RECORDS OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM 84 019–043 (2014) DOI: 10.18195/issn.0313-122x.84.2014.019-043 SUPPLEMENT
Kimberley marine biota. Historical data: introduction and methods
Alison Sampey1*, Clay Bryce1, Stacey Osborne1 and Albert Miles1
1 Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia. * Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT – The Kimberley region is currently undergoing substantial growth in industrial and general human use. The region is recognised as relatively pristine with a high diversity of habitats and species, but there is little published information on the marine biodiversity. Australian museums and herbaria are the repositories of species diversity datasets and voucher specimens collected over many decades (1880s to present). We have collated data on marine plants, sponges, cnidarians (predominately hard and soft corals), free living worms (predominately polychaetes), crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, brachiopods, ascidians and fi shes from fi ve Australian natural science collections. We identifi ed >50,000 specimen records of approximately 6,000 shallow water marine species from the Project Area. The scope and methods adopted for this project are outlined here.
KEYWORDS: natural history collections, species inventory, Kimberley Project Area, baseline, NW Australia, biodiversity
INTRODUCTION taxonomic and geographic), taxonomic ambiguity and inadequate or poorly defi ned spatial coverage Knowing which species occur in an area is (Ponder et al. 2001; Funk and Richardson 2002; fundamental to many aspects of biological, Graham et al. 2004). conservation and environmental research, providing a baseline dataset to inform conservation and The northern Australian coastline is recognised policy decisions, as well as to monitor both human as having been exposed to minimal human impact and climate induced change (O'Connell et al. 2004; (Halpern et al. 2008). Biodiversity is likely to be high Sloan and Bartier 2009; Pyke and Ehrlich 2010). in the region and a gradient in species diversity As such, it is vital information for the successful has been shown for a number of taxa (fi shes, corals management of an area, including the development and echinoderms) along the Western Australian of marine protected areas and the preparation of coastline, with higher diversity of species occurring environmental impact assessments. The study of in lower latitudes, including the Kimberley (Marsh taxonomy underpins this endeavour as it is the and Marshall 1983; Wilson and Allen 1987; Veron discipline responsible for defining, describing and Marsh 1988; Hutchins 1999). However, there and understanding what constitutes a species and are few publications on species present in the therefore informs distribution patterns (Cotterill region and much of this information is contained in 1995; Boero 2010). specialist taxonomic literature. Currently, the region is undergoing substantial growth in industrial and Museums and herbaria are the repositories of species diversity datasets and voucher specimens other human use, including oil and gas extraction, (Cotterill 1995; Ponder et al. 2001; Sloan and Bartier fishing, aquaculture, and tourism (Wood and 2009; Pyke and Ehrlich 2010; Appeltans et al. 2012; Mills 2008) and proposed marine protected areas Huisman and Miller 2013). These collections provide (Department of Environment and Conservation a permanent record of the presence of a species 2009). Baseline marine biological data to characterise in space and time (Cotterill 1995). The importance the values and assets in the region are required of natural science collection data to support (Wood and Mills 2008). biodiversity research and conservation planning is The Western Australian Museum (WAM) has being increasingly recognised (Pyke and Ehrlich undertaken ten marine biological expeditions to 2010). However, there are limitations to the available locations within the Kimberley region since 1976 data, including bias in collecting effort (both (Western Australian Museum 1981; Berry 1986; 20 A. SAMPEY, C. BRYCE, S. OSBORNE AND A. MILES
Wells 1989; Morgan 1992; Berry 1993; Wells et al. voucher specimens lodged in Australian natural 1995; Walker et al. 1996; Bryce et al. 1997; Walker science collections (1880s–2009), and to provide 1997; Bryce 2009). These surveys have visited many commentary on general trends in diversity patterns areas of the Kimberley coast, inshore islands, and and collection gaps, both spatial and taxonomic, for continental shelf edge atolls with varying taxonomic, these taxa. spatial and temporal coverage. The specimens collected during these expeditions, along with those METHODS from other surveys, or from incidental collecting over the last century (1880s to present), are housed in Australian natural science collections, primarily STUDY AREA, TAXONOMIC AND COLLECTION SCOPE in Western Australia. However, the majority of these The Kimberley Project Area (henceforth ‘Project datasets and their interpretation are not readily Area’) is defined by the coordinates 19.00°S accessible to resource managers and researchers 121.57°E; 19.00°S 118.25°E; 12.00°S 129.00°E; 12.00°S interested in the marine biological values of the 121.00°E, with the coastline forming a natural region. To address this gap in our knowledge the inshore boundary. This irregular polygon stretches WAM instigated an extensive data compilation of north along the coast from Cape Jaubert, south marine species (excluding vertebrates except for fi shes) known from the region. of Broome, to the Western Australia/Northern Territory border, and extends westward beyond the 1000 m bathymetric contour to include the AIMS continental shelf edge atolls (Hibernia Reef to To collate the records of shallow water (<30 m) Imperieuse Reef, northernmost to southernmost marine flora and fauna (restricted to fishes respectively) of the Sahul Shelf (Figure 1). Wilson and invertebrates) from the Kimberley Project (2014) has reviewed the habitats, geology and Area as defi ned below, with relevant associated historical exploration of the Project Area.
