Silviculture Terminology
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Silvicultural Systems and Regeneration Methods: Current Practices and New Alternatives 153
Silvicultural Systems and 9 Regeneration Methods: Current Practices and New Alternatives John C. Tappeiner, Denis Lavender, Jack Walstad, Robert O. Curtis, and Dean S. DeBell Development of Regeneration Practices 151 Early Logging Practices and Regeneration Methods 152 Studies of Natural Regeneration Processes 153 Artificial ConiferRegeneration 154 Producing Stands of Diverse Structures and Habitats 156 At Harvest 156 Young Stand Establishment 158 Regeneration inYoung to Mature Stands 158 Natural Succession 159 Conclusion 160 Literature Oted 160 In this chapter, we discuss silvicuItural systems and objective 1, and considerable wildlife habitat and regeneration methods to meet the needs of society other values can be provided while producing rela over the next several decades. We begin with a brief tively high yields of wood under objective 2. The history of silvicuItural systems and what we have knowledge and skills are available to pursue both ob learned about forest regeneration.in the Pacific jectives effectively. Moreover, many ownerswill likely Northwest. We then discuss how regeneration meth manage their forests under both approaches. ods might evolve over the next several decades. We believe that the practice of silviculture gen erally will be applied to two different forest man Development of Regeneration Practices agement philosophies and objectives, providing (1) old-forest characteristics and (2) wood production. Traditional methods for regenerating forests as part Significant amounts of wood can be produced under of a timber harvest fall into two broad categories: (1) 151 152 Section ll. Silvicultural Systems and Management Concerns even-age management systems, which include clear drew heavily on European experience and called for cutting, shelterwood, and seed-tree methods, and (2) intensive practices and detailed stand analyses. -
Silviculture and Forest Management
Working with your forest to meet your needs: Silviculture and Forest Management Susan L. Stout US Forest Service, Northern Research Station Warren, PA Silvi • Silviculture is certainly about trees, and specifically about trees in forests …culture • The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought • www.thefreedictionary.com/culture …culture • the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc dictionary.reference.com/ browse/culture Silviculture • “Silviculture is the art & science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests & woodlands to meet the diverse needs & values of landowners & society on a sustainable basis.” Society of American Foresters 1994 Knowledge needed to practice good silviculture • Site quality and characteristics • Character of surrounding landscape • Age classes found in and around this forest stand • History of the forest • Silvics of species in the stand Site quality • Sometimes measured by the height of leading trees at a certain age, figured out by taking tree cores (if the tallest trees were removed, or the stand is uneven-aged, this may not work) • Concept integrates landscape position, many soil characteristics, dry/moist conditions, and nutrients Landscape Context Age classes of your forest Uneven-aged Even-aged Age classes of your forest Uneven-aged Even-aged • Activities planned for the -
Traditional Fire Knowledge in Two Chestnut Forest Ecosystems of the Iberian Peninsula and Its Implications
Land Use Policy 47 (2015) 130–144 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Land Use Policy jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landusepol Forgetting fire: Traditional fire knowledge in two chestnut forest ecosystems of the Iberian Peninsula and its implications for European fire management policy a,∗ b c a,b,c Francisco Seijo , James D.A. Millington , Robert Gray , Verónica Sanz , d e f Jorge Lozano , Francisco García-Serrano , Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda , f Jesús Julio Camarero a Middlebury College C.V. Starr School in Spain, Madrid, Spain b Department of Geography, King’s College London, London, UK c RW Gray Consulting Ltd, Chilliwack, BC, Canada d Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Sección de Biología Básica y Aplicada, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, C/París s/n., Loja 1101608, Ecuador e Saint Louis University, Madrid, Spain f Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia-CSICAvda. Monta˜nana, 1005. 50059 Zaragoza, Spain a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Human beings have used fire as an ecosystem management tool for thousands of years. In the context of Received 6 October 2014 the scientific and policy debate surrounding potential climate change adaptation and mitigation strate- Received in revised form 25 February 2015 gies, the importance of the impact of relatively recent state fire-exclusion policies on fire regimes has Accepted 14 March 2015 been debated. To provide empirical evidence to this ongoing debate we examine the impacts of state fire-exclusion policies in the chestnut forest ecosystems of two geographically neighbouring municipal- Keywords: ities in central Spain, Casillas and Rozas de Puerto Real. -
Analysis of Habitat Fragmentation and Ecosystem Connectivity Within the Castle Parks, Alberta, Canada by Breanna Beaver Submit
