DOCSLIB.ORG

The Inquiries of Herodotus and Psammetichus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Inquiries of Herodotus and Psammetichus Studies in Aetiology and Historical Methodology in Herodotus by Mackenzie Steele Zalin Department of Classical Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ William A. Johnson, Supervisor ___________________________ Carla M. Antonaccio ___________________________ Emily E. Baragwanath ___________________________ Joshua D. Sosin Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classical Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2016 i v ABSTRACT Studies in Aetiology and Historical Methodology in Herodotus by Mackenzie Steele Zalin Department of Classical Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ William A. Johnson, Supervisor ___________________________ Carla M. Antonaccio ___________________________ Emily E. Baragwanath ___________________________ Joshua D. Sosin An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classical Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2016 Copyright by Mackenzie Steele Zalin 2016 Abstract This dissertation interrogates existing scholarly paradigms regarding aetiology in the Histories of Herodotus in order to open up new avenues to approach a complex and varied topic. Since aetiology has mostly been treated as the study of cause and effect in the Histories, this work expands the purview of aetiology to include Herodotus’ explanations of origins more generally. The overarching goal in examining the methodological principles of Herodotean aetiology is to show the extent to which they resonate across the Histories according to their initial development in the proem, especially in those places that seem to deviate from the work’s driving force (i.e. the Persian Wars). Though the focus is on correlating the principles espoused in the proem with their deployment in Herodotus’ ethnographies and other seemingly divergent portions of his work, the dissertation also demonstrates the influence of these principles on some of the more “historical” aspects of the Histories where the struggle between Greeks and barbarians is concerned. The upshot is to make a novel case not only for the programmatic significance of the proem, but also for the cohesion of Herodotean methodology from cover to cover, a perennial concern for scholars of Greek history and historiography. Chapter One illustrates how the proem to the Histories (1.1.0-1.5.3) prefigures Herodotus’ engagement with aetiological discussions throughout the Histories. Chapter Two indicates how the reading of the proem laid out in Chapter One allows for Herodotus’ deployment of aetiology in the Egyptian logos (especially where the pharaoh Psammetichus’ investigation of the origins of Egyptian language, nature, and custom are iv concerned) to be viewed within the methodological continuum of the Histories at large. Chapter Three connects Herodotus’ programmatic interest in the origins of erga (i.e. “works” or “achievements” manifested as monuments and deeds of abstract and concrete sorts) with the patterns addressed in Chapters One and Two. Chapter Four examines aetiological narratives in the Scythian logos and argues through them that this logos is as integral to the Histories as the analogous Egyptian logos studied in Chapter Two. Chapter Five demonstrates how the aetiologies associated with the Greeks’ collaboration with the Persians (i.e. medism) in the lead-up to the battle of Thermopylae recapitulate programmatic patterns isolated in previous chapters and thereby extend the methodological continuum of the Histories beyond the “ethnographic” logoi to some of the most representative “historical” logoi of Herodotus’ work. Chapter Six concludes the dissertation and makes one final case for methodological cohesion by showing the inextricability of the end of the Histories from its beginning. v Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1. Establishing a Paradigm: Aetiology in the Proem to the Histories ................................ 9 1.1 Setting the Stage: the Einleitungssatz ................................................................... 10 1.2 Charting the Difference......................................................................................... 13 1.3 Reconciling the Difference ................................................................................... 19 2. Exemplifying the Egyptian Logos: the Inquiries of Herodotus and Psammetichus ..... 28 2.1 The Bekos Experiment .......................................................................................... 32 2.2 The Nile ................................................................................................................ 48 2.3 Custom .................................................................................................................. 61 3. Bridging the Divide: Ergon, Logos, and Aetiology ...................................................... 70 3.1 Ergon and Logos ................................................................................................... 73 3.2 Iconatrophy ........................................................................................................... 83 4. Same Difference: the Scythian Logos ........................................................................... 99 4.1 The Origins of the Scythians............................................................................... 101 4.2 Geography ........................................................................................................... 113 4.3 Custom ................................................................................................................ 125 4.4 Seeing the Bigger Picture: the Exemplarity of the Sauromatae .......................... 133 5. “Let this statement hold for my entire narrative”: the Medizing Logos ..................... 