FIGURE 1 Map of the Kimberley Project Area (marked in grey), Western Australia. KIMBERLEY MARINE BIOTA. HISTORICAL DATA: INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 21
The taxonomic groups included marine plants TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS (seagrasses, mangroves and macroalgae), sponges Nomenclatural changes are common in biology (Porifera), cnidarians (predominately hard corals as a species name represents a hypothesis that can with limited data on soft corals and non-anthozoan be revised as new information (e.g. morphological, groups, such as hydroids, sea pens and sea jellies), genetic, behavioural, distributional) becomes free living worms (predominately polychaetes), available (Gaston and Mound 1993). Taxonomy crustaceans (mainly decapod crustaceans and is usually poorly resourced, which influences barnacles with some data on isopods, amphipods the quality and maintenance of taxonomic and stomatopods), molluscs (predominately datasets (Cotterill 1995). We identifi ed a number of macromolluscs >10 mm), echinoderms, brachiopods, nomenclatural issues, including: bryozoans, ascidians, and fi shes. Henceforth our category of ‘other marine invertebrates’ includes • misspellings; non-polychaete worms (such as sipunculans, • misidentifi cations; oligochaetes, fl atworms, and leaches), cnidarians other than soft and hard corals (such as sea pens, • names that, subsequent to the initial examination zoanthids, hydroids and sea jellies), bryozoans, and identification, had been synonymised or brachiopods and ascidians. revised or for which the taxonomic concept of the species had changed and it was no longer Data were sourced from published and considered to be present in the area; unpublished species records, which are registered specimen vouchers maintained in natural science • altered generic placement; collections and databases from the Western • manuscript names, i.e. the name was never Australian Museum (WAM), the Western Australian published and therefore cannot be used; Herbarium (WAH), the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory (MAGNT), the Queensland • undescribed species; and Museum (QM) and the Australian Museum (AM). • incorrect taxonomic placement. WAM collections were searched specifically for To address these issues, species names were specimens collected from the Project Area. Voucher checked using a variety of resources, including specimens not registered were added to a Project the Zoological Catalogues of Australia, both database, a copy of the existing Aquatic Zoology printed and online versions (Hooper and collection databases. For data sourced from the other Wiedenmayer 1994; Rowe and Gates 1995; Davie institutions we relied on those already digitised 2002a, 2002b; Hoese et al. 2006; ABRS 2011), online in their respective databases; it is possible that sources (Appeltans et al. 2010; Rees et al. 2011) unregistered material from the Project Area may and relevant taxonomic literature (e.g. Ng et reside in their collections and in overseas collections. al. 2008). Consultation with taxonomic experts If signifi cant collections are available in overseas was also undertaken to identify and correct collections these will be referenced in the individual current placement. The curator or collection taxon papers. manager responsible for the record and authors of The data from seven published manuscripts (Berry manuscript names was also consulted to determine 1986; Johnstone 1990; Berry 1993; Brown and Skewes the nomenclatural status of a species. 2005; Russell et al. 2005; Willan 2005; Bryce 2009) A common practice in taxonomy is to use ‘open and six unpublished reports (Wells 1989; Morgan nomenclature’, i.e. qualifi ers with a species name 1992; Wells et al. 1995; Walker et al. 1996; Bryce et al. to indicate taxonomic uncertainty including ‘?’, ‘cf.’ 1997; Walker 1997) were digitised with listed species (compare with or to) and ‘aff.’ (affi nity) (Bengtson names and locations added into the Project database 1988). Rationale for the use of these qualifiers (Appendix 1). Data from one additional survey includes: report containing mangrove and mollusc species • identifi er was unfamiliar with the species; lists from a 1976 expedition to the Admiralty Gulf (Western Australian Museum 1981) were used but • identifi cation was preliminary but the resources were not digitised into the project database. to confi rm the name were either not available or The Project included records of marine and the database was not updated; estuarine floral and faunal species collected in • specimen was damaged or juvenile with key shallow waters (<30 m). This decision was made for features missing; two reasons. Firstly, the majority of the expeditions • characters differed from the published were intertidal and/or conducted on SCUBA descriptions and variation was unknown; to depths of 30 m. Secondly, the resources and timeframes of the project did not allow for inclusion • species was outside its known geographic range of deep water species data. at the time of identifi cation; 22 A. SAMPEY, C. BRYCE, S. OSBORNE AND A. MILES
• specimen differed from the species description BIOGEOGR APHIC AND HABITAT CODING and the type specimen would need examination Biogeographic and habitat codes were assigned to verify the name; or to species to provide additional information to • the taxonomic group required substantial resource managers and researchers unfamiliar revision and identifi cation was not possible. with the species. Marine species have widely These qualifi ers created duplication of a species differing geographic distributions, ranging from short range endemics occurring in localised areas name in the database, thereby affecting estimates to species with a circumglobal distribution. Within of species richness and other diversity measures its distributional range, a species may be restricted calculated on these data. When all specimens to certain habitat types. The biogeographic ranges had been examined by the same identifi er these and preferred habitats, if known, of the species records can be interpreted as an additional species. found in the Project Area were determined from However, when collating data collected over the Australian Faunal Directory (AFD, ABRS decades and identifi ed by multiple researchers, 2011), other specialised literature, and personal interpretation of the numbers of species becomes communications with specialists. Master lists of problematical. This was addressed by making biogeographic and habitat codes were established standardised decisions for each record to determine (Table 1 and 2 respectively). These codes are if it should be included in the dataset. If a species included in the species list tables for each taxon was known from the region then the qualifi er was group. removed and the full identifi cation accepted. The qualifi er was retained if the species was unknown OVERALL DATASET in the area or there were notes to indicate why Two hund red and seventeen locations in the qualifi er had been applied. If the qualifi ed the Project Area had associated species data, identification represented an additional species comprising nine offshore atoll locations, one then the record was retained in the dataset. If midshelf location (Browse Island) and 207 inshore not, then the record was excluded. This was a locations (Appendix 2). Sampling depths were conservative approach and the numbers of species variable with locations either sampled intertidally, from the region are likely to be higher than we subtidally or a combination of both. Some recorded report. depths were deeper than the specifi ed project depth of 30 m, but were retained in the dataset as the SPATIAL INFORMATION, COLLECTION species were known shallow water species. The DETAILS AND MAPPING number of collecting events at a location was also highly variable, ranging from 1 at 101 locations to Geographical data were standardised to the 168 at Broome. The taxonomic groups recorded at nearest named island, reef or coastal feature, a location were also highly variable. Sixty locations henceforth ‘location’, as per EGaz, the electronic had only a single taxon recorded and eight Gazeteer of Australia (Geoscience Australia locations (Ashmore Reef, Broome, Cape Leveque, 2011). The locations of the specimen records were Clerke Reef, Cockatoo Island, Lacepede Islands, visualised using ARCGIS v9, ArcMap v9.3, and Mermaid Reef and Scott Reef) had representative the data points were examined to ensure they species from all the main taxonomic groups were within the Project Area. Any outliers were covered in this study. examined and corrected or excluded as appropriate. The Project established a database exceeding Species richness for the nine taxa covered 50,000 registered specimen records housed in fi ve in this project was calculated for each location Australian natural science collections (Figure 2, across the Project Area and visualised on a map. Table 3). Of these records a total of 31,717 records were shallow water species meeting the Project Species richness patterns are highly dependent criteria for inclusion in the fi nal dataset (Table 3a). on sampling effort. The number of collecting The majo rity of these (21,759 or 70%) were housed events for each location was counted to generate in WAM collections, with MAGNT housing the an indicative sample effort. The precise collection next most signifi cant proportion (5,462 or 17%). This date was inconsistently entered in the fi ve source disparity largely refl ects the geographic scope of databases (WAM, WAH, AM, QM, MAGNT) each institution’s collecting responsibilities. Within creating high variability and error rates. To address a taxonomic group, the proportional contribution of this, collecting event was defi ned by the season each collection to the available data varied and this (determined from month) and year of collection was largely a function of the available expertise and as these were more consistently captured in the research interests of scientists at these institutions. databases. For example, there has never been a specialist KIMBERLEY MARINE BIOTA. HISTORICAL DATA: INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 23
Records retained
Records excluded – incomplete identification No. specimen records
Records excluded – deepwater specimens
Institution
FIGURE 2 Number of registered specimen records per taxonomic group and data source. 24 A. SAMPEY, C. BRYCE, S. OSBORNE AND A. MILES
TABLE 1 Biogeographic Codes assigned to taxa in the Project Area.
