GCEP Distinguished Lecture October 2008 Third Generation Photovoltaics

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

GCEP Distinguished Lecture October 2008 Third Generation Photovoltaics GCEP Distinguished Lecture October 2008 Third Generation Photovoltaics Gavin Conibeer Deputy Director ARC Photovoltaics Centre of Excellence School of Photovoltaics and Renewable energy Engineering University of New South Wales Photovoltaics Centre of Excellence supported by the Australian Research Council, the Global Climate and Energy Project and Toyota CRDL School of Photovoltaics & RE Eng. ARCCorodination Photovoltaics of previously Centre separately of fundedExcellence strands Stuart Wenham, Martin Green + Management Committee PV and Renewable Energy Laboratories Laboratory Development U/G degrees Mark Silver 1st Generation: 3rd Generation: PV Wafers High eff and thin film 2nd Generation: Silicon Photonics Thin Films Si light emission School of Photovoltaics & RE Eng. History • PV research, UNSW Electrical Eng. 1974 – 1998 • Buried contact solar cell – Martin Green, Stuart Wenham 1986 • Crystalline Si on glass spin off company 1995 • Separate Centre 1999 – 2005 • First UG program - Photovoltaics 2000 • PG coursework program 2001 • Second UG program – Renewable Energy 2003 • New School formally declared 2006 UNSW International Collaborations •DARPA & U. Delaware (50% efficient solar cell) •Global Climate & Energy Project, Stanford (1) •Global Climate & Energy Project, Stanford (2) •Toyota Central R&D Labs. •Suntech, Wuxi (NYSE) •Nanjing PV Tech, Nanjing (NASDAQ) •JA Solar, Ningjin (NASDAQ) •E-Ton Solar, Taiwan •Asia-Pacific Partnership (Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea, India, USA) UNSW Photovoltaics R&D Commercialisation • First Generation Photovoltaics – Buried contact cell (UNSW, BP Solar) – Inkjet printing (UNSW, Suntech, E-Ton) – Semiconductor Fingers (UNSW, Suntech, E-Ton) – Laser doping (UNSW, Suntech) • Second Generation Photovoltaics – Crystalline Silicon on Glass (UNSW, CSG Solar) • Characterisation Equipment – Photoluminescence characterisation (UNSW, BT Imaging) Undergraduate Education Two 4-year Engineering programs (189 students): • Photovoltaics and Solar Energy (2000) (101 students) • Renewable Energy (2003) (88 students) UAI Distribution 2000-2005 70 60 3656 50 3655 40 3657 30 3642 # Students # 20 10 0 Below 80 80-84.99 85-89.99 90-94.99 95-100 University Admission Index Postgraduate Education • Master of Engineering Science in Photovoltaics and Solar Energy (14 students) – 1.5 year addition to UG; – PV devices; PV systems; RE technologies; • Research degrees – PhD (47 students) – MPhil (10 students) UNSW Centre for Energy and Environmental Markets • Interdisciplinary research in energy and environmental markets, policy • Faculties of Engineering and Commerce & Economics • Environmental sustainability: – eg. PV load & pricing at Olympic Village • Economic tools & climate change: – e.g. Market design (Aust. Stock Exchange, CSIRO) • Sustainable technology: – e.g. Stochastic renewable energy (wind). • Aust. Greenhouse Office Third Generation Photovoltaics Outline • The importance of Photovoltaics • Three generations of Photovoltaics • The main losses in photovoltaic cells • Third Generation approaches • Silicon nanostructure tandem cells • Band gap engineering – quantum confinement • Fabrication of materials / devices • Hot Carrier cells • Contacts – energy filtering • Hot Carrier cooling – energy loss to phonons • Modification of the solar spectrum • Up- and Down-conversion • Potentialities and Viabilities • Summary Meeting the IPCC target of 60% reduction in GHG emission by 2050 Transforming the global energy mix: appointedThe for aexemplary term of four years pathby the federal until cabinet 2050/ (Bundeskabinett) 2100 Booming Photovoltaics Market growth at 35%/yr for last 10 years, 60%+ in 2007 Approx 1 million jobs in PV by 2020 Approx 1 million jobs in RE by 2010 5000 USA Global PV market 4000 Europe US$6.5 billion in 2006 → $16.4 billion in 2012 3000 Japan Rest of World MWp 2000 Driven by rebates/tariffs: Total Japan, Germany 1000 Now other Euro. Countries and S Australia 0 USA: Power purchase agreements 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 Japan: market is stable 2006 with reducing rebates Learning curves 1981 1981 20000 20000 1st Generation Photovoltaics Photovoltaics 10000 10000 Wind turbines 5000 5000 2002 Thin-film