DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution of the Electronics and Electrical Industry in Penang Between 1994 and 2013

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution of the Electronics and Electrical Industry in Penang Between 1994 and 2013 Evolution of the electronics and electrical industry in Penang between 1994 and 2013 Upgrading or stagnation? Thesis by Raphaël Rietema & Daan van der Velden Evolution of the electronics and electrical industry in Penang 1994 -2013 Upgrading or stagnation? ___________________________________________________________________________ Utrecht, 10 December 2013 Master thesis by Raphaël Rietema & Daan van der Velden Master of Business Geography Faculty of Geosciences Supervisor: dr. L.M.J. van Grunsven 2 Preface This research is part of the Master Business Geography at the Utrecht University. During the Master course Multinational Corporations, dr. L.M.J. van Grunsven referred with enthusiasm to the opportunity of doing research abroad. And by doing so, he convinced us with his story to apply for doing research in Malaysia. Looking back at this period we definitely have no regrets for doing so. Following in the footsteps of previous students we started motivated by orientating the theme of this research, the electronics and electronica industry in Penang. In collaboration with the Penang Institute, which provided us with office space, support and a small library, we have had the change to collect all relevant data for our research. We have resided for five months in a small village near George Town, Batu Ferringgi, where we constructed large parts of our thesis, while having an amazing view on the sea. The experience of being at the other side of the world in a country with completely different cultures and beautiful nature was unbelievable. During our stay we have also experienced some challenges. It could sometimes be difficult to retrieve information from certain institutions, due to strict regulations. The second big challenge was contacting firms at Penang, because although English is their second language there were a lot of miscommunications. Apart from these difficulties, we have learned much about the electronics and electrical industry, the governmental institutions, the different cultures and the way of living. Finally, we would like to thank a few people for their support during the completion of this master thesis. First of all, we would like to thank our supervisor Leo van Grunsven for giving us the opportunity of doing this research and for his counseling during the complete process by giving us constructive feedback. Second we both like to thank our family and friends for their full support and patience. And last, we would like to express our gratitude to the colleagues of the Penang Institute, and more specific professor Woo Wing Thye and Miss Siou Woon Ong for their warm welcome and supervision throughout the research. Raphael Rietema & Daan van der Velden 3 Contents List of abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Theme ................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Research Aim and Relevance .............................................................................................. 10 1.3 State of the art literature on the E&E in Malaysia ...............................................................11 1.4 Approach ..............................................................................................................................11 1.5 Outline of the thesis .............................................................................................................11 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................... 12 2.1 Industry level evolution ...................................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Branching ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Industrial upgrading ..................................................................................................... 13 2.1.3 Factors influencing the branching process ................................................................... 13 2.2 Subsidiary-level evolution .................................................................................................. 14 2.2.1 In situ upgrading .......................................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Subsidiary’s internal and external embeddedness & locational commitment ............. 16 2.2.3 An MNCs network: the regional production network.................................................. 17 2.2.4 Subsidiary charter development ................................................................................... 18 2.2.5 Regional characteristics ............................................................................................... 18 2.2.6 Characteristics of the E&E industry ............................................................................ 20 2.3 Conceptual framework ........................................................................................................ 21 Chapter 3: Current conditions of the regional characteristics of Penang...................................... 23 3.1 Regional Characteristics ..................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Hypotheses .......................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter 4: Methodology ............................................................................................................... 31 4.1 Research design .................................................................................................................. 31 4.2 Defining the E&E industry ................................................................................................. 31 4.3 Methods on Industry level .................................................................................................. 33 4.3.1 Population .................................................................................................................... 