Code Defi nition WA Western Australian endemic. Currently known from WA waters, often only from the type locality; may be a northern Australian endemic with more collecting effort. NA Northern Australian endemic. Found in tropical Australian waters. SA Southern Australian endemic. Found in temperate Australian waters and presence in the Kimberley region is the northern extent of its range. A Australian endemic. Found in tropical and temperate Australian waters. IA Indo-Australian. Found in Australian and Indonesian waters, may extend to the Philippines and Japan. IO Indian Ocean. Restricted to the Indian Ocean. IWP Indo-West Pacifi c. Found in the Red Sea, Indian and western Pacifi c Oceans. IP Indo-Pacifi c. Found in the Red Sea, Indian and Pacifi c Oceans. WP West Pacifi c. Found in the western Pacifi c, presence in the Kimberley region indicates occurrence in the south eastern Indian Ocean. T Tropicopolitan. Found in all tropical oceans. C Circumglobal. Found in all oceans in both tropical and temperate waters.
TABLE 2 Habitat Codes assigned to taxa in the Project Area.
Code Description i Intertidal zone. s Subtidal zone. H Associated with hard substrates (e.g. rock, coral, rubble). S Associated with soft substrates (e.g. sand, mud). P Pelagic and found in the water column; includes nektonic and planktonic species. E Estuarine or brackish waters. M Mangroves. SG Seagrass meadows. EZ Epizoic. External association with a species of animal. EP Epiphytic. External association with a species of marine plant. EnZ Endozoic. Living within another animal. EnP Endophytic. Living within a marine plant. A Amphibious. Living along the land/water interface, e.g. mudskippers. U Habitat of the species is unknown.
working on marine worms in Western Australia was a recently revised species (Table 3b). Re- and this is refl ected in the size of the collection examination of these specimens is required to (71 records or 7%). Most of the data on Kimberley verify species identity and this was beyond the polychaetes are housed at either the MAGNT (588 scope of the current project. Fishes and corals or 56%) or the AM (417 or 39%), where there are had a low proportion of records excluded from the fi nal dataset as most of the specimens were polychaete experts. The WAH houses all the marine identifi ed to species. By comparison, some of the fl ora records represented in the Project Area. marine invertebrate groups had a high proportion 14,969 shallow water specimen records were of records excluded as much of the collection has excluded from the dataset as the species were not been identifi ed to species. For example, a large either incompletely identifi ed, or the identifi cation number of molluscs and crustaceans were excluded; KIMBERLEY MARINE BIOTA. HISTORICAL DATA: INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 25
TABLE 3 Number of registered specimen records per taxonomic group and data source.
a) No. of specimen records retained in project data set.
Taxa Group WAM WAH MAGNT QM AM Total Marine Plants 0 1,430 0 0 0 1,430 Sponges 365 0 60 238 2 665 Soft Corals 109 0 29 0 2 140 Hard Corals 2,412 0 5 0 6 2,423 Polychaetes 45 0 588 0 413 1,046 Crustaceans 2,358 0 274 835 426 3,893 Molluscs 9,743 0 1,808 0 0 11,551 Echinoderms 1,639 0 0 0 375 2,014 Fishes 4,944 0 2,627 0 765 8,336 Other Marine Invertebrates 154 0 71 0 4 229 Total 21,769 1,430 5,462 1,073 1,993 31,727
b) No. of specimen records excluded due to incomplete identifi cation.
Taxa Group WAM WAH MAGNT QM AM Total Marine Plants 0 1,343 0 0 0 1,343 Sponges 0 0 265 132 9 406 Soft Corals 261 0 244 0 0 505 Hard Corals 243 0 0 0 0 243 Polychaetes 35 0 697 0 80 812 Crustaceans 2,576 0 1,038 750 336 4,700 Molluscs 5,175 0 208 0 0 5,383 Echinoderms 169 0 0 0 156 325 Fishes 868 0 7 0 3 878 Other Marine Invertebrates 162 0 143 0 59 364 Total 9,489 1,343 2,602 882 643 14,959
c) No. of deepwater specimen records.
