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“Distance “DISTANCE” AND OTHER STORIES Angela Drummond-Mathews Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2004 APPROVED: Barbara Rodman, Major Professor John Tait, Committee Member Haj Ross, Committee Member James Baird, Committee Member James Tanner, Chair of the Department of English Sandra L. Terrell, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Drummond-Mathews, Angela, “Distance" and Other Stories, Doctor of Philosophy (English), August 2004, 278 pp. “Distance” and Other Stories is a collection of four short stories and a novella that explore the themes of isolation and personal revelation. The dissertation opens with a preface which describes my background as a writer and the forces that shape my work, including science fiction, technology and the internet, cultural marginalization, and Joseph Campbell’s hero’s motif. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE..................................................................................................................................... 1 Works Cited.................................................................................................................... 24 GRETCHEN AND FRANK....................................................................................................... 25 LIGHT AND DARK................................................................................................................... 28 THE QUIET GAME................................................................................................................... 41 RETROMORPHOSIS ................................................................................................................ 59 DISTANCE................................................................................................................................. 81 ii PREFACE When I was a child, my favorite writers were Stanislaw Lem and Isaac Asimov. Lem had written two of my favorite books, The Star Diaries (Translated by M. Kandel, Seabury Press, 1976) and Memoirs Found in a Bathtub ( Translated by M. Kandel and Ch. Rose, Seabury Press, 1973). Asimov had written other influential works, notably The Foundation Trilogy (Foundation, Gnome Press, 1951, Foundation and Empire, Gnome Press, 1952, Second Foundation, Gnome Press, 1953) and I, Robot (Gnome Press, 1950). But more than just being an author I could look up to, Asimov became for me someone to emulate. He was said to be the only writer to have a book in every classification of the Dewey Decimal System. He had given up a career as a biochemist to write full time when his income as a writer surpassed his salary as a professor. He was smart, and I wanted to be just like him. For a long while I wrote science fiction and science fantasy, using Lem and Asimov as my mentors and guides. Lem’s Star Diaries was the first work of science fiction and coincidentally the first work of satire I had ever read. The work is reminiscent of Gulliver’s Travels in that it is the collected accounts of the character Ijon Tichy’s travels through space, the planets he visits, and the political situations he finds there. Tichy’s solo journeys, much like Gulliver’s, mirror the child’s journey through life and the isolated individual’s encounter with society. Asimov’s works also served the same purpose, as his robot characters tried to gain equal opportunity in human society and as the society of the Foundation worked through its struggles. 1 Science fiction is about isolation, alienation, marginalization. It pits everyman against the unknown. Ultimately, we learn more about ourselves, when it is done well, than we learn about the fantastic worlds or creatures in the stories. It mirrors our own experience of society. Contemporary marginalization as we experience it in society is an isolation of the individual by technology, information, and pluralism combined with social and political isolation in many cases1. The growth of technology has caused us to live in a society in which human contact is increasingly mediated by machines. Cellular telephones, beepers, computers, and the like have further distanced us even as they promise to bring us together. Increasing amounts of our work and play are spent in solitary and near motionless interface with one or another article of technology. When that isolation is combined with social or political isolation due to, for example, ideology, culture, or race, hypermarginalization is the result. This is often described as being a double or triple minority, where a black person is in the minority, a black woman is a double minority, and a black woman lesbian is a triple minority, thrice cursed (or blessed, as you will). The human support networks a hypermarginalized person might have had within his or her own community may no longer exist. All other contact may be mediated by machine—a virtual closeness compromised by actual distance. In literature, a marginalized character gives us the opportunity to examine the culture through the eyes of someone who does not take the cultural norms for granted. Hypermarginalized characters may function in much the same way as technology does for the reader: because 1 Martin Heidegger expresses this idea in his work “Question Concerning Technology.” He explains that man surrounded by technology fails to see himself as anything other than the attendant of that which he has created. As such, he misses the opportunity to see himself in relation to his world. (Heidegger 308-9) 2 of their inherent distance, they may bring a reader closer to seeing a truth. Technology impacts our lives in the way that we communicate. The way characters communicate shapes the way character is revealed. In the same way that the widespread use of telephone communication has rendered the epistolary mode obsolete, the sophisticated note passing that is email and chat may revive it. The epistolary novel, most popular in the eighteenth century, gave its readers a sense of immediacy and verisimilitude. Each letter progressed both plot and character development. The reader was able to know the mind of more than one character without a sometimes unnatural- feeling third person omniscient narrator’s intervention. But as people write fewer and fewer letters, and as letter writing itself faces obsolescence since the writer may see, call, or email the person long before the letter arrives, it becomes hard for a reader to find believability in the form. With the advent of computer communications, we interact on a daily basis, form and break relationships, with people we may never see in person. Those we do see, we also communicate with online through electronic mail, messages, and chat. A significant portion of our contact with others has become mediated by electronic means. Thus, the email or chat window may be as revelatory of character as the letter was a few centuries ago. It may even be more revelatory, because, more than with letters, the presence one creates online becomes more than just a placeholder for a person; it becomes a functioning agent. The hallmarks of the epistolary form associated with women’s fiction--obsession, love, privacy, and intimacy--are transformed on the Internet. What appears to be private 3 is too easily intercepted or made public. Intimacy swiftly won becomes fraudulent. Identity becomes fluid and contingent. Gender becomes mystery. To use an avatar as a representation or interpretation of the self on the Internet is to use the Internet as a tool of metaphor. An avatar expresses an aspect of the self in metaphorical terms in order to communicate. To be sure, the entire net and computer world is built on metaphor. We chat in “rooms;” we open “windows” or “files;” we shop online using virtual “baskets” or “carts.” Identity can also be a metaphor, a representation of self. On the Internet that identity can be further complicated by layers upon layers of metaphor. The avatar a person creates on the Internet can never really be that person, but is one aspect of that person. The person can create different avatars to represent different aspects of personality. The name of the avatar may have some other associations. That, too, is another aspect of personality. But on the Web, they exist together. I have mentioned two types of alienation: one that is caused by technology and one that is caused by other social or political factors. Isolation caused by technology may also be called “urban isolation.” This isolation is related to the large and impersonal communities in which we live and work which give the impression that one is “only a number,” a sense of diminished importance and nullified individuality or identity. Technology is also often represented as a barrier between the known and the unknown, in which the isolated individual is a questing figure in a foreign place. A literary example of this is Ishmael’s visit to the Spouter Inn, in Melville’s Moby Dick. The Inn is a space that is decorated with the implements of the whaling trade and populated by its veterans. This technology is a concrete representation of the new world Ishmael is about to enter. 4 Science fiction has always capitalized on this theme, from Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels to George Lucas’ Star Wars, notably, the scene at the barrier city Mos Isley. In earlier literature, monsters often sat at the barrier between worlds or between that which humans knew or possessed and that which they desired to control or possess. These “monsters” often represented something that was not aligned with the society or something
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