33 4.3.2 Industrial upgrading and branching ............................................................................. 34 4.3.3 Division of branches .................................................................................................... 34 4.3.4 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................... 34 4.4 Methods on firm level ......................................................................................................... 34 4 4.4.1 Operationalizing concepts ............................................................................................ 35 4.4.2 Survey approach........................................................................................................... 37 4.4.3 Questionnaire ............................................................................................................... 37 4.4.4 Sample.......................................................................................................................... 38 4.4.5 Quality of the sample ................................................................................................... 38 4.4.6 Planning and conducting interviews ............................................................................ 38 4.4.7 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................... 38 4.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 5: Dynamics in the E&E industry in Penang 1994-2013 ................................................ 40 5.1 Early establishment of the E&E industry in Penang ........................................................... 40 5.2 Recent developments in the E&E industry ......................................................................... 41 5.3 E&E industry dynamics from 1994 onwards ...................................................................... 41 5.4 Dynamics E&E industry between 1994 and 2013 .............................................................. 43 5.4.1 Between 1994 and 1998 ............................................................................................... 43 5.4.2 Between 1999 and 2003 ............................................................................................... 43 5.4.3 Between 2004 and 2008 ............................................................................................... 44 5.4.4 Between 2009 and 2013 ............................................................................................... 44 5.4.5 Dynamics between branches ........................................................................................ 44 5.3 Intra-branch development ................................................................................................... 46 5.3.1 Semiconductors ............................................................................................................ 46 5.3.2 Hard-disk
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2012-11-1.Brookings-Tsinghua Book Launch.Posted.Pptx
    An Overview of “A New Economic Growth Engine for China: Escaping the Middle Income Trap by NOT Doing More of the Same” Wing Thye Woo (胡永泰) Fudan University, Shanghai Columbia University, New York City Brookings Institution, Washington D.C. Penang Institute, George Town University of California, Davis Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing [email protected] Launch of Columbia-Fudan Report on Sustainable High Growth in China @ Brookings- Tsinghua Center, Beijing, 1 November 2012 1 Historical Perspective and Definition • In 2012, China has been the fastest growing country in the world for 35 years. • In 1912, what is the country that had been the fastest growing country in the world for the last 35 years? What is its position today? • When do we know that a country is caught in the middle-income trap? The country shows no tendency to converge to the living standard of the global economic leader, e.g. it stays at 50% of the living standard of the global leader for 20 years or more! Catch-Up Index (CUI) • CUI = country’s income level / US income level • boundaries of income group is based on notion that most of Western Europe is high- income and most of sub-Saharan Africa is low-income, – CUI >55% for high-income, – CUI<20% for low income – 1960: 20 countries high, 32 middle, 80 low – 2008: 27 countries high, 24 middle, 81 low – China entered middle-income in 2006 2 Club Convergence in Largest EuropeEconomies (High-Income in Western Club) and in South America (Middle- Income Club) 90.0 85.0 Western Europe: Maintain 70% 80.0 75.0
    [Show full text]
  • China Meets the Middle-Income Trap: the Large Potholes in the Road to Catching-Up Wing Thye Woo*
    Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies Vol. 10, No. 4, November 2012, 313–336 China meets the middle-income trap: the large potholes in the road to catching-up Wing Thye Woo* School of Economics, Fudan University, Shanghai; Penang Institute, George Town Economics Department, University of California, Davis, USA (Received 1 July 2012; final version received 11 August 2012) We follow Woo (2011) in using the Catch-Up Index (CUI) to define the middle-income trap and identify the countries caught in it. The CUI shows that China became a middle-income country in 2007–2008. We see five major types of middle-income trap to which China is vulnerable: (a) fiscal stress from the nonperforming loans generated by the interaction between the lending practices of the state banks and the innate desire by state enterprise managers to over-invest and embezzle; (b) the frequent use of macro-stabilization tools that hurt long-term productivity growth; (c) flaws in socio-political governance that exacerbate social tensions; (d) ineffective management of environmental challenges that threaten sustainable devel- opment; and (e) inept handling of international economic tensions that could unleash trade conflict. We recommend new governance principles and management methods to prevent China from falling into these five types of middle-income trap. Keywords: middle-income trap; overly-large state sector; urbanization under principle of future home ownership; environmental stress; trade war JEL Classifications: D31; E21; E26; E44; E51; E65; F41; G21; O53; P24; P31; P36; Q50 1. A new stage in China’s economic development but will this be the permanent stage? Downloaded by [Wing Thye Woo] at 04:06 16 November 2012 China will stand in 2013 where Argentina had stood in 1913 – the launch pad for high income-hood.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies Indonesia's Economic