PV 2002 2002 W 1982 (~20%) W (~20%) k /k bulk-Si / 2nd Generation bulk-Si $ 2000 (~10%) S$ 2000 (~10%) US 1993 3 1987 1000 03 U 1000 00 Gas turbines (USA) 1963 2001 3rd Generation 2 20 500 500 1980 200 200 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 Cumulative GW installed Cumulative GW installed . more potential for learning . lower cost at smaller volumes Photovoltaics: Three Generations US$0.10/W US$0.20/W US$0.50/W 100 Thermodynamic 80 limit % 60 US$1.00/W III concentration 40 III-V Present limit tandem Efficiency, a-Si c-Si 20 tandem mc-Si I US$3.50/W II * 0 100 200 300 400 500 thin film Cost, US$/m2 Efficiency Loss Mechanisms Energy 1. Sub bandgap losses 2 3 2. Lattice thermalisation 4 Two major losses – 50% 5 qV Also: 3. Junction loss 5 1 4 4. Contact loss 2 5. Recombination Limiting efficiencies 1 sun Single p-n junction: 31% Multiple threshold: 68.2% Third generation options JVC - CB Jh e E2,e E h - - Eg e e Erela Ef E0,e x El VB intermediate Multiple level One photon - J electrons l E 100% h+ 0,h E2,h h+ circulators 74% tandem (n ) 68% hot carrier 65% tandem (n = 6) 58% thermal, thermoPV, thermionics 54% 49% tandem (n = 3) 44% impurity PV & band, up-converters impact ionisation 39% tandem (n = 2) 31% down-converters single cell 0% Silicon based Tandem Cell Martin Green, Gavin Conibeer, Dirk König, Eunchel Cho, Tom Puzzer, Yidan Huang, Shujuan Huang, Dengyuan Song, Angus Gentle, Ivan Perez-Wufl, Chris Flynn, Jeana Hao, Sangwook Park, Yong So, Bo Zhang Free choice or Si cell 50.5% 47.5% 42.5% 45% 40 33% 30 29% Sunlight 20 Decreasing band gap 10 AM1.5G Efficiency 0 Free choice 0 Si bottom cell 12 3 Number of cells Intrinsic radiative and Auger losses included Silicon based Tandem Cell Decreasing band gap Anneal 1100°C – Si precipitation Solar Cell 1 1 Cell Cell Solar Solar 2 2 Cell Cell Solar Solar 3 3 Cell Cell Solar Solar Si, Ge or Sn rich layer Dielectric layer 2nm QD, E =1.7eV Thin film Si cell g Substrate Eg = 1.1eV Substrate Zacharias, 2000 Engineer wider band gap defect or Si SiO2 QDs barriers tunnel Si QDs junction Si QD characterisation XRD Si QDs in oxide dQD 4.5nm Diameter of Si QDs [nm] 2.03.0 3.5 4.7 5.5 Integrated PLintensity 1.8 30000 PL 1.7 25000 optical 1.6 20000 energy 1.5 15000 levels 1.4 10000 PL energy [eV] 1.3 5000 (au) 1.2 0 100 150 200 250 300 350 Deposition time [sec] Range of QD materials Si QDs in oxide/nitride Greater σ for Si N 3.5 3 4 Y. Kanemitsu et al Alternative matrices but also lowerH. Takagi Eact et al 3.0 S. Takeoka et al 1.0E+01 SiO2 T. Y. Kim et al T.SiQDs W. Kim in et alSi 3N4 Eσ =0.30eV Oxide (UNSW) Si3N4 1.0E-01 2.5 3.2 eV SiC NitrideEσ =0.36eV (UNSW) 1.9 eV 0.5 eV 1.0E-03 2.0 1.0E-05 c-Si 1.1 eV c-Si 1.1 eV c-Si 1.1 eV [eV] PL energy Eσ = 0.63eV SiQDs in SiO2 0.9 eV 1.0E-07 1.5 2.3 eV 4.7 eV Conductivity (S/cm) Eσ = 0.76eV 1.0E-09 1.0 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 01234567 Dot1000/T diameter (1/K) [nm] DFT model -ling Various material combinations Quantum Dot / Matrix combinations and current status of investigations Increasing conductivity Decreasing processing temperature SiO2 Si3N4 SiC Si SPOED SPOED SPOD Ge SP - - Sn SPO PO - S = Simulation (ab-initio modelling - DFT) P = Physical (electron microscopy, X-ray difraction) O = Optical (photoluminescence, absorptance) E = Electronic (conductivity, conductivity with Temp.) D = Devices (Diodes, Cells) Hot Carrier solar cell Started September 2008 University of New South Wales, Sydney: Gavin Conibeer, Martin Green, Dirk König, Shujuan Huang, Santosh Shrestha, Chris Flynn, Lara Treiber, Pasquale Aliberti, Andy Hsieh, Rob Patterson, Binesh Puthen Veettil, Martin Kirkengen Institute Energie Solar, Universitas Polytechnic Madrid: A. Luque, A. Marti, E. Cánovas, A. Martí, P.G. Linares, E. Antolín, D. Fuertes Marrón, C. Tablero Inst. Research Development Energie Photovoltaic / CNRS, Paris: Jean Francois Guillemoles, Lunmei Huang University of Sydney: Timothy Schmidt, Raphael Clady, Murad Tayebjee Hot Carrier cell Extract hot carriers before they can thermalise: Ross & Nozik, JAP, 53 (1982) 3813 Würfel, SOLMAT, 46 (1997) 43 1995 • Need to slow carrier cooling Green, 3rd Gen PV (S-Verlag) 2003 • Collect carriers over narrow range of energies Würfel, PIP, 13 (2005) 277 • Renormalisation of electron (hole) energies Conibeer, TSF, 516(2008) 6948 Takeda et al, SOLMAT, 08 δE E e- energy s selective contact Ef(n) Ef ΔµA = qV small Eg h+ energy selective