Taxa Group WAM WAH MAGNT QM AM Total Marine Plants 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sponges 1 0 6 227 2 236 Soft Corals 9 0 0 0 0 9 Hard Corals 69 0 0 0 0 69 Polychaetes 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crustaceans 783 0 0 1 56 840 Molluscs 3,259 0 87 0 1 3,347 Echinoderms 74 0 0 0 0 74 Fishes 889 0 0 0 0 889 Other Marine Invertebrates 7 0 0 0 0 7 Total 5,091 0 93 228 59 5,471 Grand Total 36,349 2,773 8,157 2,183 2,695 52,157 26 A. SAMPEY, C. BRYCE, S. OSBORNE AND A. MILES this was frequently due to some families being REFERENCES very well known and described, while others are ABRS (2011). Australian Faunal Directory. Australian virtually unidentifi ed. Sessile invertebrates have Biological Resources Study: Canberra, Australia; large numbers of specimens excluded as these were http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/ only identifi ed to phylum, e.g. sponges and soft online-resources/fauna/afd/index.html. Accessed corals. This refl ects the current state of knowledge 2008–2011. of these taxa and indicates where work is needed. Appeltans, W., Ahyong, S.T., Anderson, G., Angel, M.V., We limited our project to shallow water species Artois, T., Bailly, N., Bamber, R., Barber, A., Bartsch, for reasons specified in the methods above. I., Berta, A., Bła ewicz-Paszkowycz, M., Bock, P., However, there were 5,471 deep water specimen Boxshall, G., Boyko, C.B., Nunes Brandão, S., Bray, records (Table 3c) in the Project Area databases. R.A., Bruce, N.L., Cairns, S.D., Chan, T.-Y., Cheng, At least two major expeditions have undertaken L., Collins, A.G., Cribb, T., Curini-Galletti, M., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Davie, P.J.F., Dawson, M.N., De sampling from the deeper (30–200 m) shelf Clerck, O., Decock, W., De Grave, S., J. de Voogd, N, waters in the region, the Soela (1979–1984) and Domning, D.P., Emig, C.C., Erséus, C., Eschmeyer, the Southern Surveyor (2007). 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Papers on current surveys Schnabel, K.E., Schotte, M., Schuchert, P., Schwabe, (2009–2014) of targeted taxa being undertaken in E., Segers, H., Self-Sullivan, C., Shenkar, N., Siegel, V., the Project Area will be published separately. Sterrer, W., Stöhr, S., Swalla, B., Tasker, M.L., Thuesen, E.V., Timm, T., Todaro, M.A., Turon, X., Tyler, S., Uetz, P., van der Land, J., Vanhoorne, B., van Ofwegen, L.P., ACKNOWLEDGMENTS van Soest, R.W.M., Vanaverbeke, J., Walker-Smith, G., Thanks to Alex Chapman (Western Australian Walter, T.C., Warren, A., Williams, G.C., Wilson, S.P., Herbarium), Gavin Dal ly and Suzanne Horner and Costello M.J. (2012). The magnitude of global marine species diversity. Current Biology 22(23): (Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern 2189–2202. Territory), Merrick Ekins (Queensland Museum) Appeltans, W., Bouchet, P., Boxshall, G.A., Fauchald, K., and Stephen Keable (Australian Museum), who Gordon, D.P., Hoeksema, B.W., Poore, G.C.B., van manage the datasets provided by the institutions. Soest, R.W.M., Stöhr, S., Walter, T.C. and Costello, Janene Bishop assisted with data and map checking M.J. (eds) (2010). World Register of Marine Species. and generating the summary table of the major http://www.marinespecies.org. Accessed 2008–2011. expeditions. Over the years many volunteers, Bengtson, P. (1988). Open nomenclature. Palaeontology museum staff members and international taxonomic 31(1): 223–227. experts have contributed to the production and Berry, P.F. (ed.) (1986). Faunal survey of the Rowley maintenance of these datasets and we acknowledge Shoals, Scott Reef and Seringapatam Reef north- their valuable contribution. Piers Higgs, Andrew western Australia. 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SAMPEY, C. BRYCE, S. OSBORNE AND A. MILES
Western Australian Museum. (1981). Biological survey of Volume 1A. Australian Government Publishing Mitchell Plateau and Admiralty Gulf, Kimberley, Western Service: Canberra. Australia. Western Australian Museum: Perth. Wilson, B.R. (2014). Kimberley marine biota. History Willan, R.C. (2005). The molluscan fauna from the and environment. Records of the Western Australian emergent reefs of the northernmost Sahul Shelf, Museum Supplement 84: 1–18. Timor Sea - Ashmore, Cartier and Hibernia Reefs; Wood, M. and Mills, D. (eds) (2008). A turning of the tide: biodiversity and zoogeography. The Beagle, Records of science for decisions in the Kimberley-Browse marine the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory Supplement 1: 51–81. region. Western Australian Marine Science Institute: Perth. Unpublished report. Wilson, B.R. and Allen, G.R. (1987). Major components and distribution of marine fauna. In: Dyne, G.R. and Walton, D.W. (eds), Fauna of Australia. General Articles MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED 14 NOVEMBER 2013; ACCEPTED 9 MAY 2014.
