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IEA Wind Task 28 Technical Report, 2010 1 IEA Wind Task 28 Technical Report, 2010 1 IEA Wind Task 28 Technical Report, 2010 Technical Report Results of IEA Wind Task 28 on Social Acceptance of Wind Energy Prepared by Stefanie Huber, ENCO AG, Switzerland Robert Horbaty, ENCO AG, Switzerland With contributions from - Maya Jegen, Lukas DiBlasio-Brochard, University of Québec at Montréal - Melinda Tan, Natural Resources Canada - Lene K. Nielsen and Danish Energy Authority - Anna Koskinen, wpd Finland Oy - Olli Laitinen, Motiva Oy - Andrea Meyer, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety - Gundula Hübner, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg - Petra Schweizer-Ries, Jan Zoellner, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg - Martin McCarthy, Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland - Yasushi Maruyama, Nagoya University and University of Tokyo - Jøran Solli, Centre for Energy and Society at NTNUNorges vassdrags- og energidirektorat - Markus Geissmann, Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy - Eric Lantz and Larry Flowers, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA - Patricia Weis-Taylor, IEA Wind secretary August 2010 2 IEA Wind Task 28 Technical Report, 2010 Preface Purpose and Goal of the Report This State-of-the-Art Report attempts to compile current knowledge about social acceptance of wind energy projects. It answers the questions: What do we know and what do we need to know? Ongoing research with available results as well as information about documented projects and educational material are included with the aim of identifying key success factors and defining further research questions. The approach is cross-country and interdisciplinary. The language should be comprehensible to various stakeholder groups, such as developers, authorities, environmental organizations, and the general population. Results and findings are based on a collection of studies and the experience of the participating countries. Individual reports following the same structure as this State-of-the-Art Report and highlighting the specific country experiences are available at www.socialacceptance.ch. IEA Wind Task 28 Task 28 is an international working group of the International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement for Co-operation in the Research, Development, and Deployment of Wind Energy Systems (IEA Wind). The task was founded in 2008 and will continue its work through 2011. Ten countries are participating (see Table 0-1). Experience from additional countries such as Australia, Spain, and the United Kingdom is included through the referenced literature. Operating Agent Robert Horbaty from Switzerland is coordinating the work. More information on IEA Wind Task 28 can be found on www.socialacceptance.ch. Table 0-1: IEA Wind Task 28 Participants, 2008 to 2010 Country Contracting Party Active Organizations Natural Resources Canada, CANMET Energy University of Québec at Canada Technology Centre Montréal Denmark Danish Energy Agency Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation, Finland Wpd Finland, Motiva Oy Energy and Environment Industries / TEKES Martin-Luther- Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Germany University, Otto-von- Conservation and Nuclear Safety Guericke-University Ireland Sustainable Energy Authority Ireland National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Nagoya University, Japan Technology University of Tokyo The Agentschap NL, Energy Agentschap NL, Energy and Climate Netherlands and Climate Centre for Energy and Norway Norges vassdrags-og energidirektorat; Enova SF Society at NTNU Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, ENCO AG (Operating Switzerland Energy and Communications, Swiss Federal Office of Agent) Energy; Wind department National Renewable United States U.S. Department of Energy Energy Laboratory 3 IEA Wind Task 28 Technical Report, 2010 Table of Contents Preface............................................................................................................................................. 3 Purpose and Goal of the Report .............................................................................................. 3 IEA Wind Task 28 .................................................................................................................. 3 1. Background Information and Task Objectives ........................................................................ 9 1.1 The issue: social acceptance of wind energy projects ...................................................... 9 1.2 IEA Wind Task 28 ........................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 13 Part I: Framing the Issue ............................................................................................................... 15 2. Definitions.............................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Social acceptance............................................................................................................ 15 2.2. Onshore / offshore.......................................................................................................... 16 2.3. Scale of wind energy projects ........................................................................................ 17 2.4. Transmission lines ......................................................................................................... 17 Part II: Industry Status and Stakeholders ...................................................................................... 18 3. Wind Energy Policy and Spatial Planning ............................................................................. 18 3.1 Policies and strategies for wind energy .......................................................................... 18 3.2. Wind energy incentive programs ................................................................................... 22 3.3. Spatial planning ............................................................................................................. 23 3.4. Strategies: from policy to local acceptance ................................................................... 25 4. Stakeholders ........................................................................................................................... 26 4.1 General stakeholder perspectives toward wind energy .................................................. 27 4.2. Socio-political acceptance ............................................................................................. 28 4.3 Community acceptance ................................................................................................... 33 4.4 Market acceptance .......................................................................................................... 35 Part III: Variables Influencing Social Acceptance........................................................................ 39 5. Quality of Life and Well-being .............................................................................................. 40 5.1. Standard of living and quality of life ............................................................................. 40 5.2. Lighting .......................................................................................................................... 41 5.3. Noise .............................................................................................................................. 42 5.4. Shadow flicker ................................................................................................................ 42 5.5. Valuation of ecosystems and place ................................................................................ 42 6. Distributional Justice ............................................................................................................. 45 6.1. Distribution of costs and benefits .................................................................................. 46 6.2. Ownership models .......................................................................................................... 47 6.3. Welfare ........................................................................................................................... 49 7. Procedural Design .................................................................................................................. 50 7.1. The issue of wind energy project procedures ................................................................ 50 7.2. Communication strategies and public consultation ....................................................... 54 7.3. Cultural relationship and local context ......................................................................... 55 8. Implementation Strategies ..................................................................................................... 56 8.1. Visualization .................................................................................................................. 56 8.2. Communication strategies and campaigns, social marketing ....................................... 57 8.3. Existing checklists and guidelines ................................................................................. 59 4 IEA Wind Task 28 Technical Report, 2010 8.4. Scientific results and practical application ..................................................................
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