contact Ef(p) Es Hot carrier TA TH TA distribution Resonant Tunneling Transport Si QD Energy Selective Contact Energy Resonant Transport Filter 0.04 0.03 Two different sites Dielectric on the wafer 0.02 Ig(A) matrix 0.01 I 0 00.511.5 Gate voltage (V) Ef EC E V NDR at 300K - Repeatable f Hot Carrier cooling Energy Optical phonons Electrons carry most energy emitted Cool predominantly via small wave vector optical phonon emission - timescale of ps inelastic – energy relaxation Hot Optical phonon population “phonon bottleneck effect” Decay of Optical phonons to Acoustic is critical Slows further carrier cooling Optical phonon decay Optical phonon decay O → LA + LA (Anharmonicity or Klemens mechanism) Allowed phonon energies Element Compound – e.g. Si – e.g. InN meV Optical phonons 60 (standing waves) 30 E Phonon energies (density of states) Acoustic phonons (heat in the lattice) Nō 0 Some evidence for slowed carrier cooling in InN: Chen & Cartwright, APL,
Recommended publications
  • Recyclability Challenges in ?Abundant? Material-Based
    27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition This is a pre-peer review version of the paper submitted to the journal Progress in Photovoltaics. It has been selected by the Executive Committee of the 27th EU PVSEC for submission to Progress in Photovoltaics. RECYCLABILITY CHALLENGES IN “ABUNDANT” MATERIAL-BASED TECHNOLOGIES a a,b,* Annick Anctil and Fthenakis aPV Environmental Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY bCenter for Life Cycle Analysis, Columbia University, New York, NY *Bldg. 130, Upton, NY 11973, tel. 631-344-2830, Fax. 631-3443957, [email protected] ABSTRACT: Much current research in photovoltaic technology is directed towards using “abundant” base metals like copper and zinc (e.g., CZTS or more recently CZTSSe) to overcome the the challenges of material scarcity posed by the use of tellurium, indium, germanium, and gallium in current generation products (e.g., CdTe, CIGS, a- Si/thin-film Si). The supply of these materials is limited because they are minor byproducts of the production of copper, zinc, lead. and aluminum, so that their economic production inherently is linked to that of the base metals. But, although the base metals currently are abundant, their reserves are not inexhaustible. In addition to concerns on resource availability, the main sustainability metrics for large-scale PV growth are low cost and minimum environmental impact. As the numbers of photovoltaic installations grow, greatly displacing traditional power- generation infrastructures, recycling will play an increasingly important role in managing their end-of-life fate, so relieving pressure on the prices of critical materials. Identifying the potential issues in current technologies can help implement a take-back- or recycling-program ahead of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 20 1 0 Sma Solar Technology Ag
    ANNUAL REPORT 2010 SMA SOLAR TECHNOLOGY AG THE FUTURE OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS GROUP FIGURES HIGHLIGHTS 2010 SMA Group 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Sales € million 1,920.1 934.3 681.6 327.3 192.9 Export ratio % 44.9 38.4 42.3 29.4 20.1 Inverter output sold MW 7,750 3,381 2,180 950 430 Capital expenditure1 € million 158.3 82.1 63.9 12.3 15.0 Depreciation € million 31.3 16.3 8.9 16.0 9.0 Operating profit (EBIT) € million 516.8 228.4 167.4 59.3 33.4 KEY FIGURES AND HIGHLIGHTS 2010 Operating profit margin % 26.9 24.4 24.6 18.1 17.3 Consolidated net profit € million 365.0 161.1 119.5 36.8 20.5 Earnings per share2 € 10.52 4.64 3.44 1.06 0.59 Employees (average during the period)3 5,519 3,412 2,513 1,600 1,164 MORE THAN 1,500 NEW JOBS CREATED in Germany 5,179 3,236 2,400 1,535 1,133 abroad 340 176 113 65 31 BUSINESS IN FOREIGN MARKETS IS BOOMING SMA Group 12 / 31 / 2010 12 / 31/ 2009 12 / 31/ 2008 12 / 31/ 2007 12 / 31/ 2006 HIGH DIVIDEND AND REPRESENTS APPROX. OF € 3.00 PLANNED Total assets € million 1,251.5 718.6 469.6 163.2 112.3 45 % OF SALES Equity € million 728.4 407.6 280.8 64.4 40.7 Equity ratio % 58.2 56.7 59.8 39.5 36.2 Net working capital4 € million 284.6 98.6 78.0 59.4 34.3 EBIT RECORD Net working capital ratio % 14.8 10.6 11.4 18.1 17.8 OF € 0.5 BILLION Net Cash € million 523.4 344.8 239.4 41.2 20.9 GROUP SALES INCREASE TO ALMOST € 2 BILLION PERFORMANCE OF THE SMA SHARE 2010 percent5 SMA share TecDAX® ÖkoDAX® 110 100 90 80 70 60 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SMA IS BY FAR THE WORLD TREMENDOUS GROWTH MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE SOLAR MARKET, BOTH LEADER IN GERMANY AND ABROAD 1 excl.
