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For Woodland Owners Extension Circular 1124 July1983 The 75 Wooa land WorIcbook 'Felling and BuckIng TechnIques DATE. for Woodland Owners OF Skills at felling and bucking occur, they might not require big chain file with a handle and timber are useful for many wood- equipment.Never work alonewith a holder land owners. The safe and effective chain saw. You should have some- plumb line (a string with a use of a chain saw allows you to do one nearby who can give you aid weight at the end to provide a precommercial thinnings, salvage immediately if an accident occurs.OUT vertical line to determine the lean operations, commercial harvesting, Before you begin felling and of the tree) hardwood removals, and even fire- bucking timber, you ISshould be peavey or chain (to work with wood gathering more efficiently. experienced at chain saw use and hangups) While these activities are neces- maintenance, be physically fit to sary on many properties, do not withstand the exertion, and have the Proper felling and bucking can undertake them without sufficient required accessory tools and supplies. significantly add to or detract from skills. This publication cannot pro- The protective clothing and equip- the value you receive for your vide the full complement of felling ment you will need are: timber. Getting the most value from and bucking skills, but it does hardhat (protective helmet) timber through bucking practices is outline principles and procedures to eye protectioninformation: (screens, glasses, covered in other publications (see help you begin developing needed goggles) "Suggested reading"). This publica- skills. hearing protection (ear muffs or tion is oriented to specific manual A good approach to skills develop- plugs) techniques of felling and bucking ment is first to understand the basic and not to maximizing returns principles involved. Many are out- safety chaps (protects legs from through these practices. lined in this publication and selected thigh to ankle) However, you must be aware that referenceswhich includes your gloves felling directly influences subse- chain saw owner's manual. currentboots (caulked or hobnail boots quent skidding or yarding activities. Next, you can developPUBLICATION the skills are preferred) If trees are felled out-of-lead, they you need to operate the chain saw comfortable clothing (snug fitting, may be difficult or impossible to get effectively by cutting material that is cuffless pants) to the road. You should plan your already on the groundthis should first aid kit falling patterns in advance of the help develop bucking skills as well. fire extinguisher felling activity (see figure 1). Finally, if you canmost arrange some practiceTHIS sessions with an experienced axe (for pounding wedges and timber cutter, you can continue cleaning out the undercut) Evaluating the learning valuable techniques while saw gas, bar oil, and lubrication conditions for felling For for the tip of the bar cutting standing timber. There are certain conditions that Start with small, straight trees that wedges (plastic or aluminum) make it unsafe for nearly any are soundnot becausehttp://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog these trees woodland owner to cut timber. are safe, but because if problems Oregon State University Extension Service may cause limbs to fall unex- Felled Out of pectedly, as well as hamper vision. ci At every tree to be felled, you should clear an escape path (perhaps two) at a 450 angle from a line projected backwards from the direction-of-fall (see figure 2). Be- cause most felling accidents occur when the cutter remains within 25 feet of the stump, you should clear -,' #øZtraii the escape path(s) at least that distance. The path should be free of brush and other obstacles so that you can drop the saw and walk quickly (or run if necessary) to a position in the clear. Sometimes there are obstacles at (-I the DATE.base of the tree that make a quick 6",," escape difficult or that require using the saw in awkward positions. While - -a--- - stumps are normally cut as low to the 0.OFground as practical, higher stumps may be needed to work around obstacles or provide a standing position for quick escape. Beginning cutters should seek OUT professional help if rocks, multiple stems growing from one stump, steep slopes and difficult terrain, or IS other obstacles hinder a quick escape. Professionals can minimize risks under circumstances that pose life-threatening conditions for be- ginners. If you don't have a clear direction- of-fall, leave the tree standing until information: you can obtain help. Circumstances Figure 1.Ap!annedfellingpatern. Some are associated with the tree itself; others are associated with the weather and conditions on the site. You will have to determinecurrent the limits of your skills and seek help or stop felling timberPUBLICATION