138 5.1 The Argives ......................................................................................................... 139 vi 5.2 Gelon ................................................................................................................... 153 5.3 The Corcyreans ................................................................................................... 161 5.4 The Cretans ......................................................................................................... 165 6. What’s Past is Prologue: Seeing Aetiology as Teleology ........................................... 171 6.1 Back to the Future: Anticipating a Chronological Paradox ................................ 172 6.2 Coming Full Circle ............................................................................................. 179 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 194 Biography ........................................................................................................................ 218 vii Abbreviations Journal names are abbreviated according to L’année philologique. Modern reference works, ancient authors, and ancient works are abbreviated according to the third edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford, 1996). viii Acknowledgements After a long journey, it is a great pleasure to acknowledge assistance received on the road to earning the Ph.D. I first wish to extend my most sincere thanks to my advisor, William Johnson, whose unflagging support of all of my endeavors began even before I arrived at Duke University and extended far beyond the confines of the dissertation. To my committee members, Carla Antonaccio, Emily Baragwanath, and Joshua Sosin, I owe a debt of gratitude for guiding me towards ever-greater clarity in my writing and for suggesting many useful paths to follow which I might never have found otherwise. I am also grateful to José González for his advice during the early stages of this project and to Reinhold Bichler and Bruce Lincoln for allowing me to consult unpublished works. The aforementioned are in no way responsible for any of the errors or shortcomings which this work may present. The support I received during the course of my doctoral studies at all levels from Duke University allowed me not only to complete my dissertation in a timely fashion, but also to grow immeasurably as a teacher, scholar, and human being. To this end, the faculty, staff, and graduate students of the Department of Classical Studies deserve special commendation for their collegiality and friendship over the years. I am also pleased to recognize the Graduate School for awarding me two consecutive summer fellowships which afforded months of unobstructed time for writing, and the Perkins Library system for furnishing me with everything I needed for my research. Finally, I would like to thank my teachers, especially Eric Henager, Margie Lotz, Dirk Obbink, David Sick, Nicholas Sturch, and Kim Whittaker Morris, for inspiring me
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Black Sea-Caspian Steppe: Natural Conditions 20 1.1 the Great Steppe
    The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editors Florin Curta and Dušan Zupka volume 74 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe By Aleksander Paroń Translated by Thomas Anessi LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Publication of the presented monograph has been subsidized by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the National Programme for the Development of Humanities, Modul Universalia 2.1. Research grant no. 0046/NPRH/H21/84/2017. National Programme for the Development of Humanities Cover illustration: Pechenegs slaughter prince Sviatoslav Igorevich and his “Scythians”. The Madrid manuscript of the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes. Miniature 445, 175r, top. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Proofreading by Philip E. Steele The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://catalog.loc.gov/2021015848 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”.
    [Show full text]
  • Renaissance Receptions of Ovid's Tristia Dissertation
    RENAISSANCE RECEPTIONS OF OVID’S TRISTIA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gabriel Fuchs, M.A. Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Frank T. Coulson, Advisor Benjamin Acosta-Hughes Tom Hawkins Copyright by Gabriel Fuchs 2013 ABSTRACT This study examines two facets of the reception of Ovid’s Tristia in the 16th century: its commentary tradition and its adaptation by Latin poets. It lays the groundwork for a more comprehensive study of the Renaissance reception of the Tristia by providing a scholarly platform where there was none before (particularly with regard to the unedited, unpublished commentary tradition), and offers literary case studies of poetic postscripts to Ovid’s Tristia in order to explore the wider impact of Ovid’s exilic imaginary in 16th-century Europe. After a brief introduction, the second chapter introduces the three major commentaries on the Tristia printed in the Renaissance: those of Bartolomaeus Merula (published 1499, Venice), Veit Amerbach (1549, Basel), and Hecules Ciofanus (1581, Antwerp) and analyzes their various contexts, styles, and approaches to the text. The third chapter shows the commentators at work, presenting a more focused look at how these commentators apply their differing methods to the same selection of the Tristia, namely Book 2. These two chapters combine to demonstrate how commentary on the Tristia developed over the course of the 16th century: it begins from an encyclopedic approach, becomes focused on rhetoric, and is later aimed at textual criticism, presenting a trajectory that ii becomes increasingly focused and philological.