KIMBERLEY MARINE BIOTA. HISTORICAL DATA: INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 29
Fishes
Echinoderms
Crustaceans Molluscs
g) Walker et al. (1996); h) Bryce et al. (1997); h) Bryce et al. (1997); et al. (1996); Walker g) Hard & Soft Corals Soft & Hard
Sponges
Polychaetes Marine Plants Marine e e,k e e e,j
kewes (2005). kewes # Subtidal Stations Subtidal # e
14 # Intertidal Stations Intertidal # e
9 g,c g g g 6 Sampling Days Sampling e g 3 c 2 2 i i i b,i i 9 3 and the collecting effort in days and number of stations is unclear or not directly comparable, so included in the totals. in days and the collecting effort k,* veys , 1970–1997 c j,* i c , 1973–1982 , 1996 , 1972–1998 e b g 1986 Offshore atolls. Offshore OA **Fish only. **Fish only. i) Walker (1997); j) Russell et al. (2005); k) Willan (2005); l) Bryce et al. (2005); (2009);& S j) Russell k) m) Brown (1997); Walker i) OA Summaryin the published and unpublished reports. of locations and taxonomic groups covered Albert Islands Reef Ashmore 1988Broome IslandCaffarelli Cambridge Gulf 1 1994 1995 1973–1982 1 1 2 1 b c f b f f f f Camden SoundCape BertholetCape BossutCape Jaubert 1996 1973–1982 1973–1982 1973–1982 1 1 1 1 1 c i c c i i Reef/IslandAdmiral BayAdmiral IslandAdmiralty Gulf Year Sampled 1973–1982 1994 1973–1982 1 1 1 c f f f f f Augustus IslandBathurst IslandBaudin IslandBeagle Bay 1988Beagle Reef 1988 IslandBedford Bernouilli Island 1988Berthier Island 1997 1991 1994 1988 1988 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 f d f h b b d b h d f b d f b d h d f sur WAM not *Sahul Shelf reports were et al. (1995); Wells f) e) Berry (1993); d) Morgan (1992); (1990); c) Johnstone (1989); Wells b) a) Berry (1986); References: APPENDIX 1
30 A. SAMPEY, C. BRYCE, S. OSBORNE AND A. MILES
Fishes
Echinoderms
Crustaceans
Molluscs
Hard & Soft Corals Soft & Hard
Sponges
Polychaetes Marine Plants Marine
e e,k e e e,j # Subtidal Stations Subtidal # e
3 # Intertidal Stations Intertidal # e
2 c b b 2 c b b 1 Sampling Days Sampling e b b 5 33 3 1 d,i2 2 d 2 1 d d,i b,d,i d b,d,i i d d,i d,i d,i b,d d b,d d,i d 2 1 1 02 a aa 20628 a k,* i c c , 1970–1997 j,* , 1996 i d d a,** , 1996 , 1973–1982 , 1991 , 1991 , 1973–1982 , 1983 , 1972–98 b e b d a b b 1986 1982 OA OA Chambers IslandChampagny Island ReefChurchill Clerke Reef 1988 1988Cockatoo IslandColbert IslandCondillac Island 1991 Corneille Island 1991 IslandCoronation 1996 1988 1988 1988 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i b b b i d i d b i d b i Cartier Island Cygnet Bay IslandDe Freycinet DerbyDescartes Island 1996Drysdale River 1973–1982Entrance IslandEtisus Island 1988Fenelon Island 1995 BayFreshwater 1973–1982 1988Gagg IslandGibbings Reefs 1988 Island 1988Gregory 1995 1994 1996 1 1994 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 c 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 c 1 1 1 g 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 g i f i f i g f b b g b b i g i b f b i g f f i f g f i f Reef/IslandCape LondonderryCape Talbot BayCareening 1995 Year Sampled 1995 1988 1 1 2 1 3 g 1 g g g g g g g Cassini Island 1988
KIMBERLEY MARINE BIOTA. HISTORICAL DATA: INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 31
Fishes
Echinoderms
Crustaceans
Molluscs
Hard & Soft Corals Soft & Hard
Sponges
Polychaetes
Marine Plants Marine
# Subtidal Stations Subtidal # # Intertidal Stations Intertidal #
2 c b b Sampling Days Sampling b --- k j 2 2 2 2 i2 d 2 f b2 d,i 2 d,i d d,i 2 b,f g d 2 d d b,f d,i 1 d,g d,g i d f d d,g d,g d,g i d d,g i b,i i 1 k,* c , 1970-1997 i g g f i j,* , 1996 , 1995 , 1995 , 1973-1982 , 1994 , 1996 d b b d d b 1972–1998 OA sher Island sher 1994 1 1 f f f f Hunter River 1988 Hibernia Reef Jackson IslandJamieson ReefJar IslandJones IslandJungulu Island 1988Jussieu Island 1996 IslandKeraudren RiverKing Edward 1995 1991 1988 RiverKing George Kingfi 1996 1988 1995Kuri Bay 1991 Lacepede IslandsLafontaine IslandLagrange Bay IslandLamarck 1991 1Langgi 1988 1991 1Lauangi Island 1Leonie Island 1973–1982 1988 1Lesueur Island 1 1 1 1 1988 1 1 1 1988 1994 1991 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i g 1 1 1 1 i 1 b 1 i 2 1 1 c i b 1 d g 1 b i 1 d i b g g b b f i g d i d f g d d b d g i d b d d b d b f d d d b f d d d f Irvine Island 1988 Reef/IslandHale IslandHall PointHedley IslandHeritage Reef Year Sampled 1991 1996 1988 1991 1 1 1 1 1 1 i d d i d i b d b i d d i
32 A. SAMPEY, C. BRYCE, S. OSBORNE AND A. MILES
Fishes
Echinoderms
Crustaceans
Molluscs
Hard & Soft Corals Soft & Hard
Sponges
Polychaetes
Marine Plants Marine
