panayotov, MEP, (ALDE, Bulgaria)

olar PV technologies the same rate that it did in the agreements. However this would have tremendously past couple of years, demand for be an equally great opportunity grown in the past these metals would also grow for the development of more decade despite significantly and this on its turn advanced solar technologies like Sfinancial difficulties and have might lead to shortages in critical organic cells, more resource- the potential to become a major raw materials due to the limited efficient types of technologies, source of sustainable energy in availability of these metals at the better storage capacities etc. the future if growth continues at global level. Investing in R&D thus would be such significant rates. Technical critical in making it possible for and economic challenges Europe should pay attention to solar PV to both take a more however still present obstacles to the potential of increasing risks of prominent place in the energy achieving grid parity for solar PV bottlenecks in the deployment of market and to help the EU technologies in some countries. solar PV in the future and should achieve its long-term goals of A sustained growth of solar PV in look at the overall value-chain for energy efficiency, reduction of the future will depend both upon solar PV technologies in order to carbon emissions and sustainable the design and implementation minimize these risks for the future. growth. of adequate R&D policies In this context, it would be equally supporting the development of important to devote enough Solar PV technologies’ role for advanced technologies and upon attention and resources in the building a sustainable future of tackling the problem of supply directions of both explorations for the EU has grown enormously scarcity for some critical raw alternative materials, substitution and will continue to grow both materials, which are necessary of certain metals, recycling of at a European and global level, for the development of European already used PV panels, and but the sustainability itself of industries. to promoting research and solar PV technologies in the innovation along the whole value long run will depend highly Studies demonstrate that chain for PV. All of these actions upon the long-term availability there will be a higher risk of will help reduce the potential risk of raw materials for the bottlenecks due to metals’ of bottlenecks to the large-scale advancement and improvement availability for some renewable deployment of solar PV in the of these technologies. European energy technologies if these future. Europe can further benefit policies should thus strongly technologies are deployed at a from stronger cooperation with its encourage the development of significantly larger scale in the international partners in order to both alternative and emerging future. Some critical metals which ensure for itself enough supply of technologies in order to limit the were identified by the European strategic metals for its industries. risks of bottlenecks connected to Commission such as neodymium, metals’ availability in the future. indium, tellurium, gallium, or Import dependence of the EU Research and innovation in the dysprosium for example, are on some critical raw materials field of advanced materials can largely deployed in solar PV can become a major challenge help increase efficiency of solar technologies and essential for for Europe in the future as the PV and conversion rates; it can their build-up and functioning. expected increase in the use bring down demand for energy as Thus, the availability of supplies of some critical metals for the well as energy prices and costs of of these metals for the EU would deployment of solar energy production. be instrumental in enabling technologies might be bigger these technologies to exist and than the resources that Europe Last but not least, Europe continue to improve in the future. has or has already secured should encourage practices for If solar PV continues to grow at through existing commercial recycling of solar panels and

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Professor Vladko Panayotov, MEP recovering more efficiently the energy technologies will for strategic energy technologies precious metals that are already be crucial in tackling this such as solar PV. This challenge circulating within the market in sustainability challenge both requires quick responses and order to mitigate the risks related for solar PV and for Europe’s targeted actions along the entire to high import dependence long-term energy goals. Thus value chain from research and for some of these critical raw continuous and well-targeted development to production, materials. Sustainability of these R&D efforts at all different levels commercialization and technologies should translate of the value-chain will be crucial successful grid integration. The into an environmentally safe way for ensuring the longer-term “sustainability goal” presents both of disposing of old panels, which availability of strategic metals for a challenge and an opportunity means that effective recycling solar energy technologies and for for Europe to exit the crisis. is the best way to prevent both supporting their commercialization Whether “sustainability” will pollution of the environment and and advancement. mean a “challenge” to achieving the loss of precious metals and EU’s long term low-carbon future materials and simultaneously to The sustainability challenge is or whether it will bring further encourage resource efficiency at a mid- to long-term challenge opportunities for advancement all levels. and opportunity and it requires and leadership of the EU at the a holistic approach in order for global level, this will depend Investing strategically into Europe to successfully mitigate entirely on the approach and research, development and the risk of bottlenecks due to actions Europe takes now towards innovation actions for solar scarcity of critical raw materials achieving this goal. l www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 28 COMMUNICATION

Real scale thermal assessment of advanced insulation materials Collaborative research success story By Ignacio del Val, physicist of Acciona Infraestructuras Research Center

egarding building (including 11 large enterprises, Testing rooms are built ad-hoc science, studies 16 small and medium enterprises, following researchers guidelines, about new insulation 17 research and technological which define design and materials tested at organizations and 5 universities geometry inputs depending on R the laboratory scale must be with a total budget of 24.2 MM the nature of the project and carefully considered when €) decided to join economical building material developed. drawing conclusions about and technical efforts to solve this To produce reliable results, the their real energy efficiency. shortcoming, installing a testing scaled down buildings have to Even though this kind of tests facility to compare effectiveness count on the same amount of are necessary during the first of different building materials and mass per square meter than the development stages, they cannot HVAC systems on a real scale. ones of real size. With this rule be taken as sufficient evidence in mind, almost any design is since they are conducted under This facility, the so-called possible, making the DEMOPARK very optimistic conditions and DEMOPARK, was finally agreed a good scenario to pre-test avant- are generally not taking into to be located in Madrid (Spain), garde materials designs. account thermodynamics of where temperature spectrum complex systems, where the is wide enough over the year Just before a new building is single constructive element is (120°F interval from minimum to placed, a computer simulation interacting with the environment maximum values). With a total and its surroundings. area of 1200 m2, DEMOPARK covers all possible needs of By November 2010, European such a facility. Each testing room research centres working on counts on its own monitoring energy efficiency in buildings system and allows coping did not count on a specific with any particular sensor demonstration site to carry out distribution fitting with specific comprehensive tests in the demonstration needs. The real medium and the large scale hearts of the monitoring system for newly developed insulation are the data logger devices, materials of their research. Thus, programmed to ask the sensor the interaction of the single net for physical parameters prototypes with the complete periodically. Once data from each building structure needed to be sensor is scanned by the data investigated using a theoretical logger, it is transmitted to the approach, which remains Data Acquisition Centre using a imprecise. local area network. There, data is filtered, stored and statistically By this date, the European treated under specific quality consortium NANO E2B CLUSTER controls. The whole process composed of six research projects can be double-checked using funded under the working topic a special protocol that allows of “New nanotechnology-based to take over the system and to high performance insulation analyze data on real time from any systems for energy efficiency” location worldwide.

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is carried out to minimize it is focused on the study of DEMOPARK counts on its shadowing effects from adjacent the temperature profiles and own weather station, with an constructions, thus maximizing the heat fluxes throughout independent pyranometer to solar irradiance over the structure facades, walls, roofs and other measure global irradiance on site during the whole year. constructive elements as over the year. windows and doors in order to Construction process ends up create a comprehensive map Nowadays, DEMOPARK facilities when infrared scanning is used to of the building thermodynamic are operated by the following find possible undesired anomalies. behaviour. Thereafter a statistical consortia, whose members Normally, when one building analysis over these variables have already tested their is erected, researchers design is conducted; the results give building insulation solutions another identical one to serve as a rise to in-situ measurements of with success: COOLCOVERINGS reference for comparison. This twin crucial physical parameters such (coatings reflecting the infrared structure is not designed with the as thermal resistivity and thermal part of the solar spectrum), new materials to be characterized, conductivity, thermal inertia NANOPCM (Phase Change but with the commercial ones to diagrams and averaged internal Materials integrated in beat. The tandem coexists during temperature and humidity lightweight insulation panels) and the whole testing procedure, being profiles. Tests are complemented NANOINSULATE (lightweight the real core of the comparison with HVACs systems working vacuum panels with ultra-low strategy. in summer or winter regimes, thermal conductivity). looking for differences in the

Regarding physical energy consumption and CO2 DEMOPARK is foreseen to characterization, thermal tests emissions. be continuously occupied by are varied depending on each several simultaneous research specific project. Commonly, To back up the results, the activities. In the near future, additional European projects as AEROCOINS, HIPIN and NANOFOAM are expected to test their insulation elements on the site.

Apart from its technical assets, the DEMOPARK is an example of European cooperation in Research and Development issues, and symbolizes the firm compromise of its members to reach the 20-20-20 Objectives using 100% European cutting- edge technologies as a quality hallmark. l

Contact Details Demo Park facility Manager: [email protected] Nano E2B Cluster Manager: [email protected]

References websites: 1. Nano E2B Cluster: youtu.be/eRuv6oS0qPs 2. Demo Park: youtu.be/i2OJ0Cb4So0

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 30 ENERGY EFFICIENCY Europe’s Energy Efficiency Challenge: The Need for Market Uptake Measures Vincent Berrutto, European Commission, Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation, Energy Efficiency Unit

Energy efficiency is a ‘no regrets’ To facilitate policy implementation, innovative street lighting. IEE is option for transforming the EU’s the IEE programme has supported also fostering the use of energy energy system. In addition to EU-wide ‘Concerted Actions’ performance contracts whereby its environmental benefits, it whereby national bodies in charge public bodies short of capital can increases the competitiveness of implementing EU legislation – e.g. rely on energy service companies of businesses, creates jobs and the new Energy Efficiency Directive to pay for the energy efficiency often results in better living from 2012 – collaborate together improvements in exchange for conditions. Furthermore energy to share experiences and solutions. part of the savings. In the project efficiency responds to concerns of IEE has also been supporting the Transparense for instance, households about the affordability definition and implementation of partners raise trust in the market of energy and, by reducing the sustainable energy and transport by creating European and need for fossil fuels, it also reduces policies at local and regional national codes of conduct for energy imports thus increasing level; e.g. in the on-going project energy services companies and EU’s security of supply. Cascade, front-running cities like their clients. Malmö and Stockholm in Sweden Still the adoption of energy are transferring their long-standing These are only a few examples of efficient technologies remains experience to several learning cities. market uptake activities initiated low compared to their potential with support from the IEE benefits. High cost-effective savings To build capacity among energy programme. Since 2007, nearly potential remain in all end-use stakeholders, the IEE programme 350 multinational projects in 32 sectors. A study from the Fraunhofer is supporting the new EU Build Up countries have received funding. Institute for Systems and Innovation Skills initiative which aims at raising Research found that in 2050 the energy skills in the construction An independent evaluation overall final energy use could be sector. In an unprecedented carried out in 2011 found reduced by 57% compared to the manner, no less than 30 that these projects have been baseline projection. countries have joined in and relevant and useful as they developed national roadmaps respond to the evolving needs, To increase the market penetration for the continuing education problems and barriers related of energy innovations, stronger efforts and training of their craftsmen to sustainable energy issues that are required in terms of facilitating and other on-site workers. Europe is facing. energy policy implementation, Complementary actions have building capacity among market also been launched in IEE to From 2014, continuation of actors, and mobilising finance engage and empower final users. these activities is foreseen for large-scale investments. Such In the project PremiumLight under the new Horizon 2020 efforts are often more effective for instance citizens have been programme for research and when carried out jointly between guided in the purchase and innovation. Energy research and countries as has been demonstrated operation of energy efficient market uptake activities will be in the Intelligent Energy Europe lighting, including LED. addressed in a more integrated programme (IEE). manner notably under the so- To mobilise funding, IEE is called Societal Challenge on Since 2007 this 730 million EU offering project development Secure, Clean and Efficient Energy funding programme has co- assistance to public authorities which will contribute to achieve financed projects with the aim to to help them access funding the energy policy targets set by offer a helping hand to private for major energy efficiency Member States for 2020, as well and public stakeholders willing to investments such as the as the longer-term objective of increase the uptake of sustainable renovation of large building reducing greenhouse emissions energy solutions. stocks or the installation of by more than 80% by 2050. l