when unsafe condi- tions exist. Direction-of-fall Conditions around the tree. Wind, snow, and fogmost can make it danger- ous to cut timber. A slight puff of THISwind may tip the tree in the wrong direction or cause problems at the Tree may come stump.For When the tops of the trees back over stump are moving at all, beginning cutters should not fell timber. Fog hampershttp://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog vision up into the tree, making evaluation of the lean Escape route difficult and obscuring loose limbs. If the direction-of-fall is not visible, / someone may enter a danger area Figure2..Escape paths without being seen. Snow and ice requiring help might include: power limbs grow. Thelimb loadingfrom a lines or buildings in jeopardy, large limb growing on one side of the difficult terrain (steep slope with a tree can be enough to pull the tree tree leaning heavily uphill), trees that out-of-lead as it falls. Cutting will cross roads, etc. Professionals techniques can overcome limb load- can use cutting techniques, wedges, ing as well as lean. hydraulic rams, or lines to solve Another problem with limbs is these problems. that they may interlock with limbs of You should arrange the cutting an adjacent tree, making it difficult pattern for a clear-cut operation so to get the tree started to fall in the that cutters are felling trees into desired direction. the open area rather than into the While looking upward at the lean timber. When standing timber is and limb loading, look also for loose brushed by falling trees, limbs or limbs hanging overhead (loose bark tops may be knocked loose and also can be a hazard). Snags and either fly back toward the cutter, or trees with overhead hazards are hang dangerously overhead as particularly dangerous because saw widowmakers. vibration or treeDATE. movement can In thinning operations, fell trees bring these objects crashing down on to openings (remember to consider you. When cutting these trees, an how they will be extracted during extra person should be available to yarding), and give extra care to keep anOF eye on the hazard while the overhead hazards. Also, try to work cutter attends to making the proper up the hill and across the slope to saw cuts. minimize hazards from logs or trees Evaluating a tree also requires that sliding or rolling downslope toward you determine if rot is present where the cutter. OUTthe felling cuts are to be made. Controlling a tree during felling Evaluating the tree itself. Trees that present special hazards to IS requires that you make the cuts in operations are termeddanger trees. sound wood, or that you know the These typically require skills beyond extent of rotten wood and compen- sate for it by leaving extra sound those of a beginner. Snags (trees that wood or by changing the direction- have been dead for some time) often present problemsthey may be of-fall. rotten or have heavy, loose bark and You can expect rot if a tree has been dead for some time or if fungal limbs overhead, and they may react unpredictably when standard cutting information:fruiting bodies (conks) are present. techniques are used. In addition, some tree species Heavy leaners may be danger (hemlock, true firs, cedar, and some Figure 3.Determining the plumb line. hardwoods) commonly have rot in trees. Trees withpistol buttsare the lower bole (tree trunk). found on slumps and slides and can Boring the tree (sawing with the also occur when a seedling grows up string (see figure 3). (A fishing tip of the bar directly into the tree) is next to an obstacle. This shape may weight on a string makes a good require different cutting techniques. necessary to determine the location currentplumb line.) of rot near the area you intend to Some trees, such asPUBLICATION cedar or large Determine the direction the tree make felling cuts. With the bar of hardwoods, may have brittle or will fall naturally by looking at the rotten wood that requires different the saw in a vertical position, make lean from at least two sides of the boring cuts on the stump below this cutting techniques. Also, any tree tree. If the natural lean is in the area. These cuts will not weaken the that hangs up in another tree is a chosen direction-of-fall, then you danger tree for beginners. tree where the felling cuts are most can use standard cutting techniques. planned, especially if you make You should mark any tree that If the natural lean is away from the presentsTHIS an immediate hazard with them vertically along the line in direction-of-fall, you will need to use the direction-of-fall. red-and-white candy-striped ribbon special cutting techniques. Sawdust from rotten wood is quite to warn othersandFor save it for Cutting a tree without evaluating professional help. different from the uniform, white the amount of lean is an invitation to chips produced by sound wood.
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