    [Show full text]
  • Harttimo 1.Pdf
    Beyond the River, under the Eye of Rome Ethnographic Landscapes, Imperial Frontiers, and the Shaping of a Danubian Borderland by Timothy Campbell Hart A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Greek and Roman History) in the University of Michigan 2017 Doctoral Committee: Professor David S. Potter, Co-Chair Professor Emeritus Raymond H. Van Dam, Co-Chair Assistant Professor Ian David Fielding Professor Christopher John Ratté © Timothy Campbell Hart [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8640-131X For my family ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Developing and writing a dissertation can, at times, seem like a solo battle, but in my case, at least, this was far from the truth. I could not have completed this project without the advice and support of many individuals, most crucially, my dissertation co-chairs David S. Potter, and Raymond Van Dam. Ray saw some glimmer of potential in me and worked to foster it from the moment I arrived at Michigan. I am truly thankful for his support throughout the years and constant advice on both academic and institutional matters. In particular, our conversations about demographics and the movement of people in the ancient world were crucial to the genesis of this project. Throughout the writing process, Ray’s firm encouragement towards clarity of argument and style, while not always what I wanted to hear, have done much to make this a stronger dissertation. David Potter has provided me with a lofty academic model towards which to strive. I admire the breadth and depth of his scholarship; working and teaching with him have shown me much worth emulating.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncovering Scandinavian Roots
    Uncovering Scandinavian Roots and Were SCYTHIANS Israelites? House of Israel -- The Connecting Evidence Well known Norwegian Pentecostal evangelist discovers the Lost 10 Tribes of Israel Uncovering Scandinavian Roots The study of family history is a popular hobby among both Americans and Europeans. It became even more well-known after Alex Haley published his family history in the book entitled Roots. This book was later serialized in a television epic that captured the eyes of millions. Related families anciently made up a tribe. And tribes developed later into nations. The study of family history therefore often leads to the study of a nation's origins — digging way back to its roots. To find the roots of either a family or a nation, one method is to begin with what is known in the present era. Then trace the thread of evidence back through the centuries to the dim or unknown past. Tracing Scandinavian roots in history is a fascinating study. Working like a detective, clues and evidence must be searched for, gathered together and sifted. Each piece is then placed in the puzzle to form a picture revealing the origins of the Nordic nations. Where to Search What do archaeologists, historians and classical writers say about the peoples who settled in Scandinavia? Some of the best sources of information are rare books to be found only in the best libraries of the world. In these many and varied documents of recorded history, four important items to look for are: names, dates, places and relationships. Children in European schools learn about the Vikings, Danes, Jutes and Normans — the Scandinavians of recent times.
    [Show full text]
  • Slavic Pagan World
    Slavic Pagan World 1 Slavic Pagan World Compilation by Garry Green Welcome to Slavic Pagan World: Slavic Pagan Beliefs, Gods, Myths, Recipes, Magic, Spells, Divinations, Remedies, Songs. 2 Table of Content Slavic Pagan Beliefs 5 Slavic neighbors. 5 Dualism & The Origins of Slavic Belief 6 The Elements 6 Totems 7 Creation Myths 8 The World Tree. 10 Origin of Witchcraft - a story 11 Slavic pagan calendar and festivals 11 A small dictionary of slavic pagan gods & goddesses 15 Slavic Ritual Recipes 20 An Ancient Slavic Herbal 23 Slavic Magick & Folk Medicine 29 Divinations 34 Remedies 39 Slavic Pagan Holidays 45 Slavic Gods & Goddesses 58 Slavic Pagan Songs 82 Organised pagan cult in Kievan Rus' 89 Introduction 89 Selected deities and concepts in slavic religion 92 Personification and anthropomorphisation 108 "Core" concepts and gods in slavonic cosmology 110 3 Evolution of the eastern slavic beliefs 111 Foreign influence on slavic religion 112 Conclusion 119 Pagan ages in Poland 120 Polish Supernatural Spirits 120 Polish Folk Magic 125 Polish Pagan Pantheon 131 4 Slavic Pagan Beliefs The Slavic peoples are not a "race". Like the Romance and Germanic peoples, they are related by area and culture, not so much by blood. Today there are thirteen different Slavic groups divided into three blocs, Eastern, Southern and Western. These include the Russians, Poles, Czechs, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Serbians,Croatians, Macedonians, Slovenians, Bulgarians, Kashubians, Albanians and Slovakians. Although the Lithuanians, Estonians and Latvians are of Baltic tribes, we are including some of their customs as they are similar to those of their Slavic neighbors. Slavic Runes were called "Runitsa", "Cherty y Rezy" ("Strokes and Cuts") and later, "Vlesovitsa".