    [Show full text]
  • The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland's Energy
    energies Article The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland’s Energy Mix Renata Gnatowska * and Elzbieta˙ Mory ´n-Kucharczyk Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute of Thermal Machinery, Cz˛estochowaUniversity of Technology, Armii Krajowej 21, 42-200 Cz˛estochowa,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-343250534 Abstract: The energy strategy and environmental policy in the European Union are climate neutrality, low-carbon gas emissions, and an environmentally friendly economy by fighting global warming and increasing energy production from renewable sources (RES). These sources, which are characterized by high investment costs, require the use of appropriate support mechanisms introduced with suitable regulations. The article presents the current state and perspectives of using renewable energy sources in Poland, especially photovoltaic systems (PV). The specific features of Polish photovoltaics and the economic analysis of investment in a photovoltaic farm with a capacity of 1 MW are presented according to a new act on renewable energy sources. This publication shows the importance of government support that is adequate for the green energy producers. Keywords: renewable energy sources (RES); photovoltaic system (PV); energy mix; green energy 1. State of Photovoltaics Development in the World The global use of renewable energy sources (RES) is steadily increasing, which is due, among other things, to the rapid increase in demand for energy in countries that have so far been less developed [1]. Other reasons include the desire of various countries to Citation: Gnatowska, R.; become self-sufficient in energy, significant local environmental problems, as well as falling Mory´n-Kucharczyk, E.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Fall 2018 ELEC 7830/36 Photovoltaics Class Presentations
    Proceedings of the Fall 2018 ELEC 7830/36 Photovoltaics Class Presentations 1) Zabihollah Ahmadi 2) Arthur Bond 3) Carl Bugg 4) Prattay Chowdhury 5) Jeff Craven 6) Kyle Daniels 7) Tanner Grider 8) Donald Hughes 9) Grant Kirby 10) Markus Kreitzer 11) Sanfwon Seo 12) Minseok Song 13) Wendong Wang 14) Shane Williams 15) Yuqiao Zhang 1 Fabrication Methods of Photovoltaic Devices Zabihollah Ahmadi A simple configuration of Solar Cells is a P-N junction, but even for fabrication of this simple configuration there are several experiments that should be done. In other words, fabrication processes involve the steps such as oxidation growth, etching oxides, photolithograph, and metal deposition. As an example, ion implantation is used for making n+ or p+ doping in Si wafer. In general, there are different kind of materials that are used for fabrication of Solar Cells. The most popular materials are Multijunction Cells ( lattice matched, metamorphic, inverted metamorphic, …), Single-Junction GaAs (Single crystal, Concentrator, thin-film crystal), Crystalline Si Cells, Thin films like CIGS and CdTe and Emerging PV (Dye-sensitized cells, Perovskite cells, Organic tandem cells, Inorganic cells, Quantum dot cells.) Recently, some groups used 2D mateirals like Graphene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (MoS2) in fabrication of Photovoltaics devices. So, these materials need to be synthesized on substrate using different methods. For example Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition is the best method for deposition of GaAs. This presentation will talk about how these methods work in fabrication of PV. 2 Photovoltaic Sensors Arthur Bond Photovoltaics or PV is the process of converting solar energy into a DC electrical current through the use of semi conductive materials.
    [Show full text]
  • National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Sweden 2015