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The NEWLED project

he NEWLED project compromising the achievements Fig1: Highly efficient white light emission can be (“Nanostructured of the overall process and to achieved by combination of high efficiency red, Efficient White LEDs ensure significant system and green and blue LEDs. based on short-period operating cost reduction. superlatticesT and quantum dots”) aims at the development The high efficiencies are planned of highly efficient white light- to be achieved by eliminating emitting diodes (LEDs) with the power losses due to roughly twice the efficiency phosphor conversion in blue compared to current LED light GaN LED pumped devices and bulbs. Widespread adoption of by overcoming the “green-gap”, such high efficiency LEDs would enhancing the efficiency of both allow for significant reduction of green InGaN/GaN and of yellow global energy consumption by InGaAlP/AlGaAs LEDs. Quantum approximately 10% and of CO2 dot based and bandgap- emission by up to 3bn tones. engineered superlattice designs will be used for this purpose. High The project, which brings CRI will be reached by enhanced together 7 academic and 7 colour mixing approaches. industrial partners from all over Advanced packaging will allow Europe and Russia, and which for efficient heat dissipation and is led by University of Dundee, improved light management. UK, is targeting white LEDs with overall efficiency of 50-60%, with The NEWLED project is funded luminous efficacy of 200 lm/W as with €11.8 million by the EU’s FP7 well as a high colour rendering Seventh Framework Programme Fig2: Phosphor based white light emission relies index (CRI) higher than 90. and will run until end of October on partial down-conversion from blue to yellow 2016. The participants are, light by a Phosphor (left panel, yellow circles), These challenging goals are besides project leader University accompanied by energy loss. Phosphor-free tackled by examining the entire of Dundee: Università Degli approach (right panel) eliminates this loss. LED fabrication process chain, Studi Di Roma “Tor Vergata”, from the growth of the LED Italy; Technische Universität structures, device processing, Berlin, VI Systems and Osram packaging, light and heat Opto Semiconductors GmbH, management and colour mixing. Germany; Top-Gan, Poland; New knowledge on the control CNRS, France; M-Squared Lasers of semiconductor properties Ltd, Compound Semiconductor and on the physics of growth Technologies Global Ltd and and device operation, down to Lux-TSI Ltd, UK; Vilnius University, atomistic level, will be produced Lithuania; IOFFE Physico- and used to guide process Technical Institute of the Russian development and optimization. Academy of Sciences, Russia; and The examination of all processing the Optoelectronics Research stages will also allow to avoid Centre of Tampere, Finland. l

Contact Details Newled project office Research and Innovation Services University of Dundee Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK Web: http://www.newled-fp7.eu Email: [email protected]

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 32 LED Lighting LEDs: Artificial made Natural “We burn daylight” - William Shakespeare

By Mike Edmund

ummer or winter; also increased when the light light in their offices”; and by a twilight or noonday level was reduced. Rather Silicon Valley study that found sun: artist, scientist or inconveniently, however, the 79% of VDT users wanted “better office worker, the quality productivity of the control group lighting”, a team from Cornell Sof light has always affected responded in the same way as University led by Professor Alan our moods. Ritter Joseph von that of the experimental group, Hedge compared a parabolic Fraunhofer, discoverer of the an observation that eventually downlighting system with a eponymous dark lines in the led the researchers to conclude lensed indirect uplighting solar spectrum, unlocked much that lighting had no particular system on the ‘visual comfort, of its science. In Arles, Vincent effect upon productivity. Rather, satisfaction, health or productivity van Gogh was greatly influenced it appeared to not have been of computer workers’. The Cornell by its natural qualities; while affected by the changes in the research went to great lengths to research in America in the light level, but by the fact that it avoid confounding of the results 1920s investigated the impact had changed; and, of course, by by the Hawthorne effect. It found of varying light levels in the the fact that the workers knew that when parabolic lighting work environment. In the study, they were being monitored. This was used, work-related health researchers varied the lighting phenomenon is known as the complaints (specifically, tired in the area in which a group of Hawthorne Effect, after the factory eyes and focusing difficulties) women worked, measured their in which the study took place. were more common, and work productivity and compared it with function (workspace glare, that of a control group whose More recently, and prompted by screen glare and office light lighting was left unchanged. As observations by the American levels) was substantially worse. the lighting level was increased, Society of Interior Designers Office workers commonly made so productivity increased. (ASID) that two thirds of adjustments to the parabolic Interestingly, productivity employees “complain about the lighting (usually in the form of

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makeshift paper shades) but not element in this illusion is how light behind modern LED lighting can to the lensed lighting. changes as clouds move across convey the impression of being the sky. LEDs allow this dynamic outdoors, when indoors. Hawthorne or not, workplace situation to be simulated in a lighting conditions do seem to way that is not directly obvious In 1872, Claude Monet depicted matter after all, which provided to the naked eye, so people the port of Le Havre in a painting the illumination for a collaboration are not distracted from their he called “Impression, soleil between researchers at the work. Light levels still fluctuate levant”. In his attempt to mock Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial enough, according to Fraunhofer, the work as little more than Engineering IAO; and LEiDs to promote concentration an unfinished sketch, critic GmbH. In a novel approach, and heighten alertness; and Louis Leroy unwittingly gave they have used the unique preliminary results indicate that this new movement the name properties of LEDs to simulate users find this dynamic lighting Impressionism, now widely natural lighting. It is made up extremely pleasant to work in. associated with the interpretation of 50cm by 50cm tiles, each Ten volunteers carried out their of light. In later life, Monet incorporating 288 LEDs mounted daily work over the course of suffered from cataracts, which on a board that is attached to the four days. Throughout the first may have been responsible for ceiling. A combination of red, day, the level of illumination was the reddish tone of some of his blue, green and white LEDs can constant. On the second day, it paintings. In 1923, these were reproduce the full light spectrum, fluctuated gently, and on the third removed and he subsequently while a diffuser film ensures more rapidly. On the fourth day, repainted some of his works with homogenous illumination by participants could choose which bluer water lilies than before. ensuring that individual LEDs type of lighting they wanted: 80 Perhaps even Monet had cause are not perceived as separate percent opted for the fast, dynamic to see his first impressions in a points of light. Another key lighting cycle. In short, the science different light. l

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LED Simply a new dressing gown?

nnovation in the lighting wear part which has a much shorter Unfortunately lighting is not industry has always been lifetime than the luminaire itself. fashionable, is not trendy, is not driven by the development The lamp always had to be easily in. Otherwise you would expect of new light sources. So it replaceable; lamp replacement is something to happen like Denis Imight be interesting to look back part of the lifecycle maintenance of Diderot described it in his 1769 in history to gain some insights each and every lighting installation. essay “Regrets on parting with my about the technology adaptation. old dressing gown“: In the old days this even made When Mr. Edison developed sense from an economic point Starting with the first LED retrofit the first incandescent bulb, it of view: The expensive luminaire bulb, the user starts to exchange took years if not decades to stayed in place, the cheap light everything: All other light sources, change the luminaire design; source was replaced. the old wall switches and dimmers, the first luminaires to house an the old luminaires. And he will end incandescent lamp looked exactly But now things are up with a new, modern lighting the same like the old gas-mantle changing: system, with wireless control, nicely lanterns. Imagine a typical residential designed luminaires which not only luminaire, maybe with a lamp gives his home a new and fresh Later, with the development of shade made out of tissue look but also saves a lot of electrical the fluorescent tube, the luminaire paper, to house a simple Edison energy: Enhanced comfort with less designs had to change; the tube socket originally designed energy consumption. was the first longitudinal lamp for an incandescent bulb. In a which needed another form “modern” installation this lamp But this will not happen, lighting is factor. In the later phase of the might be dimmed by means of a not a fashionable B2C business. fluorescent lamp other shapes simple dimmer on the wall. The were developed: the compact production / material costs of the But it would be necessary to take fluorescent lamp, the energy luminaire are significantly below full advantage out of the energy saving lamp with integrated ballast an Euro, it already stayed in place saving potential of the LED: and round versions in different for a couple of years. diameters. The LED is a completely Now the incandescent lamp different light source So the new light source LED now brakes, the sale of incandescent from the ones we are used meets a variety of existing luminaire bulbs is banned, and the people to: archetypes in different shapes – integrate an LED retrofit bulb into It generates heat – but not in and guess what happens: LEDs this old luminaire. New high-tech form of infrared radiation which are – once again – integrated in old for umpteen Euros in old low-tech is distributed like the visible light design luminaires. for a few cents. Suddenly the wall into the room but which is to be dimmer does no longer work transferred by heat transfer and Even retrofit LED lamps are offered because the electrical load is much dissipated by heat sinks. – both for incandescent and to small and the customer gets fluorescent lamps, in round and angry about the huge investment The LED is a low voltage DC tubular shapes. he was forced to take which in the semiconductor element which is end does not work properly. He will run on a high voltage AC supply. This does not come as a surprise try to get his old incandescent lamp – the lighting industry is used to again. Lighting is not always a very The LED has a much lower power treat the lamp as a consumable rational business. consumption than the old lighting

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technologies already installed; To make full advantage out of its cables, dimmers, other electrical potential it is necessary to redefine components are overdimensioned the whole lighting system. and will no longer work properly. LED lighting for energy efficiency The LED is a long lasting light therefore does not mean to replace source. It’s 50.000 hours nominal the old light source by a new one lifetime will only be reached after – no. It means to start from scratch, decades in normal residential develop new systems with new usage. components.

The LED is a digital light source: If Then – and only then – the full necessary, it can be switched off potential in terms of energy and on in milliseconds and can efficiency can be tapped. Contact Details easily be dimmed on the right Klaus Vamberszky equipment. In opposition to Denis Diderots Executive Vice President Technology Zumtobel Lighting GmbH view this is not a question of Schweizer Straße 30 The LED is a revolution to lighting – taste, of style – it is a question of 6851 Dornbirn / Austria not an evolution. technology and energy saving T: +43 55 72 / 390 660 potential. l E: [email protected] Klaus Vamberszky www.zumtobelgroup.com

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Public Procurement lighting up Innovation Opportunities Malcolm Harbour CBE MEP

Far better opportunities for the next two years. Taking the example of electric businesses developing new lighting, the immediate savings technologies to benefit from The European Parliament from choosing, at the point of the public sectors’ enormous Committee on the Internal purchase, cheaper but more buying power are needed. Market and Consumer energy intensive lighting Public procurement accounts Protection, which is solutions, are dwarfed by the for 19 percent of EU GDP, yet responsible for EU law on significant savings derived this spend is still not readily public procurement, had been from the reduced energy available, in particular for small advocating reforms since 2009 consumption of LED lights. and medium sized enterprises to make the procurement This is compounded by the far (SMEs) with high growth process more effective, more higher durability of LED lights, potential. focused on innovative service which brings down replacement delivery and the smarter and recycling costs overall. There is a real need for procurement of goods. The governments, the wider public committee has finally achieved On a lifetime cost basis, the sector, and Universities, to work this very outcome following case for new technology is up research and innovation protracted negotiations with clear and will clearly prove programmes targeted at Member States in Council. to be the most economically developing new solutions to the Political agreement was reached advantageous tender (MEAT). problems caused by growing at the end of June 2013, with The same can be said for demand, frozen budgets and confirmation votes by the promoting photovoltaic shrinking energy resources. Council and the Parliament in installations to offset the costs the Autumn, of lighting and other electrical Successful businesses, for hardware used in public their part, must also drive The new framework improves buildings. Although these the delivery of innovative opportunities for entrepreneurs costs may be recouped over a proposals for quality, efficient and should help to deliver longer timeframe, with even the and modern public facilities more choice and better shortest lived public buildings and services. Public bodies tend quality for citizens. Sweeping lasting for at least 30 years, the to be risk averse and do not simplifications, more flexibility ‘MEAT’ solution would prevail. have the culture found in our in applying the rules and new Instruments such as the EU most innovative enterprises. tools to boost innovation and voluntary ECO management But innovation and efficiency new growth opportunities and audit scheme (EMAS) can are now desperately needed have been agreed. Especially help sharpen procurement cost attributes for spending welcome is a new tool to foster calculations when it comes to taxpayer’s money better. the creation of Innovation facilities management. Partnerships which will Up to now, good practice encourage public buyers to set The public sector has long been in public procurement is ambitious outcomes and work waiting for a change in culture being stifled by complex and with suppliers to develop and to fully embrace the practice of expensive regulations but implement new solutions. presenting initial requirements recently agreed changes to to business, and include them in the EU rules will cut red tape, Public bodies will now have to devising innovative and optimum promote efficient solutions, look at whole lifecycle costs final specifications, and this is and help reduce environmental in public procurement and now on course to come into play impacts. They will be translated consider factors other than through the roll out of innovation into national regulations over lowest price in award criteria. partnership procurements.