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of the Slavs
    ORIGIN OF THE SLAVS II Their Language, Institutions And Native Tribes by RA Goryn Table of Contents Origins of Slavonic Language In ancient times when people had to migrate they took with them their most precious possessions, the means to eke their livelihood, their cattle, the seeds to sow in the new country, and above all their gods and sacred objects to sustain their spirit and faith in the new place. The migrations from Central Asia and India to Syria, Anatolia and Europe were caused as far as we know by a natural disaster. The rise of the Himalayas, Hindu Kush and the Pamirs caused the rise of the level of the surrounding country, drying up the rivers and seas, causing drought and desiccation. The tectonic clash of the earth's crusts that produced the mountains forced several massive migrations from the area. The first civilisation in the Nile valley is identified as the product of Central Asian culture. Sumerians maintained long-standing connections between Central Asia and the Nile valley before the second known massive migration c. 5000 B.C. to Mesopotamia. The invasions of 2150 B. C. that brought the Phrygian culture to Anatolia and the Danube valley is identifiable with the first such invasion described in Greek mythology as the invasions of Osiris or Dionysus, the worshippers of Arna, and the culture that brought the Amazons to Syria, Anatolia and the Balkans. Colonisation of the Nile valley started considerably earlier than the reign of the gods and demi-gods in Egypt. The proto-Slavs are seen to have emerged out of the population that came in the third massive migration and are linked firmly by culture and religious ties to Dionysiac religious beliefs and rituals.
    [Show full text]
  • Momir P. Nikić SCYTHIANS: SCIENTIFIC GENOCIDE (4
    Nikić M., Scythians: Scientific genocide (4)...; УЗ Д АНИЦА 2009, VI/2, стр. 23–37 Momir P. Nikić УДК: 811.1/.2’373.6 ; 94(1:3) ИД БРОЈ: 171620620 Оригинални научни рад Примљен: 8. јануар 2008. Прихваћен: 25. март 2008. SCYTHIANS: SCIENTIFIC GENOCIDE (4) OTHER SCYTHIAN RIDDLES Abstract: In final part of this paper author analyzes and shed new light on remaining scythian onomastic puzzles: ethnonyms, oronyms and hydronyms. The special care is devoted to the names of neighbouring tribes (“one-eyed” Arimaspians, Massagetae, Thyssagetae, Issedones…). After thorough review of existing linguistic interpretations of scythic oronyms, author provides also new interpretation of the names of the most important Scythian rivers (Tanais, Tiras, Panticapaeus… etc.). Key words: Scythian onomastic puzzles; ethnonyms;names of neighboring tribes; hydronyms; Arimaspians; Exampaeus; Issedones; Massagetai; Tanais; Panticapes; Euxine… We shall now validate our hypothesis and results by tackling other onomastic problems that remain tough puzzles for most modern linguists, mainly due to their addiction to the “Iranian theory”. We shall try to offer new solutions, treating Scythian as language close to the Vedic and Classical Sanskrit. a) Ἀργιππαῖοι, Argippaei (Herodotus, 1920; 1998: IV. 23). This people, far beyond those Scythians that split off from Royal ones (and Budinians and Iyrcae), are supposed to be “bald from birth”, to have “snub noses and large chins” and “to have a distinct language”, but “dress like Scythians”. They are depicted as druids: each “lives under a tree” and are “said to be holy”; “no one acts unjustly towards them and they do not have any weapons of war”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Identity of Finland by Rainer Salomaa & Allan Reipas
    The Identity of Finland by Rainer Salomaa & Allan Reipas We have seen a monumentous amount of proof that England and the U.S.A. are descendents of the tribe of Joseph and bear the name of Israel, but what about the other Isralitish tribes, and more specifically, what about the modern identity of the tribe of Issachar? Seeing that I was born in Finland and that Allan is of direct Finnish descent, we have a particular interest in the identity of the Finnish people. The material presented is a composite of both of our research. Allan has contributed a great deal more than I have so most of the credit for the material presented actually belongs to him. (He is a university graduate of chemistry who is living in Montreal right now.) In Gen. 49:14-15, God says that “Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two burdens; and he saw that rest was good, and the land that it was pleasant; and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a servant unto tribute.” “Issachar” comes from the Hebrew word “Yissaskar,” meaning “He will bring a reward.” It comes from the word “sakar” which means “payment of contract, concerning salary, fare, maintencance.” Now the country of Finland is internationally known for paying off her contracts. She is the ONLY nation paying off her World War I debts to the U.S.A.! Also, at the end of World War II she lost some of her most valuable territory in the Karelia region to the Russians. This was about 11% of the country’s total area, including 10% of its arable land, 11% of its forests, and 10% of its industries.
    [Show full text]
  • "Women in Herodotus' "Histories"."
