China and the Pursuit of America's
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Wedge-Issue Dynamics and Party Position Shifts: Chinese Exclusion
Article Party Politics 17(6) 823–847 Wedge-issue dynamics ª The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav and party position shifts: DOI: 10.1177/1354068810376184 Chinese exclusion ppq.sagepub.com debates in the post-Reconstruction US Congress, 1879–1882 Jungkun Seo University of North Carolina, Wilmington, USA Abstract Even when the stakes of party-building are high, political parties often find their members divided over a key policy position. In post-Reconstruction America, the hot-button issue of excluding Chinese immigrant workers strengthened Democratic cohesion while splitting the ‘party of Lincoln’. Previous research has not completely investigated the role of party competition and cohesiveness in paving the way for passage of the Chinese exclusion laws. In this investigation of the legislative politics of banning the Chinese from 1879 to 1882, it is found that cross-pressured members sometimes facilitate party transformation. The evidence demonstrates that partisan responses to potential wedge issues are a previously unnoticed source of explanation of eventual party position changes. Keywords Chinese exclusion laws, party position change, rank-and-file members, wedge issue Paper submitted 4 June 2009; accepted for publication 15 September 2009 Corresponding author: Jungkun Seo, Department of Public and International Affairs, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA. Email: [email protected] 823 824 Party Politics 17(6) ‘Ought we to exclude them? The question lies in my mind thus; either the Anglo Saxon race will possess the Pacific slope or the Mongolians will possess it. We have this day to choose ... whether our legislation shall be in the interest of the American free laborer or for the servile laborer from China.’ Senator James G. -
Brass Bands of the World a Historical Directory
Brass Bands of the World a historical directory Kurow Haka Brass Band, New Zealand, 1901 Gavin Holman January 2019 Introduction Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6 Angola................................................................................................................................ 12 Australia – Australian Capital Territory ......................................................................... 13 Australia – New South Wales .......................................................................................... 14 Australia – Northern Territory ....................................................................................... 42 Australia – Queensland ................................................................................................... 43 Australia – South Australia ............................................................................................. 58 Australia – Tasmania ....................................................................................................... 68 Australia – Victoria .......................................................................................................... 73 Australia – Western Australia ....................................................................................... 101 Australia – other ............................................................................................................. 105 Austria ............................................................................................................................ -