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It is imperative that public bodies now entrust innovative enterprise to come up with the answers rather than attempting to micro-manage and specify every detail in isolation, particularly now that they have a clear European legal framework to rely on.

New opportunities for suppliers with great technology must now be opening up to be able to deploy them in public applications. SMEs must now be encouraged to tender for even more public contracts, and public bodies now have a requirement to consider the way in which they might divide contracts up into lots with the advantage of widening the pool of innovative SME suppliers and specialist companies offering more efficient solutions.

This legislative reform, accompanied by new European and national schemes to support innovation in public markets, will open a new era in EU public procurement. The new rules clearly support good procurement, and should no longer be a constraint on good practice. Public markets must now open the doors to new technologies and not shelter behind outdated administrative practices.

Malcolm Harbour is a member of the ECR Grouping within the European Parliament and Chairman of the Internal Market and Consumer Protection Committee. l www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 38 LED Lighting

Lighting the way: The European lighting industry at the forefront of innovation and sustainability By Dietmar Zembrot, President, LightingEurope (pictured)

ore than 100 innovative, and sustainable years after the products. invention of electric light, the lighting A firm contributor to M industry in Europe is undergoing achieve energy efficiency unprecedented change. The in Europe shift to LED technology not only Lighting accounts for provides a highly energy efficient approximately 14% of the lighting technology, but it also electrical energy used in Europe enhances the possibilities lighting and 19% globally. Significant offers to consumers, designers improvements on the energy and the environment. performance of lighting have been achieved already, as light The European lighting industry sources are now fully regulated has always been at the forefront by the European Ecodesign of innovation. Still today Europe is legislation, setting minimum the leading region when it comes performance requirements for all to technological development product groups. and scientific research related to light in its different applications. The European policy concept of For example, the lighting industry phasing out inefficient lighting is also driving renovations in the products has proven to be European building sector and successful. In 2011 the European requiring a highly skilled labor lighting industry sold for the force for this growth. first time more energy efficient products than less efficient LightingEurope represents 17 products – this is a clear success national lighting associations and of European legislation in the currently 14 lighting companies. field of Ecodesign and a role The sector is driven by high model for other sectors that a shift innovation potential, accounts for towards more energy efficient an estimated €20 billion turnover, products is possible. and represents over 100,000 jobs in Europe. The lighting industry Next to such legislative measures, in Europe is and always has it is necessary to increase been a sector that is SME driven initiatives that aim at stimulating when it comes to the production the market for energy efficient of luminaires and of high value products, systems, and services. products. This SME culture within As reported in the 2011 McKinsey the industry is the most crucial & Company report, Lighting the precondition to provide the Way: Perspectives on the global market with highly decorative, lighting market, the investment

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in energy efficiency is much more Recent research has proven force which can contribute to effective and efficient than an that the non-visual spectrum European job growth. investment in renewable energies. of artificial light has a positive The European lighting industry impact on human health and Besides legislative measures that is convinced that predominately well-being and can influence set minimum performance criteria Green Public Procurement as well the human circadian rhythm. for lighting systems it is important as adequate financial incentives For example, initial data shows to foster additional research for building renovation has a key positive improvements for elderly related to intelligent lighting role in concretely implementing persons with dementia who systems. This will ensure that energy efficiency in Europe. receive customized light solutions the European lighting industry in their nursing homes. With an maintains its leading role during Thinking Beyond – new ageing society in our future, the the next phase of the switch to approaches towards light potential impact of this cannot be LED lighting: the digitalization of It would be an injustice to underestimated. More research light. overlook the highly innovative in this area is needed to fully approach lighting can offer understand this subject and to Moreover, it is necessary to society if it is only viewed from build a thorough scientific basis foster market information and an energy efficiency perspective. in order to enable the European market surveillance in order to Given the socio-economic industry to enhance its role enable customers to make an challenges Europe is already as technical leader in a global informed purchasing choice and facing, and will increasingly face environment in this field. to accelerate the take-up of high in the future, it is critical to foster quality products, systems, and a policy of phasing in new and From Products to Systems services in the European market. innovative products, systems, and – Smart Lighting for our services to the European lighting Society The lighting industry in Europe is market. As pointed out above, the new LED at the forefront of innovation and technology will change not only is looking forward to continuing Europe is facing a challenge the perception towards light but the successful co-operation regarding its future demographic it is fundamentally changing the with all stakeholders to maintain development as becomes an lighting industry. Mere production Europe as a light house when ageing society. The impact of of lighting products will not it comes to energy efficient this development is noticeable enhance the competitiveness of and high quality lighting in all today and requires courageous, the industry. The European lighting applications. l tangible and implementable industry is taking up this challenge policy measures. Albeit possibly and provides the market with not visible on first sight, the integrated systems and services. Contact: LightingEurope European lighting industry has Intelligent lighting systems will not Diamant Building the potential and expertise to only reduce energy consumption Boulevard Auguste Reyers 80 accompany political initiatives that by another 40% but will also allow 1030 Brussels, Belgium are to be taken to cope with these for the integration of lighting in +32 2 706 86 08 challenges and translate them into smart buildings. Intelligent systems [email protected] www.lightingeurope.org opportunities. also require an experienced labor www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 40 LED Lighting Interchangeable LED light sources enhance the adoption of LED lighting technology Tim Whitaker, Zhaga Consortium

or most people, Optimized LED light-source other products from different replacing a light-bulb design suppliers. Let’s explore what is a straightforward task Although they are efficient, LEDs interchangeable means. Two that usually involves still produce waste heat. If the LED light engines are said to be F waiting until the lamp stops heat is not removed, the LEDs interchangeable if one can be working. It is then replaced themselves get hot, with disastrous used instead of the other without with a new one that fits into the results; the light output drops, any change in the design of the socket, and (hopefully) produces and the lifetime can be severely luminaire. the same lighting effect. As new affected. Removing the heat lighting technologies such as through a light-bulb base and To achieve interchangeability, the LEDs have entered the market, socket is not easy. Many LED lamps luminaire must “know” what to it has been necessary in Europe have unusual designs that include expect from an LED light engine. to introduce labels that explain fins and other features to keep the As with lamps, this includes the to consumers the performance LEDs cool. mechanical dimensions and of the product. This allows the method of fixation (which could buyer to purchase an LED lamp The optimum approach is a design involve a socket of some kind, or that is broadly similar to the that ensures efficient removal screws at fixed positions). But with older incandescent lamp they of heat. This involves mounting LED light engines, many other want to replace (but can no the LEDs onto a structure that factors also need to be considered, longer buy in many cases, due conducts heat away, using passive such as the amount of heat to European energy-efficiency or active heat-sinking where generated by the LED light engine regulations). appropriate. Some LED luminaire as well as the maximum operating (lighting fixture) manufacturers temperature; the location and size In the scenario just described, mount LEDs directly into their of the light-emitting surface, in the older lamp and the new LED fixture, while an increasingly relation to the luminaire’s reflector; lamp are interchangeable in the common approach is to use the distribution, uniformity, and sense that they both fit into the building blocks that are commonly other photometric properties available socket. They may have termed LED modules or LED light of the light emitted by the LED roughly the same performance, engines. light engine; and the electrical but they are not exactly characteristics. equivalent. And the old lamp is Definitions vary, but usually an easily replaceable with the new LED module is a unit containing Setting standards one, since the socket provided is one or more LEDs together with a For component suppliers to inherently easy to use. board and other components. An offer interchangeable LED LED light engine includes both the light sources, there has to be All these terms – LED module(s) and the LED driver, some form of standardization interchangeable, equivalent, or electronic control gear, which in the industry. The Zhaga replaceable – are important when provides the required current. Consortium, a group of considering other types of LED companies from throughout light sources. LED retrofit lamps Interchangeable LED light the international lighting fit into existing sockets and look sources community, is focused on this like existing lamps, but the lamp- Rather than designing a fixture issue. Zhaga is developing socket combination is not the around a custom-built LED light specifications that define various best design to take advantage of engine, it can be beneficial interfaces – mechanical, thermal, the main benefits of LEDs, such to the luminaire maker to photometric, electrical and as long lifetime and high energy- use a building-block product control – between an LED light efficiency. that is interchangeable with engine and an LED luminaire.

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It’s important to note that Standardized, interchangeable peace of mind with the knowledge “interchangeable” doesn’t mean products should promote that compatible components “equivalent”. Zhaga doesn’t define the adoption of LED lighting will be available in the future, if performance characteristics, leaving technology, giving luminaire luminaires need to be repaired or companies to use innovative makers a choice of suppliers. R&D upgraded. l technology inside the LED module, costs can be reduced because the and innovative design for the luminaire maker does not have to Author luminaire. Also, “interchangeable” redesign the luminaire each time a Tim Whitaker is Marketing doesn’t mean “replaceable” – some different LED module is used. For Communications Director for Zhaga-compatible modules have the end customer, Zhaga-based the Zhaga Consortium (www.zhagastandard.org). sockets and are easily replaceable by products bring reduced risk and the user, some have to be returned to the factory to be exchanged, and Philips Lighting has supplied LED fixtures to the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. some luminaire designs do not allow The use of Zhaga-compliant modules was important, as it ensures the customer is not reliant replacement at all. on a single supplier of components if future upgrades or replacements are necessary.