    This article was downloaded by: On: 24 March 2011 Access details: Access Details: Free Access Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713406865 Indonesia's economic performance in comparative perspective and a new policy framework for 2049 Wing Thye Wooab; Chang Hongc a University of California, Davis, CA b Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing c Clark University, Worcester, MA Online publication date: 17 March 2010 To cite this Article Woo, Wing Thye and Hong, Chang(2010) 'Indonesia's economic performance in comparative perspective and a new policy framework for 2049', Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 46: 1, 33 — 64 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/00074911003642237 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00074911003642237 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Dilemma
    CHINA’S DILEMMA i ii CHINA’S DILEMMA ECONOMIC GROWTH, THE ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE Ligang Song and Wing Thye Woo (eds) Asia Pacific Press Brookings Institution Press SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC PRESS (CHINA) iii Co-published by ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Email: [email protected] This title available online at http://epress.anu.edu.au/china_dilemma_citation.html © 2008 ANU E Press, Asia Pacific Press, Brookings Institution Press and Social Sciences Academic Press (China) This work is copyright. Apart from those uses which may be permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 as amended, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher. Co-published with SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC PRESS (CHINA) C H I N A B O O K under the China Book International scheme. This scheme supports INTERNATIONAL co-publication of works with international publishers. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: China’s dilemma : economic growth, the environment and climate change / editors Ligang Song ; Wing Thye Woo. ISBN: 9780731538195 (pbk.) 9781921536038 (pdf.) Notes: Includes index. Bibliography. Subjects: Economic development--Environmental aspects--China. Climatic changes--China. Energy consumption--China. China--Economic conditions. China--Environmental conditions. Other Authors/Contributors: Song, Ligang. Woo, Wing Thye. Dewey Number: 338.900951 Cover design: Teresa Prowse Cover photo: Jason Lyon. iStockphoto, File Number: 2831996
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenges of Governance Structure, Trade Disputes and Natural Environment to China's Growth
    Studia i Analizy Studies & Analyses Centrum Analiz Spoleczno – Ekonomicznych Center for Social and Economic Research 3 4 9 Wing Thye Woo The Challenges of Governance Structure, Trade Disputes and Natural Environment to China's Growth Warsaw,September 2007 Studies & Analyses 349- Wing Thye Woo -The Challenges of Governance Structure … Materials published here have a working paper character. They can be subject to further publication. The views and opinions expressed here reflect the author(s) point of view and not necessarily those of CASE. The publication was financed by Rabobank Polska S.A. I am most grateful to Ximing Yue for providing the estimates on rural poverty, and to John Bonin, Jeffrey Miller, Gerard Roland, and Wei Zhang for comments on an earlier draft presented at the Association for Comparative Economic Studies ASSA session, Chicago, 7 January 2007. This paper was inspired by the Debate on China's Economy in the Reframing China Policy Debate Series of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; see http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=929&&prog=zch Keywords: harmonious society, governance issues, mass incidents, environmental protection, water crisis, trade imbalances, protectionism JEL codes: H2, K4, O53, P36, Q50 © CASE – Center for Social and Economic Research, Warsaw 2007 Graphic Design: Agnieszka Natalia Bury ISSN 1506-1701, ISBN 978-83-7178-441-5 EAN 9788371784415 Publisher: CASE – Center for Social and Economic Research 12 Sienkiewicza, 00-010 Warsaw, Poland tel.: (48 22) 622 66 27, 828 61 33, fax: (48 22) 828 60 69 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.case.com.pl/ 2 Studies & Analyses 349- Wing Thye Woo -The Challenges of Governance Structure … Contents ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Major Threats to China's Economic Growth
    Upjohn Institute Press Understanding the Major Threats to China’s Economic Growth Wing Thye Woo University of California, Davis Chapter 4 (pp. 43-82) in: The Impacts of China’s Rise on the Pacific and the World Wei-Chiao Huang, Huizhong Zhou, editors. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2018 DOI: 10.17848/9780880996358.ch4 Copyright ©2018. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. All rights reserved. The Impacts of China’s Rise on the Pacific and the World Wei-Chiao Huang Huizhong Zhou Editors 2018 W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research Kalamazoo, Michigan Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Huang, Wei-Chiao, editor. | Zhou, Huizhong, 1947- editor. Title: The impacts of China’s rise on the Pacific and the world / Wei-Chiao Huang, Huizong Zhou, editors. Description: Kalamazoo, Mich. : W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, [2018] | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017055606 | ISBN 9780880996327 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 0880996323 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780880996334 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 0880996331 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780880996358 (ebook) | ISBN 0880996358 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: China—economic conditions. | China—foreign economic relations. Classification: LCC HC427.95 .I47 2018 | DDC 330.951—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017055606 © 2018 W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research 300 S. Westnedge Avenue Kalamazoo, Michigan 49007-4686 The facts presented in this study and the observations and viewpoints expressed are the sole responsibility of the authors. They do not necessarily represent positions of the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Cover design by Carol A.S. Derks.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Transformation and China's Role in the World Economy
    The Chinese Economists Society (CES) North American Conference Kensington Court Hotel, Ann Arbor, MI March 14-15, 2015 Economic Transformation and China’s Role in the World Economy Organizers The Chinese Economists Society University of Michigan Henan University Conference Committee CES Officers (2014-2015) Organizing Committee: PRESIDENT: Dr. Shi, Lizheng Chair: Tulane University Lizheng Shi, Tulane University PRESIDENT-ELECT: Co-Chairs: Dr. Wing Thye Woo Yong Yang, Ford Motor Co. University of California at Davis Jing Cai, University of Michigan Shuming Bao, University of Michigan BOARD OF DIRECTORS: Folmer Henk Conference Manager: Groningen University You Tian Xingyun Liu Shandong University of Finance and Conference Co-Sponsors Economic Xuepeng Liu Henan University Business School Kennesaw State University UM Office of Vice President for Research Yong Yang Ford Motor Company UM Center for Chinese Studies Jian Yang General Motors Corporation University of Colorado Denver UM Department of Economics Qi Zhang Old Dominion University UM ICPSR PUBLICATION UM China Data Center China Economic Review Editor-in-Chief Dr. Fleshier, BeltonThe Ohio State University ACADEMIC PUBLICATION COUNCIL: Dr. Hou, Jack, Chair California State University at Long Beach FINANCING COMMITTEE: Dr. YIN, Jason, Chair Seton Hall University EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Dr. Bao, Shuming University of Michigan CES Advisory Board Arrow, Kenneth J., Stanford University Liu, Guoguang, Chinese Academy of Social Bergsten, C. Fred, Peterson Institute for Sciences International Economics
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf, 643.50 Kb
    Technological Innovation Policy in China: The Lessons, and the Necessary Changes Ahead Xiaolan Fu Technology and Management Centre for Development Department of International Development, University of Oxford [email protected] Wing Thye Woo Department of Economics, University of California, Davis Jeffrey Cheah Institute on Southeast Asia, Sunway University School of Economics, Fudan University [email protected] Jun Hou Technology and Management Centre for Development Department of International Development, University of Oxford [email protected] 29 February 2016 Abstract China has now moved considerably away from being an imitative latecomer to technology toward to being an innovation-driven economy. The key lessons from China’s experience are that (1) there is synergy between External Knowledge and Indigenous Innovation because the process of learning the tacit knowledge required in using the foreign technology fully is made easier by strong in-house R&D capability; (2) the open innovation approach is very important because it allows multiple driving forces -- the state, the private sector and MNEs – with each playing a changing role over time; and (3) the commencement of foreign technology transfer and investment in indigenous innovation should go hand in hand. Without the numerous well- funded programs to build up the innovation infrastructure to increase the absorptive capacity of Chinese firms, foreign technology would have remained static technology embedded in imported machines and would not have strengthened indigenous technological capability. However, China could still end up in the middle-income trap, unless it undertakes a series of critical reforms in its innovation regime in order to keep moving up growth trajectories that are increasingly skill-intensive and technology-intensive.
    [Show full text]
  • CID Working Paper No. 043 :: Economic Reforms and Constitutional
    Economic Reforms and Constitutional Transition Jeffrey D. Sachs, Wing Thye Woo and Xiaokai Yang CID Working Paper No. 43 April 2000 Copyright 2000 Jeffrey D. Sachs, Wing Thye Woo and Xiaokai Yang and the President and Fellows of Harvard College Working Papers Center for International Development at Harvard University Economic Reforms and Constitutional Transition Jeffrey Sachs, Wing Thye Woo and Xiaokai Yang Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between economic reforms and constitutional transition, which has been neglected by many transition economists. It is argued that assessment of reform performance might be very misleading if it is not recognized that economic reforms are just a small part of large scale of constitutional transition. Rivalry and competition between states and between political forces within each country are the driving forces for constitutional transition. We use Russia as an example of economic reforms associated with constitutional transition and China as an example of economic reforms in the absence of constitutional transition to examine features and problems in the two patterns of transition. It is concluded that under political monopoly of the ruling party, economic transition will be hijacked by state opportunism. Dual track approach to economic transition may generate very high long-term cost of constitutional transition that might well outweigh its short-term benefit of buying out the vested interests. Keywords: constitutional transition, economic reform, division of labor, debate of shock therapy vs gradualism, debate of convergence vs institutional innovation JEL Classification Codes: K1, H1, B14, M40, O10, P20 ________________________________________________________________________ Jeffrey Sachs is Director of the Center for International Development (CID) and Galen L.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Papers Center for International Development at Harvard University