Analysis of Habitat Fragmentation and Ecosystem Connectivity within The Castle Parks, Alberta, Canada by Breanna Beaver Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Environmental Science Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY December, 2017 Analysis of Habitat Fragmentation and Ecosystem Connectivity within The Castle Parks, Alberta, Canada Breanna Beaver I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Breanna Beaver, Student Date Approvals: Dawna Cerney, Thesis Advisor Date Peter Kimosop, Committee Member Date Felicia Armstrong, Committee Member Date Clayton Whitesides, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Dean of Graduate Studies Date Abstract Habitat fragmentation is an important subject of research needed by park management planners, particularly for conservation management. The Castle Parks, in southwest Alberta, Canada, exhibit extensive habitat fragmentation from recreational and resource use activities. Umbrella and keystone species within The Castle Parks include grizzly bears, wolverines, cougars, and elk which are important animals used for conservation agendas to help protect the matrix of the ecosystem. This study identified and analyzed the nature of habitat fragmentation within The Castle Parks for these species, and has identified geographic areas of habitat fragmentation concern. This was accomplished using remote sensing, ArcGIS, and statistical analyses, to develop models of fragmentation for ecosystem cover type and Digital Elevation Models of slope, which acted as proxies for species habitat suitability. -
Shelterwood Method
Shelterwood Method Characteristics •Form • Appearance --- Removal of mature crop in a series of partial cuttings which (1) stimulate seed production, (2) prepare the site and (3) make room for regeneration • Versatility --- Extremely versatile as far as use with different species and under different conditions Shelterwood Method Characteristics • Relation to Other Methods ---- Establishment of regeneration precedes the final cut • Protection of the Site • Quality Growth of Residuals ---- species? Shelterwood Method Uniform Shelterwood • Treatments applied uniformly over the whole stand. The objective of the method is to secure establishment of the new stand, but in addition to supplying seed, the shelterwood provides protection for the young seedlings. At some stage, the older trees start to interfere with growth of the new stand and must be removed. 1 Shelterwood Method Uniform Shelterwood • Thus, we are really describing sequences of harvest cuts used to secure seed, prepare the site, and then release the seedlings. Shelterwood Method Uniform Shelterwood • Cutting Sequences 1. Preparatory Cut 2. Seed Cutting 3. Removal Cutting 4. Additional Removal Cuttings Shelterwood Method Uniform Shelterwood • Normal Procedure ---- Could involve the 3 types of cutting, but normal procedure is a seed tree cutting and 1 or 2 removal cuttings. Known as a 2 or 3-cut shelterwood. Last cut is the final harvest cut. 2 Shelterwood Method Modifications • Strip Shelterwood • Group Shelterwood • Irregular Shelterwood refer to Fischer et al. 1980 --- library Shelterwood Method Advantages of Shelterwood • Reproduction is more certain • More quality growth on residuals • Protection of the site • More complete utilization of the site • Length of rotation may be shortened • Aesthetics • Possible to time cuttings with good seed year Shelterwood Method Disadvantages of Shelterwood • Often leads to overstocking • Cost of logging is greater • More skill to apply • Site prep is difficult 3 Shelterwood Method • Use of shelterwood in different forest types. -
FOREST Condition Assessment Brochure, Pg
Reference TIPS FOREST Condition Assessment brochure, pg. 9 With proper management, you can maintain healthy forest land. All forests can be managed for a single use, such as timber production, or for multiple uses, such as wildlife habitat, recreation, livestock grazing and/or timber production. To help you Worksheet manage your forest land, you need to decide which of these uses are important to you. You likely have a primary use planned that will guide your overall management and decision-making processes. If secondary and tertiary uses are also important to you, allow these to guide your decisions as well. This worksheet will help you ensure that the vegetation and ecosystems on your forest land function properly for the land uses you have identified. In a healthy forest, the larger overstory trees, smaller understory trees, and ground vegetation are all in good condition. The distribution of vegetation and the number of trees per acre will differ depending upon where your property is located within the state. Soil type, precipitation, temperature, tree species, and your land use objectives are also factors that affect the density and distribution of vegetation on your forest land. Instructions: Conduct a basic assessment of your forest land by answering the following questions. Suggestions to help you address specific management issues are listed directly under each section. If you identify management needs and issues that may require professional assistance, refer to the last page of this Forest Condition Assessment for a list of resources. Site Date 1. Identify the tree species on your forest land. Select all that are present: Others: □ Douglas fi r □ Western larch □ Ponderosa pine □ Bigleaf maple □ Grand fi r □ Red alder □ White fi r □ Sitka spruce □ Western hemlock □ Oregon white oak There are many references to help you identify the tree species present in Oregon. -
Understanding the Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Balance of Forests in Britain