# Subtidal Stations Subtidal # # Intertidal Stations Intertidal #
21c d d d d Sampling Days Sampling d 32 2 4 1 i f,i d f i b,d,i f,i b,d,i f,i d d,i f,i 32 1 2 33 2 2 4 d,f 2 d 2 1 d i i d d,f d,f f b, d d d,f b, d d,f i b,d d,f i d f,i d d,f b,i d,f f,i d,f i d f d,f i 1 10 2 19 l l a,l a,l a,l a,l a,l l i c , 2006 , 1996 f f d i d a,** i i , 1973–1982 , 1994 , 1994 , 1991 , 1996 , 1991 , 1983 , 1996 , 1996 b d f b d a b f d 1982 OA Mictyis IslandMontalivet IslandsMontgomery ReefMuseum's Island 1988 BayNapier Broome 1988 1994 1988 1991 1 1 1 1 b b Lord IslandLord Louis IslandsLucas IslandMackenzie AnchorageMacleay Island 1991 Islands 1995Maret 1995Mermaid Island 1988Mermaid Reef 1994 1988 1991 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 g g g g b g g b g g Okenia IslandPacker IslandParry HarbourPoint TormentPowerful Island 1988Prince Regent River 1973–1982 1991 IslandsPrudhoe IslandPyrene 1973–1982 1973–1982 1991Quoy IslandRaft Point 1996Reveley Island 1988 1988 1995 1988 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 c 1 1 c 1 c 1 1 1 d 1 1 i 1 d d b g d d b i d d i d d b d i d b g b b d b g i g Reef/IslandLong IslandLong Reef Year Sampled 1995 1988 2 2 g g g g
KIMBERLEY MARINE BIOTA. HISTORICAL DATA: INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 33
Fishes
Echinoderms
Crustaceans
Molluscs
Hard & Soft Corals Soft & Hard
Sponges
Polychaetes
Marine Plants Marine
# Subtidal Stations Subtidal #
# Intertidal Stations Intertidal # Sampling Days Sampling 3 14 32 2 i5 2 5 d 3 l 3 i d,i d,f l b,d,i d,f a,l b,d,i 2 a,l d d 1 d,i a,l b,i 2 d,f a,l b,i i d,f a,l d d,f i i b,i i i 18 16 38 l l a,l a,l a,l a,l a,l i , 1996 f d i i l l , 1994 , 1991 , 1996 , 1996 , 2006 , 2006 b a a b d b 1982 1982 OA OA Scorpion IslandScott Reef Seringapatam Reef Shirley Island 1991Slate IslandsSolem IslandsSunday Island BayTalbot 1988 IslandTallon 1988 RiverTrent 1991 IslandTrochus 1991 IslandTurbin BayVansittart 1994 1994 Governor IslandWest 1973–1982 1988Whirlpool Pass 2White Island 1995 1988 ReefsWildcat 1991 1 CreekWillie 1 1994 IslandWoodward IslandYankawingarri 1996 1 1 1988 d 1991 1991 1973–1982 1 d 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 d 1 1 1 d f d f c 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 d 1 d 1 b d f d 1 1 b i d c d d d f f d b f g f b d d b i g f d d d i f f d d f i g d d d d f d i d d Reef/Island ReefsRobroy Year Sampled 1988
34 A. SAMPEY, C. BRYCE, S. OSBORNE AND A. MILES
Sponges
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Corals
Hard & Soft Soft & Hard
sually corresponds to an intertidalsually corresponds Fishes
Invertebrates
Other Marine Marine Other
Crustaceans
Polychaetes Marine Plants Marine No. Collecting Events 7 , remaining sites are along the coast). Mean decimal latitude and longitude is given for the for is given and longitude , remaining sites are along the coast). Mean decimal latitude MS * , midshelf OA Depth Range (m) Longitude (Decimal Degrees) Latitude (Decimal Degrees) -12.22469 123.01342 0–30 23 station). Number of collecting events for that location. for station). Number of collecting events nearest location. Depth range of the specimen records for that location (a dash only indicates that no depth was recorded and u that location (a dash only indicates no depth was nearest location. Depth range of the specimen records for OA Area. Summary of locations with species dataProject in the Kimberley Albert IslandsAllora Island Reef Ashmore -14.51904 -16.40000 124.92559 123.15000 0 - 5 1 Location Adele Island -15.49707 123.15976 0–24 5 Admiral BayAdmiral IslandAdmiralty Gulf -18.84163 -16.06425 -14.26457 121.61041 123.39232 125.92240 - 0 0–40 1 2 Augustus IslandBathurst IslandBaudin IslandBeagle BayBeagle Reef -15.39967 IslandBedford -16.02917 124.57206Berkeley River -14.12861Bernouilli Island 123.54028 <1Berthier Island -16.91552 125.60443Bigge Island -15.35000 0 -16.14178 IslandBird 122.49213 -14.33748 0 7 -15.02083 123.53331 123.31799 0–15 1 -14.49767 127.76670 124.80395 0–12 0 1 -14.53488 - 124.99590 10 0 1 -14.01660 125.12821 <1 3 126.56670 3 0 2 3 - 5 0 atoll is the nearest geographic location (offshore Location Area. of the Project waters to occur in shallow *Imprecise locality/depthknown dataretainedwere - all species were as they APPENDIX 2
KIMBERLEY MARINE BIOTA. HISTORICAL DATA: INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 35
Sponges
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Corals
Hard & Soft Soft & Hard
Fishes
Invertebrates
Other Marine Marine Other
Crustaceans
Polychaetes Marine Plants Marine No. Collecting Events 1 * Depth Range (m) Longitude (Decimal Degrees) Latitude (Decimal Degrees) -14.10472 123.54259 - 3 MS Boomerang Bay IslandBoongaree IslandBorda IslandBrecknock Broome -14.53300 -15.08009 Island Browse 125.11680 125.18426 -15.43330 -14.23330 - - 124.59443 126.03330 -17.97570 0 - 1 2 122.23610 1 1 0–30 143 Location Bonaparte Archipelago -14.00000 126.00000 12–60 Buccaneer Archipelago IslandBuffon IslandCaffarelli -16.08330Cambridge GulfCamden Sound 123.41670Cape Bernier -14.91897Cape Bertholet -16.03665 -Cape Boileau -15.01630 124.71381Cape Bossut 123.28665 -15.54621Cape Bougainville 128.18019 0 0–20 -14.00000 <1Cape Domett 124.48663 -17.26250 0–3Cape Dussejour -17.66660 2 127.46667Cape Frezier 0–5 122.17500 -13.98334 1 -18.67830Cape Jaubert 8 - 122.21670Cape Latouche Treville - 126.15255 8 -14.80417 121.63471Cape Leveque -14.73333 0–2 0–3 -17.58111 128.17209 1 0–30 -18.86660 128.18333 1 -18.94047 3 121.94701 0 121.60000 1 - 10 -16.40726 121.55237 0–18 - 122.91059 3 0–10 1 1 0–12 1 2 17
