The Energy Issue Sipanews VOLUME XX No

SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS | COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY | MAY 2007 SIPAnews

The Energy Issue SIPAnews VOLUME XX No. 2 MAY 2007 Published biannually by School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University

his is my last introductory letter in SIPA think. I will recall the varied versions of myself in from the dean News; I will be stepping down as dean at the Follies. I will marvel at the remarkable accommoda- Tend of June. It has been a decade since I tions we made to new information technologies in came into office. In that time, we have turned out classrooms and in teaching—ten years ago the the equivalent of 1.5 graduates a day—nearly 6,000 World Wide Web was five years old, there was no students earned degrees at SIPA in the last ten years. Google, and wireless referred to the radio. I will And there are other ways to quantify our undertak- think of the debates among the faculty over the ings during this period. We hired new faculty at a contributions of theory and practice to public poli- rate of one every two months, tripling the size of cy education. I will remember staring south from our full-time faculty. We developed new degree the 15th floor of the International Affairs Building programs at a rate of one every 18 months—the on September 11, 2001, and will continue to be EMPA, the MPA in Environmental Science and awed by the generosity with which students, staff, Policy, the PhD in Sustainable Development, and and faculty alike organized in response to the dev- the dual degree programs with Sciences Po in Paris, astation. I will remember the alumni who ensured the London School of Economics, Singapore’s Lee that the Mexican elections were democratic, who Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, and New York’s reported on the war from Baghdad, who ran the own Jewish Theological Seminary. We refurbished Central Bank of Mongolia, who worked for the and renovated the equivalent of four full floors of International Rescue Committee in Sudan, all of the International Affairs Building—about one whom took a moment to write to let us know what square foot every two hours for ten years. And we they were doing and how much SIPA had prepared raised more than two dollars a second, providing them to do it well. enhanced funding for faculty research, facilities This issue of SIPA News is devoted to energy, an upgrades, and student fellowships. increasingly vital policy arena around the world. I But, of course, I will not remember the numbers. am proud to have contributed to bringing the In fact, the time flew by—I was having fun. I will Center for Energy, Marine Transportation and think of the students who asked for (and got) a Public Policy to SIPA, as I am of all the work we course on how to set up a refugee camp, the donor have done over the last ten years to strengthen and who signed the multimillion dollar gift agreement enhance one of the most remarkable institutions in over lunch in Athens, the alumnus who made the the world. It has been a privilege. case for greater funding at a reception by waving a piece of concrete that had broken off the staircase. Lisa Anderson I will remember the students who marveled in class James T. Shotwell Professor of International that they would “have to think” about what we’d Relations been discussing, and the reform group we called the Dean, School of International and Public Affairs Conceptual Foundations insurgency, which argued that there was still more about which we should contents

FEATURES p.10 p.20 INSIDE SIPA p. 38 p. 42 Biodiesel: The U.S. Energy News and Events SIPA Develops p.2 uncertain promise Security and p.33 By Rob Garris Alumni Council Empowering of “Nature’s fuel” EU Climate A Legacy to Be Women: A SIPA- By Paula Margulies Policy: The Proud Of UNDP workshop policy dialogue By Rob Garris p. 39 p. 43 that could be explores how p.14 A Fond Farewell to energy can fight By Albert Bressand Donor Profiles: Robin Lewis Jim (MIA ’77) and poverty Nuclear Power: p.35 By JoAnn Crawford By Rachel Makabi A 21st-century Sandra (MIA ’76) Faculty Profile: with reporting by solution or a p.24 Leitner Jennifer Chang, Emily Guillermo Calvo 20th-century Firth, and Andres Crude Charity: By Dan McSweeney p.40 Franco mistake? Will Chavez’s p. 44 By Steven Cohen brand of populism The SIPA Energy push Venezuela to p. 36 Association and Class Notes p.6 the brink? the Third Annual Compiled by Don Rassler p.16 By Monique Mugnier A SIPA Success Energy Symposium Q&A with Story: The Center By Casey Albert Professor David Africa’s Road Builders: China’s for Energy, Marine Nissen Transportation and By Justin Vogt growing energy p.26 Public Policy p. 41 needs are leading Iraq’s Oil Politics it to some of the By Justin Vogt The ISP Alumni p.7 world’s least Network in New stable places York Gazprom’s Grip p.37 By Cary McClelland p.30 By Justin Vogt By Jackie Carpenter A Pipeline Profile: Albert Through the Bressand p.18 Balkans? By Rob Garris p. 42 By Andrew Monahan Global Roundtable EMPA Forum on Climate Change By Casey Albert By Nichole Gomez EMPOWERING WOMEN A SIPA-UNDP WORKSHOP EXPLORES HOW ENERGY CAN FIGHT POVERTY.

2 SIPA NEWS The machine would not work.

So Dionfolo Oualy and her ten-year-old daughter Kamissa had

no choice but to put aside their other tasks and thrash at the

chunks of millet with large wooden sticks. It was nearing four in

the afternoon on a Friday in the mid-sized village of Bantantinty,

Senegal—about 290 miles of potholed roads east of the capital,

Dakar—where a team of students had traveled to examine

access to energy services in rural Africa as part of a joint

SIPA–United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) work-

shop. There were afternoon prayers to be said and meals to be OMEN prepared, but the grinding would have to come first, adding to N FIGHT POVERTY. the women’s already long workday.

by Rachel Makabi with reporting by Jennifer Chang, Emily Firth, and Andres Franco

SIPA NEWS 3 Left to right: Women in Bantantinty selling fataya, a Senegalese dish; a man using the Multi-Function Platform; women making soap; a young girl carrying water; a family drawing water from the well. Title page: Women manually grinding grains

Like most women in the villages of West form has created new jobs, as people had to be implementation of the platform, girls’ school Africa, where electricity and motorized machines trained to maintain and repair it. The village doc- attendance has shot up, giving them many of the are scarce, the Oualy women work from dawn tor even reported that as a result of doing less opportunities that their mothers never had. until dusk on all the basic tasks necessary for sur- manual labor, women were delivering their “I had to work a lot in my life. It is pretty vival. They wake up at six in the morning to say babies with fewer complications. obvious my daughter has an easier time,” said prayers, draw water from the well, and prepare In a room adjacent to the platform, one Noné Signate, a member of the platform’s man- breakfast. In the afternoon, they prepare flour woman demonstrated the village’s new manual aging association. and gather wood for the midday meal. In the sewing machine, while others made soap—two Signate’s husband, who was formerly the chief early evening, they grind, clean, and work on new enterprises that the women have started of the village, helped bring the platform to harvesting. They finish at ten at night and wake with their newly acquired free time. As a result of Bantantinty. Their daughter is the first girl in sev- up at six the next morning, only to begin the such activities, women’s incomes have grown eral generations of their family to attend school. process once again. There is little time for resting considerably. “I don’t want my daughter to have a hard life, the and raising children and even less time for “Women have a vested interest in making this way I had,” Signate explained. “This is why I am attending school. work, because they were the ones who would suf- sending her to school.” Things are different in the village when the fer before,” said Odile Balizet, a coordinator for Obtaining a platform requires a strong finan- machine works. Bantantinty is one of 40 villages the Multi-Function Platform program in the cial commitment from villages. Recipient villages in Senegal that has a diesel-run device called a UNDP’s Senegal office. According to Balizet, have to pay between 20 and 60 percent of the “Multi-Function Platform,” which quickly per- before the arrival of the platform, women made $7,500 hardware costs of a machine. Even forms tasks that would otherwise take the women 5,000 CFA ($10 US) a year. Now, they are mak- though this is a fraction of the total $17,000 cost hours to complete. The machine, which is ing twice that amount each month. of a platform, most of which is subsidized, it nev- financed by the village, local government, and These are just a few examples of the slow but ertheless makes some villages unwilling or reluc- the UNDP, mechanically grinds millet, dehusks steady changes in the lives of rural women in vil- tant to invest in the technology. In other cases, rice and maize, and deshells nuts. Although some lages with access to mechanical energy. In many traditional cultural norms regarding gender roles men use the platform for tasks such as welding, it of these villages, such energy services are spurring can lead to opposition to the idea. is primarily used by women. on the process of poverty alleviation. Though “A lot of times, when women complain about Even though the platform sometimes breaks access to energy services is not part of the United their workload, the men say, ‘That’s your prob- down, as it had done on this day, nearly everyone Nation’s eight Millennium Development Goals to lem. I don’t want to know about it,’” said in the village has seen a positive difference since reduce poverty, it permeates all of them. Mamadou Fadé of the Agence Régionale de the village acquired the platform four years ago. For the women of Bantantinty, the platform is Développement. Fadé has four years of experi- The residents reported that the machine not only creating a clear generational shift. Traditionally, ence with the platform in Mauritania and is now saved time in grinding but also produced a young girls have had difficulty attending school applying his expertise in Senegal. greater volume of grain, creating a surplus that because they were expected to help their moth- In villages that manage to overcome these could be sold. Others in the village said the plat- ers with the hard labor of grinding. But since the concerns and request a platform, the UNDP

4 SIPA NEWS conducts a three-month feasibility study to looking at the real challenges and opportunities water from the well, and electricity would pro- determine whether the village meets population of using biofuels,” Porcaro said. vide other health and social benefits. Without criteria for eligibility—villages must have There is also the difficulty of getting the plat- electricity, the village’s clinic—which also serves between 500 and 2,000 residents—and to assess form to consistently perform its many functions. two neighboring villages—isn’t able to power a the willingness and ability of the village to pay For example, the platform in Bantantinty should refrigerator for medications. For patients who for the platform. be able to charge batteries, in addition to grind- come in at night, the clinic relies on candles and Currently, the government has plans to estab- ing, deshelling, and churning butter. But two a few flashlights for illumination. Given the low lish another 400 machines by 2010 and an addi- years ago, the battery charger broke—and has population density of Senegal’s rural areas, the tional 600 by 2015. This planned expansion not worked since. Though people in the village country’s main electric utility, Senelec, will not comes on the heels of similar, successful programs are trained to fix some of the platform’s more extend the electrical grid to places like that have been under way in Mali for years. common problems, they cannot fix all of them. Bantantinty any time soon, according to a Nevertheless, there are many obstacles. At When the village needs to call on trained techni- Senelec representative interviewed by the stu- the top of the list is the rising price of oil. cians, it can take days or weeks for one to jour- dents in the workshop. For now, Bantantinty Villages like Bantantinty invested in their plat- ney to the site to fix the machine. must look elsewhere for its electricity needs. forms in 2002, when the price of diesel available For villages like Bantantinty—which are iso- Ultimately, improving the platform’s func- to them was 56 cents a liter. But the surge in oil lated from electricity grids and have to rely on tionality hinges on building the capacity of local prices over the past few years—caused by soaring manual labor to draw water—there is also an entrepreneurs and ensuring community owner- demand in China, instability in the Middle East, urgent need to try to add water pumping or elec- ship. For his part, Porcaro has observed a positive and decreased refining capability in the United tricity services to the many existing tasks of the trend toward moving from small pilot programs States following Hurricane Katrina—hit the iso- platform, a need whose feasibility is currently to genuine policy integration. “It requires work- lated village of Bantantinty hard. Now, the vil- being analyzed. ing hand in hand with governments and civil lagers are paying $1.12 a liter for their diesel fuel, “We have been waiting and asking for elec- society to integrate energy considerations into double the amount they previously paid. This tricity for ten years now,” said the village chief of national development strategies and policies,” he cost has decreased the village’s bottom line. As Bantantinty. The chief had gathered with a group said. oil prices climbed, profits from platform-related of about 50 people from the village, mostly enterprises fell by 90 percent. women, to discuss the respective failures and suc- Jennifer Chang (MIA ’07), Andres Franco (MPA ’07), In order to ease the financial burden caused cesses of the platform. The village has a special and Rachel Makabi (MIA ’07) are concentrating in by the surge in oil prices, the UNDP is currently meeting place for occasions such as this—the International Energy Management and Policy. Emily Firth looking into research and funding to integrate participants sat on smoothed wooden logs that is obtaining an MA from Columbia’s Climate and Society more biofuels into the platforms, according to served as benches, shaded overhead by a sprawl- program. Jem Porcaro (MIA ’04), a sustainable energy pol- ing tree. icy analyst with the UNDP. “Instead of shooting Bringing a mechanized water pump to the vil- for the moon and promising everything, we are lage would spare the women hours of drawing

SIPA NEWS 5 with Professor David Nissen David Nissen is director of the International Energy Management and Policy concentration, whose workshop took Q&Acontributing writer Rachel Makabi to Senegal.