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu

Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation LED LIGHTING 43

Solid-State Lighting Considerations

Siegfried Luger, Founder and CEO of Luger Resarch - Institute for Innovation & Technology, summarizes some important results in the lighting area out of research studies and explains the importance of and method for technology forecasts. Trends of Engineering System Evolutions (TESE) are suitable for predicting future product generations and for extracting the winning technology approaches for lighting strategies.

he demand for energy The EU green paper stated that First studies on the full life- efficiency across in 2010, total market revenues cycle impacts of LED lighting all sectors of our of general lighting worldwide compared to other lighting society is growing. were around 52 billion Euros technologies have already been TOverall, lighting accounts of which close to 30% was carried out. The full life-cycle for approximately 19% of spent in Europe. By 2020, the impacts need to be further the worldwide electricity world market is projected to monitored as LED technology consumption which can be reach 88 billion Euros with evolves. In the future, SSL reduced with the use of LED Europe’s share decreasing to applications may be widely and OLED light sources. It isn’t less than 25%. Current market deployed beyond the mere only the general lighting market penetration of SSL in Europe replacement of existing lighting that is being fundamentally is very low: the LED market systems. In the long run, this changed by Solid State Lighting share (in value) reached 6.2% could reduce the expected technologies; it’s the whole in 2010. Several studies predict energy savings, known as the lighting industry. Predictions that SSL will account for more rebound effect. Experts from for the next five to seven years than 70% of Europe’s general Sandia National Laboratories are that we’ll see more LED/ lighting market by 2020. published a study in the “Journal OLED performance increases Europe’s lighting industry of Physics D: Applied Physics” along with continuous price has a clear role to play in the that energy consumption will declines. For example, state-of- transition to SSL. It is large increase even with the use the-art white LEDs have already and world-class, and is ready of energy efficient LED and reached 30-50% efficiency, to build upon its strengths in OLED technology due to the have luminous efficacies of conventional lighting in order fact that the better the artificial 100-150 lumen/Watt (lm/W) to capitalise on this emerging lighting is, the more it’s used in and a color rendering index technology. However, European general. Mr. Tsao, head of the (CRI) of 80. Target values for SSL market uptake is slow and research project, stated, that warm white LEDs in the next 10 SSL related research, innovation the annual costs for lighting years are: 50-60% efficiency, and cooperation activities stayed constant at 0.72 percent more than 200 lm/W efficacy are fragmented. In contrast, of the GDP over years. Artificial and a CRI of over 90. State- in other regions of the world, lighting and prosperity are of-the-art OLED products are especially Asia and the USA, closely connected and more around 50 lm/W today. While the lighting industry is moving light would make sense because their efficacy is expected to ahead quickly, with the help of today’s brightness levels for always stay below that of LEDs, significant government support. indoor applications just reach the added value of OLED Regulations to support more about 1/10 of that of a cloudy technology will come from its efficient forms of lighting has day. Not to forget the demands size, flexibility and opportunities increased and became a global for lighting in developing and for new applications. But theme with the rapid move to emerging countries. Researchers a lack of information and LEDs. In post Fukushima Japan expect that light consumption awareness about the availability we have the most impressive will increase by the factor of and performance of energy example with 50% of down 10 within the next 20 years, efficient lighting can hinder lights sold in 2012 being LED doubling energy consumption. the implementation of energy based. Japan and China are Their simulation model included efficient lighting programs leading the transition to LED the global economic output, the around the world. lighting. energy prices and the efficiencies www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 44 LED LIGHTING

of lamps. The study showed that from a petrol company and will be successful or needed the overall required energy for a textile chain store were for upstream players. The LED lighting will only decline if the investigated under real planning industry is rather fragmented. electricity prices are tripled. conditions. It is usually divided into five However, LED technology may segments: materials, equipment, help to overcome the loss in Nevertheless, the challenges finished lamps and components, human productivity based on of phasing out old, traditional luminaires and systems, and more and better lighting. lighting technologies and finally lighting services and ramping up new technologies solutions. In the medium and Another research study, founded are huge. The upstream market long run, the latter is expected to by the Austrian government (LED light sources, etc.) has been become important as consumers investigated the energy efficiency characterized by overcapacity could be provided with lighting of shop lighting. The researchers and falling operating margins services instead of lamps and from e7, items Innovation and in 2011/2012 with a cyclical fixtures. Technology Management and recovery in 2013 underway. Many Luger Research found out that a upstream players, both traditional We also see another new 1:1 replacement of conventional and newcomers, made moves important situation on the lamps with LED lamps is far too into downstream (luminaries, lighting market. The “merging” little. The great potentials of LED etc.) with an aim to escape the lighting with the fast and lighting systems (up to 50%) eventual commoditization and innovative semiconductor can only be achieved when the standardization of a large part industry requires new processes, lighting systems are adapted of the upstream market. Philips structures, partners, alliances to the needs of the respective started this move and built the and a new understanding applications and in combination most comprehensive downstream of the lighting sector itself. with the use of intelligent control offering in the industry. However, Restructuring the lighting modes with dimmable lighting it is still unclear to what degree a business to enable potentials for systems. Two shop applications downstream expansion strategy new, environmentally friendly

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation LED LIGHTING 45

lighting is required to make Driverless systems, single- The EU report a substantial contribution to stage converters, zero-binning, “Accelerating Deployment the world’s energy situation. etc.), “Optimization of Flows” SSL Report” highlights the Deployment of smart lighting is (e.g. Heat-spreader, analogue following, ongoing R&D of interest to building owners, dimming techniques, etc.), efforts: governments, utilities, and many “Increasing the Degree other stakeholders as it can of Completeness (e.g. • Developing LEDs and help to further reduce energy Digitalization of control units, OLEDs with higher efficacy, consumption. Controls can allow etc.), “Elimination of Human and higher lumen output at perceived light quality to match Involvement” (e.g. Self-adjusting different colour temperatures. lighting codes precisely and systems, self-calibrating allow LEDs to be powered at systems, etc.), “Increasing • Development of cost-effective lower current levels, extending Coordination” (e.g. Form factors, lamps which can replace their lifespan, as dimming an white colored PCBs, nano- and incandescent and CFL LED makes it run cooler, which in microstructured chip surfaces, lamps. There are some LED turn makes it more efficient and etc.), “Increasing Controllability” lamps replacing the 60 W reduces depreciation. (e.g. externally controlled / incandescent bulbs available updatable systems, self-systems, from €10 - €20, but products New and enhanced technologies etc.), “Increasing Dynamization” delivering the same quantity are still the major innovation (e.g. OLEDs or LEDs with of light, such as the Philips drivers in semiconductor flexible substrates, resonant Ambient LED, are available lighting. Technologies are mode control, wireless control, on the European market at being increasingly merged on a etc.). There are still fundamental around €40-€60. sub-system level while diverse developments on all system industries are intensifying their levels and in every single trend • Better cooling with passive collaborations. But the key recognisable, knowing that LED methods and improved low- question remains: “What will the lighting systems are still in an cost heat sinks. Novel methods winning approaches be in the early development phase, stage 2 include an ioniser, where a years to come”? of the life-time S-curve. mesh of wires near the LED chip creates an electric field The “Trends of Engineering The TESEs, representing the with a small electric charge. System Evolutions” (TESE), which technology trends, derived The ions create a breeze, are derived from the studies intellectual properties, R&D which in turn eliminates heat. of Mr. Genrich Altshuller, the networks and market/business Another approach uses a tiny founder of TRIZ, are common potentials altogether create device that creates a vortex of valid trends for engineering the building blocks for new wind near the chip to dissipate systems and therefore also lighting strategies. Years ago, heat. applicable to LED & OLED Siemens started the “Picture of lighting technologies (see the Future” approach to forecast • Quantum Dot LEDs: In recent Figure 1). Engineering Systems new product generations. The experiments, LEDs emitting are evolving by adding basic idea is to combine and blue light were coated with useful functions, reducing or align future market opportunities quantum dots. These dots eliminating harmful functions with technology trends for the glow in response to the blue and by reducing costs. This future, creating a new picture light of the LED, resulting in increased idealism is obtained of the world. One part of this a warm yellow light similar to through the “Transition to the approach is the extrapolation that of incandescent lamps. Supersystem” (e.g. Multi-chip of technology trends known as Quantum dots have unique arrays, remote phosphors, TESEs. The better we can forecast properties which enable them central control and supply the technology developments, to create almost any colour units, etc., “Increasing the better we can imagine new on the visible spectrum. This Degree of Trimming” (e.g. and future products. increases the possibilities of www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 46 LED LIGHTING

LED use in display screens, as Technologies” from the well as lighting. technology field every year and the highlights are presented • Development of high in Bregenz. Based on lectures, efficiency and long-life LED workshops, tech-panels and an drivers. exhibition, visitors are able to understand the key influence • Development of integrated factors for strategic decisions controls, which can have which have to be made for the embedded sensors for coming year. intelligent control. The dynamism in the field of • Development of lamps LED and OLED lighting is huge without DC converters for and it’s not an easy task to get better efficiency, as well as to a clear picture even of the near decrease costs and weight. future due the complexity on all system levels. The bottom- One event which focuses up approach in forecasting the precisely on LED and OLED future developments is a valid lighting technologies is the process and it delivers fact-based annual, international LED results for business strategies. professional Symposium +Expo LED and OLED lighting is and in Bregenz, Austria (see www. will be the winning technology in LpS2013.com), which takes the end, but precise predictions place in the Festspielhaus of available technologies are Bregenz on September 24th to an important factor for giving 26th. A distinguished advisory the right answers - strategies for board selects the “Winning lighting. l

Trend of S-curve evolution

Trend of Increasing Ideality

Trend of Increasing Trend of Trend of Completeness of Trend of Increasing Transition to the Optimization System Degree of Trimming Supersystem of Flows Components

Trend of Uneven Trend of Elimination Trend of Increasing Development of of Human Coordination Involvement System Components

Trend of Increasing Controllability

Trend of Increasing Dynamicity

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation LED lighting 47 Smart Lighting: Energy Efficient Streetlights with Comfort By Eveliina Juntunen and Marko Jurvansuu, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

he first wave of energy of 40 – 65 % demonstrated. By Smart street lighting is based savings in lighting introducing smart light concepts, on adjustable luminaires, dense is accomplished by the streetlight segment could sensor network and of course, switching traditional also benefit from similar levels of smart control that orchestrates lightT sources to more efficient energy savings. In street lighting the system based on the sensor ones such as LEDs. Still the however, the “intelligence” information. One example of second wave of smart lighting level is still low resulting also in smart streetlight system that is needed to reach the energy low energy efficiency. Current consumes significantly less saving targets while maintaining streetlights are usually turned energy than current lighting, comfortable light for the user. on/off automatically either at while improving the lighting As public lighting accounts certain time of a day or when characteristics was developed by for 60% of typical community the ambient light level reaches VTT. The LED based street light electricity cost, improving energy certain threshold. And when adapts to the ambient conditions efficiency in this area contributes the streetlight is on, it is close to with the help of sensors and substantially to the European the full power, even when less wireless control, allowing them to Union aim to decrease energy light level would be sufficient. be dimmed on the basis of natural used for generic lighting 20% by In addition, the streetlights are light, environmental conditions 2020. controlled in groups containing (for example light reflected kilometers of streetlights from snow) and the number of Smart control with light level and neglecting the needs that may pedestrians. All these functions presence sensing has already arise from different traffic or are realized with commercially proven to be very effective in weather conditions that vary from available components. For office lighting with energy savings one area to another. the user comfort, several

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 48 LED lighting

InnovationFab Events

characteristics important to says Carlos Lee, Director General model in traditional lighting) to a pedestrians, such as the amount at EPIC – European Photonics service-based approach, where of light and the shape of the light Industry Consortium. the offer is centered not so much beam, were considered in the on the product but on quality, luminaire design. With lighting The focus needs to be on safety and experience. l levels adjusted according to future and strategic business Carlos Lee, Director General, EPIC the number of pedestrians or developments in intelligent solid to natural lighting conditions, state lighting, enabled by and energy savings of 40 – 60 % in addition to the emergence of was observed. In addition, pilot HB-LED and OLED technology. installation on a pedestrian Of great importance is the impact road revealed that on average of networked ICT solutions the users experienced the and systems on the further developed streetlight to be more enhancement of efficiency comfortable when compared with and management of smart current commercial luminaires. lighting systems and solutions. The enabling technologies “Smart Lighting is about photonics & electronics will intelligent lighting systems benefit the further development and design with a strong focus of smart lighting applications on safety & security, health & in the future. From a business wellness, lighting becoming perspective there is an emphatic and intuitive, controlling opportunity to move from a & managing energy efficiency product-based approach (which and the ambient environment.” has been the usual business

