OULY 2001 VOL 31. NO.05

MatIn of hatred /Le Moh is highlighted in AI's campaign against torture

IN June 2001 Al launched a report on torture and ill-treatment of , , bisexual and (LGBT) people as part of its campaign against torture. Torture of LGBT people is a worldwide problem - Al has documented cases on every continent - but one that is greatly under- reported. The stigma surrounding in many cultures means that homophobic violence by state officials goes unreported, uninvestigated and unchallenged. While some governments deny that such torture takes place, others openly justify it in the name of morality, religion or ideology. Many countries around the world criminalize homosexuality, providing fertile ground for torture. In some countries, cruel punish- ments such as flogging are applied by law as a sanction forthe "" of homosexuality. In many others, torture is meted out as an extra- judicial by police or guards. Torture and ill-treatment are not limited to countries where homo- sexuality is illegal. People who come into contact with the law for other reasons may also be ill-treated because of their real or perceived sexual identity. Violence, including rape and other sexual abuse, against LGBT people in is widespread. The Al report also doc- - uments the abuse of LGBT people in prison and medical institutions Two soldiers relax in front of a defiant message from demonstrators.The pouvolr words assassin, meaning'reglme of and the use of ill-treatment as a means of preventing LGBT people murderers', have been a common chant In anti-government protests. from meeting socially or organizing publicly and campaigningfortheir rights. Torture in prison and police custody is just the tip of the iceberg of violence targeted at LGBT people. For many, the most common experi- ence of violence is in their homes, schools, places of work or on the street. Although the perpetrators are not state officials, the ill-treat- Silencing the protesters ment is often just as brutal and harmful. The purposes are similar and the consequences just as damaging. Al's campaign aims to hold governments to account for their Hundreds are killed and injured by security forces during mass anti- obligations to end the torture of LGBT people, whether inflicted by agents of the state or private groups and individuals. Al is campaign- government protests in the Kabylia region of northeastern Algeria ing for repeal of "sodomy" laws and other legal provisions which have been shown to facilitate torture. It is calling for specific preventive safeguards for LGBT people in custody and effective protection for LGBT refugees fleeingtorture and for defenders working SCORES of men, women and children have been Official casualty figures at the end of May put the on issues of sexual identity. killed and hundreds injured at the hands of the number of protesters who had been killed in The Al report, Crimes of hatred, conspiracy of silence: Torture and security forces as anti-government protests have Kabylia at more than 50, with some 1,300 injured. ill-treatment based on sexual identity (Al Index: ACT40/016/2001), rocked Algeria, particularly the Berber-dominated However, information from independent sources was launched on 22 June in Buenos Aires, , where LGBT region of Ka bylia. The protesters, mainly young, such as local human rights activists indicates that activists who have attempted to hold the police accountable for tor- took to the streets during April, May and June to the number of deaths may be considerably higher. ture and ill-treatment have themselves faced physical violence. express their deep-seated anger at the Algerian In addition, many of those arrested in connection authorities whom they see as repressive and uncon- with the protests have allegedly been tortured and cerned by their plight. ill-treated, receiving punches, rifle butt blows and The protests were triggered by the death of a kicks to their bodies and heads and being threat- secondary-school student, Massinissa Guermah. ened with rape. He was shot dead on 18 April in a gendarmerie sta- The security forces concede that some "excesses" 74, tion at Beni Douala, some 20km from Ka bylia 's were committed, but claim that in most cases they main town, Tizi Ouzou. According to the authori- acted in self-defence against protesters who were ties, the weapon fired accidentally when it slipped throwing stones at them and that dozens of their out of a gendarme's hands, but this version has been number were also injured. challenged by witnesses who say they heard However, there are reports that gendarmes fired Massinissa Guermah plead his innocence to gen- on young protesters standing more than 100 metres darmes before two rounds were fired. away. Protesters were also dispersed with tear gas Like Algerians all over the country, the Kabyles and then chased through the streets. Some were have seen their prospects for the future shot in the back as they fled advancing security significantly worsen over the last decade. Not only forces; others were allegedly pursued to their have many been victims of a brutal internal conflict homes and shot dead once they were inside. In all that continues to ravage the country, but ipcio- cases, the security forces appear to have used live economic problems such as soaring unemploy- ammunition. The use of tear gas has itself led to ment, a severe shortage of affordable housing and deaths and injuries; a six-year-old girl reportedly Al members Join the 2001 Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras In Sydney,. corruption have driven the young to despair. died of asphyxiation after inhaling gas when a tear

continued on back page Inside Worldwide Appeals

News Worldwide Appeals Good News Anniversary of "disappearance" Campaigns News in Brief Detained for their beliefs Opinion Torture of possible of conscience Child offender due to be executed '•.!• 4 , /514i „ A culture of torture and impunity

Torture is rampant in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and perpetrators are rarely held to account. Al launches a new report on the issue, and says it is time for change.