By Justin Vogt How does the SIPA-UNDP workshop address energy’s you provide the means for pumped water and role in achieving the MDGs? agroprocessing, you free up women’s time. And Energy is not directly addressed by any of the Our workshop focuses on assessing the energy that has a huge impact on development potential. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Why is that? requirements and appropriate technologies Do you know what the first thing is that women Energy is a means, not an end. The MDGs are implied by MDG achievement targets. That’s [in these communities] do with the extra time? stated in terms of direct measures of human wel- something that can’t be handled at the prescrip- They get more sleep. These are people who spend fare—income, health goals, education, gender tive, top-down level. It’s a function of the density their whole lives getting five hours of sleep a equality, and productivity. If you tried to specify of economic and demographic activity. The tech- night. Getting more sleep makes them healthier an energy goal, how would you do it? The short nologies have to be chosen in light of the local and more productive. Studies show that when answer is that goals should be goals and means conditions and needs, and you also have to con- women get control of increased income, they should be means. And appropriate means are sider what kind of business model can be self- spend it in ways that are favorable to develop- subject to economics and social structures. Given supporting in the context of this level of demo- ment—investing in the health and education of the institutional biases of the time [at the UN], if graphic and social capacity. their children and in productive facilities. they had specified energy goals they would have The workshop contributes to assessing the But the program is not just about this groovy been in terms of renewable sources of energy. It appropriate technologies and their impacts, as toy, which costs about $4,000, of which $2,000 would have been a disaster. Requiring specific well as the cost of implementation. The signal is put up by a group of women who are organized technologies would have been inconsistent with the institutional success that has been achieved in to run a business. Another $8,000 worth of effort goal of self-sustaining emergence from poverty. the last three years by the Sustainable Energy is put into what in “UN-speak” is called “capaci- Programme at the UNDP is recognition and insti- ty development.” That’s the effort required to Does providing the energy required to achieve the tutionalization of the essential derived demand take this self-selected group of prenumerate and MDGs conflict with environmental goals? for energy services implied by MDG goals. There preliterate women and teach them how to create There are roughly 1.6 billion people in the is now recognition that a development plan tar- a business plan, price services, put money in the world with no access to electricity and more than geting MDG goals must specify the energy infra- bank, and generally run a business. 2 billion people with no access to clean commer- structure and energy services provisions required. cial fuels. My colleague in the Mechanical Energy system requirements are now being How do you prepare your students to take part in a Engineering Department, Professor Vijay Modi, “mainstreamed” in the Poverty Reduction program like this? estimates that to sustain a reasonable, minimum Strategy Paper (PRSP), the basic development SIPA attracts a rare kind of student. People standard of living for these people would require planning framework agreed between the country, come to SIPA to do good as well as to do well—to delivered energy services of roughly 2 million the multilateral agencies, the NGOs, and other change things. Our energy concentration focuses BTU per year, which is about 2 million barrels [of stakeholders. Few recognized the importance of on institutional development along with the busi- oil] per day. So the total amount of annual energy mainstreaming energy requirements three years ness dimension of getting things done. The prem- required to provide clean commercial fuels and ago, but it is now recognized and incorporated ise is that any act of energy business development energies to people who are currently deprived is into the planning process. The research papers is also an act of policy development and institution about one-sixth of current U.S. automobile con- from our workshops have made a significant con- building. And we cue up this program with another sumption. That’s about one percent of total world tribution to this development. course called “Energy Business and Economic consumption—a tiny number. Development,” where the core issues in economic So we have to separate the problem of fixing This year, the workshop focuses on tapping the development and energy requirements, technolo- energy poverty from the more general problem of potential of the so-called Multi-Function Platform gies, and economics are developed. This prepares dealing with environmental challenges, because (MFP) in Senegal. What is the MFP, and why is it a these students to take on a real professional they’re essentially separate problems. And it promising technology? assignment, in which they are acting as consult- would be unfair to suppose that we can lumber It’s a skid-mounted platform with a diesel ants to the UNDP to address real problems. up the very poor with technologies that we are motor. “Multi-function” means you can fit it out having a very difficult time adopting even in with a bunch of useful things for a specific vil- Justin Vogt (MIA ’07) is the co-editor of SIPA economies that are fully developed. lage. It can drive rice husking, which is incredibly News and is concentrating in International tedious by hand. It can drive tool sharpening or Security Policy. battery chargers. It can drive a pump. And when 6 SIPA NEWS GAZPROM’S GRIP

THE WORLD’S LARGEST GAS s with all powerful institutions, views of AGazprom, Russia’s natural gas giant, depend on where one sits. In Ukraine, Belarus, or Moldova, Gazprom is a tool the COMPANY IS A CRUCIAL PLAYER Russian state uses to keep former republics from leaving its sphere of influence. In the European Union, the company is viewed as an energy jug- IN PUTIN’S RUSSIA. gernaut that may or may not be able to deliver on its future energy promises. And in the United States, Gazprom has become the reincarnation of Russia’s erstwhile Soviet power in the form of SHOULD THE REST OF EURASIA energy instead of atomic weapons. But in Russia, Gazprom looks like a savior. It has helped fuel eight straight years of GDP BE WORRIED? growth, supplied 8 percent of the federal budget, boosted per capita income, employed more than BY JACKIE CARPENTER 330,000 people, and rescued Russia from geopo-

SIPA NEWS 7 resented in Russia. During the “free market” reforms of the early Yeltsin years, ordinary Russians watched as the government’s fire sale of Russian industry gave rise to a class of fabulously wealthy oligarchs, while the rest of the country was impoverished. As a result, many Russians support Putin’s ongoing consolidation of control in the business and industry sectors and do not mourn the fates of jailed and exiled oligarchs like Mikhail Khodorkovsky or Boris Berezovsky. They give Putin a whopping 80 percent approval rating, even though his strong-arm tactics alarm foreign investors. Gazprom’s post-Soviet history illustrates this reassertion of government control, specifically in the energy sector. The energy giant was plun- dered during the privatization schemes of the early nineties, after 29 percent of its stock was sold at voucher auctions in 1994 for a mere pit- tance of its value. Within three years, the same stock was worth 160 times its initial price. Despite subsequent laws regulating foreign ownership, various investment schemes prevented the government from knowing the level of foreign ownership with any certainty. Putin moved quickly in his first term to reacquire a formal majority stake in Gazprom, putting an end to a system whereby the company’s managers were also acting as trustees for the government-owned shares. In 2003, the state acquired a formal 51 Former German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder and Russian President Vladimir Putin talk shortly before Gazprom’s then percent stake in the company. In Putin’s own chairman Alexei Miller (right) signed an accord on the construction of a natural gas pipeline between Russia and words, he has sought to extend this “prominent Germany along the bottom of the Baltic Sea. control by national capital” in all corners of the energy sector during his second term in office in order to “bolster Russia’s independence and secu- litical irrelevance. It is a source of national pride. many in Central and Western Europe feeling rity.” These “sectors of strategic significance” To Russians, those who question Gazprom’s busi- themselves at the mercy of an unreliable supplier include oil, gas, mineral deposits, and infrastruc- ness decisions are merely detractors who prefer at best and a political weapon at worst. ture monopolies. the economic anarchy of a decade ago to the Furthermore, the Western press has accused Given this level of state control and interest greater stability of contemporary Russia. They President Putin of suppressing dissent and con- in Gazprom, government influence on the com- are, as Russian president Vladimir Putin calls solidating state control at home, thereby creating pany is hard to miss. Dmitri Medvedev, chairman them, “Russophobes.” a discomforting picture of Eurasia’s natural gas of the board of Gazprom, also serves as Putin’s Over the last few years, Gazprom, the world’s supply being held hostage by a barely democrat- first deputy prime minister and has been a long- largest gas company and holder of one-fifth of ic regime. time member of Putin’s inner circle. Rumors global gas reserves, has become the focus of How accurate is this alarming portrait of abound that he and Putin will swap jobs at the intense debate. Most of the recent controversy Russia’s premier economic institution and end of the 2008 presidential term. Furthermore— began in January 2006, when Gazprom disrupted Europe’s crucial energy source? What should the and most controversially—Gazprom figures gas supplies to Ukraine, leaving their citizens and world expect from a company so firmly prominently in the geopolitics of the region, many “downstream” European customers briefly entrenched in the politics of the state? often giving Russia leverage in negotiations. This without heat in the winter. Ukraine’s government, First, Gazprom’s rise must be viewed in a his- was apparent last year, when—during an impasse in particular, complained that this disruption was torical context. Like all industry in the Soviet era, on Russia’s WTO accession—Gazprom delayed a politically motivated maneuver aimed at under- gas was under direct government control, and the access of U.S. companies to a natural gas mining its new, Western-friendly government. that influence endures today. In fact, it is not an project in the Barents Sea. Whatever the true reason for the cutoff, exaggeration to say that the Kremlin exercises Yet these controversial tactics do not neces- Gazprom’s monopolistic grip on gas pipelines some control over every aspect of Russian busi- sarily represent an abuse of energy power, across the former Soviet Union has since left ness and finance—a fact that is not universally

8 SIPA NEWS according to Albert Bressand, director of SIPA’s obsessing about energy security. This is due in Center for Energy, Marine Transportation and part to Russia’s perceived heavy-handed tactics Public Policy. but also to concerns that the next generation of “We must not allow “It is legitimate that the assets of a country be investments in Russian gas, namely in the Yamal part of national debates,” argues Bressand. “Since Peninsula and Schtockman field, are not pro- energy to divide it is Russia’s key passport to the future, it is to be ceeding quickly enough to guarantee future con- expected that the government would take a polit- tracts. As a result, Europe futilely coaxed Putin to Russia and the EU as ical view of its energy sector as this is done in all ratify an energy charter last October. The char- nondiversified economies.” ter would have opened Gazprom’s gas pipelines Communism once did.” Other allegations leveled against Putin and to independent companies that, some feel, could —José Manuel Barroso Gazprom paint the gas company not only as a have helped spur independent extraction proj- source of leverage but also as a political bludgeon ects and reduced the company’s political clout. in the hip pocket of Eurasia’s most powerful politi- Europe’s concerns about Gazprom ignore that energy security in Eurasia and elsewhere will cian. Yet Russia expert and Columbia political sci- some objective realities, however, such as the fact ultimately depend more on the political conver- ence professor Robert Legvold calls this view a that Europe receives 80 percent of Russia’s gas sations that develop around it than on the size of “vast oversimplification” of a complex relationship. exports, while Russia gets only 40 percent of reserves. If Eurasia is to attain energy security, it “Gazprom follows its own set of institutional Europe’s imports. In other words, Europe is far needs to overcome divisive perceptions based on interests” Legvold explains, which result from its more important to Gazprom’s gas market than the past. As European Commission president José massive infrastructure and profit motives. In the Gazprom is to Europe’s energy needs, and notorious cases of Ukraine, for instance, Gazprom had its own business rationale for cutting off gas supplies. Pricing disputes had been brewing for many months as a result of proposed price increases of historically below-market rates. Gazprom claimed that Ukraine failed to honor negotiated terms regarding rate increases but continued to take gas supplies out of the pipeline anyway. Ultimately, this nonpolitical, business rationale for disrupting the gas supply did not receive nearly as much attention in the Western press as did theories about Putin’s retaliation against wayward former republics. For Russia, this interpretation of events is especially frustrating, given that Europe has been pressuring Russia to raise rates domestically and externally to market level. This is not to say that Russia does not deserve some of the bad press it has received regarding its bullying tactics in the energy sector, especially A Gazprom installation some 200 km outside the Siberian town of Noyabrsk with regard to oil. Soon after Lithuania’s decision Manuel Barroso observed last year, “We must not in May 2006 to sell an oil refinery to Poland chances are slim that Gazprom would allow its allow energy to divide Russia and the EU as instead of Russia, for instance, the branch of most lucrative market to go unserviced for polit- Communism once did.” Without new thinking Russia’s Druzhba pipeline that supplies the refin- ical reasons or supply issues. on both sides of the energy divide, this bleak ery was shut down for repairs. As of today, it has Given all the factors and politics that abound possibility cannot be ruled out. not been reopened. Lithuania fumes that this is in the Eurasian gas market, the best way to assess direct retaliation for the sale of the refinery to Gazprom as an energy supplier is through objec- Jackie Carpenter (MIA ’08) is concentrating in International Poland and has threatened to join Poland in veto- tive analysis that does not ignore the fact that it Media and Communications and pursuing a regional cer- ing the EU’s talks with Russia this year if the is a company that seeks to increase its bottom tificate in former Soviet Union countries from the Harriman pipeline is not reopened. The pipeline shutdown line. To be sure, Gazprom provides Russia with Institute. is suspicious, to be sure, and illustrates the political leverage but usually when Russia’s polit- Kremlin’s erratic behavior specifically with ical interests dovetail with Gazprom’s business regard to oil. This behavior makes all of Russia’s interests. energy customers nervous, including those who For Bressand, the fears and speculation sur- deal with Gazprom. rounding Russia’s energy power “reflect the state But not all of this anxiety is warranted, espe- of international politics, where distrust is now cially in Europe. Since the gas cutoff to Ukraine very high, and concerns are mounting about the in early 2006, European leaders have been rise of national energy companies.” He believes

SIPA NEWS 9

Tattooed country- western singer Willie Nelson is famous for preaching the merits of a good woman and the redemptive power of whiskey. Truckers of massive diesel engine vehicles have long listened to the ponytailed music legend during their lone- ly nights on the road, so it should come as no surprise that when Nelson began a new business venture in 1996, he targeted his loyal following. The surprise, however, is the venture itself: instead of a chain of restaurants or a line of cowboy boots, Nelson decided to invest in a renewable, eco-friendly alternative to the fuel that his truckers fed their hungry engines. Today, the company he co-owns, BioWillie, can barely keep up with the demand for its product, as consumers across the United States seek to reduce their dependence on foreign oil, help the environment, and—in some cases—their wallets.

