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Home , Energia (corporation), Reaction control system, Reentry capsule, Reusable spacecraft, Service module, Soyuz

THE TODAY AND TOMORROW

By Professor Vladimir S. Syromiatnikov , C.I.S. Christopher J. Faranetta Alexandria, Virginia U.S.A.

Abstract Shuttle and eventual RL V operations The Soyuz spacecraft has been in use since should be augmented to ensure that round-trip­ the late 1960s. To effectively meet the needs of access to capacity fosters growth in the private various past programs, the Soyuz has undergone sector and government market. This is the four main evolutions. Today, the projected near­ perfect role for a third space system based on Soyuz­ future increases in manned space activity may derived spacecraft technology. This enlarged, serve as a catalyst to design a completely new and advanced Soyuz spacecraft could safely and reliably larger spacecraft based on the proven flight heritage ferry six or more people to and from low orbit of Soyuz technology. An advanced Soyuz (LEO). spacecraft derived from the present day model ~as potential as a component to, reusable launch The main operational advantage of the (RL V) and other programs. To leverage global advanced Soyuz over the and RL V aerospace manufacturing skills, and gain access to would be it's ability to fly extended missions in international markets, the advanced Soyuz could be orbit. Additionally, an automated, unmanned manufactured internationally using private funding. variant of the evolved Soyuz could also be flown for long-term microgravity missions, or to deliver Introduction cargo and consumables to LEO. In fact, the mission 's and NASA's bold effort roles of the RLV and the advanced Soyuz could be to develop and test fly the X-33 will hopefu~ly complementary. provide the fledgling space payload market with access to the VentureStar, a much touted modern­ One example of an advanced Soyuz and RL V day equal of America's first transcontinental combining their mission capabilities is the following: railroad. However, steps must be taken to ensure An RL V could launch and recover the advanced that there is a vibrant research and commercial user Soyuz in orbit, freeing the RLV to service several market waiting to use the VentureStar. It is in the other missions on orbit simultaneously. space transportation industry's best interest to Theoretically this would reduce launch costs, and provide the user market with better acc:ss to space maximize flight opportunities for users while during the construction of the International Space minimizing advanced Soyuz refurbishment costs. Station (ISS) and development of the VentureStar. The main reason for doing this is that a healthy user If an emergency were to occur with an market will serve as a strong advocate force for the 1 advanced Soyuz in orhit the spacecraft could return timely completion and delivery of the VentureStar. to Earth without having to wait and rendezvous with the RLV. Additionally, if the entire fleet of RLVs The X-33's and VentureStar's operational were to become grounded, advanced Soyuz flight goals are ideal and based on lessons learned from operations could continue by using expendable , expendable launch and vehicles. Shuttle operations. However, there is no guarantee that VentureStar will not follow the same troubled and costly path as the . This is the risk and challenge of relying on technological quantum leaps to achieve the ambitious goal of a single stage to orbit RL V.

Copyright 1997 hy the Space Studies Institute. All rights resmved 144 General Production Issues of was the result of a previously undetected Inevitably the primary criticism of a program imbalance in the . This imbalance to huild advanced Soyuz spacecraft for international caused the capsule to spin during Earth decent and customers, is that it would he a solely Russian resulted in a deployment failure of the parachute manufactured and controlled program. One system. possible solution to this issue may he to create a private multinational corporation comprised of After the initial spacecraft defects were corrected aerospace companies which have the necessary skills and Soyuz operations were restarted. The first to manufacture major spacecraft components modifications to the original Soyuz design began in reliably and economically. Plus if the corporate the late sixties. These first modifications were partners structure this spacecraft company correctly, intended to maximize the Soyuz spacecraft as a it may he feasible to solicit and obtain investment transport vehicle for delivery of crews capital to fund the program. to the Salyut long-duration orbiting space station. Further modifications took place in the early , Private investment in the program would adapting the Soyuz for docking missions with the eliminate the need for governments to provide spacecraft in support of the Apollo Soyuz development funding in the program. Governments Test Project . which become users of an advanced Soyuz could offset launch and operations costs, by launching the The Soyuz T, a second design modification on spacecraft on domestic launch vehicles. which work was hegun in 1969 and completed only at the very end of the seventies. became what is Soyuz History known as the hasic Soyuz model, the Soyuz T first The proven history and evolution of the flew in 1980. The new Soyuz T spacecraft was Soyuz makes a strong case for using it as a enhanced significantly. It carried a new flight technological foundation for a new spacecraft computer and a redesigned control and spacecraft design. health monitoring system. A numher of other systems on the Soyuz T were also upgraded. During The development of the Soyuz spacecraft was the Soyuz T redesign improvements were made to initiated under the supervision of RSC 's the design and technology of spacecraft founder and first General Designer, Sergei P. manufacturing and testing processes in the Korolev, in the early 1960s, immediately following production plant. the successful flight of Yuri S. Gagarin aboard 1.