36 A. SAMPEY, C. BRYCE, S. OSBORNE AND A. MILES
Sponges
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Corals
Hard & Soft Soft & Hard
Fishes
Invertebrates
Other Marine Marine Other
Crustaceans
Polychaetes Marine Plants Marine No. Collecting Events 14 * Depth Range (m) Longitude (Decimal Degrees) Latitude (Decimal Degrees) -12.52797 123.55047 0–32-17.30090 11 119.34962 0–35 OA OA Cockatoo IslandColbert IslandCollier BayCondillac IslandCone Bay -16.09227Corneille Island -14.84407 IslandCoronation 123.59561Coulomb Point -14.10186 -16.18330 124.70706 0–20Cygnet Bay 125.55166 -14.18720 124.32083 0–15 -16.48330 -14.98442 14 0–20 - 125.73612 -17.39340 123.51670 124.88955 5 0 5 -16.53751 122.13533 2–3 0 1 123.01527 0–14 0 2 4 0–20 7 6 Location Cape Londonderry -13.76169 126.92691 <1 3 Cape TalbotCape VillaretCape Voltaire BayCareening Carlia Island IslandCarronade -13.75961 -18.30833Cartier Island -14.26083 126.77191 -15.10048 122.08833 125.58987 -13.93330 -14.36667 0 125.02444 - - 126.60000 125.98333 0 1 - - 1 2 5 1 0 Cascade BayCassini IslandChambers IslandChampagny Island ReefChurchill -16.00940Clerke Reef -13.93935 -16.26479 -15.27935 123.63330 125.62679 123.52640 124.06157 -15.51221 - 0–30 0 6–10 123.28551 10 2 0–23 5 1 2
KIMBERLEY MARINE BIOTA. HISTORICAL DATA: INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 37
Sponges
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Corals
Hard & Soft Soft & Hard
Fishes
Invertebrates
Other Marine Marine Other
Crustaceans
Polychaetes Marine Plants Marine No. Collecting Events Depth Range (m) Longitude (Decimal Degrees) Latitude (Decimal Degrees) Location Dampierland -17.45577 122.20281 11–23 1 Darcy IslandDarcy IslandDe Freycinet DerbyDescartes IslandDon Island -14.98832 -15.33333Doubtful BayDrysdale River 124.53832 124.38333Eclipse Shoals -14.17477Entrance Island 5–32 -17.32932 -Etisus Island 125.66876 -14.26800 -16.07913False Cape Bossut -13.96667 123.66716 2 0Fenelon Island 125.31470 -16.91575 124.44582 0 BayFreshwater -15.30851 0 126.85000 CoveFreshwater 0–8 122.33305 0 -18.59444 -15.24440 1 Gagg Island 124.63706 0 WaterGeorge 27 0–12 -14.11899 1 121.70000 124.42221Gibbings Island 0–5 -14.00748 1 -15.80972Gibbings Reefs 1 125.67169 - 1 0 BayGourdon 126.28838 2 124.40639 IslandGreen -16.18634 0–20 -15.82494 IslandGregory 0 -16.15500 3 2 - IslandGrey 123.45304 -15.94166 3 124.64314 123.50833 -18.42473 5–10 2 123.77500 0 -15.33333 1 0–10 -16.31567 121.79712 1 5–22 124.70000 -15.07332 1 123.31276 2 0–30 5 - 124.94526 <1 4 0 1 2 1
38 A. SAMPEY, C. BRYCE, S. OSBORNE AND A. MILES
Sponges
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Corals
Hard & Soft Soft & Hard
Fishes
Invertebrates
Other Marine Marine Other
Crustaceans
Polychaetes Marine Plants Marine No. Collecting Events 6 * Depth Range (m) Longitude (Decimal Degrees) Latitude (Decimal Degrees) -11.92797 123.46186-17.57095 0–30 118.93123 4 0–50 OA OA Ingram Shoals IslandIredale Irvine IslandJackson IslandJames Price Point -14.11660Jamieson Reef -14.90277Jar Island 125.26670 -16.06999Jones Island -15.93077 124.68332 -17.47943Joseph Bonaparte Gulf 20–21 123.55417Jungulu Island 123.72605 0–22 -14.04514 122.14527Jussieu Island 1 -14.32598 0Kalumburu 0 125.35285 -14.14101 0–7 1 Katers Island -13.73949 128.21198 -15.27900 12–24 126.24287 4 126.35175 5 8 5–25 -14.71335 124.42382 2 0 0 -14.21332 124.98204 2 -14.44470 0–5 126.61966 12–32 2 125.51670 3 2 1–2 1 - 5 1 Location ShoalGrey -17.39000 122.02500 12–15 1 Hale IslandHall PointHedley IslandHeritage ReefHeywood IslandHibernia Reef -14.36663 -15.67915 -14.92619 125.41669 -14.24354 -15.24999 124.37919 124.65429 3–12 125.15063 124.35554 0 <1 1 0–27 - 1 2 2 2 Hidden IslandHunter RiverImperieuse Reef -16.23722 -15.03331 123.47324 125.41666 - 0 2 1
KIMBERLEY MARINE BIOTA. HISTORICAL DATA: INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 39
Sponges
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Corals
Hard & Soft Soft & Hard
Fishes
Invertebrates
Other Marine Marine Other
Crustaceans
Polychaetes Marine Plants Marine No. Collecting Events Depth Range (m) Longitude (Decimal Degrees) Latitude (Decimal Degrees) sher Island sher -16.15561 123.97521 0 5 Keraudren IslandKeraudren RiverKing Edward RiverKing George King Sound -14.93887Kingfi -14.21667Koolan Island -14.00803 124.66110Kuri Bay 126.58332Lacepede Islands 127.33300 - IslandLacrosse -16.62738 0Lafontaine Island 0–25 -16.13496Lagrange Bay 123.38888 2 -16.86275Lagrange Island 2 123.74915 6 -15.47389 0–10 IslandLamarck -14.74906 -14.17022 122.14051Langey Crossing 0–20 124.51000Langgi 10 128.30120 -18.59443 0–10 125.78621Lauangi Island -14.20000 0 9 Lawley River 0–10 -14.77649 121.74999 0–24 -17.66660 12 Leonie Island 125.76670Lesueur Island 125.01766 1 0–30 7 1 123.56400 -Long Island -14.18017Long Reef 0–24 -15.75474 -14.68332 6 - IslandLord 125.66669 -16.40964 1 124.39818 2 -13.80000 125.95833 0 123.05753 1 0 -14.09338 127.25000 0–2 -13.88209 0–2 126.19910 -16.15860 1 <1 4 1 125.77734 <1 3 123.46530 1 0–25 0 2 5 2 Location Kathleen Island -16.06660 123.55000 0–20 1