BThe uncertainiodiesel promise of “Nature’s fuel” By Paula Margulies

SIPA NEWS 11 on each coast. And, indeed, a storm of biofuels is Brian Crowe agrees. Despite his enthusiasm for brewing. The cash-strapped farmers of our nation’s the environmental and economic benefits renew- food belt have been praying for it for a long time, able fuels like biodiesel and ethanol are bringing to and here they are, standing in the middle of their his state, Crowe worries about the havoc that the fields with upstretched hands, thanking the benev- biofuels storm could wreak on food supply—espe- olent gods of the biofuels market. cially if the fast-growing biodiesel industry is suc- “We’re trying to propel ourselves as the ‘Saudi cessful in its goal of “5 percent by 2015.” Arabia of renewable energy,’” says Brian Crowe, “Today, 90 percent of soybean production is Coordinator of Iowa’s Clean Cities Program. “From used for food,” he says. “Where will all that oil an economic standpoint, this is wonderful for the come from?” state economy.” “After oil is pressed out of soy, you’re left with Biodiesel is produced through a chemical reac- cattle feed,” says Lackner. “So in a sense, tion of alcohol and agricultural oil, fats, or greases. biodiesel can be viewed as a byproduct of cattle It can be made from a field of cotton in Georgia, a feed. Only a small fraction of soy goes into making coconut tree in Jamaica, or the waste oil left over oil, and it’s more profitable than feed. In this from a day of frying Big Macs at McDonald’s— sense, farmers come out ahead.” Willie Nelson whatever the local climate has to offer. But market dynamics, Lackner contends, will The biodiesel business has slowly evolved from In the European Union, which has mandated limit the ultimate growth of the biodiesel industry. an eccentric cottage industry to a carefully that 5.75 percent of automotive fuels must come “If you’re driven from the diesel side of the equa- watched player in the global renewable fuels mar- from plant sources, the most commonly used virgin tion, you’re going to saturate the cattle feed market. In the past three years alone, the industry has oil sources are rapeseed (canola) and soybean. ket. There’s going to be competition for land. The tripled in size. But while producers scramble to fill Palm oil, hemp, mustard, and jatropha are all used fuel market is much larger than the food market, our tanks with their brew, economists and environ- across the globe. Recent research has also shown and it needs all available land, so the strain on mentalists worry about the unintended side effects that algae—an oil-rich crop that does not require food production is quite large. We need to figure of our ecological eagerness. In our attempt to leave farmland or fresh water—may be a feasible high- out if we have the land resources to do this right.” a lighter footprint on the earth, are we laying the yield source of biodiesel. “SUVs are a lot hungrier than people,” he says, foundation for a new set of woes? Hawaii-based Pacific Biodiesel has another way “and they usually have owners who can pay for According to the National Biodiesel Board of doing things. In its two plants on the Hawaiian them. The people who suffer are the marginal poor.” (NBB), 250 million gallons of biodiesel were pro- islands of Maui and Oahu, the company utilizes “The Midwest has been the food belt for the duced in 2006, up from 25 million in 2004. used cooking grease that it has been collecting world for a long time,” agrees Crowe. “If all this is Across the United States, 1,100 retailers distrib- from restaurants and hotels for more than a going towards renewable energy, then what about ute some blend of the fuel. decade. In so doing, it has taken a countywide food? We need energy independence—but at what “We predict that we can produce 5 percent of grease waste problem and converted it into a cost?” the nation’s on-road diesel fuel needs by 2015,” clean-burning energy source. Indeed, experts warn that worldwide production said the NBB’s Amber Thurlo-Pearson. But most of this country’s biodiesel producers of animal fat and vegetable oil is not yet sufficient While biodiesel production may not represent do not simply cart away vats of used cooking oil to completely replace petroleum-based fuel use. even a small fraction of the 140 billion gallons of from McDonald’s. Instead of Big Macs and french Environmental groups object to the enormous gasoline a year we consume domestically, its grow- fries, the majority of biodiesel currently produced amount of farming and the resulting overfertiliza- ing popularity speaks volumes about the nature of in the U.S. can trace its roots back to the humble tion, pesticide use, and land conversion that would our times: the seemingly endless war in Iraq; $70 soybean—grown on acres and acres of Midwestern be needed to produce the additional vegetable oil. barrels of oil; mounting concern about climate soil. What’s more, the available supply of waste veg- change. “This is a great boon to farmers,” says Klaus etable oil is significantly smaller than the amount On May 16, 2005, in a speech at the Virginia Lackner, the Ewing-Worzel Professor of Geophysics of petrofuel that is burned for transportation and BioDiesel Refinery, President Bush said, “Our at Columbia’s Earth Institute, “but my concern is heating across the globe. dependence on foreign oil is like a foreign tax on the that these farmers will go into production that According to the Environmental Protection American Dream, and that tax is growing every year doesn’t apply to people.” Agency (EPA), restaurants across the U.S. produce . . . Every time we use homegrown biodiesel, we sup- Lackner echoes the concern of a growing group about 300 million gallons of waste cooking oil port American farmers, not foreign oil producers.” of environmentalists, economists, and sustainable annually. Even though it is profitable to use this oil A year and a half later, in his 2007 State of the development experts, who worry that in an effort to for biodiesel production, it is even more profitable Union address, he called for 35 billion gallons of feed our growing hunger for biofuels, we will end to convert it into other products, like soap. renewable and alternative fuel by 2017. up starving some of the world’s poor. Therefore, most waste oil that is not dumped into Not surprisingly, U.S. farmers have jumped to “In theory, using biomass makes perfect sense,” landfills is used for these other purposes. the challenge. Just look at the concentration of he says. “If you have the stuff anyway, why let it go Animal fats are also limited in supply. biodiesel retailers in this country. If it were a to waste? Where it gets dangerous, though, is when Producing biodiesel with animal fat that would oth- weather map, you would see strong storm patterns you go past that. Once it becomes an industry in its erwise be discarded could replace only a small per- across the Midwest, with some light rain showers own right, it’s displacing other crops.” centage of petrodiesel usage.

12 SIPA NEWS To date, the high cost of production remains federal tax credit, which equates to a one penny confidence and investment. one of the biggest obstacles to the growth of the per percent of biodiesel in a fuel blend made from To the industry’s delight, consumers and biodiesel market. agricultural products like vegetable oils, and one- investors are paying attention. In the U.S., a gallon of soybean oil costs half penny per percent for recycled oils. In March ”We’ve seen and heard from the marketplace,” approximately two to three times as much as a gal- 2007, Senators Blanche Lincoln (D-Ark.) and said Steve Oppenheimer, chief marketing officer at lon of conventional petrodiesel. The feedstock for Norm Coleman (R-Minn.) proposed a bill that Trade Capture, a firm that specializes in trading biodiesel on its own is more expensive than con- would extend tax incentives to 2017. and risk management software. “Biodiesel futures ventional diesel fuel. In Europe, where gasoline In September 2005, Minnesota—the country’s are already being traded. There’s great interest and diesel are heavily taxed, tax incentives artifi- biggest producer of biodiesel—became the first among existing and perspective customers looking cially lower the price of biodiesel in order to make state to legislate that all diesel fuel sold in the for the necessary capabilities.” it competitive. state contain at least 2 percent biodiesel, known Following the 2007 State of the Union address, But just as Europe’s success has served as an inspi- as B2. That mandate ran into trouble when the commodity brokers like Odom & Frey advised their ration to the U.S. biodiesel industry, its challenges unregulated blends of fuel displayed performance clients to invest in soybean futures. serve as a reminder of the power of market forces. problems—a fact that was inconvenient for con- “We had quite a run,” says Mike Smith, the The EU’s largest biodiesel producer, Germany, sumers and embarrassing for the industry and its president of TK Futures, another commodities is currently facing a crisis of sorts at the pump— advocates. trader, “but the market collapsed. There were eight precisely because of its overwhelming success in “Minnesota’s mandate, and the subsequent million fewer acres of soybeans planted than we converting customers to biodiesel through tax problems it experienced with things like freezing, expected. Right now, I’m out 100 percent. incentives. In August 2006, feeling the brunt of shows the challenge involved with blending and Eventually, though, it’s going to be huge.”

“This is a great boon to farmers, but my concern is that these farmers will go into production that doesn’t apply to people.” —Klaus Lackner Ewing-Worzel Professor of Geophysics at Columbia’s Earth Institute

lost income, Germany began taxing biodiesel. For the need to work on a standard,” said Crowe. Still, even biodiesel’s staunchest proponents a short time, high fossil fuel prices balanced the Indeed, industry insiders increasingly point to say that they do not expect it to completely replace effect of the new tax, but as soon as fossil fuel fuel standards—particular standards for B20 conventional fuels. prices fell, drivers lost the incentive to purchase blends or those containing 20 percent biodiesel— “One renewable technology cannot be a silver biodiesel—and sales fell by as much as 40 percent. as their top priority. bullet,” says Thurlo-Pearson. “We all need to work Of course, the U.S. market for biodiesel differs “Right now, there are industry-accepted stan- together to offer our technology and fuels on a significantly from Europe’s because of a very dif- dards for production, but none for specific blends, wider scale, which will help make a bigger dent.” ferent “diesel culture”: While roughly half of newly which is typically how biodiesel is used in the mar- “There’s no silver bullet,” says Crowe. “In 30 or registered passenger cars in Western Europe are ketplace,” said Mark Beyer, a spokesman for Next 40 years it’s going to be a big combination—some equipped with diesel engines, fewer than one per- Energy, an alternative energy incubator. biodiesel, natural gas, ethanol, and hybrid tech- cent of cars in the U.S. run on diesel—mainly One of the reasons blending standards are so nologies. It’s a different way of thinking about because many states have passed strict fuel-emis- important is that fuel quality has a direct effect on transportation.” sion standards relating to passenger vehicles. the environment. Diesel engines are mostly relegated to trucks and When burned, biodiesel emits smaller amounts Paula Margulies (MIA ’07) is co-editor of SIPA boats; consumers who want the higher-efficiency of pollutants than fossil fuels, reducing emissions News and is concentrating in the Middle East and engines must by and large seek them out. of carbon monoxide by approximately 50 percent International Media and Communications. However, that may be changing. and smog-causing hydrocarbons significantly. “[Diesel] is the direction the U.S. market is However, the fuel does produce nitrogen oxides, headed,” said Thurlo-Pearson. “There’s going to be another major contributor to smog. And although a much greater market share in the next decade or these emissions can be significantly reduced with so. We’re seeing new introductions, as companies a small adjustment to an engine’s injection timing, respond to demand.” the biodiesel industry knows that an agreed-on A biodiesel tax incentive exists in the form of a standard would go a long way toward increasing

SIPA NEWS 13 NUCLEAR POWER: A 21st-century solution or a 20th-century mistake?

but intractable problems: it is dangerous, it is toxic, We have the resources to build a nuclear waste ecent media reports indicate that and—perhaps most important of all—siting new storage facility. Customers of nuclear-generated environmentalists are beginning to nuclear power plants is politically infeasible. electricity pay a one-tenth-of-one-cent-per-kilo- reconsider whether nuclear power Let’s begin with dangerous. Set aside the prob- watt-hour charge on their electric bills. Utilities can play a role in reducing our lems experienced at Three Mile Island and pass the fee into a federal account that has gener- reliance on fossil fuels, a major Chernobyl. We have witnessed the horror wreaked by ated $24 billion since it began under the Nuclear sourceR of the carbon dioxide emissions that cause suicidal terrorism all over the world, including the Waste Power Act in 1983. As of February 2005, global warming. “Not so many years ago,” noted a grim spectacle of commercial jets being flown into there was $16.3 billion sitting in this fund. The recent editorial in the New York Times, “nuclear skyscrapers. Do we really want to see what happens other $8 billion has been spent on a futile effort to energy was a hobgoblin to environmentalists.” But if a terrorist attacks a nuclear power plant? It is true site a civilian nuclear waste repository in Nevada. when former EPA administrator Christie Todd that these plants are more difficult to destroy than Despite assurances that the proposed repository at Whitman, former Greenpeace activist Patrick skyscrapers, but are we so arrogant as to believe that Yucca Mountain will remain secure longer than the Moore, and prominent ecologist James Lovelock such facilities are not tempting targets? waste remains toxic, uncertainty over the technol- recently urged fellow environmentalists to take Nuclear advocates and engineers are convinced ogy of waste storage and the risks of transportation another look at nuclear power’s potential benefits, that nuclear power can be made very safe. This has resulted in widespread political opposition in it made headlines. “Suddenly nuclear power is may be true, but, as the MIT study acknowledges, Nevada. Unsurprisingly, Nevada’s senators—nei- looking better,” wrote the Times. no power plant can be made risk free. Of course, ther of whom are by any means radical environ- In fact, the notion that nuclear power is an all technology carries risks. When we drive on an mentalists—have continued to exercise a virtual environmentally friendly option is not new. One of interstate highway, we face the risk of a crash. Yet political veto over siting a waste repository in their the first mainstream statements of this idea came we accept the risk because it is relatively low and state. As a result, our nuclear waste currently from a July 2003 report authored by MIT profes- because the effect of the risk is localized. In con- remains in “spent fuel pools” at nuclear power sors John Deutch and Ernest Moniz titled “The trast, an error in or attack on a nuclear power plant plants like the one at Indian Point, just north of Future of Nuclear Power.” According to the report, can cause long-standing, devastating damage to New York City. the nuclear option should be retained “precisely people and ecosystems. It is not a small, localized That leads us to the problem of nuclear poli- because it is an important carbon-free source of impact—just ask the people who survived tics. Just as no one wants to host the nuclear waste power.” Deutch has stated that “taking nuclear Chernobyl. The risk may be low, but the potential repository, no one wants a nuclear power plant next power off the table as a viable alternative will pre- impact is high. door. This is not an issue of engineering or eco- vent the global community from achieving long-term Then there is the issue of toxicity. Even when nomics, but an issue of politics. In an increasingly gains in the control of carbon dioxide emissions.” power plants function normally, they create poi- crowded and interdependent world, people have It is true that climate change may be the defin- sons. The waste products of nuclear power—spent become more sensitive about land-use and devel- ing environmental issue of our time. We must fuel rods—remain toxic for thousands of years. We opment issues. Indeed, in many parts of the address what Al Gore has called this “inconvenient do not know how to detoxify these waste products, United States, local politics have become dominat- truth.” Yet I do not think that nuclear power is a and despite 20 years of trying, we have not yet ed by such issues. In many cases, environmental feasible solution to the problem—especially here in been able to site a repository anywhere in the justice has reached the political agenda mostly the United States. Nuclear power poses three basic United States to store them. because rich people are better able to defend