Anson Burlingame: Diplomat, Orator
Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research Volume 7 Number 2 JAAER Winter 1997 Article 4 Winter 1997 Anson Burlingame: Diplomat, Orator Tim Brady [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/jaaer Scholarly Commons Citation Brady, T. (1997). Anson Burlingame: Diplomat, Orator. Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 7(2). Retrieved from https://commons.erau.edu/jaaer/vol7/iss2/4 This Forum is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Brady: Anson Burlingame: Diplomat, Orator FORUM ANSON BURLINGAME: DIPLOMAT, ORATOR Tim Brady Like a previous article titled "Cross-Cultural Underpinnings of the Taiping Rebellion: Potential Modem Applications" (Brady, 1993), this article too is somewhat out of step with the mainstream of information normally presented in JAAER, but in this author's opinion it is an important deviation. Why? Because it looks into the essential character of an important civilization that we know very little about, the Chinese, and it provides a glimpse of what happened in the past when our two cultures came into significant contact. The relevance of this paper to aviation is that it posts warning signs as to what can happen if we are not properly prepared to deal with that great civilization on terms that are mutually beneficial. As reported in Aviation Week and Space Technology, China is expected to have the highest growth in air traffic of all Asian countries in the firsthalf of the next decade (Mecham, 1993). -
On Protestant Missionaries Publishing and Understanding of the Sacred
BIBLID 0254-4466(2008)26:3 pp. 225-262 漢學研究第26卷第3 期(民國97年 9 月) ᄲķęęྏኢ˩˝͵ࡔֽරޥĶ༱໐ຍ ᄃᄮᙊۍາି็ି̀၆ĮཐᏞᇃį۞ 廖 振 旺Ŏ ၡࢋ ฟጩ۞ᅳાĄ҃ώ͛۞ޞࡔૄ༛າିдර߿જΫࡁտĂߏ˘̪͵˝˩ ĂͽĮཐᏞᇃį˘३ࠎּĂֽଣϐޘ̼͛Ϋ۞֎ۍϫ۞Ăӈဘྏଂ ࡁտ̝˘ศĄۍරາି็ି̀႔ጯ३ᚱֽ ᇹءᇃࠎΏҖ۞ֹ̝˧ڼ۰ٙοĂ֭ྻϡ߆ڼĮཐᏞᇃįߏϤഈ ೳࢰ۞າି็ି̀ࣇĂݒ˩̶ࢦෛྍ३̈́Ϩކ३ᚱĄ҃˩˝͵ࡔֽර ݡĄώ͛ӈЋဦଣտֱາି็ۍࡶ̒ᄃ࠹ᙯ۞˞ۍྋĂͷᖙᛌăྖ ĮཐᏞᇃį̝ϫ۞Ă֭ྏဦ҂၅ࣇዦᄃᄮᙊྍ३۞ෛ֎Ąۍ̀ି ѨĂώ͛ᔘ͔ϡ˞˩˝͵ࡔֽරາି็ି̀ٙ൴ܑ۞ࡻ͛႔ጯኢĂֽೡ ࣇீٙ̚֍۞ĂͽĮཐᏞᇃį̈́ϨྖྋࠎᆐώĂ҃ؠഇдЧгᓝҖ۞ Ăώ͛ᛚ˞༊ॡາି็ି̀тңᖙᛌᄃྋᛖޢĄڶᓾķ̝ᆇё၁ކĶཐᏞ ĮཐᏞᇃį̚Ķ͇ିķ߱۞̰टĄ ۍᓾăăކᙯᔣෟ Ĉૄ༛າିă็ି̀ăཐᏞᇃăཐᏞ ˘ă݈ā֏ ѐĞ1870ğΏ˯ঔ࡚ර३ᐡ߿˝ڼδဦ३ᐡᄂ៉̶ᐡᐡᖟѣ˘ώТ̚ οĂ֭ྻϡ͞ءĮཐᏞᇃįĞဦ˘ğĄ1 ٙᏜĮཐᏞᇃįߏϤഈڕф 收稿日期:2007年9月27日,通過刊登日期:2008年4月23日。 Ŏ 作者係日本京都大學大學院文學研究科博士班學生。 1 該書全一冊,線裝,半頁 10 行,每行 23 字,㡨頭處 25 字。四周雙欄,單魚尾,版心上方 225 226 漢學研究第 26 卷第 3 期 圖一 康熙聖諭,雍正廣訓,《聖諭廣訓》:書名頁(左) 、首頁(右) Ă̚δဦ३ᐡᄂ៉̶ᐡᖟڕѐĞ1870ğˬ͡˯ঔ࡚ර३ᐡ߿ф˝ڼТ ᇹ३ᚱĄ2 ͽ˭ԧࣇΞྏ̚˘߱ĈءᇃࠎΏҖ۞ֹ̝˧ڼ߆ ĂޘĄߊࢋϡޘĂౌࢋϡـᄲĂˠϠд͵ĂЫฺࡍҗĂϹତֽޥ༱໐ຍ ຍγ۞ĄٺĂ˵ѣՏ͟˘ؠ۞Ă˵ѣޘಶ˘͟˵̙͌࣎˞Ąҭࢋϡ ϠٺăѝᐠਮฺĂߏ˘ؠ۞ఢĂზࢍֽ۞ĄҌڇт˘ѐࡍೀІҗ ຍγĂზࢍ̙ؠ۞ĄҰࡶ̙ٺዳ̃ăշ̃ăचঽѪಉĂְֱវߏ ԯੑĂ૱ֱѣዶĂࡶߏ࿃ᇹ̙ീ۞ְĂݒोࠤᆃΝϡĉ3 鐫:「聖諭廣訓」或「廣訓衍」,中鐫條數。版框寬 12.5 釐米Ű高 18.5 釐米,開本寬 14.7 釐 米Ű高 24.5 釐米。書名頁鐫有「同治九年三月」、「聖諭廣訓」及「上海美華書館活字板」 字樣。 2 誠如王爾敏所言:「在清代二百餘年歷史中,《聖諭廣訓》是朝野最熟知之書,大致除去 《時憲通書》及《萬寶全書》兩者之外,就是《聖諭廣訓》為全國第三種最通行之普通書 籍。」見氏著,〈清廷《聖諭廣訓》之頒行及民間之宣講拾遺〉,《中研院近史所集刊》22 下(1993.6): 257。 3 引自上海美華書館活字板《聖諭廣訓》第五條「尚節儉以惜財用」之白話解部分,頁31 廖振旺∕試論十九世紀來華新教傳教士對《聖諭廣訓》的出版與認識 227 ࡚҃ර३ᐡĞAmerican Presbyterian Mission PressğĂߏ˩˝͵ࡔ̚ഇ ĂТॡ˵ߏ༊ॡֽරາିဥវٙ౹న۞ିۤۍҁିົд˯ঔ౹ϲ۞ܜ઼࡚ ۍᇆᜩஎᅈ۞ֲڌĂͷ၆઼̈́̚ܜĂఢሀ̂Ăགྷᒉॡมۤ̚ۍົ Ą4˘̝ۤ ᖙዦώ˩˝͵ࡔϤಲරҘˠٙ൴Җ۞႔ᚱĂ̙༰΄ˠயϠ˭ЕႷયĈ ͞ءĂࠎңົΏҖ˘ώഈۤۍ༛ࢰ۞็ି̀ٙ۞ૄ็ކֽර ݡĉֱ҃າି็ି̀˫ߏͽۍጱ३ᚱĉߏӎѣ࠹ᙯ۞ކ̼ିڼ߆۞ ዦᄃᄮᙊྍ३ĉপҾߏྍ३ᔘѣ˘߱ෛ͇ିࠎளბ۞̰टĂֽޘᆃ֎̦ ၆ѩ็ି̀ࣇѣңаᑕᄃྋᛖĉ5 ώ͛۞ᆷүϫ۞Ăӈྏဦֹϡ࠹ᙯΫफ़ֽ ኢᙋ˯યᗟĄ̈́ځᄲ ฟጩ۞ޞிٙ࠰ۢĂ˩˝͵ࡔૄ༛າିдර߿જΫ۞ࡁտĂߏ˘̪ ࠁᓄ؟ĂΐͽځгĄ6 ྕтߙҜጯ۰ٙ֏ĈĶ઼̚ିົΫ൴ण؈ѡĂᔳᙱ ࠁᓄᗔķֹࡁտ۰ᙱ؟Ąķ7ĶְٽܧᗔĂᐂൺĂՐԆБቁ၁ྤफ़Ăঅ Ķᐂٺࠁٕ็ି፟ၹĄ8 Ҍ؟ͽБࢬ˞ྋ˩˝͵ࡔிкϤለֽ࡚ර۞າି ൺķĂಶтТ઼࡚ጯ۰ϒĞJohn K. -