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation E-MOBILITY 49

New energies in road transport at the heart of Horizon 2020 Frederic Sgarbi, Directorate-General for Research, Head of Automotive Innovative Systems, European Commission

he European Green The main target retained for the The EGCI has set up a steering Cars Initiative (EGCI) is a EGCI has been to contribute to committee called the “EGCI research and innovation improving the energy efficiency ad-hoc Industrial Advisory measure, which was of road transport operation with a Group” to define and prioritise includedT in the European double effect on decreasing CO technological research topics 2 Economy Recovery Plan adopted emissions and therefore mitigating that are included in the 7th in November 2008. global warming on the one hand Framework Programme annual and securing energy availability calls. This group is composed Along with two additional through rationalisation and of representatives of major research and innovation diversification of energy sources. European industries (Volkswagen, measures, the EGCI is a Renault, Volvo, Siemens, Bosch, so-called Public Private Although three major research Valeo, etc.). Industries have Partnership (PPP) with a total pillars were identified, 1) long developed several road-maps budget amounting to €1 billion distance road haulage represents for research and innovation, in

to develop new technologies 50% CO2 emissions in road particular a multi-annual road for the greening of road transport, 2) electrification of map and a long-term strategy transportation. It includes all road and surface transport and for road and urban transport kinds of vehicles: two wheelers, 3) logistics and co-modality, electrification. passenger cars, bearers, vans electrification represents more and trucks for long distance than 50% of research efforts The electrification roadmap haulage. within the PPP. foresees mass production of

Examples of technology content of the PPP EGVI www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 50 E-MOBILITY

electric cars in 2018-20. For out: in total 91 projects on (9 projects) ad electric energy passenger cars two technology electro-mobility were financed storage systems (25 projects). paths are considered which representing a total European can be expected to develop at financial support of €350 The concerned road transport comparable pace: Plug-In Hybrid million. The main research areas industries together with the Cars and Full Electric Cars. supported were: Integration Commission Services have been of the electric components reflecting on a successor of the Last call for proposals financing within the vehicle (25 projects), EGCI for Horizon 2020. Industries projects within the EGCI Integration in the transport have developed a concept paper has been concluded at the system, particularly new business and views from stakeholders beginning of 2013 and all models (15 projects), drive train were gathered through a successful projects have already technologies including both stakeholders’ consultation that been initiated. The overall electric engines and down sized ended in September 2012. There contribution of the initiative to internal combustion engines is consensus among stakeholders electro-mobility can be figured (13 projects), grid integration that the new PPP should be called the “European Green Vehicles Initiative” in order to broaden its scope to all types of road Project examples: transport vehicles (passenger SMARTOP: Self powered vehicle roof for on-board comfort and cars, trucks, vans, buses, two- energy saving wheelers and light urban The main objective of the project is the development of a smart roof equipped with vehicles). The main objective will energy harvesting/storage still be energy efficiency but the sub-systems to drive autonomously integrated comfort auxiliaries such as innovative emphasis on electro-mobility thermoelectric distributed microclimate control, compact LEDs ambient lighting and has been extended to all forms electro-chromic solar radiation control glazing. of alternative energies, be them System and sub-components specifications and a comprehensive design of overall renewable and fossil hydrocarbon architecture and subsystems have been provided taking into account the target energies such as natural gas. vehicle design and its constrains. SMARTOP roof frame and components have been designed and tools to integrate and fix the roof on the IVECO Daily have been The figure illustrates the identified. technologies addressed within the initiative. The scope of the Subsystems such as solar roof, battery packs, power management packs and EGVI includes all layers from climatic units have been designed to match geometrical constrains and subsystem the use of generic technologies specifications and components fabrication and integration procedures have been and external resources until the identified. interface with the infrastructures.

By external resources it is HIWI: Materials and Drives for High & Wide Efficiency Electric meant the results from generic Powertrains technological research such At present, motors for FEV (Fully Electric Vehicle) and HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) as new materials, alternative applications develop their highest efficiency of around 93~95% within a speed range energies and micro- of typically 1/4 to 1/3 of the maximum rotating speed, and at an ideal torque, whereas nanotechnologies. These in real usage - in the majority of driving cycles - the motor operates at a wider range developments are not within of speeds and at partial load (low torque) resulting in much lower efficiency. HI-WI will the scope of the EGVI, however address the mismatch between the region of HIGH efficiency and the WIDE region of their adaptation for their frequent operation with advances in the design and manufacture of motors. HI-WI will use in road transport will be couple its novel design approach to breakthroughs in materials and manufacturing, included. The same applies to winning size, weight, and cost savings. The three-year HI-WI project will deliver transport infrastructures, such prototyping and demonstration of innovative motors; new approaches to the holistic as pavements and refuelling/ design of motors nano-scale materials advances to create magnets with reduced recharging infrastructure: only rare-earth content; micro/nano-scale manufacturing advances to create permanent their interfaces with the road magnets and integrated assemblies. vehicles are within the scope. l

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation COMMUNICATION 51

Charging 2.0

Intelligent load management is the future. This form of e-vehicle recharging not only allows the simultaneous supply of power to a complete vehicle fleet using favourably priced electricity, but also permits the charging of every single plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) according to an individual strategy. KEBA provides the load management system KeContact, a system solution consisting of charging stations (also known as wallboxes) and a central control unit.

Over 90 per cent of all charging surplus supply of green power. inexpensive charging procedure. procedures will in future be completed at home or at work. All modern e-car models, which Efficient load Therefore the creation of a full are charged in line with ISO management coverage e-charging station 15118, are able to employ the In order to avoid overloads, which network like that for petrol is no entire performance and service as a rule constitute the most longer the key issue. Of greater range of the KeContact load expensive electricity, KeContact importance is the intelligent management system. For such limits the charge performance control of electricity sourcing cars, the control unit can provide or shifts the charging point during battery recharging. an even more differentiated to a lower cost window. In KEBA’s KeContact enables the charging strategy through its coordination with the energy extremely comprehensive, finely linkage of the data of the vehicle, provider, the system automatically tuned control of the charging the owner or fleet management reduces performance peaks and process and thus efficient load and the data of the power smoothes electricity intake, which management. supplier, which is aimed at above all saves costs relating to securing the most efficient and volatile energy sources. l Fully charged in an hour In this connection, the charging procedure should proceed quickly, be uncomplicated and comparatively cheap. This is all realized using KEBA load management. It permits rapid charging and is able to supply e-vehicles with up to 22 kWh within an hour. Consequently, even vehicles of the youngest generation can be charged fully at ten times the speed available when using a standard domestic socket.

Different charging strategies A variety of charging strategies can be established using KeContact, which allow a PEV to be charged in an hour or over night. Moreover, several PEVs, or indeed an entire vehicle fleet, can be supplied with energy. The time for charging can also be established individually, for example during low consumption periods, or whenever there is a

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 52 e-mobility

Accelerating e-Mobility! Lambert van Nistelrooij MEP

urope wants to part on our ability to engage and integrated mobility concepts, move towards 20% learn from initiatives and on the and demonstrates the potentials reduction from 1990 extent of cooperation between through pilot actions and enables in greenhouse gas various stakeholders. Inefficiencies other actors. The ENEVATE Eemissions in 2020. This has of weak coordination and partners from 5 European to be achieved through a dispersed, ad hoc activity mean countries create an exciting package of measures including potential has not been fulfilled. network with organizations in transportation. Nowadays, This applies within North-West from different backgrounds and Member States face challenges Europe (NWE), individual States different structures, working hard of growth in user and energy and also at a global level. on the introduction of e-mobility demand and high dependency in Europe. After nearly 3 ½ years, on fossil fuel sources for transport, ENEVATE they are facing the most important contributing to an upward It is in recognition of this situation, milestone: The results of ENEVATE emissions trend. Electricity that the ENEVATE consortium will be presented to decision or e-mobility provides for an was formed. ENEVATE is an makers, experts, policy makers important viable solution. Interreg IVB project with the from the European automotive In the European Parliament, aim to facilitate an accelerated and energy industry at the I support the solutions that introduction of electric mobility ENEVATE Final Conference on the sector is offering. At the in Northwest Europe (NWE) 25th and 26th September 2013 AutomotiveCampusNL in through structured transnational in Brussels. In this article, I will Helmond (the Netherlands), cooperation between public describe some key activities of solutions for electric driving authorities and business ENEVATE. and fleet driving were showed. representatives. The project In the nearby future, I will bring wants to boost innovation and 1. Electric Vehicle colleague MEPs to this Dutch competitiveness of the rapidly Technology campus to convince them of developing electric vehicle Project Partner Autocluster.NRW the new techniques that are sector in NWE and at the same (Germany), together with several developed. time to contribute to the urgent other partners, took a close look environmental challenge of at today’s battery electric vehicles But still, the rate at which electric reducing CO2 emissions. (BEV), analysed supply chains mobility develops and is taken up ENEVATE targets electric road and found out what competences as a transport mode depends in vehicles, energy infrastructure, and capacities might be needed

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation e-mobility 53

for mass production of BEV in impacts of the introduction of to study four pilots from different Europe. For the BEV, ENEVATE electric vehicles on user and regions within North West Europe. expects most Original Equipment market behavior; potential for new Manufacturer to produce engine e-mobility concepts, and; market 5. Road Map and Policy management, integration of drivers that will influence the Recommendations batteries and electric systems, acceptance of the different electric One of the major outputs of the thermal and battery management. vehicles mobility concepts and the ENEVATE project will be the Suppliers will develop and conditions needed for realizing e-mobility road map and policy produce transmission, battery cells, their acceptance. The results were recommendations. A road map power electronics, high voltage positive for electric vehicles as and policy recommendations wiring and comfort, safety and respondents enjoyed their pilot based on the results of the infotainment components. experience and would be willing work packages of ENEVATE is to consider the cars in the future, about to be elaborated, which 2. Charging Infrastructure but only if two vital obstacles were highlight necessary steps for the Project Partner Future Transport overcome: cost and range. implementation of e-mobility in Systems (United Kingdom) has the partner regions and define been leading the development of 4. Analyses of existing EV realistic aims for 2020. Based on a practical tool kit designed to help pilots in Northwest Europe these fields of application, the road organizations and project managers The overall objective, led by map and policy recommendations develop and implement EV AutomotiveNL, is to support an highlight the potential of e-mobility charging infrastructure projects and accelerated implementation in the partner regions with the subsequently lead on to sustainable and development of sustainable result, that e-mobility will rise, not operating schemes. The tool kit e-mobility in North West Europe by in a revolutionary way, but slowly includes a practical workbook. Key mapping and take lesson from the and steady. So that we can state issues are how to plan for a realistic wealth of existing EV pilots in NWE. that the introduction of e-mobility EV charging infrastructure, how to During the last number of years, is not a revolution but an evolution. deliver a project, what technical regional and national authorities issues need to be considered, how have spent tens of millions of Join! can interoperability be fostered Euros on implementing e-mobility Please join the ENEVATE Final and how to plan for sustainable by means of pilot initiatives. These Congress welcome reception that operation. pilots took on many forms and I will host on 25 September in the included a range of different European Parliament. An excellent 3. Market Drivers and vehicle types from bikes to buses. opportunity for networking in an E-Mobility Concepts In order to prevent stakeholders environment which underlines the The lead partner for this activity in the e-mobility industry from need for joint and synchronized is Cardiff University (Wales). The duplicating results and trying action by public policy makers objectives of this part of the to solve the same problems in throughout the EU, the automotive ENEVATE project were to identify: isolation, AutomotiveNL chose industry and the energy sector. l www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 54 COMMUNICATION ESTRELIA: Good progress on development goals