    National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Sweden 2015 Prepared by Johan Lindahl Table of contents Table of contents .................................................................................................................. 1 Foreword ............................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 4 1 Installation data .................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Applications for Photovoltaics ................................................................................. 5 1.2 Total photovoltaic power installed .......................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Method ........................................................................................................ 5 1.2.2 The Swedish PV market ............................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Swedish PV market segments ..................................................................... 9 1.2.4 The geographical distribution of PV in Sweden .......................................... 10 1.2.5 PV in the broader Swedish energy market .................................................. 12 2 Competitiveness of PV electricity ......................................................................................... 13 2.1 Module
    [Show full text]
  • Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Hybrid Nanocomposites with Application in Solar Cells
    Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Hybrid Nanocomposites with Application in Solar Cells Dimitris A. Chalkias Dipl.-Ing Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics Supervisor: G.C. Papanicolaou Dissertation Submitted to the University of Patras for the Award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics Patras, 2019 Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών, Τμήμα Μηχανολόγων & Αεροναυπηγών Μηχανικών Δημήτριος Α. Χαλκιάς © 2019 – Με την επιφύλαξη παντός δικαιώματος Examination Committee 1. George Papanicolaou (Dissertation Supervisor) Professor Emeritus, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, Greece 2. Vassilis Kostopoulos (Dissertation Advisor) Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, Greece 3. Theodoros Loutas (Dissertation Advisor) Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, Greece 4. George Psarras Associate Professor, Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, Greece 5. Dimitris Kondarides Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Greece 6. Joannis Kallitsis Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece 7. Thomas Stergiopoulos Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Approval of Ph.D. Dissertation of Mr. Dimitris A. Chalkias Willpower is the key to success. I dedicate this work to my Mother, who always supported me and believed in me. Preface The present
    [Show full text]
  • Considering the Total Cost of Electricity from Sunlight and the Alternatives Vasilis Fthenakis Brookhaven National Laboratory An
    BNL-107822-2015-JA Considering the total cost of electricity from sunlight and the alternatives Vasilis Fthenakis Brookhaven National Laboratory and Columbia University Photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation has grown to about 17 GW in the United States, corresponding to one tenth of the global capacity. Most deployment in the country has happened during the last 6 years. Reflecting back in time, in early 2008 this author and his collaborators James Mason and Ken Zweibel, published in Scientific American and in Energy Policy a Solar Grand Plan demonstrating the feasibility of renewable energy in providing 69% of the U.S. electricity demand by 2050, while reducing CO2 emissions by 60% from 2005 levels; the PV contribution to this plan was assessed to be 250 GW by 2030, and 2,900 GW by 2050 [1]. The DOE’s more detailed SunShot vision study, released in 2012, showed the possibility of having 300 GW of PV installed in the United States by 2030, and 630 GW by 2050. Assessing the sustainability of such rapid growth of photovoltaics necessitates undertaking a careful analysis because PV markets largely are enabled by its promise to produce reliable electricity with minimum environmental burdens. Measurable aspects of sustainability include cost, resource availability, and environmental impact. The question of cost concerns the affordability of solar energy compared to other energy sources throughout the world. Environmental impacts include local-, regional-, and global-effects, as well as the usage of land and water, which must be considered in a comparable context over a long time, multigenerational horizon. Finally, the availability of material resources matters to current- and future-generations under the constraint of affordability.