Research Report Understanding the carbon and greenhouse gas balance of forests in Britain Research Report Understanding the carbon and greenhouse gas balance of forests in Britain James Morison, Robert Matthews, Gemma Miller, Mike Perks, Tim Randle, Elena Vanguelova, Miriam White and Sirwan Yamulki Forestry Commission: Edinburgh © Crown Copyright 2012 You may re-use this information (not including logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit: www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or e-mail: [email protected]. First published in 2012 by Forestry Commission, Silvan House, 231 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh EH12 7AT. ISBN 978-0-85538-855-3 Morison, J., Matthews, R., Miller, G., Perks, M., Randle, T., Vanguelova, E., White, M. and Yamulki, S. (2012). Understanding the carbon and greenhouse gas balance of forests in Britain. Forestry Commission Research Report. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh. i–vi + 1–149 pp. Keywords: Forest carbon; carbon stocks; soil carbon; greenhouse gas balance; mitigation; fossil fuel substitution; forest management. FCRP018/FC-GB(STUDIO9)/0K/MAR12 Enquiries relating to this publication should be addressed to: Forestry Commission 231 Corstorphine Road Edinburgh Scotland, EH12 7AT T: 0131 334 0303 E: [email protected] The Forestry Commission will consider all requests to make the content of publications available in alternative formats. Please direct requests to the Forestry Commission Diversity Team at the above address, or by email at [email protected] or by phone on 0131 314 6575. -
FSA1091 Basics of Heating with Firewood
DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH & EXTENSION Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Arkansas System FSA1091 Basics of Heating with Firewood Sammy Sadaka Introduction Many options of secure, wood combustion Ph.D., P.E. stoves, freplaces, furnaces and boilers Associate Professor Wood heating was the predominant are available in the market. EPA certifed freplaces, furnaces and wood stoves with Extension Engineer means for heating in homes and businesses for several decades until the advent of no visible smoke and 90 percent less iron radiators, forced air furnaces and pollution are among alternatives. Addi- John W. Magugu, Ph.D. improved stoves. More recently, a census tionally, wood fuel users should adhere Professional Assistant by Energy Information Administration, to sustainable wood management and EIA, has placed fuelwood users in the environmental sustainability frameworks. USA at 2.5 million as of 2012. Burning wood has been more common Despite the widespread use of cen- among rural families compared to families tral heating systems, many Arkansans within urban jurisdictions. Burning wood still have freplaces in their homes, with has been further incentivized by more many others actively using wood heating extended utility (power) outages caused systems. A considerable number of by wind, ice and snowstorms. Furthermore, Arkansans tend to depend on wood fuel liquefed petroleum gas, their alternative as a primary source of heating due to fuel, has seen price increases over recent high-energy costs, the existence of high- years. effciency heating apparatuses and Numerous consumers continue to have extended power outages in rural areas. questions related to the use of frewood. An Apart from the usual open freplaces, important question is what type of wood more effcient wood stoves, freplace can be burned for frewood? How to store inserts and furnaces have emerged. -
Tennessee Christmas Tree Production Manual
PB 1854 Tennessee Christmas Tree Production Manual 1 Tennessee Christmas Tree Production Manual Contributing Authors Alan B. Galloway Area Farm Management Specialist [email protected] Megan Bruch Leffew Marketing Specialist [email protected] Dr. David Mercker Extension Forestry Specialist [email protected] Foreword The authors are indebted to the author of the original Production of Christmas Trees in Tennessee (Bulletin 641, 1984) manual by Dr. Eyvind Thor. His efforts in promoting and educating growers about Christmas tree production in Tennessee led to the success of many farms and helped the industry expand. This publication builds on the base of information from the original manual. The authors appreciate the encouragement, input and guidance from the members of the Tennessee Christmas Tree Growers Association with a special thank you to Joe Steiner who provided his farm schedule as a guide for Chapter 6. The development and printing of this manual were made possible in part by a USDA specialty crop block grant administered through the Tennessee Department of Agriculture. The authors thank the peer review team of Dr. Margarita Velandia, Dr. Wayne Clatterbuck and Kevin Ferguson for their keen eyes and great suggestions. While this manual is directed more toward new or potential choose-and-cut growers, it should provide useful information for growers of all experience levels and farm sizes. Parts of the information presented will become outdated. It is recommended that prospective growers seek additional information from their local University of Tennessee Extension office and from other Christmas tree growers. 2 Tennessee Christmas Tree Production Manual Contents Chapter 1: Beginning the Planning ............................................................................................... -
Accelerating the Development of Old-Growth Characteristics in Second-Growth Northern Hardwoods