The BMS IC provides the ESTRELIA has shown successful following key features: progress with development of new • Simultaneous cell voltage spark detection sensors based on capture for balancing and silicon MEMS approaches. In order safe operating area (SOA) to perform spark detection, CEA- monitoring. LETI focused on a new architecture • Autonomous balancing and of ultra-sonic acoustic sensors using SOA monitoring strongly Silicon piezo-resistive nanogauges reduces data communication as detection principle as it exhibits and data processing, and high sensitivity with low voltage and thereby improves EMC high adaptability. robustness. Ewald Wachmann • All shuttle switches integrated The new spark detector concept to enable 100 mA of active or will enable general safety functions he project ESTRELIA passive balancing current. by spark detection from hazardous aims to provide building • For active balancing true energy events in and around a FEV battery. elements with enhanced re-distribution, if energy is taken reliability and safety at from entire pack; Optional The gas sensor developed Tlowered costs for smart energy energy source from PV or 12V by AppliedSensors has been storage for FEVs. board net. integrated into E4V’s battery • Absolute cell voltage read out pack demonstrator and monitors After the second project through EMC robust 3 wire daisy changes of combustible gases in year several successful chain communication. Chained battery cycling experiments. In all results are already direct action pins for fast SOA experiments the gas sensor has available: diagnosis. shown a stable baseline and high The first samples from ams’ Battery sensitivity for alarm threshold levels. Management BMS IC are available A new ultracapacitor power pack and have been used to build-up the is developed by Corning and Temperature variations result in demonstrators of a Li-Ion cell based evaluated by Valeo and Austrian gas sensor signal fluctuation from Energy pack and an Ultra-capacitor Battery Research Lab. High-energy outgassing of polymers. Fraunhofer based Power pack. density ultracapacitor samples IISB measured high gas sensor delivered by Corning have signals from outgassing of a pouch These ICs from ams will for the now been assembled by Valeo, cell in an overcharging experiment first time provide full monitoring including integrating the BMS ICs when the cell did not blow the functions together with flexible from ams. These ultracapacitor safety relief valve. It is assumed passive or active cell balancing samples demonstrate an average that small amounts of combustible in one single integrated circuit capacitance greater then 2800F, this gases were emitted at the cell’s perfectly suited for the high compares to commercial cells in the electrode feed through when cell accuracy demanding monitoring of same form factor of 2000F hence temperature reached 80°C. Li-Ion batteries and ultracapacitors. confirming the > 40% improvement in energy density. Initial cell level Supported by the simulation from testing has demonstrated good Fraunhofer IISB the development reliability performance for both of the galvanic isolated driver ICs steady state (maximum temperature at ams is progressing enabling and voltage) and current communication between BMS ICs cycling operation across the full on different voltage potentials. temperature range. Newly developed high voltage testers from Active Technologies The development of the very enable the verification of the important safety sensors for EV’s is reliability for this galvanic isolation also progressing well on schedule. technology.

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation COMMUNICATION 55

Safe Batteries with power

Active Technologies has successfully developed a first prototype of its Energy Storage with lowered cost and improved Safety and Reliability for electrical vehicles high voltage tester for evaluating galvanic isolation function of ESTRELIA aims to provide building blocks with enhanced reliability and safety at lowered BMS communication ICs to proof costs for smart energy storage for FEVs. test isolation protections in the The project will develop battery management system BMS ICs for an integrated flexible environment of several hundred BMS to enable simultaneous cell measurement and active cell balancing for ultra volts as present in FEVs. capacitors and Li-Ion battery cells.

Finally, the completely new concept An advanced development goal is a new cost effective power antifuse for dynamical for the development of low cost configuration of energy storage units, e.g. to bypass failing cells in battery packs. The power antifuses by Fraunhofer project covers also the development of new high voltage (several kV) capable test and IISB together with the new energy characterization equipment to test and verify newly developed galvanic isolated ICs to enable BMS communication within the high voltage levels of FEV energy storage solutions. management hardware (BMS IC) and software enables dynamic To enhance the overall safety of energy storage solutions the project covers also new reconfigurable topologies in the safety sensors: it will provide a new gas sensor with high sensitivity and fast response and energy storage unit, thus providing investigates a new MEMS based spark detection sensor to improve safety monitoring. limp-home functionality to the FEV New ultra capacitor power cells targeting for 50% higher energy density will be despite single cell failures. investigated and verified as power pack extension for energy storage systems.

A detailed concept using self- In overall ESTRELIA targets with these highly integrated IC developments to reduce the triggered power antifuses to electronic component costs for integrated Li-Ion battery management by 1/3rd bypass faulty battery cells has been Started: May 2011, Duration: 36 months developed strongly supported by Funding Program: FP7 device simulation. Experimental results show that this is a first step Coordinator to provide a cost effective solution AMS AG AUSTRIA to bypass single cell failure for the future. Key Partners VALEO EQUIPEMENTS ELECTRIQUES MOTEUR SAS FRANCE E4V has started to assemble the COMMISSARIAT A L ENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIES ALTERNATIVES FRANCE energy pack including battery and ACTIVE TECHNOLOGIES SRL ITALIA BMS ICs and safety sensors both E4V SAS FRANCE by its local engineers in Bordeaux ABR BATTERY RESEARCH LABORATORY GMBH AUSTRIA and Le Mans (France). Strongly CORNING SAS FRANCE FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FOERDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN experienced, mainly due to its FORSCHUNG E.V, GERMANY president background and experts APPLIEDSENSOR GMBH GERMANY support, the company offers its partnership in the development of Coordinator Contact: a large range of dedicated energy 8141 Unterpremstaetten, Austria storage solutions. E-Mail: [email protected] Tel:+43-3136 -500-0 As a first e-mobility demonstrator ams has integrated its IC solutions for battery Save the Date for the ESTRELIA/SUPERLIB joint conference 2014: monitoring and battery management in an electrical go-kart (e-kart) with “Smart concepts for Battery Management & Sustainable Energy Storage” first exciting driving test results. Date: 09th – 10th April 2014 Location: ams AG, Unterpremstätten (Graz), Austria

For more information please refer to Don’t miss the opportunity to get the insight view to latest developments on Battery the ESTRELIA webpage Management Systems based on the experience of 2 leading companies – AVL and ams! http://www.estrelia.eu. l Check out the details on the following websites: www.estrelia.eu, www.superlib.eu

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 56 COMMUNICATION Consumer acceptance of EV’s; its more than just economics and uniformity

Going a level deeper acceptance the modeling and testing process becomes more about preference; from early development to detailed customers expect electric component design. versions of their preferred vehicle brand or model to give a similar The project is coordinated by driving sensation, combining Universitatea Tehnica din Cluj- performance, feel (vibrations, Napoca, Romania and together road tenure) and sound. It is with LMS is executed with ‘top perhaps this point which is most of the class’ partners from important for electric vehicles to academia, Université Libre de gain acceptance across the widest Bruxelles, Belgium and industry, consumer profile possible, as ICPE, Romania. Each brings their after early EV adopters the rest of expertise in the field of electrical the socio-demographic groups machines, power electronics and will require progressively more electric drives to develop the hile much convincing of the non-economic necessary methodologies and research, merits. The complexity of the technologies concerning electrical development novel vehicle designs combined powertrain development and and investment with the subjective nature of testing. An extensive researcher isW rightly focused on the need to the problem makes this a huge secondment program between reduce the cost of production, challenge. It is in these aspects the partners will ensure the ownership and value per km for where LMS is focuses its research dissemination of methods and electric vehicles it is important on and development. results benefits all parties. to remember that obtaining customer acceptance does not At LMS, our most recent project The project deliverables will begin and end with the bottom entitled ‘DEsign, MOdelling and bring new insight and methods line alone. Issues such as audible TESTing tools for Electrical Vehicles to predict, evaluate & optimize warnings for EV’s are provoking Powertrain Drives’, funded under the vibro-acoustic impact of the much debate as legislative the European Commission Marie powertrain integration of the moves take place in the EU, US Curie Industry and Academia electrical machine and its related and Japan to ensure EV’s remain Partnerships and Pathways (IAPP) power electronics at component detectable in the absence of the scheme, aims to close the gaps and vehicle level, by taking internal combustion engine while in the development phase of advantage of the knowledge, ensuring the generated sound electrical drives for light passenger know-how and available MiL and will not add to the environmental vehicle applications by taking all HiL modelling, simulation and noise. important attributes into account in testing tools. l

Contact Details Claudia Martis, Professor Department of Electrical Machines and Drives Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Memorandumului 28 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania [email protected]

Benjamin Meek, Manager Automotive Solutions LMS International nv Interleuvenlaan 68 30012 Leuven, Belgium [email protected]

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation E-MOBILITY 57

E-mobility: providing a seamless charging experience Aura Caramizaru, Policy Advisor, EURELECTRIC

n addition to an electric have agreed a contract with an the charging stations of other car’s battery range e-mobility service provider for suppliers in addition to those and costs, one of the charging services are able to operated by their own e-mobility major barriers in the charge their car at any public service providers, without having I field of e-mobility is the lack charging station via a business- to enter into contractual relations of easy access to charging to-business agreement between with a multitude of service infrastructure. In a recently the e-mobility service provider providers. published paper, EURELECTRIC and the charging station – the association representing operator in question. In practice, the two roaming the European electricity scenarios are usually not discussed industry – aims to address this The difference between the or implemented in their pure barrier by setting out how a scenarios stems from the way in form. Hybrid types may exist cost-efficient and customer- which the supplier of electricity depending on the specific national friendly market model for is selected. Either suppliers are market conditions or regulatory e-mobility could be structured fixed at the charging station, as framework. Taking into account across Europe. chosen by the charging station on-going national initiatives operator, or they are linked to regarding the e-mobility market The central aim of the paper the electric vehicle in question structure in Europe, the paper “Deploying publicly accessible through a business-to-customer analyses two possible market charging infrastructure for contract with the e-mobility models linked to the two types electric vehicles: how to service provider. of roaming identified above: an organise the market?”, available independent e-mobility model at www.eurelectric.org, is to Roaming will allow the drivers and an integrated infrastructure ensure that users of electric of electric vehicles to access model. vehicles can simply and easily access charging infrastructure anywhere in Europe. This can be done via a “roaming” process between different charging station operators, similar to the way we use our mobile phones today. Roaming in this context means nothing more than using a charging service outside the coverage area of one’s e-mobility service provider – the party that sells services to e-mobility customers.

The paper defines two roaming scenarios: roaming of charging services and roaming of both electricity and charging services. In both scenarios, electric vehicle customers who www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 58 E-MOBILITY

out charging infrastructure are spread between all electricity grid users. Building on the “roaming of charging service and electricity” scenario, this model establishes a multi- vendor platform that allows for competitive offers between multiple service providers. An ICT back-end system allows charging station operators to “link” customers to an e-mobility service provider with whom they have a contract that includes electricity.