    Geography, Economic Policy and Regional Development in China Sylvie Démurger, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Wing Thye Woo, Shuming Bao, Gene Chang, and Andrew Mellinger CID Working Paper No. 77 October 2001 Copyright 2001 Sylvie Démurger, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Wing Thye Woo, Shuming Bao, Gene Chang, and Andrew Mellinger and the President and Fellows of Harvard College Working Papers Center for International Development at Harvard University Forthcoming in Asian Economic Papers Vol. 1 No. 1 Geography, Economic Policy and Regional Development in China Sylvie Démurger Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches sur le Développement International (CERDI) [email protected] Jeffrey D. Sachs Center for International Development (CID) Harvard University [email protected] Wing Thye Woo Economics Department University of California, Davis [email protected] Shuming Bao China Data Center University of Michigan [email protected] Gene Chang Economics Department University of Toledo [email protected] Andrew Mellinger Center for International Development Harvard University [email protected] October 14, 2001 Revision This paper benefited tremendously from the comments of the participants at the following meetings: the inaugural meeting of the Asian Economic Panel, held 26–27 April 2001 in Cambridge, Massachusetts; the Third International Conference on the Chinese Economy, “Has China become a Market Economy?” held 17–18 May 2001 at CERDI, Clermont-Ferrand, France; the symposium on “The Opportunities and Challenges of China’s WTO Accession,” held 28–29 May 2001 at the State Development Planning Commission, Beijing, China; the International Conference on “Urbanization in China: Challenges and Strategies of Growth and Development, ” held 27–28 June 2001 at Xiamen University, China; and the Development Workshop of the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australia National University, Canberra, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics and Economics of the U.S.-China Trade War
    The Politics and Economics of the U.S.-China Trade War Deborah L. Swenson University of California, Davis Department of Economics 1122 SSH Davis, CA 95616 [email protected] Wing Thye Woo University of California, Davis Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur Fudan University, Shanghai [email protected] Abstract The United States declared trade war after substantial defections from the internationalist (in geo- strategy and economics) lobby in U.S. politics to a new coalition between conflict-is-inevitable activists and anti-globalization proponents. Many internationalist businesses changed sides after experiencing disappointments on economic fronts including China’s non-compliance with some of its World Trade Organization (WTO) obligations, China’s acquisition of foreign technology at lower-than-expected prices, and the serious inadequacies in the WTO’s governance of global trade. Many of the disillusioned internationalists have given too much weight to the contribution of globalization to negative develop- ments in the U.S. labor market, and too little weight to the role of powerful capital-biased technological changes and to the inadequacies of state-provided programs for social insurance and human capital formation. Resolution of the trade war and prevention of its frequent occurrence will become more likely when (a) China adopts much greater reciprocity in its economic engagement with the advanced countries despite its status as a developing country under WTO rules; and (b) the United States stops equating geo-strategic competition with economic competition, recognizes that economic dynamism and economic resilience comes from strengthening indigenous innovation capability rather than from holding China back technologically,and institutes social programs to significantly reduce the trauma that is created by frequent job changes.
    [Show full text]
  • COMPASSMARCH 2021 SPECIAL FOCUS: COVID-19, Malaysia And
    THE COMPASSMARCH 2021 ISSUE #7 SPECIAL FOCUS: COVID-19, Malaysia and Asia MARCH 2021 ISSUE #7 CONTENTS JEFFREY CHEAH INSTITUTE Prof Leong Yuen Yoong Professor Fan Gang ON SOUTHEAST ASIA (JCI) Prof Dato’ Dr. Mazlin Bin Mokhtar Director, National Economic President Prof Mohamed Ariff Syed Mohamed Research Institute; President of Prof Woo Wing Thye Prof Tan Sri Dr Noorul Ainur Mohd Nur China Development Institute (CDI), Dato’ Dr Ooi Kee Beng Shenzhen, China Vice President Prof Saidur Rahman Professor Elizabeth Lee Prof Shandre Thangavelu Prof Wong Chin Huat Chief Executive Officer, Associate Prof Zhang Miao Director of Strategy Sunway Education Group and Operations Karen Chand RESEARCH & Professor Tan Sri Dato’ PROFESSIONAL STAFF Dr Lin See-Yan Director, Economic Studies Andrew Fan Chiah Howe Chancellor, Sunway University, Programme Dennis Lee Peters Sunway University Prof Yeah Kim Leng Danesh Prakash Chacko Professor Kiyohiko Nishimura Director, Governance Studies Derek Kok Qi Ren Ho Yi Jian Senior Professor of Economic, Programme National Graduate Institute for Prof James Chin Jeremy Lim Jiang Shen Kavitha Ambigabadi Policy Studies (GRIPS) Director, Education and Social Kong Phui Yi Dr Mari Elka Pangestu Progress Programme Maswirda Morad Managing Director of Prof Leong Choon Heng Nur Amirah Abdul Majid Development Policy and Partnerships, Director, Special Studies Programme Lee Chooi Yee World Bank Prof Fun Woh Peng Low Wai Sern Professor Tony Saich Director of the Ash Center for JEFFREY SACHS CENTER NEWSLETTER EDITORIAL BOARD Democratic
    [Show full text]