57 111Gb Street, Georgetown

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57 111Gb Street, Georgetown A PB:rroSOCIOLOGICAL STWY OP' ml BOttœ:JtRif RUPURUII SAVADA1 BRITISH GUIANA. A tbesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies am Research in partial fUltil- ment of tbe requirements for the degree of Master of Science. by R. J. A. Goodland Botany Department, and 57 111gb Street, McGill University, Georgetown, Montreal, British Guiana. Canada • • August, 1964 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS page Title Table of Cont,ents •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• o ••• o. iO 1 List of Figuree ••••••• 4 Acknowledgements •••••• .. Introduction. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • 8 Lite ra ture Review ••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••••••••••• , ••••• 11 ' Description of the Region ••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 Location •••••••••.••••••••• , •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• lf Geology ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 Geomorphology ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• l7 Climate ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••• lJ Soils •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••• 20 Vegetation ................................................... 21 Ri parian Forest •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 Swamps ••••••••••••••••••••••, ••••••••••••••••••••••••• ?. 2 Bush Islands ............................................ 23 Marsl1es •••••• , ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 Ac1ua tic Vegeta tion .................................... 23 Mu.. ri Scrtltb .............................................. 24 Sa vanna •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 Ebini ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 30 Trinidad •••••• ·•••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••• 30 Terminology ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 33 Fire •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• )6 Ani.rna.ls ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41 2 TABLE QE CONTENTS (Continued) Termites • •....•.••••••.••••••••• • • •... • • • • • · • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 43 Methods •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••• 46 Preparation•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••46 Field Methods·-··•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••46 Selection of Stands•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••47 Collection of Data••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••48 Point- Quarter Method •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 48 Soil••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••49 Treatment of Data•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••SO Termit,es ••.•.•••.•••••••.••..•..•••.••...•••••••.••••• • ••• 51 f4a.trix • ••••.•.•••••••••••••...•..•..••••.••••••••••••••••• 51 Matrix: Summary of Procedure ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 56 Resulta ..........•..........•... ,... ...................••.•...••.• 58 Introduction •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 58 Matrixs Nature of the Axes ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••67 Termites••••••••o•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••79 So1ls •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•.••••••••••••••• 8) Floristics •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 87 Floristic Analysis••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••92 Physiognamic Analysis•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••··93 Discussion •••••.•.•••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 97 Clima.tic •.•.•••.•••••••••••••.•..•.....••....••.••••• 97 Biotic•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••98 Edaphic ••• •••..•••••••••••...•••••.••.••••· ••••••••••• 98 3 ~ .9.!:: CON'i'ENTS ( Concluded) page Appraisal of Methods ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• lOl Further Research •••••••••.•••••••••••.••••••.•••.•.••.••••••••• lJ3 Post Script . .....•••••••.••.••••••.....•..••••••••••••.••••••• • 104 5 UJTli'na ry . • • • • • • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • . 1 C>f-J Appendix•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l09 Stand Record Form •••••••••••••.•.••....•.•.•••••••••••••• l09 Presence and Frequency Form •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• llO Tree Data Form ••••••••.•..••..•••••......•••••••••••••••• ll2 Tree Data Summary Fo~···•••••••••••••·••••••••••••••••••ll3 Matrix Form ••••••••••...••••••...•••••••••••••••••••••••• ll4 Plants of the Rupununi Savannas •••••• ..•...•••••••• • 116 References••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~•·l30- 150 .4 FIGUru:5 page Tentative Sketch Map of sorne of the South American Savannas •••••lO Climate at Lethem, Rupununi•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••l9 Illustrations: General View••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·~···••28 Cerrado •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 Termitaria ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 Muri Serub •••••••••••••••••.