AS a student leader responsible for main- from their wounds and mosquito bites (the without any means of defending themselves taining order on his college campus and guards forbade them to swat the mos- or of seeking reparation after the event. reporting back on student activities to a quitoes). On 26 June - the UN International Day in government committee, Vital Ndaboba In the early hours of the next day they Support of Victims of Torture - Al high- Badheka, an English-language student in again faced further beatings and whippings, lighted the scandal of torture in the DRC the capital Kinshasa, had no particular and were made to clean up human excre- with the launch of its report, DR C, Torture: reason to fear that he would fall foul of the ment in the cell with their bare hands. At a weapon of war against unarmed civilians DRC authorities. around 10am they were put in a truck and (AI Index: AFR 62/012/2001). The launch But on 16 -November 2000 at around told they were going to be executed. In fact, took place in , the former colonial 9.30pm he was arrested by the military after the soldiers drove them straight back to the power in the DRC, and participants includ- intervening to calm trouble on campus fol- college campus and freed them. ed a Congolese victim of torture on whose lowing the theft of a student's bag by a A local government representative later behalf AI had previously campaigned. It also soldier. He was one of 12 students who were expressed regret at what had happened and coincided with Belgium taking over the put in a truck at gun-point, ordered to shut promised to ensure that those responsible presidency of the European Union, and was their eyes, beaten and then told they would for the students' torture would be punished. timed to bolster Belgium's pledge of making be shot the following day. They were taken However, no action is known to have been the DRC one of its priority concerns. to Kokolo military barracks. taken against any of the soldiers involved Over the next 12 hours the students were and none of the students has received com- Please write to the DRC Minister of subjected to a terrifying ordeal at the hands pensation for what they endured. Human Rights, expressing your concern at of soldiers, which included public whip- The ordeal of these 12 students is sadly far the torture of Vital Ndaboba Badheka and pings and beatings, and being repeatedly from unique in the DRC. The army, security 11 other students, and the failure of the DRC threatened with execution. Both upon and police forces routinely ill-treat and tor- government to fulfil its obligations under arrival at the barracks and later in the night, ture detainees, safe in the knowledge that the UN Convention against Torture as well the students, who had been stripped naked, torturers are virtually never brought to jus- as under other international human rights were given 25 lashes each on the back, but- tice. Indeed, both the government and the treaties to which the DRC is a state party. tocks and legs. They were ordered to do various opposition forces that control the Send appeals to: Professeur Ntumba Luaba, press-ups and handstands against a wall, north and east of the country appear to con- Ministre des Droits Humains, Ministere des and any faltering was punished with further done, and sometimes explicitly order, the Droits Humains, 33/C Boulevard du whippings. When they were finally allowed torture of detainees. Journalists, human 30 juin, Kinshasa-Gombe, Democratic to get some rest, by lying on a concrete floor, rights defenders, politicians, students and Republic of the Congo. Vital Ndaboba Badheka they were unable to sleep because of the pain many other Congolese have fallen victim Fighting for truth in Aceh

Since the Indonesian government ordered a military clampdown in Aceh, human rights defenderAguswandi has been stranded in the . He cannotget waittoback.