Both market models aim to provide e-mobility customers with the same confidence in infrastructure access that they might have with conventional In the independent e-mobility vehicles. The European market model, the building, electricity industry does not owning and running of the favour one market model charging station is a competitive over the other. However, activity that can be carried out the paper makes clear that by any market participant. Thus, policymakers urgently need to more than one party might take a decision, to ensure that install charging stations in a e-mobility can truly get off the town or even on a single street. ground. In addition, the e-mobility service provider sells a EURELECTRIC therefore “bundled service” that might welcomes the European include electricity – similar Commission’s continued to the “roaming of charging focus on the electrification of service” scenario. In this model, transport, not least its “clean the e-mobility customers are power for transport” strategy, asked to bear the costs of the published earlier this year. infrastructure investment. Breaking the vicious circle of a lack of charging infrastructure In the integrated infrastructure and a corresponding slow model, by contrast, the public uptake of electric cars in Europe charging infrastructure is will be one of the biggest integrated into the assets of the challenges in ensuring that distribution system operator a mass market for e-mobility (DSO). Thus, the costs for rolling finally gets off the ground. l

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation COMMUNICATION 59

A second life for electric-vehicle batteries

lectric-car batteries are in the distribution network. retired at the latest after As a result, it is presently not five years in use. At possible to produce more than that moment they still 20 to 30% of the total energy Eretain about 80% of their charge/ from renewables. One way of discharge capacity yet they are no increasing this share would be to longer useful for this demanding store excess energy where it is application. Which is why they are produced and feed it into the grid scrapped and hardly any of their when needed. materials are recycled. Apart from seeking strategies Batteries 2020, a research for re-using them, the project started on the 1st of Batteries 2020 project sets September, aims to pioneer out to substantially improve strategies that will give used the batteries of electric Li+ batteries a second lease of cars: the aim is to increase their life in stationary applications capacity-per-unit-volume by needed before they are scrapped. To 30% to 40% and to double their for improving the achieve its ambitious goals, a useful life compared to the ones performance of electric consortium has been set up led currently on the market, as well cars. The aim of the European by the Basque research centre as improving their reliability. This institutions is to set up a research IK4-IKERLAN. It further consists project is expected to result in a and production network of Umicore, Leclanché, FIAT and pre-commercial product by 2016. that will not only release the Abengoa - companies leading Continent from its technological their respective fields - and the Batteries 2020 is part of the EU’s dependence in this area, but universities of Aachen (through its ‘Green Cars’ initiative which will put it at the forefront of this ISEA and IME institutes), Aalborg seeks to generate the knowledge market. l and Brussels. Eurobat, the European association of battery manufacturers, collaborates in the dissemination of the project. The project has an eight million euro budget and is co-funded by the European Union’s 7th Framework Programme.

Accumulators made from spent electric-car batteries developed in this project will be used to store energy produced from renewable sources in both industrial and domestic facilities. Electricity produced by wind turbines or solar panels is not normally stored but fed directly into the grid, which leads to weather- dependent production peaks For more information, please visit www.batteries2020.eu potentially causing instabilities

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 60 COMMUNICATION

Enexis takes the lead in a standard for smart charging

Electric transportation holds a big promise for the future, but also poses a serious challenge for the electricity grid. If in one street 10 electric vehicles start charging at about the same time, this is very likely to overload the breaker resulting in the whole street being without any electricity. The solution to this problem is relatively simple: do not charge all vehicles at the same time. Since the average electric vehicle charges for only an hour and is parked for about 23 hours a day, there is a lot of flexibility in the time and speed of charging. One might use this flexibility to adapt the charging process to e.g. the local available capacity, the price of energy, the availability of local renewable energy and of course the demands of the driver. This is what is called Smart Charging.

Enexis and smart point. This protocol is called necessary to increase the charging the Open Charge Point Protocol network capacity when electric Enexis is a Dutch distribution and is already being used in vehicles are charging in private service operator (DSO) that many countries throughout areas. This could save the manages the gas and electricity the world. The protocol that electric vehicle owner a lot of grid for about 2.7 million Enexis has developed is an money. customers in The Netherlands. extension on the OCPP and Enexis has been working on defines what information should Spreading the word different aspects of smart be exchanged between the At the moment this protocol is charging for the past five years, operator of the charge point and used by multiple parties in The resulting in several tests, pilots the DSO and what messages Netherlands, but other parties, and demonstration projects. should be used to do this also outside The Netherlands, In the beginning of 2013 (Figure 1). are welcome to use the Enexis started working on the protocol as well, it’s freely Open Smart Charging Protocol Using the protocol, the operator available. See (OSCP). of the charge station can be www.smartcharging.org for provided with all information he more information. l The Open Smart Charging needs to prevent overloading Protocol the local electricity cable or There exists a well-established transformer station. Being protocol that defines how to able to do this means that in communicate with charge many cases it will be no longer Charge Station

OSCP Backoffice OSCP Backoffice Operator DSO Charge Station

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation E-MOBILITY 61

Norway takes the lead on emobility – universal solutions to serve all cars on the market

The Norwegians think and act different and they are the world leading country of electric cars. During the last 25 years the polluter pays principle have been implemented as a general policy for taxation making e-cars cheaper than ICE cars. Zero pollution – zero tax. Together with smart user incentives and access to the buslane – ecars have become popular. The market is now rapidly growing with 6% of all new cars sold in august 2013 electric. 14000 EVs are registered now and around 17000 will be the number by the end of 2013. We do expect that the market share will increase to 10% within november when the ecars from Volkswagen and BMW (eUP and i3) comes to the market.

Worlds first universal charging station opened in Lillehammer The worlds first universal charging station was opened in Lillehammer in September 2013 by the Ministry of Transport and Communication and their tool for emobility – Transnova. Transnova is a governmental agency working on environmental friendly transport in general with emobility as first priority. Zero emission solutions from renewable energy sources are the preferred long term solution, but the scope of Transnova is also to improve a wide range of transport technologies, including biogas, hydrogen and smarter logistic solutions. Stig Hansen from Ishavskraft with the CHAdeMO plug, Erlend Solem from Transnova with the CCS plug and Rune Haaland from the Electric Vehicle Union with the type 2 connector The universal charging station in – all plugs from the same fast charger delivered by Efacec (Portugal) Lillehammer are able to charge 10 cars at the same time. While ”We shall provide all cars on the sources. Inductive charging the cars are charging – the drivers market with fast charging”. is an example of future and passengers can eat quality possibilities, Mr. Erlend Solem food from the Marche restaurant Multistandard fast charging is the stated after the opening on nearby. way for Norway. Lillehammer. Normal charging is the Norwegian word for Multistandard for • We are shooting at a moving AC slow charging, and future multiple brands and target, and our policy will normality for Norway will be technologies allways be to investigate and the European type 2 connector The Norwegian policy are based support future technologies which is safer and support on brand- and technology that can improve e-mobility higher effect than excisting neutrality stated in one sentence: based on renewable energy household connectors. www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 62 E-MOBILITY

Two Tesla S charging from the 120 kw DC superschargers on Lillehammer.

• The Norwegian State will national fast charging network to develop the next generation support further development – both in corridors and on universal fast chargers based on of technologies and logistic urban locations. Transnova their existing CHAdeMO devices. solutions that can reduce air will cooperate with private The mission was to implement pollution from transpor. Our and public owned utilities and CCS and AC Quick to serve other mission is not only to electrify operators of fast chargers, cars that will come to the market cars. We are supporting according to the Transnova- within 2013. mobility solutions that also boss, Erlend Solem. include shipping. In 2015 90% of the excisting CHAdeMO the first electric ferry will CHAdeMO – First mover to fast chargers can be used also for start transporting cars and the market CCS. Version 2 of a universal fast passengers from one side of In September 2010 there was charging might be including the the Sognefjord to the other. only one technology available Tesla technology and connector. One fast charger on each side for fast charging – CHAdeMO – of the Sognefjord will supply developed by the first movers • The Norwegian Government the ferry with renewable power. on the market – the Japanese are preparing a new The effect from these chargers manufactures together with Tokyo program for infrastructure are 1000 kw according to Electricity Company (Tepco). from 2014 and we have Mr. Solem. We will cofinance The worlds best selling electric established two reference further development of a vehicle, Nissan Leaf, are using the groups of stakeholders to CHAdeMO technology for fast help developing a universal charging. More than 100 000 EVs strategy that can continuing Contact: are CHAdeMO compatible. Electric Vehicle Union the Norwegian ambition of Rune Haaland 50 000 EVs in Norway within President CCS and AC Quick 2018 being able to achieve [email protected] A small group of CHAdeMO the 85g/km goal for 2020, says www.evunion.eu members (DBT, Efacec, EV Tech the leader of Transnova, Erlend Tel: +47 46893523 and Delta Electronics) started Solem. l

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation Sweden 63

Sweden: Five Key Facts

Size: 407, 340 square km [1]

Population: 9, 596, 436 [1]

Total Primary Energy Supply (Mtoe): 51.28 [2]

[3] Total CO2 Production: 53.2 Mt

Proportion of Electricity from Renewables: 58.72% [4]

[1] Statistics Sweden [2] International Energy Agency (2012) [3] US EIA (2011) [4] Eurostat (2011)

Corrigendum In our last issue, we inadvertently stated that the proportion of Germany’s electricity that is generated from renewable sources is 8.2%. The correct figure, according to Eurostat, is 20.35%. We are grateful to an alert reader from Forschungszentrum Jülich and very happy to set the record straight. www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 64 Sweden Lagom är Bäst By Mike Edmund

At every door-way, ere one enters, one should spy round, one should pry round for uncertain is the witting that there be no foeman sitting, within, before one on the floor Hávamál, The Words of Odin the High One [Sæmund’s Edda]

hese words (translated, of successive coalitions dominated Intriguingly, Sweden seems happy to set course) form the first stanza of by the Sveriges Socialdemokratiska itself apart with its approach to renewable the Hávamál, Old Norse poetry arbetarparti§, whose fundamental energy. In 2006, Stockholm announced that was no doubt being told philosophy is based upon equality the ambitious goal of a completely andT retold amid the sparks around the of opportunity. Vattenfall, one of the oil-free economy, anticipating the EU campfires more than a thousand years largest energy producers in Europe, 20-20-20 targets by some four years ago. The caution they seem to suggest may illustrate their philosophy: the and putting the country at the forefront might contradict today’s popular company generates 178.9 TWh of of the climate/energy debate. “Our Viking image of horned helmets and electricity and sales of SEK 167.3 dependency on oil should be broken by bloodthirsty adventure; of longboats, billion/€19 Billion [Data: Vattenfall] and 2020,” said Mona Sahlin, then Minister plunder and Valhalla. But it does have is entirely owned by the Swedish State. of sustainable development, adding an echo in the much more modern Meanwhile, the title of this article is an memorably: “No house should need oil writings of Aksel Sandemose. His 1933 idiom that may be translated as “the for heating, and no driver should need novel En flygtning krydser sit spor* middle way is best”. to turn solely to gasoline.” Today, 49% contains a set of rules, the ‘Jantelagen’‡ of all the energy consumed in Sweden, that appear designed to suppress the Whether any of these examples on its and no less than 59% of the electricity desire of any individual to make himself own is truly representative of modern it generates, is derived from renewable stand out from the crowd. So what does Sweden, together they might describe sources. [Data: Eurostat]. it mean to be Swedish today? something of the unique amalgam of Lutheranism, trade unionism and According to the Swedish Institute, Politically, the Kingdom has been self-reliance that many suggest best although Sweden’s consumption of governed over recent years by describes its national character. electricity is relatively high, its CO2

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation Sweden 65 emissions are relatively low because that biofuels represents almost 20 % of contradiction returns again: Wind emission-free hydropower and nuclear Sweden’s total supply of energy. [Data: Energy. Currently, the world’s largest together provide almost 85% of the Swedish Institute]. offshore wind farm is the UK’s London country’s electricity. According to the Array, rated at 1GW. Yet this year, a Swedish Hydropower Association, 65 It will also be no surprise to anyone positive opinion was given on the TWh of electricity annually is generated making a basic calculation that other proposed Blekinge Offshore Wind by a total of 2057 hydropower plants, sources of renewable energy are Farm, rated at 2.5GW. Not for the first with a combined rated capacity of 16 almost insignificant in Sweden. Notable time, and for good reasons again, GW. However, Sweden’s approach examples include the city of Lund, Sweden will stand out in the renewable towards the atom might show a little which extracts geothermal energy to energy/climate debate. contradiction: for decades, the Swedish meet about one third of its district Institute says, policy had been to phase heating requirements, while Stockholm- The very words “Land of the Midnight nuclear out of the energy mix. But that Arlanda Airport uses an underground Sun” hold mystery and contradiction direction was reversed by the Sveriges aquifer in what is effectively the for those from less polar latitudes. But Riksdag in 2010 with a decision that world’s largest energy storage unit. whether the Jantelagen are the source paves the way for new reactors to During Summer, cold water pumped of Swedish national character or the be built. There are currently ten of out of the aquifer to be fed into the result of it, it nevertheless seems clear these online, producing some 40% of airport’s district cooling network and that the country as whole is prepared to the country’s electricity [Data: World cool half a million square meters of stand out when it comes to renewable Nuclear Association]. Meanwhile, the terminal space. The warmed water, and energy. Modern Vikings? Perhaps not. World Bank states that over two-thirds the heat it now contains, is pumped Worthy successors to their intrepid (68.7%) of Sweden’s 410,340 square km underground to be stored until winter. forebears? Certainly. land area is forested, while peat covers a further 15 %. It is therefore no surprise But that sense of Scandinavian No doubt Odin himself would approve. l

