Mr. Dagher's Summaries for Students of Arabic High
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Arabic Alphabet Etymology Hamzat Waṣl
Hamza 1 Hamza Arabic alphabet ﻱ ﻭ ﻩ ﻥ ﻡ ﻝ ﻙ ﻕ ﻑ ﻍ ﻉ ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ ﺵ ﺱ ﺯ ﺭ ﺫ ﺩ ﺥ ﺡ ﺝ ﺙ ﺕ ﺏ ﺍ Arabic script • History • Transliteration • Diacritics • Hamza • Numerals • Numeration • v • t [1] • e is a letter in the Arabic alphabet, representing the glottal stop [ʔ]. Hamza is not (ء) (hamzah ,ﻫَﻤْﺰﺓ :Hamza (Arabic one of the 28 "full" letters, and owes its existence to historical inconsistencies in the standard writing system. It is derived from the Arabic letter ‘ayn. In the Phoenician and Aramaic alphabets, from which the Arabic alphabet is descended, the glottal stop was expressed by aleph ( ), continued by alif ( ) in the Arabic alphabet. However, alif was used to express both a glottal stop and a long vowel /aː/. To indicate that a glottal stop, and not a mere vowel, was intended, hamza was added diacritically to alif. In modern orthography, under certain circumstances, hamza may also appear on the line, as if it were a full letter, independent of an alif. Etymology hamaz-a meaning ‘to prick, goad, drive’ or ‘to provide (a letter or word) with ﻫَﻤَﺰَ Hamzah is a noun from the verb hamzah’.[2] Hamzat waṣl that is, a phonemic glottal stop. Compared to ;(ﻫﻤﺰﺓ ﻗﻄﻊ) ‘The hamzah letter on its own always represents hamzat qaṭ is a non-phonemic glottal stop produced automatically at the (ﻫﻤﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ) this, hamzat waṣl or hamzat al-waṣl it is usually indicated by a ,ﭐ beginning of an utterance. Although it can be written as alif carrying a waṣlah sign regular alif without a hamzah. -
Alif and Hamza Alif) Is One of the Simplest Letters of the Alphabet
’alif and hamza alif) is one of the simplest letters of the alphabet. Its isolated form is simply a vertical’) ﺍ stroke, written from top to bottom. In its final position it is written as the same vertical stroke, but joined at the base to the preceding letter. Because of this connecting line – and this is very important – it is written from bottom to top instead of top to bottom. Practise these to get the feel of the direction of the stroke. The letter 'alif is one of a number of non-connecting letters. This means that it is never connected to the letter that comes after it. Non-connecting letters therefore have no initial or medial forms. They can appear in only two ways: isolated or final, meaning connected to the preceding letter. Reminder about pronunciation The letter 'alif represents the long vowel aa. Usually this vowel sounds like a lengthened version of the a in pat. In some positions, however (we will explain this later), it sounds more like the a in father. One of the most important functions of 'alif is not as an independent sound but as the You can look back at what we said about .(ﺀ) carrier, or a ‘bearer’, of another letter: hamza hamza. Later we will discuss hamza in more detail. Here we will go through one of the most common uses of hamza: its combination with 'alif at the beginning or a word. One of the rules of the Arabic language is that no word can begin with a vowel. Many Arabic words may sound to the beginner as though they start with a vowel, but in fact they begin with a glottal stop: that little catch in the voice that is represented by hamza. -
Arabic Alphabet - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Arabic Alphabet from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Arabic alphabet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia َأﺑْ َﺠ ِﺪﯾﱠﺔ َﻋ َﺮﺑِﯿﱠﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic ’abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is Arabic abjad the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time 400 to the present period Parent Proto-Sinaitic systems Phoenician Aramaic Syriac Nabataean Arabic abjad Child N'Ko alphabet systems ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode Arabic alias Unicode U+0600 to U+06FF range (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf) U+0750 to U+077F (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf) U+08A0 to U+08FF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf) U+FB50 to U+FDFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf) U+FE70 to U+FEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf) U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf) Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. Arabic alphabet ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet 1/20 2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي History · Transliteration ء Diacritics · Hamza Numerals · Numeration V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_alphabet&action=edit) Contents 1 Consonants 1.1 Alphabetical order 1.2 Letter forms 1.2.1 Table of basic letters 1.2.2 Further notes -
