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Comparison of Several Brassica Species in the North Central U.S. For Industrial Crops and Products 75 (2015) 2–7 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Industrial Crops and Products jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop Comparison of several Brassica species in the north central U.S. for ଝ potential jet fuel feedstock a,∗ b b c d e f R.W. Gesch , T.A. Isbell , E.A. Oblath , B.L. Allen , D.W. Archer , J. Brown , J.L. Hatfield , c g h i J.D. Jabro , J.R. Kiniry , D.S. Long , M.F. Vigil a USDA-ARS-NCSCRL, Morris, MN, USA b USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, IL, USA c USDA-ARS-NPARL, Sidney, MT 59270, USA d USDA-ARS-NGPRL, Mandan, ND 58554, USA e University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 USA f USDA-ARS-NLAE, Ames, IA 50011, USA g USDA-ARS-GSWRL, Temple, TX 76502, USA h USDA-ARS-CPCRC, Pendleton, OR 97801, USA i USDA-ARS-CGPRL, Akron, CO 80720, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Hydrotreated renewable jet fuel (HRJ) derived from crop oils has been commercially demonstrated, but Received 28 January 2015 full-scale production has been hindered by feedstock costs that make it more costly than petroleum- Received in revised form 1 May 2015 based fuels. Maintaining low feedstock costs while developing crops attractive to growers will be key Accepted 4 May 2015 to producing affordable HRJ and creating a dependable supply. Several Brassica oilseed species could Available online 8 July 2015 potentially serve as feedstock, but genotypes agronomically and economically well suited for a given region will likely vary with environment and current cropping systems. The objectives of this study Keywords: were to evaluate seed and seed oil yields of 12 summer annual Brassica genotypes representing six Brassicaceae different species [Brassica napus L., Brassica rapa L., Brassica juncea L., Brassica carinata L., Sinapis alba L., Hydrotreated renewable jet fuel Oilseeds and Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz.] and identify environmental factors that might limit their growth and Seed yield oil production. The study was conducted during 2013 and 2014 in west central Minnesota, U.S. on a Oil yield Barnes loam soil. This study is part of a larger project focused on evaluating the same set of oilseeds across the major wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing areas of the U.S. Seed yields for the 12 spring- −1 −1 sown crops in Minnesota ranged from 1058 to 3718 kg ha in 2013 and 515 to 2020 kg ha in 2014. The −1 −1 range in seed oil yield was 287–1588 kg ha in 2013 and 210–885 kg ha in 2014. Plant lodging was a serious issue in 2013, but it varied widely among genotypes. In 2014, which was characterized by an abnormally wet spring, disease infection {most likely white leaf spot [Pseudocercosporella capsellae (Ellis & Everh.) Deighton 1973]} and flea beetle [Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze)] feeding led to plant damage, but these were primarily confined to certain Brassica napus cultivars. In west central Minnesota, certain B. napus canola lines and B. carinata produced the greatest seed and oil yields. B. carinata was the latest maturing species in the study, produced the highest biomass, and tended to have low harvest indices, indicating ample room for yield improvement. For any given ecoregion, striking a balance among crop yield, agricultural input costs, and optimum species/cultivar choice for a particular cropping system will be important for providing a reliable and affordable feedstock for HRJ. Published by Elsevier B.V. ଝ Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. ∗ Corresponding author at: USDA-ARS-NCSCRL, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267, USA. Fax: +1 320 589 3787. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (R.W. Gesch), [email protected] (T.A. Isbell), [email protected] (E.A. Oblath), [email protected] (B.L. Allen), [email protected] (D.W. Archer), [email protected] (J. Brown), jerry.hatfi[email protected] (J.L. Hatfield), [email protected] (J.D. Jabro), [email protected] (J.R. Kiniry), [email protected] (D.S. Long), [email protected] (M.F. Vigil). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.084 0926-6690/Published by Elsevier B.V. R.W. Gesch et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 75 (2015) 2–7 3 Table 1 1. Introduction Description of the Brassica genotypes used in the study. Hydrotreated renewable jet fuel (HRJ) derived from crop oils has Specie Cultivar †Oil type Growth habit been commercially demonstrated. In addition, American Society Brassica napus DK3042 RR Canola Spring for Testing and Materials standards (ASTM) have been developed Brassica napus Gem Industrial Spring for HRJ fuel and since 2011 it has been approved for commercial Brassica napus Invigor L130 Canola Spring Brassica napus SC28 Canola Spring aviation use. Nevertheless, full-scale production of HRJ has yet to Brassica rapa Eclipse Canola Spring be demonstrated, primary because it is not yet cost competitive Brassica juncea Oasis Canola Spring with petroleum-based fuels. The majority of the cost for producing Brassica juncea Pacific Gold Industrial Spring biofuels from plant-derived oils is the cost of producing the feed- Brassica carinata AAC A110 Industrial Spring Brassica carinata 080814 EM Industrial Spring stock itself, which can represent 80% or more of the total biofuel Camelina sativa CO46 Industrial Spring production cost (Demirbas, 2006). Sinapis alba Idagold Industrial Spring A strong commitment by the commercial aviation industry and Sinapis alba Tilney Industrial Spring the U.S. Department of Defense exists for advancing HRJ and other † Oil type refers to whether the seed oil is food grade (Canola) or industrial grade drop-in alternative fuels. For instance, the commercial aviation (Industrial), which is high in euricic acid and glucosinolates. industry has set a goal of carbon neutral growth by 2020 and reduc- ing petroleum jet fuel use 50% by 2050 (IATA, 2009). Because there (Pavlista et al., 2011). The primary wheat growing regions of the U.S. are few renewable fuels options for aviation use, agriculture is faced include the Pacific Northwest, northern Great Plains, and Central with an excellent opportunity to fill this niche with the produc- Plains regions (USDA-NASS, 2015). The present study was con- tion of industrial oilseed crops (Fishel et al., 2011). Ultimately, the ducted in west central Minnesota, which is located on the eastern reduction in the cost of producing HRJ will likely come from reduc- edge of the northern Great Plains region. The objectives of the study ing costs at multiple stages along the entire biofuel supply chain. were to evaluate seed and seed oil yields of 12 summer annual Bras- However, lowering feedstock production costs presently allows the sicaceae genotypes representing six different species and assess greatest amount of room for improvement. Reducing feedstock environmental effects on plant growth and yield. This study is part costs while developing crops attractive to farmers will be key to of a larger project encompassing eight experimental locations dis- producing affordable HRJ and creating a dependable feedstock sup- ply. tributed across the primary wheat growing regions of the U.S. that are evaluating the same set of Brassica genotypes. Other important factors to consider in developing affordable HRJ We envision that no one agricultural region, or for that matter include selecting suitable oilseed feedstock that minimize compe- oilseed genotype, will meet all the feedstock requirements for HRJ tition for food and feed production (Johnson et al., 2007), while production, and further hypothesize that the highest yielding or also fitting well into present cropping systems to promote envi- best performing genotype(s) will differ across regions. Maintaining ronmental and economic sustainability. Several species from the adequate feedstock supply to sustain the future needs of the avia- Brassicaceae (mustard) family can serve as feedstock for HRJ, and tion industry will likely require a portfolio of oilseed choices and some such as Brassica napus are already being used for biodiesel diversity of growing environments. manufacturing in several countries. Moreover, research indicates Brassica oilseed crops provide many rotational benefits when used as a “break” or rotational crop in small grain cropping systems, 2. Materials and methods especially those emphasizing wheat production (Kirkegaard et al., 2008). Benefits of rotating Brassica oilseeds in small grain sys- 2.1. Cultural practices tems include improved soil structure (Chan and Heenan, 1996), increased yields and protein content of wheat (Gan et al., 2003), The present study was conducted during the growing seasons of improved soil N cycling (Ryan et al., 2006), and reduced pathogen 2013 and 2014 at the USDA-ARS Swan Lake Research Farm located ◦ ◦ incidence (Kirkegaard et al., 2008). Although more effort has gone near Morris, Minnesota (45 35 N, 95 54 W; 344 m elevation). The into the research and development of B. napus and Brassica juncea soil was a Barnes loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid for food and industrial use, other Brassicaceae relatives such as Calcic Hapludoll). Soil samples from the study area were taken camelina, Brassica carinata, and Sinapis alba also show promise as in the spring prior to sowing. In the top 60 cm of the soil profile, potential HRJ feedstocks. the pH ranged from 7.8 to 8.6, total inorganic and organic carbon −1 These alternative crops have attributes that may make them ranged from 18.4 to 43.0 g kg , and total nitrogen ranged from 0.7 −1 more suitable as biofuel feedstock for a given agricultural region to 2.3 g kg .
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