40 A. SAMPEY, C. BRYCE, S. OSBORNE AND A. MILES
Sponges
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Corals
Hard & Soft Soft & Hard
Fishes
Invertebrates
Other Marine Marine Other
Crustaceans
Polychaetes Marine Plants Marine No. Collecting Events Depth Range (m) Longitude (Decimal Degrees) Latitude (Decimal Degrees) -16.97004 119.62539 0–30 13 OA Louis IslandsLucas IslandMackenzie AnchorageMacleay IslandMalcolm Island -14.04390 -14.01621 IslandsMaret -15.20493Mary Island 126.50479 126.53277Medusa Banks -15.94149 124.49241Mermaid Island -14.44280 0 0Mermaid Reef 123.69954 -14.42312 2–30 125.90716 -14.00000 0–30 -14.65195 1 1 124.99916 1 0 -16.40738 126.40000 128.33742 6 0 123.35000 - 1 9–20 <1 8 2 1 2 Location Mayor ShoalLord -16.31200 122.36400 0–21 1 Mictyis IslandMission BayMitchell RiverMontague SoundMontalivet Islands -15.21740Montesquieu IslandMontgomery Island -14.06667 124.78610 -14.61130 -14.33330Montgomery Reef -14.28557 126.68333Myrmidon Ledge -14.10000 0 125.65475 125.55830 BayNapier Broome -15.95000 125.28107 0Naturalists Island 125.73300 0–12 -15.93170 15–15 IslandNgalaguru 124.20000 0–26 2 -14.84442 - -14.05931 124.20136 2 2 0 - 10 -15.01246 128.19308 126.62001 0 -15.91660 1 0 125.30418 0–23 1 124.35000 10 - 13 - 1 2 1
KIMBERLEY MARINE BIOTA. HISTORICAL DATA: INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 41
Sponges
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Corals
Hard & Soft Soft & Hard
Fishes
Invertebrates
Other Marine Marine Other
Crustaceans
Polychaetes Marine Plants Marine No. Collecting Events Depth Range (m) Longitude (Decimal Degrees) Latitude (Decimal Degrees) Location Okenia Island -15.21667 124.46668 3–4 1 One Arm PointOsborne IslandsPacker IslandParry HarbourPender Bay -16.43959Point Torment -14.34229 IVPort George 123.06824 -16.56434Port Warrender 125.97209 -13.96987Powerful Island 0 122.77316 0 HarbourPrince Frederick -16.73653 126.08002 -17.03217Prince Regent River -15.33541 15–23 -15.04112 IslandsPrudhoe 122.66410 -14.52651 36 0–12 123.58367 4 IslandPyrene -16.08331 124.65790 2 125.29547Quondong Point 0–25 125.84677 -15.45033 - 4 Quoy Island 123.44091 0–6 0Reveley Island -14.39739 0–6 125.12973 7 Reefs <1Robroy 0 -15.25693 2 -17.55017Roebuck Bay 125.26593 0–4 12 7 Rogers Strait 124.40361 1 0–11 122.14116 -14.42190Rowley Shoals -14.36700 3 Salural Island 0 -14.42578 0–14 125.23971Scorpion Island 3 127.83056 -18.18084 124.88580 0 -15.44165 8 <1 -17.35749 2 122.35820 0–31 -16.38333 124.61670 -13.86664 119.30365 - 1 1 123.12194 <1 3 126.60000 20–28 - 1 <1 5 1 2 2
42 A. SAMPEY, C. BRYCE, S. OSBORNE AND A. MILES
Sponges
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Corals
Hard & Soft Soft & Hard
Fishes
Invertebrates
Other Marine Marine Other
Crustaceans
Polychaetes Marine Plants Marine 23 No. Collecting Events 16 * * Depth Range (m) Longitude (Decimal Degrees) Latitude (Decimal Degrees) -14.04645 121.83603 0–37 -13.65903 122.04328 0–28 11 OA OA Seringapatam Reef Talbot BayTalbot RockTalboys IslandTallon ShoalsTangier Thais Island BayTranquil -16.20669 -17.18500 RiverTrent -16.40615 IslandTrochus 123.85671 -17.02107 122.01800 IslandTroughton 123.13272 IslandTurbin -14.96360 0 122.25362 0–12 -13.93333 IslandValentine 0 125.15830 -16.56667 14–15 -14.48623 -13.75003 127.30000 1 1 0 123.11667 1 125.48127 1 -14.47500 - 126.17181 -17.08330 - 0 0 124.99333 1 123.31670 0 1–7 13–13 0 1 11 1 0 Location Scott Reef Sheep IslandShirley Island IslandSir Graham Moore Slate Islands -13.89836Solem Islands -15.35830Steep Island -16.28070 126.57143Stokes Bay 124.60835Storr Island 123.43279 - -15.53381 IslandSuffern -14.18886 0Sunday Island 0 124.41026 -16.06660 125.63331 2 -16.90000 1 0 124.46670 -15.84165 0–18 1 -14.53833 123.90000 -16.42605 0–12 124.63330 124.92500 1 4 - 123.18445 0 1 0–7 0–36 0 0 1
KIMBERLEY MARINE BIOTA. HISTORICAL DATA: INTRODUCTION AND METHODS 43
Sponges
Molluscs
Echinoderms
Corals
Hard & Soft Soft & Hard
Fishes
Invertebrates
Other Marine Marine Other
Crustaceans
Polychaetes Marine Plants Marine No. Collecting Events Depth Range (m) Longitude (Decimal Degrees) Latitude (Decimal Degrees) Wailgwin IslandWailgwin InletWalcott PointWalsh Governor IslandWest IslandWest -15.54283Whirlpool Pass -13.94565 -16.38165 124.28801White Island ReefsWildcat -14.56357 126.63725 124.59100 0 CreekWillie Island 125.84848Woodward -16.85000 -16.26460 <1 -Wyndham -15.07349 0–4 3 SoundYampi 122.11670 123.49872 -15.28347 IslandYankawingarri 2 -14.85111 1 124.53301 Sound -17.76360 -York 0 2 124.16276 124.71669 0–2 -14.15000 122.21371 -15.46387 0–23 -16.12889 1 1 0–20 125.65000 - 1 128.12179 123.65115 4 -14.88332 0–14 1 0–2 <1 3 125.05000 1 12 0–30 20 1 Location BayVansittart -14.00164 126.54874 0–16 9