14 SIPA NEWS y solution or a 20th-century mistake? By Steven Cohen

themselves against perceived environmental ingly exercised. This local veto is protected by leg- to reducing carbon dioxide emissions will require “insults” than poor people. Put simply, if we’ve islators at all levels of government, and of all ide- the development of new technology. I agree that started having trouble siting Wal-Marts, does any- ological stripes. It is at the core of their power as this need for a technological fix is urgent. The one seriously think that we will be able to site new elected officials—and it is not going away. American government should start a major nuclear power plants? The local veto results from legal traditions and research and development effort to create new

Just as no one wants to host the nuclear waste repository, no one wants a nuclear power plant next door. This is not an issue of engineering or economics, but an issue of politics.

To have any real impact on carbon dioxide a political culture that emphasize individual prop- power sources that are small in scale, decentral- emissions, we would need to build hundreds of erty rights. Recently, the Supreme Court challenged ized, environmentally safe, and buildable in the new nuclear plants in the United States. Although this aspect of American political culture in its deci- political environment we have here in the United this may be technically and financially feasible, sion in Kelo v. The City of New London, in which States in the first decade of the 21st century. the politics are truly impossible in the United the court held that the Connecticut city had the Despite what its advocates claimed, nuclear power States. While France is largely dependent on right to condemn private land as part of an urban never was “too cheap to meter.” The truth is that nuclear power and China may very well become renewal project. But look at what’s happened since nuclear power is a discredited, mid-20th-century dependent on it, the political structures and cul- then: a fierce nationwide backlash, with states mistake. Attempting to repackage an old mistake tures of those nations are very different from those rushing to protect property rights by legislating lim- as new solution is a distraction from the real work of the U.S. Both have highly-centralized and strong its to their own powers of eminent domain. Elected we need to undertake. Instead, we need to put our central governments that have the power to muscle officials know there are no votes in forcing develop- brainpower to work on a way to reduce carbon diox- local concerns aside. ment on a reluctant constituency. ide that can actually be implemented in the United Yet even as a leading player in the global econ- These structural and cultural realities are the States. omy of the 21st century, the United States is still main factors that make nuclear power politically a federation of states that retain the vestiges of infeasible in the U.S. Nuclear advocates argue that, Steven Cohen is the director of the Master of sovereignty. The late Tip O’Neill, the long-time when the lights go out, people will accept nuclear Public Administration Program in Environmental Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, was power. Why wait to find out? Why waste time and Science and Policy at Columbia University’s fond of saying that “all politics is local,” and he effort on a solution to climate change that has no School of International and Public Affairs and wasn’t kidding. In the U.S., localities retain a veto real chance of gaining political traction? executive director of Columbia’s Earth Institute. over development, and as our land fills up with The problem of global climate change is real, more people and projects, that veto will be increas- and it is a crisis. I agree that the ultimate solution

SIPA NEWS 15 AFRICA’S ROAD BUILDERS

CHINA’S GROWING ENERGY NEEDS ARE LEADING IT TO SOME OF THE WORLD’S LEAST STABLE PLACES. BY CARY MCCLELLAND

Chinese relations have become is the fact that 70 percent of all foreign business contracts in Angola involve Chinese corporations. A Chinese chamber of commerce was established there last year. And this year, Angola has surpassed Saudi Arabia to become the top exporter of oil to China. This investment has come with a substantial amount of infrastructure development. Chinese construction companies have built a new airport in Luanda, the capital city, as well as new highways from the capital to prominent mining dis- tricts. While all of these projects are intended to grease the wheels for future Chinese oil exploration in Angola, from the current Angolan perspective, this hardly matters. For a country emerging from decades of civil war, functional roads are good in and of themselves. Perhaps the best example of China’s invest- Chinese construction work- Africa? And do they pose a substantial threat? ment in Angola is the Benguela Railroad. ers have become a ubiqui- At their most basic level, these ambitions are Formerly running from the mineral rich Katanga tous part of the African fundamentally about oil. China’s economy has province in the Congo through Angola to development landscape, averaged more than 9 percent growth in the past Zambia, it was part of a transcontinental railroad referred to by many as three decades, and its population now exceeds that ran all the way from Dar es Salaam to “Africa’s road builders.” 1.3 billion. Johannesburg. Civil wars in Angola and the Today, Chinese firms are With that growth has come a voracious need Congo, along with rampant poverty in Zambia, making some of the most for resources, not the least of which is oil. The destroyed this vital regional lifeline. sizeable contributions to African infrastructure. U.S. Energy Information Administration reports “The Benguela Railroad was basically never They have built roads in Kenya, bridges in that China accounts for 40 percent of the global going to come to life again in our lifetime,” said Rwanda, new train lines and airports in Angola, growth in oil demand over the past four years. It Walter Kansteiner, former Assistant Secretary of and satellites in Nigeria. Their impact can be is the second highest consumer of oil, placing it State on African Affairs. “And lo and behold, the seen in even the most dangerous parts of the con- in direct competition with the number one con- reports are that half of the line from the coast to tinent, where other investors wouldn’t dare to sumer, the United States. the Angola-Congo border is now complete.” tread. Yet it seems that, for the moment, this is a Somewhere between 10,000 and 40,000 Chinese Chinese interest in Africa is not a new phe- contest that China is eager to avoid. China is laborers are responsible for this infrastructure nomenon. On average, Chinese trade with Africa seeking new markets where it won’t be chafing that will reconnect that area of the continent. has doubled each year since 1995, reaching $37 against the West, most notably, the United Yet this kind of reciprocity between China billion in 2006. And its closest business relation- States. and its African trading partners has in other cases ships are with some of Africa’s pariah states— There is no clearer example of this strategy of born much more dubious fruit. including countries with antagonistic relations avoidance than Angola. China had almost no After Nigeria, Sudan is the second largest sup- with the United States. presence in the country until Shell divested itself plier of African oil to the world. Nevertheless, its It should be no surprise that American policy- of its Angolan holdings in 2004. That year, vast supply has remained untapped by many makers are taking note—and some are expressing China purchased $2 billion in Angolan oil; in Western nations, including the United States, concern. 2006, that figure stood at $10 billon. which have forbidden their domestic oil industries But what is driving China’s ambitions in One measure of just how close Angolan- from trading with Sudan, in an effort to punish its

16 SIPA NEWS F THE WORLD’S LEAST STABLE PLACES. BY CARY MCCLELLAND

government for the ongoing genocide in Darfur these problems continue, the more [the Chinese] government are working in concert. and other human rights abuses. solidify their place in those markets.” And indeed, there is a sense that the Chinese China has filled this gap, undermining the As a result, many states experiencing pro- are getting the job done where others can’t or coercive impact of the American sanctions. found diplomatic isolation are turning to China won’t. More than 60 percent of Africans see the Petrochina and Sinopec, two of China’s three as a means of circumventing international sanc- Chinese presence in their countries as positive, major state oil companies, have made substantial tions. Iran, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe are only a according to the Program on International Policy investments in Sudan, and Sudan now supplies few countries whose leadership has found China Attitudes. The fact that the U.S. and Europe fund almost 5 percent of China’s annual oil supply. to be a useful trading partner at times when they an overwhelming majority of the humanitarian In exchange, China has provided Sudan with have few friends in the West. projects in Africa has done little to offset post- much more than roads and rails. Human Rights Nowhere is this dynamic more evident than colonial concerns about Western expansionist Watch, Amnesty International, and Doctors in Zimbabwe, where in 2005, Robert Mugabe tendencies. Without Borders have all documented the use of announced his new “Look East” policy and his China is not only building strong bilateral Chinese military equipment in attacks on the intention to seek trading partners in Asia as a way relationships but has also worked to establish people of Darfur. While the genocide continues, of defying the international and regional coali- support at the regional and international levels, a 4,000 Chinese troops guard the country’s valu- tion allied against him. China has become move that U.S. diplomacy has failed to empha- able oil fields. Mugabe’s biggest supporter. In exchange for size to the same degree. In 2000, it established “In Africa, as elsewhere in the world, the nearly unfettered access to Zimbabwe’s natural the China-Africa Cooperation Forum to promote Chinese government has shown that it is eager to gas, copper, and tobacco, China delivered 12 FC-1 trade and investment in more than 44 countries. embrace dangerous and/or unsavory regimes in fighter jets and 100 other military vehicles to Today, China has become the largest contributor order, among other things, to secure its access to Zimbabwe’s army, undermining a Western arms of the P5 nations to UN peacekeeping missions, oil,” notes Carolyn Bartholomew, vice chairman embargo. including those in Africa. And this winter, Beijing of a Congressional commission reviewing U.S.- The extent of the economic benefits enjoyed hosted the first annual Africa Conference, where China relations in terms of economic and securi- by China’s African partners has been hotly debat- Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and DRC ty concerns. “This strategy gives Chinese state- ed. Critics argue that the impact is all “bricks and President Joseph Kabila were seen in the compa- owned energy companies a competitive advan- mortar,” leaving little else of substance. Profits ny of Hu Jintao. tage over U.S. and other foreign companies from business with China aren’t finding their way In addition to investing in oil and infrastruc- excluded from those markets by altogether justi- to ordinary Africans but are instead frittered away ture, China has invested in a variety of education fied sanctions against unreasonable governments.” by corrupt authoritarian regimes. Others point out and exchange programs that will help spread The official Chinese response to such criticism that China’s insistence on importing its own labor- awareness of Chinese culture and society essentially amounts to, “Business is business, and ers ensures that neither wages nor practical knowl- throughout Africa. According to the Carnegie we try to separate business from politics.” Yet edge are passed on to the population at large— Endowment for Peace, the number of African stu- political leverage in the international arena seems guaranteeing prolonged dependence on a foreign dents in Chinese language programs in China has to be precisely what China can offer unstable power. Meanwhile, markets that open themselves tripled over the last five years. regimes facing international pressure. In to trade with China are often flooded with If China has taken the lead in Africa, perhaps September 2004, China successfully diluted a Chinese manufactured imports, crowding out it is because China’s African strategy is built on U.S.-led resolution to impose international sanc- local products and bankrupting local industries. long-term contracts and generation-long relations on Sudan, protecting their right to Sudanese Others counter that in Tanzania, Nigeria, tionships. It’s a strategy that balances political oil and shielding the regime in Khartoum from Ethiopia, and Uganda, Chinese capital has pro- reality with a focus on partnership and integra- the sting of international pressure. duced tangible benefits in education and social tion—precisely the kind of delicate balance that Bartholomew has noted that China’s ability to programs. the U.S. foreign policy currently seems unable to position itself as a counterbalance to U.S. power In 2006, President Hu Jintao announced that achieve. has allowed it to corner many markets that more China’s official policy is to “provide African scrupulous governments consider “hands off.” countries with aid without any political strings.” Cary McClelland (MIA ’07) is concentrating in She believes this means that it is not in China’s The high degree of state control over Chinese International Security Policy and International Media and interests to confront the human rights abuses firms is seen by many nervous client states as a Communications. within its partners’ borders, given that “the longer guarantee that Chinese business and the Chinese