The Soyuz was from the very beginning conceived as a multipurpose manned spacecraft which should perform the following basic mission objectives: fly an extended mission in orbit with a crew of up to three; perform orbital maneuvers; perform automated/manual approaches and

In accordance with the design approach i+------10.7 meters;------ol adopted in Russia for the development of manned vehicles, the Soyuz was created with the capability Figure 1: The Soyuz TM Spacecraft for both automatic and crew-piloted flight. Flight tests of the Soyuz spacecraft began in 1966, first The Soyuz TM (Fig. 1) was completed in using unmanned spacecraft and then manned 1986, featuring a new flight radar system and vehicles. Unfortunately, the first manned test flight further upgrades to the control system. Soyuz TM of a Soyuz spacecraft, Soyuz 1, was a failure, killing is the most recent generation of the evolved Soyuz the cosmonaut test pilot V. M. Komarov. The failure spacecraft design and is used to support the 145 Space Station program today. Soyuz TM-25 is 3. The orbital cabin contains equipment used presently docked to the Mir Space station and Soyuz by the cosmonauts during orbital flight, primarily TM-26 is planned to replace it this August. the life-support systems. The docking assembly is installed in the top section of the orbital cabin along A Soyuz Variation with the flight radar antenna. The orbital cabin can The automated cargo transport also serve as an airlock for performing EV As. The vehicle was developed in the mid- l 970s. This Progress M spacecraft uses the Soyuz orbital cabin unmanned cargo vehicle is based on the design and as a cargo bay for supplies to be removed by the systems of the Soyuz spacecraft. The first mission cosmonauts and brought aboard the space station. of a Progress was conducted in 1978, and included an automated docking with the Salyut-6 space Soyuz Main Systems station. The Progress-M space cargo vehicle made Practically every generation of the Soyuz has it's first flight in 1989 and employed system included the same main systems to support upgrades from the Soyuz T and Soyuz TM spacecraft operations during launch, orbital flight spacecraft. and return to Earth. The continued evolutionary development of these systems, is a key factor in the high reliability of the overall Soyuz spacecraft.

ORBITAL CABIN These systems are listed below: Mass: 1300 kg ®-2.2m-J -Electric Power System -Life Support System -Thermal Control System

DESCENT CAPSULE -Automatic F.quipment Control System Mass: 2900kg -Motion Control System - Communications Systems, for Voice Communications, Telemetry, Television & Command Radio Links -Telemetry Information Collection System -Docking System -Combined Propulsion System, which includes the Main Engine & - System

+------10.1 m------Descent Control System -Emergency Rescue System Figure 2: Soyuz Spacecraft Modules Present Soyuz Design Restrictions Main Features or the Soyuz Spacecraft Here are the main limitations which effect the At present, the Soyuz is an expendable vehicle capabilities of current and future programs using which is made up of three main modules (Fig. 2): the Soyuz spacecraft. These limitations will hav~ to he addressed in the development of a larger 1. The descent capsule accommodates the crew spacecraft based on the Soyuz design. during injection into orbit and descent to Earth. It also serves as the cockpit for control of the - Weight restrictions which are determined by the spacecraft during docking, maneuvering and other capabilities of the operations. All vital equipment is installed aboard - Volume restrictions inside the descent capsule the descent capsule. Aboard the Progress M a large - 180 day maximum orbital mission duration docked fuel tank system used in refueling space stations to a space station replaces the descent capsule. - and characteristics of maneuvering in orbit, which is determined by the fuel reserve in the 2. The contains the reaction reaction control system control system (RCS), the main engine, solar arrays - Components that require modernization and other equipment and instruments used during - Increased costs of individual subsystems orbital flight. - Complexity and considerable time involved in 146 preparing for Buth descent - A wider range of anthropometric parameters for the crew members (the ability to accommodate tall people in the decent capsule). This refinement is Prospects for a Reusable Advanced Soyuz presently being worked on under a contract from Spacecraft NASA and the Russian Space Agency; It is well known that the Soyuz is an expendable vehicle, and two of its modules, the - Increase the. Soyuz TM mission time in orbit. service module and the orbital cabin, are destroyed Research and development is continuing at present, during Buth reentry. While the descent capsule is and work has begun on ways increase the docked recovered. it is not used again and spends its post orbital lifetime of the Soyuz TM to one year. The flight days on Earth in laboratories or museum most critical subsystem limiting Soyuz TM orbital exhibits. life is the reaction control system for the descent capsule, which operates on peroxide. Before Perestroika and the new era in Russia, Other limiting elements are the storage batteries and not a single instrument which returned from space certain systems. in a descent capsule was used again. However, this policy has recently been changed due to the present - Improve the atmospheric descent control system. economic situation of the Russian space program. An ideal improvement to this system would he To conserve funds we now refurbish equipment maneuverability during landing. A steerable parafoil after it is returned from orbit aboard the Soyuz or is one candidate solution to this problem. Space Shuttle. - Update the electronic parts, especially in the The new recycling policy is one of many data avionics. This would help reduce component points which indicates that development of a dimensions, weight and eliminate dependence on reusable descent capsule suitable for repeated use is parts that are obsolete. technically possible and may be economical. Such a project has been studied on a conceptual basis at - Increase the efficiency of production and testing RSC Energia, and the list of technical problems processes to reduce the overall cost of which must be solved has been defined. It will manufacturing the Soyuz TM. require substantial modification of the original Soyuz design, and additional research and Given the highly successful history of the Soyuz development must be performed. Certainly RSC spacecraft program. It is important that the Soyuz is Energia has the experience and the resolve to carry recognized as an to continued international out this work once the demand or market for such a development of space. In its present state the Soyuz spacecraft has been identified. program has financial, technical and political issues that must be resolved. This is necessary if a new However, it must be said that developing a spacecraft based on the Soyuz is to be constructed to Soyuz-derived is not a project meet the space transportation needs of the next that is urgently needed at present, even though a millennium. market for such a vehicle may exist. Again our driver for the need to reuse equipment is mainly The Soyuz path makes sense when one fueled by the economic situation within the space compares the problems of building an advanced industry of Russia. Resolution of the previously Soyuz with the uncertainties of developing, building discussed Soyuz design restrictions is a more and testing a spacecraft from scratch. important issue at the present time.

Near Tenn Soyuz TM Improvements Our analysis indicates that in the very near future when the International Space Station has been deployed, and its operation has begun, the Soyuz spacecraft will have to satisfy the following requirements, which are presently not being met:

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