Sino-US Relations and Ulysses S. Grant's Mediation
Looking for a Friend: Sino-U.S. Relations and Ulysses S. Grant’s Mediation in the Ryukyu/Liuqiu 琉球 Dispute of 1879 Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Chad Michael Berry Graduate Program in East Asian Studies The Ohio State University 2014 Thesis Committee: Christopher A. Reed, Advisor Robert J. McMahon Ying Zhang Copyright by Chad Michael Berry 2014 Abstract In March 1879, Japan announced the end of the Ryukyu (Liuqiu) Kingdom and the establishment of Okinawa Prefecture in its place. For the previous 250 years, Ryukyu had been a quasi-independent tribute-sending state to Japan and China. Following the arrival of Western imperialism to East Asia in the 19th century, Japan reacted to the changing international situation by adopting Western legal standards and clarifying its borders in frontier areas such as the Ryukyu Islands. China protested Japanese actions in Ryukyu, though Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) leaders were not willing to go to war over the islands. Instead, Qing leaders such as Li Hongzhang (1823-1901) and Prince Gong (1833-1898) sought to resolve the dispute through diplomatic means, including appeals to international law, rousing global public opinion against Japan, and, most significantly, requesting the mediation of the United States and former U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885). Initially, China hoped Grant’s mediation would lead to a restoration of the previous arrangement of Ryukyu being a dually subordinate kingdom to China and Japan. In later negotiations, China sought a three-way division of the islands among China, Japan, and Ryukyu. -
Sino American Relations
Fort Hays State University FHSU Scholars Repository Master's Theses Graduate School Summer 1942 Sino American Relations Philip Lin Fort Hays Kansas State College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.fhsu.edu/theses Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Lin, Philip, "Sino American Relations" (1942). Master's Theses. 363. https://scholars.fhsu.edu/theses/363 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at FHSU Scholars Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of FHSU Scholars Repository. SINO-AMERICAN RELATIONS being A thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the Fort Hays Kansas State College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science by Philip Lin., B. A. Fukien Christian Unive rsity Foochow., China Date ~'/, / 'f 'I ;L Approved: R17601 28 Acknowledgment The writer wishes to e x press his sincere acknowledg- ment and indebtedness to Dr. w. D. Moreland of the Political Science and Sociology Department of the Fort Hays Kansas State Colle ge for his guidance in writing this thesis. Due acknowledgment also is extended to Dr. Streeter, Librarian and Miss Dorothy Wells, Documents Librarian, for their helpful suggestions. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE r. INTRODUCTION l II. EARLY RELATIONS AND TREATIES A. The beginning of formal intercourse B. Development l. Treaties 7 2. Diplomatic Service 27 3. Commercial Agreements 31 III. AMERIC ANS IN CHI NA A. The Clause of "The most f avored nation." 1. Extraterritoriality 36 2. The protection of citizens and property 38 B. -