Considerations About Semitic Etyma in De Vaan's Latin Etymological Dictionary
applyparastyle “fig//caption/p[1]” parastyle “FigCapt” Philology, vol. 4/2018/2019, pp. 35–156 © 2019 Ephraim Nissan - DOI https://doi.org/10.3726/PHIL042019.2 2019 Considerations about Semitic Etyma in de Vaan’s Latin Etymological Dictionary: Terms for Plants, 4 Domestic Animals, Tools or Vessels Ephraim Nissan 00 35 Abstract In this long study, our point of departure is particular entries in Michiel de Vaan’s Latin Etymological Dictionary (2008). We are interested in possibly Semitic etyma. Among 156 the other things, we consider controversies not just concerning individual etymologies, but also concerning approaches. We provide a detailed discussion of names for plants, but we also consider names for domestic animals. 2018/2019 Keywords Latin etymologies, Historical linguistics, Semitic loanwords in antiquity, Botany, Zoonyms, Controversies. Contents Considerations about Semitic Etyma in de Vaan’s 1. Introduction Latin Etymological Dictionary: Terms for Plants, Domestic Animals, Tools or Vessels 35 In his article “Il problema dei semitismi antichi nel latino”, Paolo Martino Ephraim Nissan 35 (1993) at the very beginning lamented the neglect of Semitic etymolo- gies for Archaic and Classical Latin; as opposed to survivals from a sub- strate and to terms of Etruscan, Italic, Greek, Celtic origin, when it comes to loanwords of certain direct Semitic origin in Latin, Martino remarked, such loanwords have been only admitted in a surprisingly exiguous num- ber of cases, when they were not met with outright rejection, as though they merely were fanciful constructs:1 In seguito alle recenti acquisizioni archeologiche ed epigrafiche che hanno documen- tato una densità finora insospettata di contatti tra Semiti (soprattutto Fenici, Aramei e 1 If one thinks what one could come across in the 1890s (see below), fanciful constructs were not a rarity. -
DRAFT Arabtex a System for Typesetting Arabic User Manual Version 4.00
DRAFT ArabTEX a System for Typesetting Arabic User Manual Version 4.00 12 Klaus Lagally May 25, 1999 1Report Nr. 1998/09, Universit¨at Stuttgart, Fakult¨at Informatik, Breitwiesenstraße 20–22, 70565 Stuttgart, Germany 2This Report supersedes Reports Nr. 1992/06 and 1993/11 Overview ArabTEX is a package extending the capabilities of TEX/LATEX to generate the Perso-Arabic writing from an ASCII transliteration for texts in several languages using the Arabic script. It consists of a TEX macro package and an Arabic font in several sizes, presently only available in the Naskhi style. ArabTEX will run with Plain TEXandalsowithLATEX2e. It is compatible with Babel, CJK, the EDMAC package, and PicTEX (with some restrictions); other additions to TEX have not been tried. ArabTEX is primarily intended for generating the Arabic writing, but the stan- dard scientific transliteration can also be easily produced. For languages other than Arabic that are customarily written in extensions of the Perso-Arabic script some limited support is available. ArabTEX defines its own input notation which is both machine, and human, readable, and suited for electronic transmission and E-Mail communication. However, texts in many of the Arabic standard encodings can also be processed. Starting with Version 3.02, ArabTEX also provides support for fully vowelized Hebrew, both in its private ASCII input notation and in several other popular encodings. ArabTEX is copyrighted, but free use for scientific, experimental and other strictly private, noncommercial purposes is granted. Offprints of scientific publi- cations using ArabTEX are welcome. Using ArabTEX otherwise requires a license agreement. There is no warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. -
