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Universidad De El Salvador Facultad De Ciencias Agronomicas Unidad De Posgrado Programa De Posgrado En Agronomia Tropical Sostenible

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Universidad De El Salvador Facultad De Ciencias Agronomicas Unidad De Posgrado Programa De Posgrado En Agronomia Tropical Sostenible UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRONOMICAS UNIDAD DE POSGRADO PROGRAMA DE POSGRADO EN AGRONOMIA TROPICAL SOSTENIBLE CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE PRODUCCIÓN DEL CULTIVO DE LOROCO ( Fernaldia pandurata W.) EN EL DISTRITO DE RIEGO Y AVENAMIENTO Nº 3 LEMPA ACAHUAPA, SAN VICENTE, EL SALVADOR PRESENTADO POR: DAGOBERTO PÉREZ TESIS Presentada como requisito parcial para obtener el Grado de: Maestro en Ciencias en Agricultura Sostenible San Salvador, El Salvador, Centro América, 2010 ÍNDICE GENERAL Contenido Página ÍNDICE DE CUADROS ....................................................................................................xii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .................................................................................................... xiv ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS ...................................................................................................... xv RESUMEN........................................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 3 I. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................... 5 II. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA................................................................................. 7 III. OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................................... 9 IV. HIPÓTESIS.................................................................................................................... 9 V. MARCO TEÓRICO CONCEPTUAL .............................................................................. 10 5.1 Generalidades..........................................................................................................10 5.2 Taxonomía de la planta..........................................................................................11 5.3 Descripción de la planta ........................................................................................11 5.3.1 Raíz.......................................................................................................................11 5.3.2 Tallo......................................................................................................................12 5.3.3 Hoja......................................................................................................................12 5.3.4 Flor........................................................................................................................12 5.3.5 El fruto..................................................................................................................13 5.3.6 Semilla .................................................................................................................13 5.4 Requerimientos climáticos y edáficos...................................................................14 5.4.1 Altitud ..................................................................................................................14 5.4.2 Precipitación ......................................................................................................14 5.4.3 Temperatura.......................................................................................................14 5.4.4 Humedad relativa .............................................................................................14 5.4.5 Suelo ....................................................................................................................15 5.5 Variedades................................................................................................................15 5.6 Propagación .............................................................................................................15 5.6.1 Propagación asexual........................................................................................16 5.6.1.1 Por rizoma.....................................................................................................16 vi 5.6.1.2 Por esqueje .......................................................................................................16 5.6.2 Propagación sexual ..........................................................................................16 5.7 Preparación del suelo o sustrato para las eras o camas de siembra ..............17 5.7.1 Desinfección del suelo o sustrato de las eras o camas de siembra..........18 5.7.1.1 Desinfección por medios físicos.........................................................................18 5.7.1.2 Desinfección por medios químicos .....................................................................19 5.7.1.3 Otros productos para la desinfección del sustrato ................................................20 5.7.2 Construcción de eras o camas.......................................................................20 5.7.3 Siembra y manejo del semillero.......................................................................21 5.8 Trasplante en bolsas.................................................................................................22 5.9 Preparación del suelo para la siembra.................................................................22 5.9.1 Delineado y estaquillado .................................................................................22 5.9.2 Ahoyado.............................................................................................................23 5.9.3 Época y distanciamiento de siembra ............................................................23 5.10 Fertilización..............................................................................................................24 5.11 Tutoreo .....................................................................................................................24 5.12 Riego ........................................................................................................................25 5.13 Plagas.......................................................................................................................27 5.13.1 Afidos o pulgones ( Aphis sp)..........................................................................27 5.13.2 Agallador de la flor de loroco .......................................................................27 5.13.3 Acaro blanco o ácaro tropical ( Poliphagotarsonemus latus ) .................27 5.14 Cosecha ..................................................................................................................28 5.15 Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas...................................................................................28 5.15.1 Alrededor del cultivo ......................................................................................29 5.15.2 Dentro del cultivo ............................................................................................30 5.15.3 Agua de riego, fumigación y proceso.........................................................30 5.15.3.1 Contaminación potencial del producto asociada con fuentes de agua ...................32 5.15.3.2 Condiciones del riego ......................................................................................32 5.15.4 Salud e higiene del personal .........................................................................33 5.15.5 Instalaciones.....................................................................................................34 5.15.6 Buenas prácticas Agrícolas en el manejo de agroquímicos o productos fitosanitarios.................................................................................................................35 vii 5.15.7 Riesgos potenciales.........................................................................................35 5.15.8 Manejo de los problemas fitosanitarios........................................................38 5.15.9 Fundamentos, estrategias y tácticas del Manejo Integrado de Plagas.39 5.15.10 Uso de productos fitosanitarios y su manejo .............................................39 5.15.10.1 Agua para la aplicación de agroquímicos .........................................................42 5.15.10.2 Pasos a seguir para la preparación del caldo a aplicar .......................................43 5.15.10.3 Equipo de aplicación ......................................................................................43 5.15.10.4 Triple lavado .................................................................................................44 5.15.10.5 Eliminación de envases vacíos ........................................................................44 5.15.11 Uso de fertilizantes químicos ........................................................................45 5.15.12 Uso de abonos orgánicos ............................................................................47 5.15.13 Manejo de desechos orgánicos .................................................................47 5.15.13.1 Uso de estiércol animal ..................................................................................49 5.15.14 Manejo del producto durante la cosecha ...............................................50 5.15.14.1 Transporte de la cosecha ................................................................................51 5.15.15 Rastreabilidad o trazabilidad ......................................................................52 5.15.16 Registros ..........................................................................................................53
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