    [Show full text]
  • Today's Need & Importance Role of Solar Based Automobile System
    IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 5 | Issue 5 | October 2018 ISSN (online): 2349-6010 Today's Need & Importance Role of Solar based Automobile System Arjun Kumar Gupta Shamasher Sharma Student Student Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Technology, Amethi 227405, Utter Pradesh, India Technology, Amethi 227405, Utter Pradesh, India Santosh Yadav Abhinav Student Student Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Technology, Amethi 227405, Utter Pradesh, India Technology, Amethi 227405, Utter Pradesh, India Mohd Saharyar Student Department of Mechanical Engineering Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Technology, Amethi 227405, Utter Pradesh, India Abstract As the world population increases, so does the demand for transportation. Automobiles, being the most common means of transportation, are one of the main sources of pollution. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of the society and to protect the environment, scientists began looking for a new solution to this problem. Before they suggested any answers, the scientists first looked at all aspects surrounding the issue. Solar energy is produced when sunlight strikes the photovoltaic cell. This energizes any electrical or battery found along the way. Developing solar cells to produce electricity has several big challenges, especially in solar cars. The first obstacle that has remained all intrusive in this quest is predicting the sun's availability. The second obstacle is to find an effective method of capturing, converting, and storing the sun energy when it is available.
    [Show full text]
  • Vehicle-Integrated Photovoltaics (VIPV) As a Core Source for Electricity in Road Transport
    VIPV POSITION PAPER Vehicle-integrated Photovoltaics (VIPV) as a core source for electricity in road transport www.etip-pv.eu Table of Contents 1. POLITICAL CONTEXT . 5 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE VIPV MARKET. 6 Edited by 2.1. Passenger Cars . 7 Kaining Ding, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 2.2. Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles . 9 Written by 3. THE MOTIVATION FOR VIPV. 11 Olga Kanz, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 3.1. General Benefits of VIPV. 11 Bianca Lim, Institut für Solarenergieforschung GmbH 3.2 VIPV Energy Flow Model . 13 3.3 Environmental Benefits in Comparison to the German Grid Mix. 14 Acknowledgement for Input by 4. REQUIREMENTS AND TO-DOS FOR VIPV . 16 Martin Heinrich (FhG-ISE) 4.1. Important Selection Criteria for VIPV . 16 Bonna Newman (TNO) 4.2 Technological Requirements of the Integration Process . 17 Eduardo Román (TECNALIA) 4.3 To-Dos for R&D . 18 Uwe Rau (JÜLICH) 4.4 Strategic Targets. 19 Rutger Schlatmann (HZB) 5. CONCLUSIONS. 20 Layout and Printing Secretariat of the European Technology and Innovation Platform for Photovoltaics Tel: +49-89-720 12 722 Fax: +49-89-720 12 791 [email protected] Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the European Photovoltaic Technology and Innovation Platform and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Commission. “The project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 825669” 2 3 SCOPE AND MISSION POLITICAL CONTEXT SCOPE AND MISSION 1. POLITICAL CONTEXT The growing awareness of the global need for sustainable mobility empowers the application of new technological innovations to the road transport sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Botanic Tree to Harnessing the Power of the Sun and Wind
    IJCSNT Vol.6, No.3, 2017 DOI- 10.18486/ijcsnt.2017.6.3.04 Solar Botanic Tree to Harnessing the Power of the Sun and Wind Vikrant Kumar Dept of Electrical Engineering, THDC IHET, B.Puram, Uttarakhand, India [email protected] Mohd Azmal Mansoori Dept of Electrical Engineering, THDC IHET, B.Puram, Uttarakhand, India Ashutosh puri Dept of Electrical Engineering, THDC IHET, B.Puram, Uttarakhand, India Abstract: In the course of the beyond few decades, the advanced technological nation of the words had been engaged in an electricity and assets race that has introduced us to the location of the energy crisis. Many developing countries including India have also been engaged in this race during the last two decades or