AGUSWANDI is only 23 but he has already seen "Even if theyget information, it isverydifficult more than most people do in a lifetime. For the to then get it to the office in Banda Aceh. Public last six years, he has campaigned tirelessly to places where they can fax and telephone are raise awareness of the human rights atrocities now being watched by the police. We do get being carried out by the Indonesian military in information, but it is often long after the event Aceh province, northern Sumatra, during oper- has happened." ations againstthe Free Aceh Movement (GAM), The situation for human rights defenders an armed pro-independence group. Many of took a turn for the worse when activists from the victims have been civilians - men, women Kontras, other NGOs and eight journalists were and children. summoned for questioning after publicizing a What started out as an interest in student case in which police wereallegedto have raped politics, afterjoining the law faculty of the Syiah a number of women. One of the activists, Kuala University in Banda Aceh, has become a Teungku Al-Kamal,was shot dead alongwith his personal mission for Aguswandi. Since lawyerand driver. As of late May,there had been February 2000, he has coordinated the Aceh no investigation. office of the Commission for Disappearances Aguswandi, as oneof those also summoned, and Victims of Violence (Kontras) - which both waswarned by manyof his colleaguesto remain monitorsthe human rights situation in the terri- in Europe until the situation calmed down. He is tory and campaigns to end state violence. His being supported by Al and other human rights position carries with it a considerabledegreeof groups. But after three months away, he is now danger. keen to get back. "My colleagues in Acehhave In May 2001 - while Aguswandi was out of told me it is toodangerous toreturn. But I want the country speaking at the UN Commission on to go back as soonas possible as it's work I Human Rights in Geneva and holdingtalks in believe I have to do. Yes, it's dangerous, but it's London - the Indonesian president announced also a challenge. new security arrangements todeal with GAM. "Theproblem is that the government is using However, the reality meant sending extra mili- force to try and maintain national integrity and tary to Aceh and an escalation in human rights it doesn't care about the civilians. It is a similar violations. GAM has vowed to fight back and problem to East Timor, but because Aceh does has also been responsible for serious abuses. not have a similar history it doesn't get the With foreign journalists and international non- same publicity. However, the human rights governmental organizations (NG05)restricted violations and the behaviour of the military from operating in the area, human rights towardsthe people arethe same. And today it is activists and humanitarian workers are in even worse than ever greater danger. "At the moment a lot of activists are leaving Aceh because they are being deliberately targeted bythe military.The Indonesian govern- ment doesn't want people to bemonitoringthe situation there. Some activists are still in Aceh but it is very difficult to operate," he said. "Kontras has hundreds of volunteers, many of them students or villagers, who monitor the sit- uation for us. Before, it was easierto investigate and they could be more public and open. People had enough confidence to give them information on torture andkillings.But now it is very difficult. People are scared and the volun- teers have to work undercover. Aguswandl, a human rights defender from Aceh.

REMEMBER...AImembers should not take up cases from their own countries :•:

'• worldwide appeals . I • • I•. I '1 . .

standards the trial is expected to be held behind closed doors. ••• •" 1:.. 1 • I. It is alleged that Dmitry Zavadsky, who worked on a documen- • tary film in Chechnya with Pavel Sheremet, had information • • Anniversaryof 'disappearance' suggesting that former and current Almaz officers had been active • - • • • • combatants on the Chechen side against Russian forces. Svetlana ••:•. I. On 7 July 2000 Russian Public Television Zavadsky reportedly stated that, upon his return from Chechnya, I . . - . I - I I •. cameraman Dmitry Zavadsky (pictured) her husband began to receive telephone calls from an unknown I •I 's • .1 . •-• • I drove to a Minsk airport to meet journalist person requesting a meeting with him. She maintained that her hus- . • 1 ' ..1.. colleague Pavel Sheremet. Although his car band, suspecting the Belarusian security services were behind the 11' was found at the airport he has not been seen calls, refused to consider the request. AI has repeatedly called for an since and his wife, Svetlana, and their young immediate and impartial investigation into the possible "disappear- VII son have received no word from him. ance" of Dmitry Zavadsky and for the results to be made public. The investigation into the reported "dis- appearance" of Dmitry Zavadsky, aged 27, has been cloaked in controversy, eliciting domestic and interna-

tional criticism for its perceived lack of transparency and '11 impartiality. In the course of the investigation several leading state .0'Please write, expressingconcern at the reported "disappearance" of Dmitry Zavadskyand requestthat those responsible be brought to justice :' • ' ' 1:. officials examining the case were dismissed, while other officials . • 1 '1 • • • have reportedly refused to comment on the case. However, it is in the course of a fair trial, which is open to public view and according to international standards. Send appeals to the Belarusian Prosecutor .I : 1 thought that several past and present members of the elite police General, Viktor Sheyman, ul. Internatsionalnaya, 22, Minsk 220050, .1 . I 1 unit, Almaz, are currently in custody charged in connection with his Republic of Belarus. .11" .111'1. I • 1 abduction and possible murder, and are expected to come to trial in •I •. . • I•