SIPA NEWS 17 ig business and the environment have rarely been friends. In industries like Bmanufacturing, mining, transportation, and energy, the focus on the bottom line has traditionally been linked to reckless environmental degradation. But Jeffrey Sachs, the head of Columbia’s Earth Institute and a champi- on of sustainable development, wants us to know that business is not, in fact, the villain. Indeed, judging from the discussions taking place through The Earth Institute’s Global Roundtable on Climate Change (GROCC), business seems to be in the vanguard, relatively speaking, of the struggle to contain dangerous emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. “The arithmetic behind the threat is com- pelling,” says Sachs. “Global climate change is a threat that can no longer be ignored.” According to Sachs, it is the self-interested bottom line that is driving businesses to be proactive in dealing with increasingly pressing environmental issues. The Roundtable, started with a grant from Columbia Trustee Gerry Lenfest, provides an open, nonjudgmental forum for large corporations from diverse industries to come together Global Roundtable on with NGOs, religious organizations, government representatives, and scientists. Since its inception in 2004, the group has met twice a year to air Climate Change concerns, ask questions, debate, and, ultimately, come to a consensus on climate change. On February 20, 2007, after more than two years of private discussions, GROCC partici- By Nichole Gomez pants—including corporate heavyweights such as General Electric, Alcoa, Air France, Bayer, Allianz, Citigroup, DuPont, FPL Group, and Volvo—released “The Path to Climate Sustainability: A Joint Statement by the Global Roundtable on Climate Change” at a press conference at Lerner Hall. This statement was remarkable not so much for its content as for the diverse sectors and often competing agendas represented. Tellingly, they all agreed on this much: “Failing to act now would lead to far higher economic and environmental costs and greater risk of irreversible impacts.” “Addressing climate change involves risks and costs,” said Alain Belda, chairman and chief executive officer of Alcoa, the world’s leading producer of aluminum. “But much greater is the risk of failing to act. I am convinced that we can build a global plan of action on climate change in ways that create more economic opportunities than risks. Actually, I believe there is no other option.” GROCC members jointly acknowledge the scientific findings laid out by the Intergovern- mental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and support the objectives of the UN Framework versial. But it is important in bringing more pub- gy for working with them to combat climate Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). licity to the companies and to the issue.” The change with the innovative use of fossil fuels. Furthermore, the joint statement calls on partici- overarching purpose of the GROCC collabora- What they’re good at is technology. We need to pants to engage with governments to set targets tion is to build the momentum of global consen- work with them to develop techniques and tech- for stabilizing carbon dioxide levels in order to sus necessary to capture the political will of poli- nologies to make those resources usable.” prevent anthropogenic (human-caused) climate cymakers. One point made repeatedly during the Another sensitive issue is the question of his- change and to encourage greater global consen- press conference was that the world already has torical responsibility for carbon emissions. The sus on climate policy. the technology and resources needed to stem U.S. is the number one emitter of CO2 and More specifically, the document states: dangerous climate change. However, there still greenhouse gases, and the developed world has “Energy efficiency must play an important role in exists an urgent need to stimulate governments— been responsible for a majority of emissions. these strategies, but long-term success will who are trailing far behind businesses on this However, as developing countries begin to play require a concerted effort to decarbonize the issue—to set in place policies to which organiza- industrial catch-up, and the developed world can global energy system. This means significantly tions can adhere. afford to switch over to more innovative, envi- increasing the use of non-fossil-fuel energy Essentially, the leaders of GROCC see the ronmentally-friendly technologies, there will be sources, significantly raising the energy efficien- joint statement as a first step in “setting an agen- a change in this balance. cy of fossil-fuel power plants through advanced da to influence the global policy debate on cli- “Historical responsibility is a way of empha- technologies, and developing and deploying mate change,” according to Steven Cohen, direc- sizing that we’ve gotten to where we are largely technologies that trap and store the CO2 pro- tor of SIPA’s MPA Program in Environmental based on our emissions,” Brash explains. duced by the fossil fuels that will remain in use.” Science and Policy and executive director of The “Somehow in the allocation of emissions “Those of us in the transportation industry, in Earth Institute. “And Jeff Sachs is great at setting allowances that has to be acknowledged. What particular, face major challenges,” said Leif policy agendas.” are we saying about developing countries’ rights Johansson, chief executive officer of the Volvo Among those agendas is a framework for to develop? You don’t have the right to the same Group. “We know that we are part of the prob- “post-Kyoto policy.” The Kyoto Protocol—an level of development as we enjoy?” lem, but we are also convinced that we are part of amendment to the international treaty on climate During the February press conference, no the solution. This involves everything from car- change that assigns mandatory emission limits to developing countries received more attention bon dioxide–free automotive plants to advanced signatory nations—ends in 2012; world leaders than China and India, the world’s next industrial hybrid technology for heavy vehicles and are already beginning to engage in negotiations powerhouses: indeed, China is set to surpass the engines that can burn a wide range of alternative for the next international accord. U.S. as the biggest CO2 emitter in a matter of fuels.” Beyond continuing to develop the viabili- According to Brash, the Kyoto targets have months. GROCC participants, however, remain ty of alternative energy sources, GROCC points not been as effective as some signatories had firmly optimistic about these countries. to technologies that prevent CO2 build-up in the hoped. Some GROCC participants wanted to Sachs insists that “arithmetic and the global atmosphere. call for lower parts-per-million targets for CO2 survival instinct will prevail” in China and India. The statement supports an option known as emissions, and some even questioned the neces- He and the other panelists stress that these coun- carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) as an sity of any specific targets. There were also tries are very aware of climate issues and are tak- additional approach to decarbonization. “CCS debates on what constitutes a “dangerous rise in ing steps to address these problems early in their technologies that capture CO2 emissions at the global temperature.” developmental arc. source (from a power plant, for example) and Downie explains that policies and technolo- Furthermore, Sachs notes, “When China then sequester them beneath the earth’s surface gies affect business sectors differently, so there is becomes the biggest emitter, the U.S. will say, have been proven technically but need to be often difficulty reaching a consensus on policy. ‘They’re wrecking our climate.’ Politics will demonstrated commercially and at the scale As a result, GROCC has focused on areas where change here when we’re number two.” required to make a significant impact on efforts there is overwhelming agreement in order to And what of the age-old issue of resistance to decarbonize the global energy system,” the leverage the momentum that its influential par- from the business community? Is the situation statement concluded. ticipants are capable of generating together, now really as rosy as GROCC claims? According However, David Downie, director of rather than becoming mired in disagreement. to Sachs, “There’s no concerted opposition any- GROCC, is careful to make clear that the joint One factor that may have allowed GROCC more, no strong rear guard. We’ve passed that statement is not a legally binding document to achieve a relatively wide-ranging consensus is stage. There will be change. requiring specific commitments from the signato- the conspicuous absence from its roster of one ries. “Our meetings are a private forum for the industry: big oil. Nichole Gomez (MIA ’08) is concentrating in International participants to freely ask questions and say, ‘I “For obvious reasons, and in spite of our best Media and Communications. don’t understand or agree with this,’ without the efforts, no oil companies joined GROCC,” says threat of a public backlash,” says Downie. Brash. “Their position is very tricky. They are “They’re trying to be leaders in their fields, and very powerful and influential over policy nation- the point is not for roundtable discussions or ally and internationally and have to be very care- documents to be used against them.” ful of what to ask for.” As such, the content of the joint statement is However, Brash remains hopeful. “Even “nothing that has not been said before,” accord- Exxon no longer denies the existence of climate ing to Kate Brash, manager of GROCC. “It’s all change,” she notes. “The public opinion aspect is widely accepted fact; nothing on paper is contro- of great importance to them and can be a strate- SIPA NEWS 19 U.S. ENERGY SECURITY AND EU CLIMATE POLICY:

The policy dialogue that could be By Albert Bressand

20 SIPA NEWS nergy markets, like few others, are highly sensitive to policy influences, from OPEC production quotas to mandatory standards for consumer Efuels. Two major influences in the present decade are the quest for “energy security” by the United States and the attempt by Europe to spear- head a global fight against harmful climate change. In many ways, both sets of policies are about the role and form of government intervention in energy matters. “Energy security,” however, is not a policy nor even a single, clearly definable objective, but rather a banner—one that is waved by supporters of very different approaches and that obscures the specific objectives being pursued.The same is true of climate policies, especially when pursued by a region that cannot hope to make much of an impact on global climate by itself.

Given this similarity, it should come as no sur- cation of goals followed by a careful examination place and extend to major physical disruption or prise that policy choices faced by the U.S. on the of all of the available policy options, with a clear harm. Such rhetoric thus sets the stage for policy “energy security” front resemble policy choices view of the tradeoffs among competing objec- options that entail higher-than-usual costs and a that the European Union addresses from the tives and resources that they involve. Such more pronounced role for the visible hand of angle of climate change. And in both cases, emo- explicit and dispassionate analysis is easier to government than would be justified by market tions and pressure groups have sometimes stood conduct if one considers the two arenas simulta- forces alone. in the way of rational cost-benefit analysis. neously, focusing on the nature of the policy Clearly, new threats have materialized—wit- Until now, the fact that the U.S. and the EU objectives and options. ness the al-Qaeda attack near the Saudi terminal have looked at the energy scene from these two of Ras Tanura in February 2006. Risks such as very different angles has prevented them from The energy security policy patchwork these are on the mind of every country with a entering into any meaningful dialogue. When policymakers use the term “security” stake in the 17 million barrels of oil that pass Paradoxically, their different experiences could beyond its traditional meaning denoting defense daily through the Strait of Hormuz—of which 13 be a source of mutual learning and of cross-fertil- and military affairs, they usually wish to signal million barrels continue toward the pirate-infest- ization. Constructive change requires the specifi- that the stakes go beyond those of the market- ed Malacca Strait—and it is not a stretch to think

SIPA NEWS 21 of this as an “energy security” issue. Royal Dutch Shell. In developing potential sce- a wholly distinct set of costs can be superim- But the phrase “energy security” is also narios for the future of the global energy indus- posed on market prices. “Risk-capping” policies invoked to justify policies that depart from strict- try, we identified three ways that “energy securi- are comparable to insurance, with clearly identi- ly market-determined resource allocation. ty” can be understood and consequently pursued, fied “risk premiums” to be paid, for instance, in Unfortunately, how well the policies actually each involving a different relationship between the form of infrastructure redundancies and serve net importers’ interests and what the effects the visible hand of the state and the invisible diversification away from high-risk options. are of their departure from market-driven hand of the market. Choices made between these “Interdependence” policies internalize costs into responses are questions that often are answered three approaches reflect policymakers’ deeper market prices and count on endogenous respons- vaguely, if at all. Not infrequently, the result is an views on the extent to which international mech- es to mitigate impact. inefficient patchwork of policies that derive from anisms can be trusted and decisions left to insti- Interestingly, this spectrum of policy options different motivations, develop through different tutional processes, as opposed to binding man- closely resembles those facing Europe as it takes logical pathways, and ultimately relate to no dates. Trust, indeed, is a critical, even if invisible, the lead in promoting policies to fight harmful cli- clear concept of what energy security is really determinant of policy choices. mate change (hereafter, “climate policies”). While about. In a world where trust is scarce, policymakers the risks at stake differ, policymakers face ques- will resort to the visible hand in order to achieve tions similar to those for “energy security”: Can Independence, risk-capping, and interde- certain desired outcomes that they see as more one put trust in institutions and incentives, or pendence compatible with security objectives than would should coercion be brought to bear on market Before arriving at SIPA last year, I headed the happen from normal market mechanisms alone. choices? In theory, the Kyoto Protocol has firmly Global Business Environment department at This can be done in one of two ways. grounded climate policies into the risk-capping Policymakers can pursue categories. But looking at the cost structure of an interventionist and actual climate policies, one can detect an equiva- coercive “energy independ- lent of “independence policies,” whereby a region ence” approach by decid- will treat reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as ing what the market share an absolute and accept superimposing costs of a certain energy source accordingly. True, “carbon independence” contra- should be. Or policymak- dicts physical realities—but one could say the ers in a low-trust scenario same of energy independence, at least for a sophis- can choose “risk-capping” ticated economy like that of the U.S. policies, adopting a more Let us briefly review these three types of market-based approach in “energy security” policies, making explicit what which they act as “portfo- they have in common with “climate policies.” lio managers” who set limits for subordinate fund The absolutes of “energy independence” managers. and “carbon independence” Meanwhile, in a more Net energy importers can be so distrustful of trustful world, policymak- the international system that they aspire to ers’ efforts will go into the retreat into a sort of gated community. Energy creation or strengthening independence is then valued to the point that of institutions supporting domestic energy sources will be developed at the achievement of their costs that will matter little and, if possible, will objectives in a decentral- not be measured. Similarly, countries and ized and cooperative man- activists worried about climate change can be so ner. The emphasis is on distrustful of market incentives that they aspire to providing the framework constrain behaviors and to manage their part of in which market interac- the world as a green island irrespective of ocean- tions can be seen as com- ic tides. The danger in both cases is that the sus- patible with security pension of economic judgment exacts a very high objectives. Such policies cost directly and in the form of pervasive ineffi- can be referred to as “inter- ciencies. dependence policies.” The U.S., for instance, seems ready to man- These three sets of date the use of more ethanol than it can produce policies have distinct while keeping in place prohibitive trade barriers implications for energy against more efficient ethanol producers—this at costs. “Independence” a time when experts and the mass media make no policies look at security as mystery of the limited net energy-value of an absolute, implying that domestic corn-based ethanol. Similarly, on the