    _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses "Women in Herodotus' "Histories"." Georgiou, Irene-Evangelia How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Georgiou, Irene-Evangelia (2002) "Women in Herodotus' "Histories".". thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43005 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ Women in H erodotus’ H is t o r ie s Irene-Evangelia Georgiou Submitted to the University of Wales in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Wales Swansea 2 0 0 2 ProQuest Number: 10821395 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Herodotus: Father of History, Father of Lies
    Herodotus: Father of History, Father of Lies By David Pipes It was in the early days of the Peloponnesian War that Herodotus completed his History and published it. It was something new, something unique. It was not a chronicle, nor was it a local history. It was historia <1>-- researches into a major event of the past. It is no coincidence that Herodotus wrote his work at this time. In his History Herodotus tells of the Persian Empire, its rise to the height of imperialism, and its faltering and ultimate collapse. Some say that Athens, too, had reached the height of her imperialism, and the Peloponnesian war would bring to Athens what the war Herodotus wrote about brought to Persia. The author of the History wanted to do more than retell the events of the past, he want to prove a point and make sure the people of the future remembered and learned from the events of the past. He did not want to relate his story. He wanted to relate history. The Life and Travels of Herodotus People sometimes let their own experiences filter the way they interpret the events of the past. For this reason it is important that anyone seeking to study the work of another-- whether a history, a diary, or even a personal letter--should devote some effort to the study of that person's life. Only then can a student of history effectively judge the work of the historian in its proper light. Was the author trying to make a point? Was he hoping to convince the reader of something? If there is some deeper meaning to the history that someone creates, the key to unlocking that meaning will be found in his past.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians
    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS DE ATTILA JÓZSEF NOMINATAE ACTA ANTIQUA ET ARCHAEOLOGICA Tomus XIII. KISEBB DOLGOZATOK a klasszika-filológia és a régészet köréből MINORA OPERA ad philologiam classicam et archaeologiam pertinentia ΧΠΙ. J. HARMATTA STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND LANGUAGE OF THE SARMATIANS Szeged 1970 CONTENTS PREFACE 4 I. THE WESTERN SARMATIANS IN THE NORTH PONTIC REGION 1. From the Cimmerii up to the Sarmatians 7 2. Strabo's Report on the Western Sarmatian Tribal Confederacy 12 3. Late Scythians and Sarmatians. The Amage Story 15 4. The Western Sarmatian Tribal Confederacy and the North Pontic Greek Cities 20 5. Mithridates VI and the Sarmatians 23 6. The Sarmatians on the Lower Danube 26 7. Chronology of the Rise and Falj of the Western Sarmatian Tribal Confederacy 29 8. The Sarmatians and the Yiieh-chih Migration 31 9. The Sarmatian Phalerae and Their Eastern Relations 34 10. Conclusions 39 II. THE SARMATIANS IN HUNGARY 1. The Immigration into Hungary of the Iazyges 41 2. The Iazyges and the Roxolani 45 3. Goths and Roxolani 48 4. The Disappearance of the Roxolani 49 5. The Immigration into Hungary of the Roxolani 51 6. The Evacuation of Dacia and the Roxolani 53 7. The Fall of the Sarmatians in Hungary 55 III. THE LANGUAGE OF THE SARMATIANS 1. A History of the Problem 58 2. Proto-Iranian and Ossetian 69 3. The Sarmatian Dialects of the North Pontic Region 76 4. Conclusions 95 APPENDIX I. ADDITIONAL NOTES 98 APPENDIX II. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 108 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Ill INDEX 113 3 PREFACE Since the publication of my "Studies on the History of the Sarmatians" (Buda- pest 1950.
    [Show full text]
  • The Identity of Finland
    The Identity of Finland BBByByyy Rainer Salomaa & Allan ReipReipasasasas The Identity of Finland 2 The Identity of Finland Contents The Identity of Finland ............................................................................................4 Appendix One: Extract from Northwest Europe in Prophecy ...........................14 Appendix Two: From The “Lost” Ten Tribes of Israel…Found! .......................17 Appendix Three: Tribal Identifications: Issachar ................................................19 Appendix Four: One of Jacob’s Sons .................................................................24 Appendix Five: Note From Finland .....................................................................35 Appendix Six: Marshall Mannerheim ..................................................................36 Appendix Seven: Miscellaneous Information .....................................................37 3 The Identity of Finland THE IDENTITY OF FINLAND We have seen a monumentous amount of proof that England and the U.S.A. are descendents of the tribe of Joseph and bear the name of Israel, but what about the other Isralitish tribes, and more specifically, what about the modern identity of the tribe of Issachar? Seeing that I was born in Finland and that Allan is of direct Finnish descent, we have a particular interest in the identity of the Finnish people. The material presented is a composite of both of our research. Allan has contributed a great deal more than I have so most of the credit for the material presented actually
    [Show full text]