mid-2001. In contravention of various international human rights 1 I 1

II • 1111•

D A A denied their rights to a trial, to legal counsel and to be presumed innocent. During prolonged interrogation, whilst held in isolation and denied access to lawyers, family members and independent • Detainedfor their beliefs medical attention, ISA detainees are at risk of torture or ill-treat- I. 1 ment. According to recent reports, the three detainees were • Yunus Murang, Freddie Chong and Haji Malai Taufick remain in subjected to intense psychological pressure, including threats of • I. without trial or charge in Brunei after being arrested in indefinite detention without trial, unless they admitted "subver- December 2000 under the Internal Security Act (ISA). The three sive" activities or cooperated in a process of Islamic re-education. At men, all Christians reportedly linked to the Borneo Evangelical least one detainee was reported to be have been held for two months Church, were accused of "cult" activities that sought to convert by in a darkened cell. deception members of the country's majority Muslim community . • - .11 and so threaten inter-religious harmony. AI believes the detainees to I* Pleasewrite, calling for the immediate and unconditional release of I. be of conscience (POCs), detained for peacefully exercis- the th ree POCs.Ask that, whi le in detention,they be allowed regularaccess '1 • ing their right to freedom of religion as enshrined in the international to family, lawyersand doctors . Call for guaranteesthatthey will not be tor- I .11' I 'I human rights standards and the Brunei Constitution. tured or ill-treated. Send appeals to: His Majesty, Sultan Haji Hassanal The emergency powers of the ISA allow the Minister of Home Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah, Prime Minister's Office, Istana Nurul Affairs, on command of the Sultan, to detain any person deemed to !man, Bandar Seri Begawan,Brunei Darussalam.Fax: +673 2 241717. be a threat to national security. The minister is empowered to sign two-year detention orders, renewable indefinitely. ISA detainees are

111 Ask: A • Tortureof possiblePOC Childoffender due to be executed "•1 I . 111' 1 1

1•" • 1 ' Napoleon Beazley is due to be executed in Texas on 15 August 2001. Sheikh 'Ali bin 'Ali al-Ghanim (pictured) I was allegedly beaten, denied sleep and He was sentenced to death in 1995 for a murder in Tyler, Texas, : • suspended from the ceiling by his legs which occurred when he was 17 years old. ' . I 1. during his first months in custody. AI is The trial jury's finding that Napoleon Beazley would be danger- I ••

concerned that he may be imprisoned ous to others in the future, and therefore should be executed, had ' 1 I . solely for peaceful activities relating to little support. He had no prior record and the state produced • his Shi'a religious beliefs. no evidence of any other violent acts by him. Many witnesses testi- : The 39-year-old father of five was fied at his trial about good aspects of his character and his potential ' arrested in August 2000 while returning for rehabilitation. He has been a model prisoner.

from a holiday in Syria. He is believed to have been charged with Since October 1997, Texas has carried out a third (four) of the . 11 '11 carrying out opposition activities against the government, and world's known executions of child offenders— individuals who were I II . I • • •

travelling to Iran and Iraq without the government's permission. under 18 at the time of the crime. The USA as a whole has carried out '1 . III I I. I 1 .

He was tried in secret at al-Mabahith al-' Amma (General eight such executions in the same period, while Iran is reported to I