22 SIPA NEWS climate front, the EU is signaling its resolve by amount of carbon-emissions rights, with these NGOs are key players in developing internation- mandating that, by 2020, 20 percent of energy rights then freely traded in the market. The al regimes that can sustain trust and interdepend- used in all member countries must come from Clean Development and Joint Implementation ence and can be involved in the development of renewable sources. Considering the lack of major mechanisms enable companies to diversify emis- new institutions such as various transparency ini- hydroelectric projects, this probably would sion reduction projects well beyond their own tiatives. involve sextupling the nonhydro renewable ener- narrow set of opportunities. In practice, however, Equivalent steps are more difficult to articu- gy supply—in practice increasing wind, solar, too many implementation modalities are at odds late for climate policies, since the very creation and sustainable biomass—from 2 percent to 14 with the original policy concept. (Problems of markets for carbon-emission rights can be per- percent of total EU energy use. Such a move come notably from the noninclusion of many ceived as a government intervention. But the would require the creation of production capaci- sectors, notably transportation, from generous U.S. has played a pioneering role in setting up ties two times as large as the total hydro energy “grandfathering” clauses, from the ambiguity in such markets for domestic pollutants, is engaged capacities of the EU today, in addition to the “baseline” and “additionality” criteria used to with China and India in joint technology initia- massive backup capacity needed for wind and assess reductions, and from opportunistic use of tives that could be made more significant, and solar (close to 90 percent in some countries). Not “Clean Developemnt Mechanisms” by some could catalyze the much-needed transformation only would this call for rates of deployment well recipient countries.) of Kyoto into a genuine, market-driven risk man- beyond present levels of social acceptance, but it Capping becomes more discretionary and agement tool. would also lead to a whole park of “white ele- trading distorted, reproducing some of the ineffi- How to restore the trust needed for such poli- phants” feeding on the dead trees of cost-benefit ciencies of the “independence” policy approach. cies to succeed could be a central topic in a revi- analyses. The benefits of an overall market price reference, talized U.S.-EU dialogue embracing both energy as assessed on the “carbon market,” are then lost security and climate change. The U.S. could help Capping risk: policymakers as portfolio managers The second policy option is for governments to trust markets to allocate resources efficiently, In a world where trust is scarce, policymakers will subject to measures limiting what bankers would call “system risk,” namely, risk so ubiquitous that resort to the visible hand in order to achieve certain individuals cannot diversify it away. Diver- sification and risk mitigation play a key role in desired outcomes that they see as more compatible such an approach, and policy alternatives are with security objectives than would happen from evaluated and compared. Governments then behave like portfolio managers, setting limits on normal market mechanisms. the risks their countries should take to keep vulnerabilities below the level that would jeop- ardize their security. in an ocean of specific and overlapping measures, the EU avoid the pitfalls of policies that could Capping risk for energy security can take the many of which would not stand the light of cost- end up looking like the pursuit of “carbon inde- form of limits set on dependence from one sup- benefit comparisons. pendence.” Meanwhile, agribusiness lobbies per- plier (as Spain and Italy do for their dependence mitting, the EU might help the U.S. multilateral- on Algerian or Russian gas) and of encourage- Making interdependence work: the institu- ize the search for “energy security.” Policies high ments for diversification. Risk mitigation can tional agenda on emotions and symbols but lacking in cost- limit how much diversification is required. Of the three ways in which governments can benefit analysis could then give way to a joint Strategic Petroleum Reserves are used, for exam- make their influence felt, the most promising one search for the institutions that today’s interde- ple, so that importing countries can have the from an efficiency perspective is interdepend- pendence is still lacking. time to deal with major supply interruptions. ence. Similarly, the International Energy Agency (IEA) To mitigate the risks of their energy suppliers Albert Bressand is professor in the professional practice of has identified demand management policies that turning against them, buyer countries can public affairs and director of the Center for Energy, Marine could be put in place temporarily to mitigate the increase the level of interdependence by finding Transportation and Public Policy at Columbia University. impact of serious disruption. For a relatively small additional ways to engage with producers, cost, a number of energy-using installations can notably to accelerate the diversification of their also be configured to be able to switch fuels, and economies. Such is the attempt of the EU as it networks can be made more resilient to disrup- engages Russia, not very successfully at this tions. stage, in discussions about the adoption of com- In the case of climate policies, risk-capping mon principles summarized in an Energy was the chosen policy at the 1992 Rio summit. Charter. Such is also the approach of Saudi Drawing insights from U.S. markets in sulfur- Arabia as it hosts and supports—so far with more emission rights, the Kyoto Protocol attempted to limited impact than could be envisioned—the limit governments to “capping” the global International Energy Forum. Companies and

SIPA NEWS 23 CrudeCrude By Monique Mugnier CharityCharity Will Chavez’s brand of populism push Venezula to the brink?

he intended message of President ed him from reaching out to the American people, Bush’s March trip to Latin America through low-cost shipments of Venezuelan oil and could not have been simpler: We care. other services targeted to the poor. “The trip is to remind people that we Analysts argue that providing cheap oil to low- care,” Bush remarked upon leaving. “We income Americans is another one of Chavez’s T care about your plight.” attempts to embarrass the Bush administration. The trip was also designed to send But whether they are acts of charity or political another message. After years of witnessing an jabs, Americans are benefiting from the transac- explosion of anti-American sentiment in Latin tions. America and the burgeoning influence of In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Chavez Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez, the Bush administration offered to send discounted oil to victims through a decided it was time for a public relations offensive surviving Citgo refinery in Louisiana, aid workers to in the region to counter Chavez’s socialist populism the beleaguered Gulf Coast, and free eye surgery to with a call for more free market capitalism and Americans without health care. democratic governance. In November 2005, Venezuela signed an agree- Chavez, for his part, was unimpressed. ment with the state of Massachusetts to sell heat- “It is an offensive destined to the abyss of failing oil at 40 percent below market value. A year ure,” he said. later, it expanded the distribution to other states in It is no secret that Chavez and President Bush the northeast, including Maine, Rhode Island, New have been at odds for years—a fact made clear dur- York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. ing Chavez’s September 2006 speech at the UN, Receiving aid from Venezuela puts places like when he referred to Bush as “the Devil.” these in unexpected company. Chavez has used his Yet Chavez’s disdain for Bush has not prevent- country’s massive oil profits to fund social welfare

24 SIPA NEWS In November 2005, Venezuela signed an agreement with the state of Massachusetts to sell heating oil at 40 percent below market value. A year later, it expanded the distribution to other states in the northeast, including Maine, Rhode Island, New York, yy Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

initiatives for Venezuela’s Latin American neigh- is growing, contributing to a high inflation rate as “The experience of Latin America shows that bors. His desire to inherit the symbolic leadership the gap between the official price and the real these kinds of populist experiments which lack of Latin American revolutionary socialism from market price widens. In February, Chavez issued a transparency and accountability are not sustain- Fidel Castro has prompted particular generosity stern warning to grocery store owners who were able,” said Thomas Trebat, executive director of toward Cuba. Venezuelan oil money provides free flouting federal price controls. SIPA’s Institute of Latin American Studies. While tuition, room, and board to the 10,000 students at “If they remain committed to violating the the economy is stable at present (dollar reserves at Cuba’s Latin American School of Medical Science. interests of the people, the constitution, the laws, the central bank total more than $35 billion), it Graduating doctors are then sent to work in I’m going to take the food storage units, corner will not last long if the funds are not handled more Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua and stores, supermarkets and nationalize them,” responsibly. Pakistan. Cuba also receives approximately Chavez warned during a TV broadcast. “So prepare “They’re wasting the greatest bonanza in the 100,000 barrels of oil per day from Venezuela yourselves!” history of the country,” Trebat added. practically free of charge. In February, Condoleezza Rice told the media Chavez is now looking to take over the invest- Since Chavez’s reelection to the Venezuelan that “Chavez is destroying his country.” ments of foreign oil companies in Venezuela’s presidency in December 2006, government spend- Overspending and falling oil prices will make it Orinoco Belt, including Chevron, Exxon Mobil, ing on social programs—funded by the country’s increasingly difficult for Chavez to meet the pub- Conoco Phillips, and BP. He also wants to buy at rich oil and gas industry—has continued to rise. lic’s expectations at home and to follow through on least a 60 percent stake in four other projects that Yet these attempts to ease the burden on the the foreign aid he has promised to countries such convert the heavy, tarry crude into synthetic oil. Venezuelan poor are beginning to show signs of as Ecuador and Nicaragua. The Venezuelan presi- In January 2007, the International Energy strain on the market. Over the past several years, dent directly controls an increasingly large amount Agency said that nationalizing could seriously the government has slapped price caps on nearly of money built up through diverted oil revenues impact foreign investment interests in Venezuela 400 staple items, including milk, sugar, meat, and and funds from the central bank’s reserve. and thwart its efforts to increase oil production. cooking oil. Despite government subsidies to food Venezuela’s annual inflation rate became the For now, the road ahead—is still unsure. suppliers, a rash of shortages has hit the nation. highest in Latin America this January, reaching Meat must be sold below cost and has become 18.4 percent and exceeding the official target by Monique Mugnier (MIA ’07) is concentrating in scarce in many supermarkets. On February 7, almost eight percentage points. If inflation contin- Economic and Political Development and 2007, authorities discovered seven tons of sugar ues to grow at this rate, it will reach 27 percent by International Media and Communications. in a warehouse in Caracas that vendors had been January 2008. Public spending has more than hoarding. They “were unwilling to market the sugar doubled since the beginning of 2004 on projects at the official price,” reports Natalie Pearson of the for bridges, highways, trains, subways, museums, Associated Press. The black market for food items and soccer stadiums.

SIPA NEWS 25 IRAQ’S OIL POLITICS Amid the violence and uncertainty, a fierce struggle is under way for control of the country’s vast energy resources. By Justin Vogt ne year after graduating from SIPA in 2005, Christine Weydig found herself in a place unlike any she had ever seen, a place she never dreamed she would wind up Oin: Baghdad. After a year spent working as a Presidential Management Fellow in the U.S. Department of Energy, Weydig took an opportunity to become an energy officer in the economic section of the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad. In this role, she became a key member of a team of Americans working with the Iraqi government on a project that will have major implications for the future of Iraq—drafting a new hydrocarbon law to regulate the country’s oil and gas industry. At SIPA, Weydig had concentrated in International Energy Management and Policy S (IEMP). “The energy concentration was really robust and I enjoyed it,” Weydig recalled during a recent phone interview from her office in Baghdad. “But Iraq is a conflict zone, and I don’t know that any program could have prepared me for this.”