Writing Arabizi: Orthographic Variation in Romanized
WRITING ARABIZI: ORTHOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN ROMANIZED LEBANESE ARABIC ON TWITTER ! ! ! ! Natalie!Sullivan! ! ! ! TC!660H!! Plan!II!Honors!Program! The!University!of!Texas!at!Austin! ! ! ! ! May!4,!2017! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! _______________________________________________________! Barbara!Bullock,!Ph.D.! Department!of!French!&!Italian! Supervising!Professor! ! ! ! ! _______________________________________________________! John!Huehnergard,!Ph.D.! Department!of!Middle!Eastern!Studies! Second!Reader!! ii ABSTRACT Author: Natalie Sullivan Title: Writing Arabizi: Orthographic Variation in Romanized Lebanese Arabic on Twitter Supervising Professors: Dr. Barbara Bullock, Dr. John Huehnergard How does technology influence the script in which a language is written? Over the past few decades, a new form of writing has emerged across the Arab world. Known as Arabizi, it is a type of Romanized Arabic that uses Latin characters instead of Arabic script. It is mainly used by youth in technology-related contexts such as social media and texting, and has made many older Arabic speakers fear that more standard forms of Arabic may be in danger because of its use. Prior work on Arabizi suggests that although it is used frequently on social media, its orthography is not yet standardized (Palfreyman and Khalil, 2003; Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2011). Therefore, this thesis aimed to examine orthographic variation in Romanized Lebanese Arabic, which has rarely been studied as a Romanized dialect. It was interested in how often Arabizi is used on Twitter in Lebanon and the extent of its orthographic variation. Using Twitter data collected from Beirut, tweets were analyzed to discover the most common orthographic variants in Arabizi for each Arabic letter, as well as the overall rate of Arabizi use. Results show that Arabizi was not used as frequently as hypothesized on Twitter, probably because of its low prestige and increased globalization. -
Modern Standard Arabic ﺝ
International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture (Linqua- IJLLC) December 2014 edition Vol.1 No.3 /Ʒ/ AND /ʤ/ :ﺝ MODERN STANDARD ARABIC Hisham Monassar, PhD Assistant Professor of Arabic and Linguistics, Department of Arabic and Foreign Languages, Cameron University, Lawton, OK, USA Abstract This paper explores the phonemic inventory of Modern Standard ﺝ Arabic (MSA) with respect to the phoneme represented orthographically as in the Arabic alphabet. This phoneme has two realizations, i.e., variants, /ʤ/, /ӡ /. It seems that there is a regional variation across the Arabic-speaking peoples, a preference for either phoneme. It is observed that in Arabia /ʤ/ is dominant while in the Levant region /ӡ/ is. Each group has one variant to the exclusion of the other. However, there is an overlap regarding the two variants as far as the geographical distribution is concerned, i.e., there is no clear cut geographical or dialectal boundaries. The phone [ʤ] is an affricate, a combination of two phones: a left-face stop, [d], and a right-face fricative, [ӡ]. To produce this sound, the tip of the tongue starts at the alveolar ridge for the left-face stop [d] and retracts to the palate for the right-face fricative [ӡ]. The phone [ӡ] is a voiced palato- alveolar fricative sound produced in the palatal region bordering the alveolar ridge. This paper investigates the dichotomy, or variation, in light of the grammatical (morphological/phonological and syntactic) processes of MSA; phonologies of most Arabic dialects’ for the purpose of synchronic evidence; the history of the phoneme for diachronic evidence and internal sound change; as well as the possibility of external influence. -
Albustan Seeds of Culture Beginner Modern Standard Arabic Fall 2021