Investigations) prison, where he had been held since his arrest, and have carried out three and the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 • II' I I .1 sentenced to five years' . He is believed to have been one. Seventy-seven per cent of the 31 inmates on in Texas moved, around 10 May, to Dammam Central Prison. He has not belong to racial or ethnic minorities. Napoleon is African American, been given access to a lawyer throughout his detention and trial. convicted of killing John Luttig. Only followers of a state-sanctioned version of Sunni Islam are A February 2001 Houston Chronicle poll showed that permitted to practice their religion in public in Saudi Arabia. only 25 per cent of people in Harris County, Texas, and Members of religious minorities and political opponents of the gov- 34 per cent statewide support the death penalty.for child ernment face arbitrary arrest, and are often subjected to torture or offenders. The Texas House of Representatives recently ill-treatment in detention. In rare instances when they are charged passed a bill that would have raised the death penalty Irelandand and brought to trial, the proceedings invariably fail to meet the most eligibility age to 18, but the bill failed in the Senate. RenaBeazley elementary standards of fairness. International law prohibits the execution of child holda photo- offenders in recognition of their immaturity, graphof their impulsiveness, and capacity for change. sonNapoleon U.Please write, expressingconcern at the allegations of torture. Ask the whoIs dueto authorities to investigate, make the findings public and bring those be executedIn August. responsibleto justice. Expressconcern that he may havebeen imprisoned a Please send appeals to the following two officials from solely for the non-violent expressionof his beliefs and, if so, would be a the original trial, asking them to ask the Texas Board of CAI , who should be released immediately. Send Pardonsand Parolesto recommendclemencyfor Napoleon appeals to: His Majesty King Fahd bin 'Abdul 'AzizAl-Saud, Office of H.M. Beazleyin line with commonly held standards ofjustice and The King, Royal Court, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and His Royal decency: Shenifi. B. Smith, 106 E. Elm Street, Tyler,Texas HighnessPrince Naif bin 'Abdul 'Aziz,Ministerof the Interior,Ministryof the 75702, USA: and to: Jack Skeen Jr, Smith County District Interior, P.O.Box 2933, Airport Road, Riyadh 11134, Kingdom of Saudi Attorney,100 N. Broadway,Tyler,Texas75702, USA. Arabia. Fax:+ 966 1 403 1185. Gettingtheir teeth into fundraising When a surplus of dental mirrors became available, an enterprising Al group in knew exactly what they could do with them

RAISING money is never an easytask, especiallywhen you live in a coun- try with no tradition of charitable donations and the average wage - if it is paid at all - does not even cover basic living costs. In Russia,AI groups have had to become very creative to raise money. One student group in the Siberian town of Tomsk came up with a novel way of fundraising after making contact with the manager of a local factory. His business once belonged to a thriving industrial complex producing medical instruments for the military. But as money dried up and there was less demand for such equipment, the factory manager was forced to consider other options. The company had a surplus of tiny mirrors, used by dentiststo check people's backteeth. With slim chance of selling the mirrors abroad, the company decided to transform them into badges. The students in Tomsk leapt atthe chance of being able totake advan- tage of this scheme, and publicize Al and raise funds at the same time. The factory manager agreed to colour the mirrors, which wasn't an easy task to do, using the machinery at his disposal. Nowthe mirrors have become AI badges,showingthe candle on a pale blue background with the words, "Don't be silent overtorture". They sell Members of the Tlcuna people who met an Al delegation In the state of Bahia,April 2000, prior to the indigenousfor marchUS$1 each.In The group has used all its international contacts to sell protest against the official celebrations to mark 's 500th anniversary. the badges, and from their remote corner of Siberia they are now doing a roaring trade. One member of Al in Germany actually took the badges to her dentist, who then distributed them at a conference for dentists. If that wasn't enough, the group has also come up with another suc- Justice for the Ticuna people cessful project to raise Al's profile (if not its funds). They have reached an agreement with the University of Tomsk's English department to use Al's material in future exams. Thirteen years after the massacre of 14 Ticuna Indians in northern The badges are made to order, in Russian as well as in English, and a Brazil, justice finally prevails few are available by contacting the European Development Team at the International Secretariat (IS). For more ON 18 March 2001 a federal court in Manaus, cap- Although federal police found the gunmen who information on the Tomsk group, contact ital of the state of Amazonas, sentenced the men had allegedly taken part in the attack still armed the Olegos Pelioukpassidis by e-mail: responsible for the massacre of 14 Ticuna Indians in following morning, they did not arrest them. It was [email protected] We also want 1988 to prison terms of between 15 and 25 years. some time before the police took statements from to hear any other great fundraising or These are the first ever convictions in Amazonas the men the Ticuna had identified as their awareness-raising ideas and initiatives under the "genocide law", which carries a sentence assailants. One week later, only five suspects had from Al groups and sections. Please con- between 12 and 30 years for the crime of genocide been interviewed and charged. tact us at the IS address below. of Indians. These convictions stand as a clear testi- The campaign for justice was long, arduous and mony to the bravery of the Ticuna people and the at times dangerous for the Ticuna. AI members tenacity of AI members around the world who con- joined in their battle. The constant flow of letters tinue to fight against impunity. from around the world helped to sustain the mot- • • • • • On 28 March 1988, a group of 100 Indians - ivation of those fighting for justice. men, women and children - from four Ticuna com- During a visit to Brazil in April 2000, AI delegates munities were holding a meeting at Capecete met with members of the Ticuna and local NGOs GUINEA Creek, an area traditionally inhabited by the who expressed their gratitude for the support they Political opposition leader and POC Alpha Condé was released on 18 May Ticuna. It was a time of high tension between the had received, as well as their concern that their 2001 after nearly two and a half years in detention. He and two other POCs Ticuna and the local non-indigenous community as people continue to suffer threats and harassment were granted a presidential pardon. After his'release Alpha Condé said: the Brazilian government's National Indian from the local community. "Thanks to the support of Al members, I never felt alone." Foundation had begun to work towards officially Today AI members around the world join the transferring land to the Indians. This move was Ticuna people and their supporters in celebrating /OCCUPIEDTERRITORIES resisted by local settlers who were illegally occupy- this important milestone. Nevertheless there is still Ghassan Muhammad 'Attamleh, an Israeli-Arab who was detained without ing and living off the land in question. a long way to go. While five of the gunmen are now charge or trial apparently in connection with his political activity during the While the meeting was in progress a group of serving prison sentences, AI continues to call for the current Intifada and featured in our April 2001 appeals, was released on 3 gunmen arrived. The Indians told them that they imprisonment of those six men who were tried and June 2001. He thanked Al for campaigning on his behalLsaying "Al's groups had come in peace and were unarmed, but the sentenced in absentia for their role in the massacre played a major role in my release and I am thankful to there gunmen opened fire. and who, to this day, remain at liberty. Six of the 14 Indians killed were children, as were As AI celebrates its 40th anniversary, its members SRI LANKA several of the 23 injured in the attack. Most of those continue to campaign against longstanding Two members of a ship's crew, who were hijicked by the Liberation Tigers of killed had tried to escape by boat. The bodies of 10 impunity to help bring human rights a busers to Tamil Eelam, were handed over to the International Committee of the Red of the victims, which were apparently swept away justice. Crosson 7 April 2001. W.A. Anton Fernando and K.P. Richard were the last of in the river, were never recovered. the eight crew to be released following the hijacking in August 1995.

