Analisis Struktur Dan Fungsi Rumah Tradisional Di Jepang

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Analisis Struktur Dan Fungsi Rumah Tradisional Di Jepang ANALISIS STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI RUMAH TRADISIONAL DI JEPANG ( MINKA NO IE ) NIHON DE DENTOU TEKI NA UCHI (MINKA NO IE) NO KINOU TO KŌZŌ NO BUNSEKI SKRIPSI Skripsi Ini Diajukan Kepada Panitia Ujian Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Untuk Melengkapi Salah Satu Syarat Ujian Sarjana Dalam Bidang Ilmu Sastra Jepang Oleh : MUKHBIT SOFFAN 140708006 PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA JEPANG FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KATA PENGANTAR Dengan nama Allah Yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha Penyayang. Segala puji bagi Allah yang telah menciptakan manusia dan mengajarkan apa-apa yang tidak diketahui. Shalawat dan salam semoga selalu tercurah kepada Rasulullah Muhammad SAW, keluarganya, dan para sahabatnya. Semoga kita mendapatkan syafaatnya di hari akhir nanti. Atas berkat rahmat dan anugerah-Nya, penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini dengan judul “ANALISIS STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI RUMAH TRADISONAL DI JEPNG (MINKA NO IE)”, yang merupakan syarat untuk mencapai gelar sarjana Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. Tidak sedikit hambatan dan rintangan yang penulis hadapi dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini, baik dari keterbatasan bahan maupun keterbatasan penulis sendiri dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Pada kesempatan ini penulis menghaturkan ucapan terima kasih orang- orang yang atas izin Yang Maha Kuasa telah menjadi prantara untuk membantu penulis menyelesaikan skripsi ini: 1. Bapak Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara 2. Bapak Prof. Hamzon Situmorang,M.S.,Ph.D., selaku Ketua Jurusan Sastra Jepang dan selaku Pembimbing I, yang selalu memberikan waktu dan tenaga sedemikian besarnya untuk membimbing, memeriksa serta memberikan saran–saran kepada penulis dalam rangka penyempurnaan skripsi ini hingga selesai. ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. Para Dosen dan Staf Pegawai Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara, khususnya kepada para Dosen dan Staf Pegawai di Jurusan Sastra Jepang Universitas Sumatera Utara. 4. Kepada kak Putri yang telah membantu dan meluangkan waktu untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 5. Secara khusus penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar- besarnya kepada kedua orang tua penulis Ahmad Sayuti,B.A dan Almh. Yusniar yang selama ini telah mendidik penulis, mengasihi dan selalu mendo’akan penulis sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan kuliah dan penulisan skripsi ini. Terima kasih atas segala waktu, cinta dan do’a yang telah diberikan kepada penulis. 6. Kepada kakakanda saya Zuhroti Saniah, S.Pd. Abanganda Mahlan Amdad, S.Pd. Dan kedua adik perempuan Alpi Sahri Sahara serta Asya Turji Rahinah. 7. Kepada teman seperjuangan di Sastra Jepang M Caesar Amin, Pangestu Nanda Sukma, Ilham Mustaqim, Arya Dwi Pangga, M Brawijaya, Hakeem Yazid dan semua teman-teman Sastra Jepang yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu persatu. Saya ucapkan trima kasih telah menemani penulis selama kurang lebih 4 tahun ini. 8. Kepada teman sekelas yang putri seperjuangan Hani, Anggun, Risna, Intan, Cici, Dea, Astrid, Zura, Mona, Rosmauli, Fira, Anna, Sari, Ika, Nurul, Yermina dan lainnya yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu persatu. Trima kasih sudah menjadi teman sekelas yang hebat. iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 9. Kepada seluruh anggota Putsal Pajus Academy dari generasi ke generasi Bang Fey, Bang Taufik, Randu, Fauzan, Aristo, Arif, Mustafa, Oki, Vandy, Josep, Rai, Puja, Hafis dan yang lainnya yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu-satu. Terima kasih telah menjadi rekan terbaik saya. 10. Kepada Keluarga besar Aceh, Medan dan Sumbar yang telah mensupport penulis. Jajaran para guru yang telah mencurahkan ilmu kepada saya, terima kasih saya ucapkan SDN 060820 Medan, SMPN 6 Medan, dan SMA AL-WASHLIYAH 1 Medan. 11. Kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu hingga penulisan ini hingga selesai. Penulis berharap semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat, khususnya bagi penulis sendiri dan bagi pembelajar Bahasa dan Sastra Jepang. Semoga kiranya Allah SWT senantiasa melimpahkan Rahmat dan Berkah-Nya kepada semua pihak yang telah memberikan bantuan kepada penulis. Medan, 11 Oktober 2018 Penulis, MUKHBIT SOFFAN NIM 140708006 iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN PENGESAHAN KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................ ii DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................... v BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ............................................................................. 