Albustan Seeds of Culture Beginner Modern Standard Arabic Fall 2021 Mon & Wed 7-8:30pm on Zoom Instructor: Noora Alrawi E-mail: [email protected] Ph#: (631)413-4856 Course Objectives: 1. Become familiar with Arabic sounds, writing, and grammar. 2. Begin to express themselves in writing and orally. 3. Be able to pronounce and recognize Arabic sounds clearly. 4. Comprehend simple questions orally and written. 5. Take part in spontaneous dialogue on familiar topics. 6. Use short complete sentences or phrases to express personal responses. 7. Be able to read passages and short stories with some understanding of the topic presented. 8. Begin to read independently and recognize familiar or related vocabulary. 9. Become more familiar with Arabic culture and the difference between colloquial and Standard Arabic. * Materials used mainly are created by the instructor for this course, some articles from Aljazeera.net, videos from youtube, Alif Baa, 3rd edition, Al-Kitaab, part one, 3rd edition. Weekly Schedule (subject to change) Schedule Material used • Beginner/Greetings • Introduction and and introductions.pdf Link to video: Greetings https://www.youtube.c • My name is….. om/watch?v=Lom- bCj9Kpk ب ت ث Week 1 • Letters • How are you? Sep 13&15 • PPT of the new letters. • Long and short vowels • Beginner/Short&Long and Sukun Vowels.pdf ج ح خ Letters • • PPT introducing the new letters. Short conversation • و ي Letters • using previous learned ء أ Hamza • Week 2 • I am from…. introduction/greeting .vocab. with new د ذ ر ز Sep 20&22 • Letters • PPT introducing • Numbers 1-10 numbers. -
Processing Judeo-Arabic Texts
Processing Judeo-Arabic Texts Kfir Bar, Nachum Dershowitz, Lior Wolf, Yackov Lubarsky, and Yaacov Choueka Abstract. Judeo-Arabic is a language spoken and written by Jewish communities living in Arab countries. Judeo-Arabic is typically written in Hebrew letters, enriched with diacritic marks that relate to the under- lying Arabic. However, some inconsistencies in rendering words in He- brew letters increase the level of ambiguity of a given word. Furthermore, Judeo-Arabic texts usually contain non-Arabic words and phrases, such as quotations or borrowed words from Hebrew and Aramaic. We focus on two main tasks: (1) automatic transliteration of Judeo-Arabic Hebrew letters into Arabic letters; and (2) automatic identification of language switching points between Judeo-Arabic and Hebrew. For transliteration, we employ a statistical translation system trained on the character level, resulting in 96.9% precision, a significant improvement over the baseline. For the language switching task, we use a word-level supervised classifier, also showing some significant improvements over the baseline. 1 Introduction Judeo-Arabic is a set of dialects spoken and written by Jewish communities living in Arab countries, mainly during the Middle Ages. Judeo-Arabic is typically written in Hebrew letters, and since the Arabic alphabet is larger than the Hebrew one, additional diacritic marks are added to some Hebrew letters when rendering Arabic consonants that are lacking in the Hebrew alphabet. Judeo- Arabic authors often use different letters and diacritic marks to represent the same Arabic consonant. For example, some authors use b (Hebrew gimel) to represent (Arabic jim) and b˙ to represent (ghayn), while others reverse the h. -
Hebrew Names and Name Authority in Library Catalogs by Daniel D
Hebrew Names and Name Authority in Library Catalogs by Daniel D. Stuhlman BHL, BA, MS LS, MHL In support of the Doctor of Hebrew Literature degree Jewish University of America Skokie, IL 2004 Page 1 Abstract Hebrew Names and Name Authority in Library Catalogs By Daniel D. Stuhlman, BA, BHL, MS LS, MHL Because of the differences in alphabets, entering Hebrew names and words in English works has always been a challenge. The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) is the source for many names both in American, Jewish and European society. This work examines given names, starting with theophoric names in the Bible, then continues with other names from the Bible and contemporary sources. The list of theophoric names is comprehensive. The other names are chosen from library catalogs and the personal records of the author. Hebrew names present challenges because of the variety of pronunciations. The same name is transliterated differently for a writer in Yiddish and Hebrew, but Yiddish names are not covered in this document. Family names are included only as they relate to the study of given names. One chapter deals with why Jacob and Joseph start with “J.” Transliteration tables from many sources are included for comparison purposes. Because parents may give any name they desire, there can be no absolute rules for using Hebrew names in English (or Latin character) library catalogs. When the cataloger can not find the Latin letter version of a name that the author prefers, the cataloger uses the rules for systematic Romanization. Through the use of rules and the understanding of the history of orthography, a library research can find the materials needed. -