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Legislative Limelight: Investigations by the United States Congress Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4z47565z Author Hanley, John Ignatius Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Legislative Limelight: Investigations by the United States Congress by John Ignatius Hanley A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Eric Schickler, Chair Professor Robert Van Houweling Professor Anne Joseph O’Connell Fall 2012 Legislative Limelight: Investigations by the United States Congress © 2012 By John Ignatius Hanley Abstract Legislative Limelight: Investigations by the United States Congress by John Ignatius Hanley Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science University of California, Berkeley Professor Eric Schickler, Chair Academic studies have often emphasized the law-making aspects of Congress to the exclusion of examining how Congress uses its investigative power. This is despite the fact that Congress possesses great power to compel testimony and documents from public and private persons alike, and that exercises of the investigative power are among the most notable public images of Congress. While several recent studies have considered investigations in the context of relations between the executive and legislative branches, far less effort has been committed to looking at how much Congress uses coercive investigative power to gather information on non- governmental actors. I develop several new datasets to examine the historical and recent use of investigations of both governmental and non-governmental institutions. -
A. Kaihe a TRIO THAT MUST GO: CHANGING US-QING RELATIONS from 1868 to 1882
IRSTI 03.91 https://doi.org/10.26577/JOS-2019-4-o1 A. Kaihe PhD candidate. Graduate School of Core Ethics and Frontier Sciences. Ritsumeikan University, Japan, e-mail: [email protected] A TRIO THAT MUST GO: CHANGING US-QING RELATIONS FROM 1868 TO 1882 Abstract. The Burlingame Treaty of 1868 opened new perspectives in diplomatic action for both the U.S. and the Qing Empire; however, 14 years later in 1882 The Chinese Exclusion Act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the United States. Those two documents reveal, it seems, completely dif- ferent political attitudes toward the Qing Empire on the part of the United States. The focus of this article is to understand the internal factors that lead the United States to successively adopt these two opposing policies. Constant changes in the domestic political and economic situation of the United States, I argue, have led to the adjustment of foreign policy with the Qing Empire. One caricature from the American satire cartoon magazine PUCK is used to illustrate important aspects of the lesser known history of the US-Qing relations from the 1860s to the 1880s. Key words: US-Qing Relations, Burlingame Treaty, Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese Labor, GOP, PUCK, Taiping Rebellion, American society, late Qing Empire(1860-1880), “A Trio that Must Go”. А. Кайхе PhD докторанты, Бейіндік этика және шекара ғылымдары Жоғары мектебі, Рицумейкан Университеті, Жапония, e-mail: [email protected] Кетуі керек трио: ақш-цин қарым-қатынасының (1868 жылдан 1882 жылға дейін өзгеруі) Аңдатпа. 1868 жылғы Берлингейм келісімі АҚШ үшін де, Цин империясы үшін де дипломатиялық әрекеттегі жаңа мүмкіндіктерді ашты, дегенмен 14 жылдан кейін, 1882 жылы Қытай заңы қытайлық жұмысшылардың АҚШ-қа шығуына тыйым салды. -
