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Study on the Impact of Cruise Ships Calling at Barcelona in the City Air Quality

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Study on the Impact of Cruise Ships Calling at Barcelona in the City Air Quality Study on the impact of cruise ships calling at Barcelona in the city air quality Bachelor's Thesis Facultat de Nàutica de Barcelona Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Developed by: Javier Nieto Guarasa Supervised by: Santiago Ordás Jiménez Francesc Xavier Martínez de Osés Bachelor's degree in Nautical Science and Maritime Transport Barcelona, 1 September 2017 Department of Nautical Science and Engineering (This page is intentionally left blank) i Study on the impact of cruise ships calling at Barcelona in the city air quality (This page is intentionally left blank) ii Acknowledgements The author would like to dedicate this thesis to all deck officers, marine engineers and naval architects that make vessels navigate. Their passion and willingness makes this the most beautiful profession on Earth. Only when the three of them work in perfect harmony, the solid triangle they form can result in marvelous deed. The author would also like to acknowledge all professors and lecturers at the Barcelona School of Nautical Studies (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya). All the time dedicated by the author to deepen his knowledge in Nautical Science has been empowered by their dedication and support. An special recognition to lecturers, mentors and thesis directors Santiago Ordás and Xavi Martínez de Osés, for their guidance, help and dozens of well-answered emails! Lastly, the author remembers his family, every good friend and colleague and all the friends of cruise- ship MS Artania. They have always been there, even if they did not know. Their support and assistance to defeat any trouble in life was everything one can dream of. There is always light at the end of the path, we shall just keep going on until the end! To my cousin, Jose Durán «El miedo es el alimento del fracaso» iii Study on the impact of cruise ships calling at Barcelona in the city air quality (This page is intentionally left blank) iv Abstract Barcelona ranks among top 10 cruise ports in the world and it is first in Europe by number of passengers. Its popularity as homeport is explained thanks to a passenger-friendly port-city integration, in which cruise ships berth quite near from the main city attractions. The figures are impressive: 5% cruise passengers annual growth, up to 400M€ direct expenditure (around 0.7% Barcelona's GDP) and the largest and newest cruise ships being homeported at Barcelona. However, these figures may hide negative impacts on the city pollution levels. This paper focuses on the study of the impact that cruise ships may have on air quality. For this purpose, real traffic during 2016 in Barcelona was analyzed to create an Emission Inventory using the EMEP/EEA algorithm for shipping. The obtained figures were carefully studied so as to develop an Immission Inventory using the Gaussian plume mathematical model. It was found that cruise ships were responsible for about 15% of port emissions (NOx). Nevertheless, the overall impact was determined to be variable and heavily dependent on atmospheric conditions and the parameters considered (sustainability of scale). Eventually, a brief review on several methods to reduce emissions in port was also done. The main aim of the project is to assess if cruise ships are a large source of pollution in the city by the figures and to raise awareness about the problems this pollution can have on Barcelona inhabitants. Keywords Air quality, air pollution, AIS, atmospheric dispersion, Barcelona, cruise ships, data analysis, emission inventory, emission modeling, Gaussian plume, Harmony of the Seas, immission. v Study on the impact of cruise ships calling at Barcelona in the city air quality Resumen Barcelona se encuentra en el top 10 de principales puertos de crucero del mundo y es el primero de Europa. Su popularidad es debido a que se trata de un puerto accesible para el pasaje gracias a la integración puerto-ciudad, lo que permite que los buques atraquen muy cerca de las principales atracciones de la ciudad. Los datos son muy positivos: 5% de crecimiento anual en número de pasajeros, hasta 400M€ de gasto directo en la ciudad (sobre 0,7% de contribución al PIB de Barcelona) y confianza de las grandes navieras en la ciudad. Sin embargo, estos datos pueden esconder un impacto negativo sobre los niveles de contaminación atmosférica de la ciudad. Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de este impacto sobre la calidad del aire. Para este propósito, se estudió el tráfico real en Barcelona durante 2016 y se elaboró un Inventario de Emisiones a través del algoritmo EMEP/EEA para navegación marítima. Los datos obtenidos fueron estudiados para elaborar un Inventario de Inmisiones utilizando el modelo matemático de la pluma de Gauss. Todo ello se utilizó para determinar cuál era la magnitud del impacto de los cruceros. Se concluyó que los cruceros son responsables del 15% de emisiones provenientes del puerto. No obstante, el impacto total se determinó variable, con una elevada dependencia de las condiciones atmosféricas y de los parámetros considerados (sostenibilidad de escala). Por último, se hicieron breves comentarios sobre métodos para reducir las emisiones en puerto. La finalidad del proyecto es estudiar si los cruceros son una fuente importante de contaminación para la ciudad a través de los datos y crear concienciación sobre los problemas que esta contaminación puede tener en los habitantes de la ciudad condal. Palabras clave AIS, Análisis de datos, Barcelona, calidad del aire, contaminación atmosférica, cruceros, dispersión atmosférica, Harmony of the Seas, inmisión, inventario de emisiones, modelaje matemático de emisiones, pluma de Gauss. vi Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III ABSTRACT V RESUMEN VI TABLE OF CONTENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES IX LIST OF TABLES XI CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO CRUISING 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION. ABOUT THIS THESIS 1 1.2 ARE CRUISE SHIPS THAT BAD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT? 2 1.3 UNDERSTANDING CRUISING: A BRIEF INDUSTRY REPORT 3 1.3.1 THE CRUISE INDUSTRY SITUATION IN US - NORTH AMERICA 4 1.3.2 THE CRUISE INDUSTRY SITUATION IN EUROPE 5 1.3.3 THE CRUISE INDUSTRY SITUATION IN EMERGING REGIONS 5 1.4 BARCELONA CASE STUDY: EUROPE'S TOP CRUISE PORT 7 1.4.1 THE FACTS: WHAT MAKES BARCELONA EUROPE'S FAVORITE HOMEPORT? 7 1.4.2 THE FIGURES: A FAST-GROWING CRUISE PORT 8 1.4.3 THE FACILITIES: HOW MANY CRUISE SHIPS CAN THE CITY COPE WITH? 11 1.4.4 PREDICTIONS: HOW WILL THE PORT REACT TO NEW MARKET CHALLENGES? 12 CHAPTER 2. CRUISE SHIPS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 15 2.1 CRUISE VESSELS PROPULSION AND SHIPBOARD POWER 15 2.1.1 A REVIEW ON SHIPBOARD ENGINES 16 2.1.2 SHIPBOARD MARINE FUELS 17 2.2 AIR POLLUTION FROM CRUISE SHIPS 18 2.2.1 SULFUR OXIDES 18 2.2.2 NITROGEN OXIDES 19 2.2.3 CARBON DIOXIDE 20 2.3 INTERNATIONAL LEGAL BACKGROUND 22 2.3.1 NITROGEN OXIDES 23 2.3.3 SULFUR OXIDES 24 2.3.3 INCINERATION FUMES 24 2.3.4 CARBON DIOXIDE 25 2.4 EU LEGAL FRAMEWORK 28 2.4.1 WHAT ABOUT BERTHING REQUIREMENTS AT BARCELONA? 29 2.6 AIR QUALITY REQUIREMENTS IN SPAIN 29 vii Study on the impact of cruise ships calling at Barcelona in the city air quality CHAPTER 3. ESTIMATING THE EMISSIONS FROM CRUISE SHIPS IN BARCELONA 33 3.1 INVENTORY OF CRUISE SHIPS CALLING AT BARCELONA IN 2016 33 3.2 METHODS 34 3.2.1 METHOD DISCUSSION. WHICH ONE IS BEST SUITED? 34 3.2.2 THE EMEP/EEA ALGORITHM 36 3.2.3 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 41 3.3 RESULTS 44 3.3.1 2016 TOP TEN MOST POLLUTANT CRUISE SHIPS 44 3.3.2 EMISSION RATIOS AND TRENDS 47 3.3.3 THE AVERAGE CRUISE SHIP CALLING AT BARCELONA 52 3.4 CONCLUSIONS 53 CHAPTER 4. IMPACT OF CRUISE SHIPS ON AIR QUALITY IN BARCELONA 55 4.1 ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS IN BARCELONA 55 4.2 METHODS 59 4.2.1 THE GAUSSIAN MATHEMATICAL MODEL 60 4.2.2 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 66 4.3 RESULTS 71 4.4 CONCLUSION 89 CHAPTER 5. ARE CRUISE SHIPS THAT BAD FOR THE ENVIRONMENT? 91 5.1 THE HARMONY ISSUE: FACTS AND FIGURES. 91 5.2 CASE STUDY 1. SHORE-POWER CONNECTION 92 5.3 CASE STUDY 2. TAX LEVERAGES AND WAVINGS 94 5.4 CASE STUDY 3. WHAT ABOUT ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF SHIPBOARD POWER? 95 5.5 CASE STUDY 4. EU MRV, A REAL SOLUTION? 96 5.6 FINAL THOUGHTS 96 REFERENCES 99 ANNEX A. INVENTORY OF CRUISE CALLS IN BARCELONA 105 ANNEX B. LIST OF VESSELS AND INVENTORY OF EMISSIONS 109 ANNEX C. VALUES OF ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION 133 viii List of figures Figure 1. Worldwide cruise passenger ......................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2. Cruise destination share ................................................................................................................ 4 Figure 3. Worldwide available cruise fleet and total berths ........................................................................ 6 Figure 4. Cruise passenger traffic evolution in Barcelona............................................................................8 Figure 5. Evolution of cruise ship calls in Barcelona over the last 20 years ................................................. 9 Figure 6. Evolution of sea traffic share during the last 20 years .................................................................. 9 Figure 7. Pax comparison between Barcelona, Miami and Ft Lauderdale ................................................. 10 Figure 8. Call comparison between Barcelona and Ft Lauderdale ............................................................. 10 Figure 9. Map of cruise terminals in Barcelona .......................................................................................... 12 Figure 10. CO2 emission share in EU-27 ...................................................................................................
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