so. it is now widely diagnosed that the fossil fuels and other traditional assets, presently used in the generation of electrical energy, may not be either sufficient or suitable to preserve tempo with the ever growing world call for electric energy. The prospects for assembly this call for and heading off a crisis in delivering would be progressed if new and alternative power sources can be advanced. One such alternative is solar botanic tree, this energy source will produce electrical energy from three natural and inexhaustible energy sources. This solar botanic tree can be the best available renewable resource in India for generating electricity. Keywords: Renewable energy resources, Solar Botanic tree, Nano leaves, Nano inverter, transducer. I. Introduction generating system which is compact enough to be applied in congested location and versatile enough to In countries like India, strength intake has been growing employ two or more sources simultaneously.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Direct Current Electrical Systems for the Off-Grid Environment Grant Kopec, Michael Price, John Holmes
    The future of direct current electrical systems for the off-grid environment Grant Kopec, Michael Price, John Holmes Technical report 8 December 2016 Key words: Alternating current, Direct current, Micro- grid, Mini-grid, Nano-grid, Electrical systems, Off-grid energy Smart Villages We aim to provide policymakers, donors, and development agencies concerned with rural energy access with new insights on the real barriers to energy access in villages in developing countries—technological, financial and political—and how they can be overcome. We have chosen to focus on remote off-grid villages, where local solutions (home- or institution-based systems and mini- grids) are both more realistic and cheaper than national grid extension. Our concern is to ensure that energy access results in development and the creation of “smart villages” in which many of the benefits of life in modern societies are available to rural communities. www.e4sv.org | [email protected] | @e4SmartVillages CMEDT - Smart Villages Initiative, c/o Trinity College, Cambridge, CB2 1TQ Publishing © Smart Villages 2017 The Smart Villages Initiative is being funded by the Cambridge Malaysian Education and Development Trust (CMEDT) and the Malaysian Commonwealth Studies Centre (MCSC) and through a grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation (TWCF). The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Cambridge Malaysian Education and Development Trust or the Templeton World Charity Foundation. This publication may
    [Show full text]
  • Fully Electric Car with Solar Cells As a Secondary Source of Power
    College of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Spring 2017 Team # 9 - Senior Design Project Report Fully Electric Car with Solar Cells as a Secondary Source of Power In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering Team Members Student Name Student ID 1 Ali Raza Nawaz 201302233 2 Amar Al-Brahim 201302533 3 Abdulaziz Al Momen 201300043 4 Abdulhadi Al Qahtani 201200290 5 Abdulaziz Abu Aishah 201300128 Project Advisor: Dr. Faramarz Djavanroodi Project Co-Advisor: Dr. Nader Sawalhi Abstract Fossil fuels have taken off since the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, and until today are still considered as an essential and ideal source of energy globally. Global consumption of fossil fuel has increased drastically in the past century and is nowhere close to slowing down; this is mainly due the rise of human population and growing industries for economic growth globally. Earth doesn’t have unlimited reserves of fossil fuels, which will run dry soon if the dependency on them isn’t reduced. Reducing the dependency on fossil fuels has presented itself as a huge challenge for humans. In this project, a cheap & cleaner source of transportation, where the dependency on fossil fuels is minimized has been designed. An ICE vehicle (buggy) has been dismantled, modified and manufactured to a fully electric vehicle. The modification started by connecting a powerful brushless DC motor which is placed at the back and connected to the driveshaft using chain and sprocket system. This motor is powered by rechargeable batteries (4 lead- acid batteries, 12V each).
    [Show full text]