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................................ 4 1.3 Ruang Lingkup Pembahasan ....................................................................... 6 1.4 Tinjauan Pustaka dan Kerangka Teori ........................................................ 7 1.4.1 Tinjauan Pustaka ............................................................................. 7 1.4.2 Kerangka Teori ............................................................................... 9 1.5 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................... 11 1.5.1 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................ 11 1.5.2 Manfaat Penelitian .......................................................................... 11 1.6 Metode Penelitian ....................................................................................... 12 BAB II RUMAH TRADISIONAL JEPANG (MINKA) 2.1 Pengertian Rumah Tradisional Jepang (Minka) .......................................... 13 2.2 Jenis rumah tradisional jepang (Minka) ..................................................... 18 2.2.1 Rumah Petani (農家/ nouka) .............................................................. 18 2.2.2 Rumah di Perkotaan (町家/machiya) ................................................. 19 2.3 Bagian-bagian ruang rumah tradisional jepang ............................................ 20 2.3.1 Washitsu (和室) .............................................................................. 20 v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.3.2 Genkan (玄関)............................................................................ 23 2.3.3 Washiki (和式)........................................................................... 29 2.3.4 Daidokoro(台所)........................................................................... 31 BAB III ANALISIS STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI RUMAH TRADISIONAL DI JEPANG (MINKA) 3.1 Struktur tata ruang rumah petani tradisional di Jepang ................................. 32 3.2 Fungsi bagian-bagian ruang rumah tradisional Jepang ................................. 35 BAB IV KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 4.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................. 39 4.2 Saran ........................................................................................................... 41 DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN ABSTRAK vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah Letak geografi sangat mempengaruhi kehidupan rakyat, karena geografi menentukan apa pekerjaan rakyat, apa makanan, pakaian dan seperti apa rumah atau tempat tinggal rakyatnya. Jepang adalah sebuah bangsa di mana geografinya terletaknya di daerah subtropis bagian utara belahan bumi, oleh karena itu mengenal 4 musim yaitu musim panas (natsu/夏) dan musim dingin (fuyu/冬) yang diantarai musim gugur (aki/秋) dan musim semi (haru/春). Pada dasarnya rumah atau tempat tinggal mempunyai beberapa fungsi bagi kehidupan manusia, terutama sebagai tempat berlindung dari cuaca, keamanan, tempat tinggal, privasi, tempat menyimpan barang, dan tempat bekerja. Suatu bangunan tidak bisa lepas dari kehidupan khususnya sebagai sarana pemberi rasa aman dan nyaman dari segala bahaya bencana alam seperti gempa bumi dan sebagainya. Bangunan rumah di Jepang memiliki desain yang berbeda dan khas, khususnya pada rumah tradisional Jepang atau Minka. Rumah tradisional jepang (Minka) berasal dari 2 kanji, yaitu : 民 dibaca min yang artinya rakyat dan 家 ka yang artinya rumah. Maka kalau kedua kanji tersebut digabungkan memiliki makna rumah rakyat. Minka merupakan rumah rakyat Jepang pada jaman sebelum akhir tahun 1800 yang digunakan oleh hampir semua masyarakat Jepang. Akan tetapi, di era jaman modern ini tidak semua masyarakat Jepang menempati rumah Minka karena masyarakat sekarang lebih cenderung memilih rumah ideal yang praktis dan murah. 1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Minka merupakan hunian untuk rakyat biasa (masyarakat golongan menengah ke bawah). Gaya arsitektur Minka berbeda – beda di setiap daerahnya. Perbedaan gaya arsitektur Minka disetiap daerah karena penyesuaian terhadap letak geografi / iklim setempat, dan keperluan industri. Misalnya, Minka di daerah Jepang bagian utara, bangunannya dirancang untuk dapat beradaptasi terhadap musim dingin yang panjang dan hujan salju. Atap jerami dengan bubungan yang terjal memungkinkan udara di dalam ruangan cukup hangat. Selain itu bentuk seperti ini bertujuan agar tidak adanya tumpukan salju yang berlebih di atas atap rumah. Karena jika ada banyak tumpukan salju di atap rumah hal tersebut dapat menyebabkan runtuhnya atap. Sedangkan di daerah Jepang bagian selatan, terdiri dari sekelompok rumah-rumah yang relatif kecil, rendah dengan rumah panggung agar memperoleh ventilasi semaksimal mungkin dan mengurangi
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