United States Department of Agriculture Accelerating the Development of Old-growth Characteristics in Second-growth Northern Hardwoods Karin S. Fassnacht, Dustin R. Bronson, Brian J. Palik, Anthony W. D’Amato, Craig G. Lorimer, Karl J. Martin Forest Northern General Technical Service Research Station Report NRS-144 February 2015 Abstract Active management techniques that emulate natural forest disturbance and stand development processes have the potential to enhance species diversity, structural complexity, and spatial heterogeneity in managed forests, helping to meet goals related to biodiversity, ecosystem health, and forest resilience in the face of uncertain future conditions. There are a number of steps to complete before, during, and after deciding to use active management for this purpose. These steps include specifying objectives and identifying initial targets, recognizing and addressing contemporary stressors that may hinder the ability to meet those objectives and targets, conducting a pretreatment evaluation, developing and implementing treatments, and evaluating treatments for success of implementation and for effectiveness after application. In this report we discuss these steps as they may be applied to second-growth northern hardwood forests in the northern Lake States region, using our experience with the ongoing managed old-growth silvicultural study (MOSS) as an example. We provide additional examples from other applicable studies across the region. Quality Assurance This publication conforms to the Northern Research Station’s Quality Assurance Implementation Plan which requires technical and policy review for all scientific publications produced or funded by the Station. The process included a blind technical review by at least two reviewers, who were selected by the Assistant Director for Research and unknown to the author. -
Natural Disturbance and Stand Development Principles for Ecological Forestry
United States Department of Agriculture Natural Disturbance and Forest Service Stand Development Principles Northern Research Station for Ecological Forestry General Technical Report NRS-19 Jerry F. Franklin Robert J. Mitchell Brian J. Palik Abstract Foresters use natural disturbances and stand development processes as models for silvicultural practices in broad conceptual ways. Incorporating an understanding of natural disturbance and stand development processes more fully into silvicultural practice is the basis for an ecological forestry approach. Such an approach must include 1) understanding the importance of biological legacies created by a tree regenerating disturbance and incorporating legacy management into harvesting prescriptions; 2) recognizing the role of stand development processes, particularly individual tree mortality, in generating structural and compositional heterogeneity in stands and implementing thinning prescriptions that enhance this heterogeneity; and 3) appreciating the role of recovery periods between disturbance events in the development of stand complexity. We label these concepts, when incorporated into a comprehensive silvicultural approach, the “three-legged stool” of ecological forestry. Our goal in this report is to review the scientific basis for the three-legged stool of ecological forestry to provide a conceptual foundation for its wide implementation. Manuscript received for publication 1 May 2007 Published by: For additional copies: USDA FOREST SERVICE USDA Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073-3294 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 November 2007 Fax: (740)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/ INTRODUCTION Foresters use natural disturbances and stand development processes as models for silvicultural practices in broad conceptual ways. -
Do-It-Yourself Ways to Steward a Healthy, Beautiful Forest | Northwest Natural Resource Group | Take the Time to Become Familiar with Your Forest
You can do many simple things yourself to make your forest attract more wildlife, provide recreation, and contribute to its own upkeep. Our forests provide for us in many ways. Their While getting to know your forest, you can do a lot beauty inspires us. They clean the air, filter and store to improve its health and enhance its beauty. water, protect soil, and shelter diverse plants and wildlife. They sustain livelihoods and yield firewood, This guide focuses on common ways Northwest building materials, and edible and forest owners can steward their land to meet a range of goals. These practices include: medicinal plants. With all that forests do for us, a little care in Observing and monitoring the forest return will help our forests Making your forest more wildlife-friendly continue to sustain our well-being. Controlling invasive plants Keeping soil fertile and productive This guide is intended for forest Creating structural and biological diversity owners who are just getting started in stewarding their land. This is not an exhaustive manual with detailed NNRG put this information together based on years instructions on how to complete these DIY of experience working with families, small businesses, practices. Instead, it describes the most important and conservation groups across western Oregon and actions to help you start your journey of forest Washington. In conducting site visits, we’ve found stewardship. At the end of this booklet, you’ll find a that lands share common needs and owners share list of resources that can help you learn how common questions. to carry out each of these practices.