••••••.•••••••••••••• 28 Ité Swanq> .••••••• ci •••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• 29 Savanna Edge ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 Bush Island •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 Caeti •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 After Fire••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·29 Stand Location MaP••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••32 Distribution of Stands, 3 dimensions of Matrix Model •••••••••••• S5 Prevalent Species Table•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••6l Main Tree Species Data Table••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~4 Graph of the Behaviour of 3 Tree Species •••••••••••••••••••••••• 6S Frequency- Moisture Graphs of Selected Species ••••••••••••••••• 66 Matrix Outline ••.•••••••••••••••••••••••.....•••.••••••••••••••• 73 Matrix Madel Graphs: 3 Minor Trees •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 74 Bulbostylis and Stenophyllus ••••••••••••••••••••• 75 Byrsonima crassifolia •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ?S Curatella americana •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ?S Bowd1chia virgillo!des ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ?6 Meaosetum loliiforrne ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 76 Stand Description •••••••..••.•••••••••••••••••••• 76 Trees per Acre (Density) ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 77 Termites and Sail Nutrients •••••.•••••••••••••••• ?8 Water Retaining Capacity of the Soil ••••••••••••• 78 Matrix Moàel Pictures ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~o Table of Environmental Characteristics •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 86 The Occurrence of the Main Rupununi Trees and Shrubs •••••••••••• 94 The Occurrence of Some Rupununi Plants •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 95 Key to the 2 Preceding TablesQ•q••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••96 5 ACI:NOWLEG!:MEKTS In spite of tlle usual xenophobies of snalœs 1 bugs, beat am vast dis tances, man is everywhere tbe gree. test danger to ld.mself. But the exchanging or the amenities of the city for a simpler existence ma.kes oœ especially susceptible to belp:t'Ul.ness am hOspi tali ty of which tbere is no sbortage in the Rupunu:ni. I am glad to be able to aclmow• led.ge these trieDde who bave made this ta.sk immeasurably easier: Tbe entire am ubiquitous Melville tamily1 especially Edwina. Mr. Brœst Bard.y 1 Mr. Geofi"rey Lomas am the ir familles, of tbe Rupununi Arma, Letbem. Tbe Reve rem Canon Jack Bolden and Miss Elsie Schadde 1 St. Mary• a 1 Yupu.kari 1 and Annai. Fatber Quigley S .J. , of St. Ignatius and Karasabai. Mr. am Mra .Harry Bart of Pirara aJJd Meri tiziero. J ' Mr. Leonard D•Aguiar, Mr. L.B. McTurk, Mr. Caesar Gorinsk;y, Mr. Roy Hewson and Dr. S.P. Legg. The Police force aJJd the Pilots or the British Guiana Airways. I was very tortunate in having the company of Nr. R. Persaud, Curator or the Je.nman Berbarium Georgetown, tor two weeks, whose lmow- 1 . ledge or the Guiana Flora is only su.rpassed by his indomitable spirit. The Directors and Staff of the Govermental Departments of Agriculture, ll'orestry 1 am Geology am Mr. Ram Singb1 Curator of tbe Georgetown Museum, were always ready wi th information and equipment. In Trinidad1 Pro:tessor J .w. Purseglove of the Botany Department, University of the West lndies, President of the Association for Tropical 6 Biology, p.1t his excellent Berbarium at nay disposa!. Tbanlœ tor exceptionally able help 1n tbe f'ield are due to the Curator, )te. M. , ' Bhorai. I should alao lilœ to thank Dr. Ahmad and Mr. Baynes • Witbœ.t the belp of Dr. Thomas Soderstrom of t'be Smitbsœian Institution, Wasbinston, tbis study vould have been useless. I should lib to tbank most sincerely Dr. Soderstrom, Mr. c.v. Morton, ~Dr. David LeUinger, au! Dr. Lyman Smith tor d.etel'llini.Dg rrry specimens of Grass 1 Lover Planta am Pbanerogams respectively. I also tbanlt Mt-. W.A. Sands aD! Dr. w.v. Barris of tbe British Museum f'or identi- tying the temites. I should lilœ to tllank Dr. G.P. Patil &Di Jlr. Richard Pollard of' McGiU UniYersity tor mathematical clsriticatiODSi Mr. GaVin Daly and Mr. Jobn Lambert of' the Botany Depârtment f'or t'Deir interest, CODBtructive sugsestions and proot readingj and Mr. S.G. Harrison, Iteeper of the Carditt Museum, and Miss Violet Graham f'or taxcxlomic balp. ..... This. study 1s largely a compilstive vork, but the taak of' compilation bas been l18de easier am. more pleasant by the help of Mrs. P. MacMorris of the lfev York Botanical Gardens Library 1 Monsieur Richard Pu-é of the Université de Laval and Miss R. Maybev of the Botany Library, McG1U University. A special mention must be made to the staff' of tbe McGiU Inter-Library Loan Service to whom no references are obscure, merel.y incorrect. Profttssor Theo. Bills honored me by ~rship in his McGill University Savanna Research Project ot 'Wbich this study is a smaU pert. I abou.ld l1lœ to thank him very mcb for a Geograpby Departaient Research Fellovsbip vhich made this study possible, a1ld 7 tor bis farsigb.tëd and tl.exible attitude. I also tbank his students
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