Processing Judeo-Arabic Texts
2015 First International Conference on Arabic Computational Linguistics Processing Judeo-Arabic Texts Kfir Bar, Nachum Dershowitz, Lior Wolf, Yackov Lubarsky Yaacov Choueka School of Computer Science Friedberg Genizah Project Tel Aviv University Beit Hadefus 20 Ramat Aviv, Israel Jerusalem, Israel {kfirbar,nachum,wolf}@tau.ac.il, [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—Judeo-Arabic is a set of dialects spoken and borrowings, which cannot be transliterated into Ara- and written by Jewish communities living in Arab bic, but rather need to be translated into Arabic. Those countries. Judeo-Arabic is typically written in Hebrew embedded words sometimes get inflected following Arabic letters, enriched with diacritic marks that relate to the al-shkhina, “the) אלשכינה ,underlying Arabic. However, some inconsistencies in morphological rules; for example rendering words in Hebrew letters increase the level of divine spirit”), where the prefix al is the Arabic definite ambiguity of a given word. Furthermore, Judeo-Arabic article, and the word shkhina is the Hebrew word for divine texts usually contain non-Arabic words and phrases, spirit. such as quotations or borrowed words from Hebrew A large number of Judeo-Arabic works (philosophy, and Aramaic. We focus on two main tasks: (1) auto- matic transliteration of Judeo-Arabic Hebrew letters Bible translation, biblical commentary, and more) are cur- into Arabic letters; and (2) automatic identification of rently being made available on the Internet (for research language switching points between Judeo-Arabic and purposes). However, most Arabic speakers are unfamiliar Hebrew. For transliteration, we employ a statistical with the Hebrew script, let alone the way it is used to translation system trained on the character level, re- render Judeo-Arabic. -
Inflected Article in Proto-Arabic and Some Other West Semitic Languages*
ASIAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES, 9, 2000, I, 24-35 INFLECTED ARTICLE IN PROTO-ARABIC AND SOME OTHER WEST SEMITIC LANGUAGES* Andrzej Z a b o r s k i M. Zebrzydowskiego 1, 34-130 Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, Poland The Arabic, Canaanite and Modern South Arabian definite article has a common origin and goes back to an original demonstrative pronoun which was a compound inflected for gen der, number and probably also for case. It can be reconstructed as *han(V)~ for masc. sing., *hat(V)~ for fern. sing, and *hal(V)- for plural. Assimilations of -n- and -t- to the following consonant (including -n-l- > -11- and -t-l- > II) neutralized the opposition of gender and number and led to a reinterpretation of either hcil/’al- or han/’an-> ’am- synchronically as basic variant. In Aramaic the suffixed definite article was due not to simple suffixation o f hā but to a resegmentation of the postposed compound demonstrativehā-zē-[n(ā)] and suffixation of enclitic hā> -ā which has been generalized. The problem of the definite article in the West Semitic languages has been discussed by many scholars, so that there is a rather abundant literature on the subject and opinions differ widely. Older studies were briefly reviewed by Barth (1907), while in the most recent contribution D. Testen (1998) discusses most of the newer studies (e.g. Wensinck 1931, Ullendorf 1965, Lambdin 1971, Rundgren 1989) and he develops a hypothesis going back at least to Stade (1879, § 132a; cf. Croatto 1971) saying that the Arabic, Canaanite and Modern South Arabian1 definite article goes back to an “assertative” particle */ (sic!) which is continued both by la- i.e.