continued from front

gas grenade landed in the court- dead relatives, and witnesses people, many of them civilians, evidence; that the results of these yard of her home. report that in some cases local have been killed in attacks and investigations are made public; On 2 May, President Abdelaziz authorities have confiscated them clashes every month, just as they that those responsible are brought Bouteflika ordered a commission from doctors. were last year. to justice; and that, where of inquiry into the events in Moreover, no concrete mea- applicable, superior security force officers are held responsible for Ka bylia . The commission has sures have been taken to Please write, expressing con- Amnesty International failing to report unlawful use of begun its work, but faces wide- investigate the thousands of other cern at the recent killing of dozens International Secretariat of civilians by the security forces force or firearms or other viola- spread distrust among a human rights abuses committed 1 Easton Street population accustomed to com- in Algeria since 1992 by the secu- in Kabylia. While welcoming the tions of human rights. London WC1X ODW missions that have in the past led rity, forces, state-armed militias establishment of a commission of Send appeals to: His Excellency United Kingdom to reports lacking credibility or no and armed groups. Although the inquiry, urge the authorities to Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President report being published at all. number of killings, "disappear- ensure that all the killings are sub- of the Republic of Algeria, www.amnesty.org There are also fears that evidence ances" and cases of torture has ject to an immediate, full and Presidence de la Republique, El email: [email protected] impartial investigation; that Mouradia, Alger, Algeria. is being lost. Despite repeated fallen since 1998, a high level of subscriptions: violence continues to blight the investigating officials have full Fax: +213 21 609618 or +213 21 efforts, some families of victims [email protected] have allegedly been unable to whole country. This year an access to all material evidence, 691595. E-mail: president@el- obtain autopsy reports on their average of between 200 and 300 including autopsy and forensic mouradia.dz

Pnntecl in the UK by Lynx.Available on subscription at £12 (US$18.00) for one year or £30 ($L1545) for three years. ISSN 1472- 443X. AI Index NWS 21/006/2001