* ‘A Fugitive Crosses His Tracks’ § The Swedish Social Democratic Party ‡ ‘The Law of Jante’

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 66 SWEDEN Sweden’s road to a sustainable energy future

Anna-Karin Hatt, Minister for Information Technology and Energy, Sweden

weden has long in 2009, our energy policy our use of fossil fuels from over enjoyed strong has been based on three vital 80 per cent of our total energy public support for its pillars: creating an energy consumption to currently less climate, energy and system that is ecologically than 35 per cent. Today almost environmentalS policies. When sustainable, ensuring greater half of Sweden’s energy comes the issue of climate change was competitiveness, and increasing from renewable sources. We raised by the Intergovernmental the security of supply. These have managed to combine Panel on Climate Change, there three pillars are designed to high and sustainable economic was a general consensus among help us reach our ambitious growth with a significant our political parties that this goal of making Sweden carbon decrease in greenhouse gas challenge must be addressed neutral by 2050. emissions. and that Sweden should take an active role in tackling this Today it is clear that Sweden One of the driving factors behind challenge. has already come a long way this development has been, and and that we are still making is, our carbon tax, which was Since Sweden’s historic climate substantial progress. Since introduced already in 1991. By and energy package, presented 1970, we have managed to cut internalising the external costs of

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation SWEDEN 67

fossil fuel use, we have been able carbon tax and green certificates solutions, more and more to drive innovation in the energy will continue to remain important consumers will have the ability to sector. Combined with good key elements in the future, too. react to correct price signals. conditions for renewable energy sources, we have been able to In addition to this, Sweden, Correct price signals are also a phase out the use of fossil fuel as a small export-oriented way of ensuring that effective from almost our entire heating country, puts strong emphasis investments are made, both sector and most of our industrial on open markets and from a consumer and producer sector. close interaction with our perspective. The EU must avoid neighbouring countries. This introducing measures that distort To support renewable electricity, holds true for our reduction of the functioning of a competitive ten years ago Sweden introduced greenhouse gas emissions and electricity market. In the worst case the market-based system of the development of renewable scenario, such decisions could green-certificate schemes. This energy. One illustration of this lead to the emergence of isolated market-driven, technology neutral was the world’s first cross-border markets, which must be averted. instrument has truly supported support scheme for renewables, Instead, all Member States must a really cost-effective expansion introduced in 2012, when implement the legislation of the of renewable electricity. Both the Sweden and Norway established EU’s third energy package. a common green certificate market. Making transportation sustainable is truly a global challenge. In Although we have a strong track Sweden, transportation is the record, many challenges remain remaining sector that is most to be tackled in Sweden, in both heavily dependent on fossil fuels. the short and the long term. In order to tackle this challenge, we have adopted the ambition of We surely have to take even making our vehicle fleet free from stronger action to realise the full fossil fuels by 2030. potential of energy efficiency. Implementing the EU Energy The path forward Efficiency Directive represents The EU 2020 targets have been a good opportunity for us to do extremely vital to the strong this. Over the years, Sweden has developments achieved in the implemented several successful field of energy in recent years, in programmes, not least regarding our own country and in the EU. efficiency measures in industry. We are now seeking ways to In its Energy Roadmap, the European strengthen and broaden these Commission describes energy programmes, in particular to efficiency and renewable energy support active demand-side as ‘no regret’ options if we are to services and new technological have any chance of limiting global solutions. warming to two degrees Celcius. To me, it is perfectly clear that both In this regard, it is essential that renewable energy and energy the market continues to make efficiency will have to increase investments in sustainable energy significantly by 2030. To drive this and infrastructure. In addition, development, the EU really does consumers must have the need new, ambitous commitments, opportunity to become more active in line with our climate objectives, for on the market. By providing net both renewable energy and energy metering and smart technological efficiency. l www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 68 Sweden

Innovation and R&D for a sustainable and prosperous society The Swedish Energy Agency

weden has a long grids is a necessity to handle guides Swedish households and tradition of energy these changes. Other businesses to smarter energy research. After the prioritized R&D areas are consumption. The Swedish energy crisis of the solar power, wind power and government has commissioned S1970s, the National Energy hydropower. the Agency be responsible Research Program was for, and manage the National implemented. Since then, • Buildings in the Energy Energy Research program. Sweden has actively been System – Powerful, long- The Agency therefore finances working with replacing oil with term energy research and various R&D and demonstration domestic fuels, acidification innovation is needed for new projects with an annual budget issues and in recent years the and existing buildings, as well of 1.3 billion SEK, focusing on climate issue. This has resulted in as research on behaviour and renewable energy sources and Sweden now having an energy urban planning. energy efficiency. Additionally system with almost 50% of a number of private companies renewable energy. • Bioenergy - A sustainable and organizations co-finance supply of biomass is critical these projects with the same The National Energy Research to meet Sweden’s energy amount. This collaboration with Program concentrates on a and climate policy objectives. stakeholders is a prerequisite for few thematic areas and has a Research efforts regarding fuel the results to be implemented strong focus on facilitating new supply and sustainability are and contribute to the energy technologies to the market. prioritized. policy objectives. The program includes some 40 programs and 700 projects and • Energy-intensive Industry The Energy Research and focuses on five areas: - The industry has revised its Development Board (EUN), energy use, but continued whose members are appointed • The Transport sector - The rationalization is needed. by the government, is the ultimate transport sector is the sector Prioritized R&D areas are decision-making body for the that is most dependent on energy efficiency, recycling, Swedish Energy Agency. The fossil energy. One fifth of the renewable raw materials, members are representatives world’s energy is used for bio refineries, utilization of from the industry, academy and transportation. Major efforts waste energy, high functional business associations. are needed to increase the use materials and efficient of renewable fuels and electric utilization of raw materials. Implementing results vehicles, and initiate system in order to change the changes to move from fossil The Swedish Energy Agency energy system fuel dependency to fossil-fuel The Agency is a government “The transition to a sustainable independent transports agency that works for a safe, energy system cannot be done environmentally sound and overnight. It requires a long-time • The Power System - Our efficient energy system. Support approach, a good overview in energy consumption and is given to business ideas and order to make the right choices supply is undergoing rapid innovations which can lead from a system perspective, and changes. The R&D of smart to new business. The Agency it requires a lot of patience.” says

www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation Sweden 69

Birgitta Palmberger, head of the technology, High Voltage Direct the development and introduction Energy Agency’s Technology Current, which is one of many of new technologies. Technology Department. important components in the procurement of new products, development of smart grids. The systems or processes is intended Results being implemented today future smart grid is more or less to meet purchasers needs better typically stem from work that was a prerequisite for being able to than existing products on the started ten or twenty years ago. introduce large scale introduction market. The following are just some few of electric cars, solar panels and examples: new distributed renewable energy The basis for the adjustment generation. process is effective policy Swedish buses world leading in measures and instruments. But energy efficiency Research and policies in sometimes there is also a need for The Agency’s commitment to synergy specific stimulus to technologies electrification of vehicles through Although energy research, that are on the brink of breaking both research and demonstration development and demonstration through on their own, and where has helped Volvo AB, who in 2009 (RD&D) activities are necessary the technology could play a major delivered its first hybrid buses, with for a transition to a sustainable role in the future of sustainable a newly developed electric hybrid energy system, they are not energy. l powertrain and modern lithium enough on their own. Synergies battery technology. By the end of with other policy measures and 2011 they had sold over 400 buses. instruments, such as legislation, taxation, standardization, grants In London traffic, Volvo’s hybrid and other financial incentives, as buses have reduced fuel well as information to consumers consumption by 35 percent; those and producers, are essential in used in Gothenburg traffic by 25 order to reach the objectives. percent. This is the first generation of hybrid and continuous efforts An example of one such are made to further increase instrument is the taxation of efficiency but also to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions, which cost of this technology. is intended to discourage the use of oil for heating purposes. Strong expansion of the power Another example is the electricity grid certificate system, which supports In the 1990s, the Swedish increased production of electricity government granted financial from renewable energy sources, support for a project regarding such as bioenergy, wind power, Contact: a power transmission line with, and hydro power. Swedish Energy Agency at that time, new and untested Kungsgatan 43 DC technology on the island Another important policy measure Box 310, of Gotland. The result is seen is that of technology procurement, 631 04 Eskilstuna Phone: +46 (0)16-544 2000 today in ABB’s successful HVDC which stimulates and accelerates www.europeanenergyinnovation.eu Autumn 2013 European Energy Innovation 70 News In the news...

A new technology that could turn waste heat from power stations into electricity Led by Professor Doug MacFarlane is based on harnessing the thermal other electrode is air or water cooled. and PhD student Theodore Abraham, energy from the difference in “The device offers the possibility of a a small team of Monash University temperature between two surfaces and cheap and flexible design suitable for researchers working under the converting that energy into electricity. harvesting waste heat in the 100- to Australian Research Council The new technology could be used 200-degrees Celsius range,” Professor (ARC) Centre of Excellence for to generate electricity from low grade MacFarlane said. Abraham added, Electromaterials Science (ACES) has steam in coal fired power stations by “The major benefit is that it harnesses developed an ionic liquid-based having the steam pass over the outer energy that is otherwise lost to thermocell. Thermocell technology surface of a hot electrode while the surroundings.” l

Wireless electric transport

Two buses currently operating a 15- developed by the Korea Advanced recharging requirements. mile route between the Gumi Train Institute of Science and Technology. Station and In-dong district,in the city of It transfers power wirelessly across The power strips needed to power the Gumi, South Korea, mark an important an 18cm gap from electric cables bus only cover 5 to 15 percent of the development in emission-free urban buried beneath the road surface. The road surface, so only small sections of electric powered transport. process, which is rated 85% efficient, road have to be rebuilt. This feature is can continue even when the vehicle likely to prove particularly important The buses rely upon shaped magnetic is moving, and overcomes the major if the technology is to be deployed in field in resonance (SMFIR) technology limitations on range imposed by battery major cities. l

Trash into treasure: the first commercial-scale waste to biofuel system

An important milestone in finding this month of the fossil fuel alternative. are added to digest the gas and so a means through which to dispose Soon, they hope to use municipal produce alcohol, which is distilled of trash and create energy, INEOS garbage as a feedstock to create and made ready to be used to power Bio could potentially be laying the the alcohol. Their ultimate goal is to vehicles. Central to the technology is groundwork for an entirely new market produce eight million gallons a year. a proprietary biocatalyst that is able to and infrastructure. The company has unlock the chemical compositions from released a statement that they had The process involves cooking a type low-cost, carbon waste materials during successfully been able to produce of biomass feedstock such as trash or bacterial fermentation. Refining only commercial quantities of ethanol from wood trimmings to produce carbon takes a few minutes, and each gallon wood waste and non-food vegetative monoxide and hydrogen through a produced eliminates five pounds of matter, and hope to begin shipments process known as “gasification”. Bacteria carbon released into the atmosphere. l

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