Even within the relatively secure International seems conducive to effective diplomacy. “When Council of Representatives—will not only deter- Zone anchored by the massive U.S. Embassy, the you go to see Iraqi ministry officials, you go in a mine how revenues from Iraq’s oil and gas sectors environment that greeted Weydig in Baghdad convoy of armored vehicles with guys with big will be collected and distributed but will also reg- was a far cry from Washington. guns,” she explained. These intense security pre- ulate the role of foreign investors and internation- “I live in a trailer, and we’re all on top of one cautions, though surely justified, “make it really al oil companies in Iraq. another,” she explained. “There’s concertina wire difficult to interact with your counterparts.” While the Bush administration has hailed the and concrete T-walls everywhere. You really can’t Such difficult interactions were at the heart of new law as a sign of increasing political unity, leave the International Zone unless you’re with a American efforts to persuade the various regional critics have pointed out that on a number of cru- personal security detail. And there are bombs and sectarian blocs that constitute Iraq’s govern- cial issues, the law is extremely ambiguous, creat- going off every day. Even if they’re not that close ing coalition to agree on a new hydrocarbon law. ing the potential for future clashes over regulato- to you, it doesn’t make you feel particularly safe.” The law—which was approved by Iraq’s Council ry and fiscal authority. Others have complained Weydig described an environment that hardly of Ministers in February and now faces the that the law offers international oil companies and foreign investors too much influence over how it did was that there was a lot of pressure are required. Both are necessary.” In other words, Iraq’s energy policies. from the U.S. side, specifically from [former U.S. as far as U.S. oil companies and their allies in the In this way, the hydrocarbon law taps into Ambassador to Iraq] Zalmay Khalilzad,” Bush administration were concerned, the passage two themes that loom large in the history of Iraq: explained Saad Rahim, an analyst at PFC Energy. of a new law could not wait for an improvement the struggle to maintain central authority and the For the Bush administration, a new hydrocar- in the security situation. ever-present specter of foreign domination. With bon law is essential for preventing the disintegra- After months of intense negotiations, the a vote in Parliament expected at the end of May, tion of Iraq along regional and sectarian lines. Iraqi Council of Ministers approved a draft of the it seems that the debate over the law may inflame Achieving that goal depends on the ability of the law on February 26 and announced that the the very divisions its supporters hope it will even- central government to control oil and gas rev- Council of Representatives (sometimes called the tually quell. enues but at the same time distribute them in a Parliament) would be required to vote on it by Sometimes it seems that even for the war’s manner acceptable to political leaders in the the end of May. Among other things, the draft fiercest critics and firmest supporters, the issue of regions where Iraq’s main reserves are primarily law stipulates that the federal government will oil—once a lightning rod in the debate over located. In the north, Kurdish leaders hope to collect all oil revenues and distribute them to the Iraq—has been lost amid the vast ocean of dis- preserve as much of their current autonomy as regions on the basis of population. carded illusions and false promises that have possible. In the south, Shia factions—particular- The Bush administration seized on this aspect come to define the American invasion and occu- ly Abdul Aziz Hakim’s SCIRI party—are wary of of the law. White House spokesman Tony Snow pation. Consider the Congressional testimony empowering any central authority, even one in called the law a “key linchpin” in Iraq’s recovery. given just one week after the invasion began by In a statement, Ambassador Khalilzad said that then Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz. by approving the draft law, “Iraq’s communities With a naïve confidence that would seem almost have demonstrated that they can pull together to poignant were it not for its tragic implications, resolve difficult issues of vital national impor- Wolfowitz patiently explained that thanks to the Most observers tance.” massive oil revenues that would soon pour in, Indeed, most analysts agree that the redistrib- post-Saddam Iraq would be “a country that can believe the law will ution element does represent a significant devel- really finance its own reconstruction, and rela- opment. tively soon.” “Six months or a year ago, in earlier versions Of course, things didn’t quite work out that win passage, but of the law, they were talking about much more way. Like everything else in the country, the oil regional control,” says Greg Priddy, an energy sector soon fell victim to the rapid deterioration doubts linger about its analyst with Eurasia Group. According to Priddy, of security in Iraq. the shift to more central authority represents a Before the first Gulf War in 1991, Iraq was long-term feasibilty. “huge change.” capable of consistently producing and exporting For Christine Weydig and her colleagues at more than 3 million barrels of oil per day. Output the U.S. Embassy, the draft law represents the declined during the sanctions regime imposed culmination of their efforts to help a fractious between the 1991 war and the 2003 invasion, Iraqi governing coalition come together on an peaking at 2.5 million barrels per day. Today, the which Shia factions have a major stake. issue of major importance. country generally produces just 2.1 million bar- “This issue wasn’t really determined by the “It was a very difficult series of negotiations,” rels per day and usually exports far less. Pipeline necessities of the energy sector as much as by the says Weydig. “The breakthrough was that the sabotage has become a staple tactic of insurgent political necessities of the Americans and the sides were able to reach a political agreement.” groups, especially in Sunni areas. In the south, Iraqis,” said Rahim. “It came down to persuading Yet, as the Bush administration calls attention radical Shia militias and corrupt government offi- the Kurds and SCIRI to compromise.” to the redistribution mechanisms created by the cials profit from lucrative oil-smuggling opera- But important economic factors were also at law, other aspects have drawn fire. tions that further weaken productivity. Since play. The Bush administration had long promised One of the main problems is that the Iraqi more than 95 percent of Iraq’s federal budget is that foreign investment would pour into post- government has not made an official version of dependent on oil revenues, the slowdown in oil Saddam Iraq, a promise made not only to the the draft law available, in either Arabic or production and exports is crippling an already Iraqis but also to international energy companies English. A number of documents appeared on the hobbled government. eager to see Iraq’s lucrative oil fields opened up Internet before and after the announcement, but The seemingly insurmountable challenge of for exploration and production—and perhaps it was almost impossible to verify their authentic- rebuilding the energy sector in a country even outright ownership. After meeting with sen- ity or accuracy. Key terms and language varied wracked by violence did not prevent the United ior executives from U.S. oil companies, Energy from one “leaked” version to another, adding to States from pressuring the Iraqi government to Secretary Samuel Bodman traveled to Baghdad the confusion regarding the law’s contents. establish a new law governing hydrocarbons. last summer to relay a message to the Iraqis. Eventually, almost two weeks after the initial From the moment Iraq’s first democratically- At a press conference, Bodman shared what approval by the Council of Ministers, the elected government took office in 2005, the U.S. U.S. oil executives had told him: “There are a lot Kurdistan Regional Government posted what it insisted that passage of a new hydrocarbon law of reserves there, but we cannot think about described as an “authorized version” of the law on become one of its chief priorities. investing. We want a more secure environment its Web site. “The reason the law came out when it did and and the establishment of a hydrocarbon law. Both To ABC News correspondent Miguel

28 SIPA NEWS Marquez (MIA ’98), who has reported from future date. The Council will then review all pro- guity means that “every contract that gets nego- Baghdad on numerous assignments, this situation posed contracts on new developments to make tiated will have the potential to cause the coun- was all too familiar. “It’s very hard to tell what’s sure they are in compliance with the as-yet try to split. That’s a little bit of an overstatement, truth and reality in Iraq,” says Marquez. unwritten model contracts, relying on the advice but not much. On every contract there’ll be an “Sometime the government claims there has been of a panel of independent advisors made up of oil issue of ‘Who gets what?’ ‘Who has oversight?’ a vote, then they shut off the cameras and no one and gas experts. The law allows these experts to and ‘Who collects the fees?’ Every one of these is ever really sure if there was a vote or not. I was be “Iraqis or foreigners,” leading some critics to issues will be reopened and redebated with each there when the constitution was drafted, and as I charge that it would give non-Iraqis too much contract.” remember there were numerous drafts of it and influence over contracts. Oil and gas investments in emerging markets we could never quite figure out which was the Similar concerns have been raised regarding require a certain level of confidence in the long- official draft.” the composition of the Council itself, which in term prospects for profit. According to Greg Despite this degree of uncertainty regarding addition to members of the central and regional Priddy, even if the security situation in Iraq the law’s contents, what is clear is that the new governments will include an unspecified number improves and the government manages to win law would create an energy sector in Iraq starkly of “Chief Executives of important related petrole- approval of the new hydrocarbon law, interna- different from those in most of its Persian Gulf um companies,” as well as “a representative from tional investors and oil companies may hesitate neighbors, in which oil contracts and revenues each Producing Governorate not included in a to enter the country’s energy sector for fear that are typically controlled by a nationalized oil Region.” The term “important related petroleum a future Iraqi government will not be able to company, such as Saudi Aramco or the Kuwait companies” seems highly ambiguous, and some withstand popular opposition to the law, should Oil Company. What’s more, the law contains a critics contend that a broad interpretation of this it be perceived as unfair. number of controversial provisions regarding clause will allow representatives from interna- “The concern is, as unpopular as this law is who will have authority over contracts to devel- tional oil companies to have a role in reviewing going to be with the population there, as an op new oil and gas fields. the contracts, which would create conflicts of investor, how confident are you that some future Under the new law, the Iraqi National Oil interest and the appearance of undue foreign government isn’t going to reappropriate every- Company (INOC) would continue to control all influence. thing?” Priddy asks. “Even if security improves to of Iraq’s existing oil and gas fields. Also, all rev- Also contentious is the term “Producing the point where you can bring ex-pat engineers enue from oil sales—whether generated by exist- Governorate,” which is defined as “any Iraqi into Iraq, there’s this question: What do you ing fields or new fields—would go into a single Governorate that produces Crude Oil and natu- think about the future of the legal regime, and do national account controlled by the Oil Ministry. ral gas continually on rates [sic] more than one you think you can pour billions of dollars into However, regional governments (such as the hundred and fifty thousand (150,000) barrels a development based on ownership rights and be Kurdistan region) would be allowed to sign con- day.” Raed Jarrar, an Iraq analyst at the liberal confident that the Iraqis are going to honor those tracts with foreign companies (or Iraqi oil com- think tank Foreign Policy in Focus, argues that rights 30 years from now?” panies other than INOC) for the exploration and this excludes a majority of Iraq’s governorates, While international investors and oil compa- development of new fields. most of which have few substantial oil or gas nies may have their eyes on the long term, the But the law does not specify what type of con- reserves. Bush administration, the Iraqi government, and tracts the regional governments or oil companies “This means someone from the Diwaniya, or the Iraqi people will be intensely focused on the would be permitted to sign. This leaves open the Diyala, or Anbar will not have anyone represent- short-term fate of the new oil and gas law. possibility that contracts on new fields could take ing him or her on the Council,” says Jarrar, who Developments in the coming weeks and months the form of production-sharing agreements. In a also believes the law would allow executives from will determine whether the law represents a gen- production-sharing agreement, a foreign compa- foreign oil companies to sit on the Council. “If I uine step toward political unity in a country ny can maintain an ownership stake in the oil or am in one of those places, I will not have a say descending into civil war, or whether it will serve gas itself, while it is still underground. The com- about who should get a contract or where the as just the latest in a procession of tragic disap- pany is then able to count this oil or gas as an money should go, but someone who goes repre- pointments that has shaped post-invasion Iraq’s owned asset, a practice known as “booking senting Shell or ExxonMobil will have a say.” short but bloody history. reserves.” If a perception develops that the law favors “Most of the largest reserve holders are off some regions or groups over others, or that it Justin Vogt (MIA ’07) is the co-editor of SIPA limits to foreign equity ownership—they’re not offers non-Iraqis a high degree of influence over News and is concentrating in International under production-sharing contracts where com- energy policy, it could face public opposition Security Policy. panies can put reserves on them,” explains energy that might make it harder to win passage in the analyst Greg Priddy. “The Iraqi law would offer Council of Representatives in May. Most observers them the opportunity to do that. So it’s very believe the law will win passage, but doubts attractive to them, much more attractive than linger about its long-term feasibility. most other Persian Gulf countries where oppor- “It’s going to meet opposition, but I think it tunities are more limited.” will pass Parliament,” says Saad Rahim of PFC Adding to the ambiguity about future con- Energy. “But that’s not the real issue. The real hurdle tracts, the law creates a new authority known as will be the implementation. Getting this imple- the Federal Council on Oil and Gas, which will mented is going to be a nightmare, frankly.” be required to draft “model contracts” at some According to Rahim, the law’s strategic ambi-

SIPA NEWS 29 A PIPELINEOne family’s quest to send oil through the THROUGH THE “tinderbox” of Europe BALKANS? By Andrew Monahan

30 SIPA NEWS n oil pipeline through the war-torn very cynical, I’ll be the first to admit,” his son said The third trans-Balkan proposal is a northern Balkans sounds at first like a very bad idea. recently, “but it happens to have worked.” route known as the Pan-European Oil Pipeline AMacedonian-American Gligor Tashkovich In 1994, Vuko established AMBO PPL, the (PEOP), a refinery supply pipeline that would certainly thought so when his father, Vuko Albanian-Macedonian-Bulgarian Oil Company carry oil from the Romanian Black Sea port of Tashkovich, proposed just that in 1994. But that would build the pipeline. Two years later, Constanta to Trieste, Italy. Since it would not be Gligor soon came around to his father’s idea. This Vuko died of cancer. “He made me promise on an export pipeline like AMBO or Burgas- would eventually make him an important player his deathbed that I should only build the project Alexandroupolis, PEOPL is not considered a in the contentious sphere of international energy if it was meant to be,” Gligor said, “and not to do direct competitor. The real race is between politics. It would also make him heir to a long- it for him, for his memory.” AMBO and Burgas-Alexandroupolis. held family dream. By this time, Gligor and his mother Stefanie, Gligor Tashkovich, 41, holds an MBA from The chain of connections catalyzed by his who became chief executive officer of AMBO Cornell and previously served as an AMBO exec- father’s seemingly outlandish business venture upon inheriting her husband’s shares in the com- utive. He was appointed minister for foreign linked him more directly than he could have pany, were fully committed to the project. They investment for the Republic of Macedonia after imagined to the struggle of his grandfather and had come to see that cash-backed demand in the Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski of the center- namesake, a Macedonian senator who led the global marketplace has a way of trumping appar- right VMRO-DPMNE came to power in July Democratic Agrarian Party and fought for a dem- ent incongruity—even the incongruity of an oil 2006. Although he speaks regularly with his ocratic, capitalist Balkans. It would bring the pipeline running through one of the world’s most mother and shares her interest in seeing AMBO Pound Ridge, New York–raised Gligor back to volatile regions. They also understood that succeed, Tashkovich claims that they no longer the land his grandfather and father had fled, increasing oil output in the greater Caspian Sea speak in detail about the project, so as to avoid where he would become minister for foreign region made a trans-Balkan pipeline an economic accusations of a conflict of interest. investment in a youthful, forward-looking gov- and geographic inevitability. In his former role as AMBO executive and ernment bent on bringing entrepreneurs like the In heading west to Europe and the United current position as a Macedonian minister, Tashkoviches back home. States, much of the oil from the greater Caspian Tashkovich has stressed the cheaper tariffs and That home was shattered first by World War Sea region—southern Russia, Kazakhstan, and shorter overall transport time to the EU and U.S. II and then by the descent of the Iron Curtain. Azerbaijan—now passes first by pipeline or rail markets expected on the AMBO pipeline. But After the war, the elder Gligor escaped to through the Caucuses to the Black Sea, where it AMBO has yet to secure the $400 million equity America with the help of the International is loaded onto chartered oil tankers. To reach the investment needed to begin construction. Rescue Committee, which was assisting demo- Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, these By contrast, the Burgas-Alexandroupolis proj- cratic leaders in the Balkans who faced political tankers must cross the Black Sea and then pass ect enjoys the financial support of cash-flush persecution. Once in New York, he remarried. through Istanbul and the narrow Bosporus Strait, Russian energy company Gazprom and pipeline Through a fortuitous connection of his wife’s which cuts through Istanbul. Turkish environ- company Transneft. Russian president Vladimir family, he was able to convince Eleanor Roosevelt, mental concerns raise questions about the long- Putin visited Greece in March to give his official then the American spokesperson at the United term viability of high-volume tanker traffic blessing to the project. Nations, to write to Yugoslav leader Josip Broz through the crucial Bosporus link. The United States does not officially endorse Tito, asking him to reunite families reestablished “The Turks will not allow more shipments any of the trans-Balkan pipeline projects, taking in America with relatives who were left behind in through the Bosporus—one accident is one too the position that the market should decide which Yugoslavia. Through this circuitous turn of many for them, understandably,” said Dr. gets built. According to Dr. Blank, from a strate- events, Vuko was reunited with his father Gligor Stephen Blank, an expert on the region at the gic standpoint the United States would “like to in New York in 1958. Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War see all those pipelines operating.” Nonetheless, in Vuko established himself as a succesful archi- College, in a recent telephone interview. A trans- the strategic calculus of great power politics, the tect and builder and became an active member of Balkan pipeline connecting the Black Sea to the United States implicitly endorses AMBO, not the Macedonian community in America. A sup- Adriatic would bypass the problem of delays in Burgas-Alexandroupolis. This implicit endorse- porter of a pluralistic, peaceful Balkans, he was the congested Bosporus, saving oil companies an ment is, after all, the glue that makes Vuko deeply shaken by the war in Bosnia in the early estimated $1 billion a year on shipping costs. Tashkovich’s security bulwark idea stick. 1990s. Macedonia was a multiethnic country just The AMBO pipeline would begin at the U.S. endorsement, whether explicit or implic- like Bosnia had been, and he feared that violent Bulgarian Black Sea port of Burgas and cross west it, has proven crucial in other oil pipeline proj- civil conflict could also seize his homeland and through Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Albania before ects. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline, split it apart. He began looking for a project that terminating at the Albanian Adriatic Sea port of which began transporting oil in May 2006, con- would promote Macedonian security and hit upon Vlore. A rival Russia-backed project, the Burgas- nects the southern Caspian port of Baku, in the idea of a southern Balkans oil pipeline running Alexandroupolis pipeline, would also start at Azerbaijan, with the Mediterranean port of through Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Albania. In this Burgas but would carry oil south through Bulgaria Ceyhan in Turkey. project, he saw a reason for America to care about and Greece to the Greek Aegean Sea port of Shirley Neff, president and CEO of the the territorial integrity of Macedonia. “It sounds Alexandroupolis. Washington, D.C.–based Association of Oil Pipe