'Where We Would Extend the Moral
‘WHERE WE WOULD EXTEND THE MORAL POWER OF OUR CIVILIZATION’: AMERICAN CULTURAL AND POLITICAL FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH CHINA, 1843-1856 A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Mathew T. Brundage December 2015 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Mathew T. Brundage B.A., Capital University, 2005 M.A., Kent State University, 2007 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2015 Approved by ________________________________ Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Mary Ann Heiss, Ph.D. ________________________________ Kevin Adams, Ph.D. ________________________________ Gang Zhao, Ph.D. ________________________________ James Tyner, Ph.D. Accepted by ________________________________ Chair, Department of History Kenneth Bindas, Ph.D. ________________________________ Dean, College of Arts and Sciences James L. Blank, Ph.D. TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………….. iii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………... iv PREFACE ………………………………………………………………... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………….. vii INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………… 1 CHAPTERS I. Chapter 1: China as Mystery ……………………………… 30 II. Chapter 2: China as Opportunity ..………………………… 84 III. Chapter 3: China as a Flawed Empire………………………146 IV. Chapter 4: China as a Threat ………………………………. 217 V. Chapter 5: Redefining “Success” in the Sino-American Relationship ……………………………………………….. 274 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….. 317 APPENDIX………………………………………………………………… 323 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………. -
Open PDF File, 134.33 KB, for Paintings
Massachusetts State House Art and Artifact Collections Paintings SUBJECT ARTIST LOCATION ~A John G. B. Adams Darius Cobb Room 27 Samuel Adams Walter G. Page Governor’s Council Chamber Frank Allen John C. Johansen Floor 3 Corridor Oliver Ames Charles A. Whipple Floor 3 Corridor John Andrew Darius Cobb Governor’s Council Chamber Esther Andrews Jacob Binder Room 189 Edmund Andros Frederick E. Wallace Floor 2 Corridor John Avery John Sanborn Room 116 ~B Gaspar Bacon Jacob Binder Senate Reading Room Nathaniel Banks Daniel Strain Floor 3 Corridor John L. Bates William W. Churchill Floor 3 Corridor Jonathan Belcher Frederick E. Wallace Floor 2 Corridor Richard Bellingham Agnes E. Fletcher Floor 2 Corridor Josiah Benton Walter G. Page Storage Francis Bernard Giovanni B. Troccoli Floor 2 Corridor Thomas Birmingham George Nick Senate Reading Room George Boutwell Frederic P. Vinton Floor 3 Corridor James Bowdoin Edmund C. Tarbell Floor 3 Corridor John Brackett Walter G. Page Floor 3 Corridor Robert Bradford Elmer W. Greene Floor 3 Corridor Simon Bradstreet Unknown artist Floor 2 Corridor George Briggs Walter M. Brackett Floor 3 Corridor Massachusetts State House Art Collection: Inventory of Paintings by Subject John Brooks Jacob Wagner Floor 3 Corridor William M. Bulger Warren and Lucia Prosperi Senate Reading Room Alexander Bullock Horace R. Burdick Floor 3 Corridor Anson Burlingame Unknown artist Room 272 William Burnet John Watson Floor 2 Corridor Benjamin F. Butler Walter Gilman Page Floor 3 Corridor ~C Argeo Paul Cellucci Ronald Sherr Lt. Governor’s Office Henry Childs Moses Wight Room 373 William Claflin James Harvey Young Floor 3 Corridor John Clifford Benoni Irwin Floor 3 Corridor David Cobb Edgar Parker Room 222 Charles C. -
The Global Irish and Chinese: Migration, Exclusion, and Foreign Relations Among Empires, 1784-1904
THE GLOBAL IRISH AND CHINESE: MIGRATION, EXCLUSION, AND FOREIGN RELATIONS AMONG EMPIRES, 1784-1904 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Barry Patrick McCarron, M.A. Washington, DC April 6, 2016 Copyright 2016 by Barry Patrick McCarron All Rights Reserved ii THE GLOBAL IRISH AND CHINESE: MIGRATION, EXCLUSION, AND FOREIGN RELATIONS AMONG EMPIRES, 1784-1904 Barry Patrick McCarron, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Carol A. Benedict, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation is the first study to examine the Irish and Chinese interethnic and interracial dynamic in the United States and the British Empire in Australia and Canada during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Utilizing comparative and transnational perspectives and drawing on multinational and multilingual archival research including Chinese language sources, “The Global Irish and Chinese” argues that Irish immigrants were at the forefront of anti-Chinese movements in Australia, Canada, and the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century. Their rhetoric and actions gave rise to Chinese immigration restriction legislation and caused major friction in the Qing Empire’s foreign relations with the United States and the British Empire. Moreover, Irish immigrants east and west of the Rocky Mountains and on both sides of the Canada-United States border were central to the formation of a transnational white working-class alliance aimed at restricting the flow of Chinese labor into North America. Looking at the intersections of race, class, ethnicity, and gender, this project reveals a complicated history of relations between the Irish and Chinese in Australia, Canada, and the United States, which began in earnest with the mid-nineteenth century gold rushes in California, New South Wales, Victoria, and British Columbia. -
CONSUMING LINCOLN: ABRAHAM LINCOLN's WESTERN MANHOOD in the URBAN NORTHEAST, 1848-1861 a Dissertation Submitted to the Kent S
CONSUMING LINCOLN: ABRAHAM LINCOLN’S WESTERN MANHOOD IN THE URBAN NORTHEAST, 1848-1861 A dissertation submitted to the Kent State University College of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By David Demaree August 2018 © Copyright All right reserved Except for previously published materials A dissertation written by David Demaree B.A., Geneva College, 2008 M.A., Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2012 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2018 Approved by ____________________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Kevin Adams, Ph.D. ____________________________, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Elaine Frantz, Ph.D. ____________________________, Lesley J. Gordon, Ph.D. ____________________________, Sara Hume, Ph.D. ____________________________ Robert W. Trogdon, Ph.D. Accepted by ____________________________, Chair, Department of History Brian M. Hayashi, Ph.D. ____________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences James L. Blank, Ph.D. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...............................................................................................................v INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1