SIPA NEWS 31 of a federal binational state and are pessimistic if Tashkovich and the new government succeed, about its future.” This is due largely to political one thing is certain. Increased stability would conflict within Macedonia between ethnic help Macedonia move beyond its troubled past Albanians and ethnic Macedonians. Bardos relat- and would facilitate cross-border projects like ed a joke about the Macedonian government AMBO that could further solidify the country’s controlling “the capital and the road to the air- sovereignty. For Tashkovich, these changes port and that’s about it.” promise to help quell regional conflict, establish Asked about such views during a recent trip to peace, and vindicate his grandfather’s claim that New York, Tashkovich replied: “I’d advise these the Balkans needed more democracy and free scholars to come visit Macedonia. It’s changed a markets. “He was a little early with his ideas,” lot in the last six months; this new government Tashkovich said, “but now his grandson is seeing has changed a lot of things.” them through.” Much hinges on the sustainability of these changes. Bardos is a friend of Tashkovich and has Andrew Monahan (MIA ’07) is concentrating in Gligor Tashkovich helped to build strong ties between the Harriman International Security Policy and International Media and Lines and an adjunct lecturer at SIPA, said in a Institute and Macedonia’s top government offi- Communications. recent interview that “the only reason that the cials, many of whom have spoken at SIPA. But BTC pipeline exists is that the United States sup- the enthusiasm Bardos has for the upbeat new ported it.” leadership is tempered by his “concern over But although it may be necessary, U.S. sup- whether the structural situation Macedonia is port is not sufficient. Investors require security confronting is going to overwhelm its best laid assurances that host countries can protect the plans.” sabotage-prone pipelines into which their assets This situation is fraught with domestic com- must flow before any oil does. In a recent inter- plexities like the positioning of ethnic Albanian view, Balkans expert Gordon Bardos of Columbia parties, and will be greatly affected by the out- University’s Harriman Institute said that “many come of the independence movement of the scholars see Macedonia moving in the direction Albanian population in neighboring Kosovo. But

32 SIPA NEWS

INSIDE SIPA

A Legacy to Be Proud Of By Rob Garris

n 1996, there were 21 full-time faculty members at the School of International and Public Affairs. Twenty-five years had passed Isince the last classroom renovations. Students chained their bicy- cles to stairway banisters in the lobby. There was no admissions office; the Office of Career Services occupied two small rooms on the 14th floor. Two degree programs, the Master of International Affairs and the Master of Public Administration, operated almost completely inde- pendently of one another, with no faculty or student interaction.

The following year Lisa Anderson was appoint- extensive connections in the academic and policy Dean Anderson with former New York City mayor ed dean, and with fearless determination and an worlds outside Morningside Heights. She earned David N. Dinkins always-present sense of humor, she transformed her PhD in political science at Columbia in 1981, the School. SIPA now offers six degree programs in writing a dissertation on state formation in North in my entire time as a graduate student. It’s like a much-improved, though very crowded, building. Africa. She ventured north after graduation, teach- going to school every day.” A large and distinguished department with more ing at Harvard for five years before returning to Her fans would say that she learned well, than 60 faculty members is actively involved in Columbia in 1986 as an associate professor. She strengthening the School in ways that have pre- governance, research, and teaching at the School, sharpened her skills as a leader at Columbia by pared it for the challenges of the 21st century. and a very busy admissions office handles thou- serving as the director of the Middle East Institute Among her many accomplishments was the cre- sands of applications each year for coveted spots and as chair of the political science department, ation of the Global Public Policy Network (GPPN), in each incoming class. but neither of those roles presented challenges or which connects some of the most prestigious grad- Lisa Anderson came to the deanship at SIPA rewards comparable to leading SIPA. Anderson uate public policy schools around the world. “In a with considerable experience at Columbia and says, “I learned more in my ten years at SIPA than decade or so, the creation of the GPPN will be viewed as a transformative event in SIPA’s coming of age on the world scene—and it will be properly credited to Lisa’s deft blending of visionary leadership with determined diplomacy,” says Kenneth Prewitt, chair of the Department of International and Public Affairs at Columbia. That transformation is already under way. Professor Rodolfo de la Garza, who was an exchange professor this spring at SIPA’s partner school in Paris, Sciences Po, had to adapt his teaching on immigration policy for a European student body. Anna della Valle, who teaches one of SIPA’s core economics courses, is reworking her assignments in preparation for this summer, when she will teach the economics unit in a mid- career training program for Chinese government officials, offered jointly in Beijing by GPPN partners—the London School of Economics and Political Science, Sciences Po, and SIPA. “As Dean Anderson with Madeleine Albright, former secretary of state, and Professor Richard Betts, director of the faculty teach and conduct research at our partner Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies

SIPA NEWS 33 INSIDE SIPA

Confident that SIPA’s style of education would Sustainable Development.” Whether volunteering appeal to working professionals, Dean Anderson at student fund-raising events, enjoying the stu- accepted the challenge. Under the leadership of dents’ annual Follies, where she is often unmerci- William Eimicke, whom she appointed to run the fully satirized, hosting new faculty for dinners at Picker Center, an executive MPA degree and sev- her home, or attending baby showers for staff, she eral nondegree executive training programs have is actively involved in the day-to-day life of the flourished. School. Recognizing that with better funding, the out- In her ten years as dean, Lisa Anderson has standing faculty of the Institute of War and Peace developed a reputation as someone with the Studies could undertake a much more ambitious courage to confront difficult, complicated, and program of research and outreach, Anderson per- controversial problems. When faced with a vocal suaded Arnold A. Saltzman, CC ’36, a longtime student insurrection about the Western biases of friend of SIPA, to endow the Institute in 2003. the School’s core curriculum, Anderson spent “Ambassador Saltzman is a sharp and demand- months working directly with student leaders, and ing donor,” said Professor Richard Betts, the direc- at the 2005 graduation that year exhorted them to Dean Anderson with Afghan President Hamid Karzai tor of the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace “never be satisfied, to be both tolerant of what is Studies. “Dean Anderson’s straightforward but and impatient for what might be better.” schools in Europe, Asia, and Latin America, they skillful reasoning convinced him to provide the She has hosted human rights activists who had bring new perspectives to their work at SIPA,” venerable but threadbare Institute of War and been imprisoned in their home countries and said Anderson. “The GPPN is more than a collec- Peace Studies with an endowment 50 years after heads of state who have been criticized by Human tion of student study abroad programs; it’s an its founding.” Rights Watch, where she served as a board mem- international effort to define a global curriculum Other initiatives undertaken by the dean ber for more than a decade. Anderson has used her and research agenda for public policymakers,” addressed a number of critical physical needs of position as dean to encourage students and facul- says Anderson. The experience of launching and the School. Year after year, she tackled major ty to engage in critical dialogue with all parties in administering the GPPN inspired Anderson to space and structural problems in the building— global public policy debates, bringing to SIPA write her latest book, Pursuing Truth, Exercising sometimes seeming to shake the building to its speakers and visiting faculty including Egyptian Power (Columbia University Press, 2003), which foundations. Each of these projects was a signifi- political activist Saad Eddin Ibrahim, the first del- explores the interactions between policymakers cant undertaking, requiring the engagement of fac- egation of Libyan academics to visit the United and social science scholars and the influence of ulty, students, University administrators, and States in 25 years, and former president of Ireland U.S. social science throughout the world. donors to update a building badly in need of reno- Mary Robinson, among many others. Dean Anderson showed similar foresight in vation. In 2000, together with University Trustee “We all need to be exposed to people who think 2000, when she collaborated with a group of inter- Patricia Cloherty (MIA ’68), Anderson had fourth- about the world from a completely different per- ested donors to create the Center for Energy, floor classrooms renovated and wired with modern spective,” said Anderson. “People in positions of Marine Transportation and Public Policy. In six teaching technologies. Insisting that a graduate authority have to be able to talk about right and short years, the Center has developed one of the professional school required a professional and wrong, truth and falsehood, the global and local most rigorous and popular concentrations at SIPA, accessible admissions operation, in the summer of responsibilities of citizenship—and if doing so pro- International Energy Management and Policy. It 1997, she carved out space on the ground floor for vokes controversy, then so be it.” has rapidly become a center for important dialogue an office suite. Similarly, she moved the Offices of Anderson will step down as dean this summer on energy policy issues, hosting key leaders such Career Services and Student Affairs out of and return to teaching at SIPA as well as in the as Lee R. Raymond, former chairman and CEO of cramped and inaccessible offices on the 14th floor Political Science department. Students in her Exxon Mobil Corporation; and Fatih Birol, chief into modern suites welcoming to students and vis- classes should come prepared for high-energy dis- economist of the International Energy Agency. itors alike. Alumni who returned to the School for cussion, demanding work, and—without a doubt— Energy is now at the center of public policy the 60th anniversary celebrations last fall raved a little debate. debates around the world, and thanks to about the changes, barely recognizing the building Anderson’s foresight, SIPA is represented by a vig- where they had studied decades ago. Rob Garris is executive director of external rela- orous energy policy program. Students, faculty, and staff admire her hands- tions and communications at SIPA. Throughout her tenure as dean, Anderson has on approach to running the School. She serves as also proven to be an able negotiator, dealing with a reader on the School’s admissions committee, donors who demanded results from their philan- reviewing scores of applications each year. Having thropy. Former SIPA dean Harvey Picker expressed worked closely with Jeffrey Sachs of Columbia’s interest in funding a center for executive educa- Earth Institute to create SIPA’s PhD Program in tion at SIPA but insisted that it quickly meet a Sustainable Development, she now teaches one of market test by becoming self-sustaining. the program’s core courses, “The Politics of

34 SIPA NEWS INSIDE SIPA

Faculty Profile: Guillermo Calvo By Dan McSweeney

reckoned with. His work on the so-called “time policy issues,” says Lukauskas. “He is a welcome inconsistency problem” and the concept of price addition to SIPA’s faculty and will help our gradu- rigidity are considered “torchbearer papers” by ates to have a lasting impact on economic policy- many in the field, according to Dr. Arvind making in their home countries.” Panagariya, the Jagdish Bhagwati Professor of After leaving the IMF, Calvo became chief econ- Indian Political Economy at SIPA. omist at the Inter-American Development Bank “Professor Calvo is a superb addition to SIPA’s and director of the University of Maryland’s Center faculty,” says Panagariya, who worked with Calvo for International Economics. Following his stints in at the University of Maryland and helped recruit these positions, he joined the SIPA faculty. him to PEPM. “His arrival here is a real feather in Calvo has high hopes for PEPM. “SIPA is full of SIPA’s cap.” potential,” he says. “I want to do my part to make In 1988, Calvo joined the research department PEPM more visible, especially by improving upon of the International Monetary Fund. This repre- the program’s relationships with other entities in sented a fundamental break from pure theory and the economic arena. marked the beginning of the second chapter of “We are already in serious conversations with Calvo’s career. the Bank of England about the possibility of hav- “I joined the IMF as the Berlin Wall was about ing it organize a three-day seminar on inflation tar- to come down,” says Calvo. It was a pivotal histor- geting,” he says. “Another project that I would like ical moment for those interested in understanding to explore is inviting World Bank and IMF staff for uillermo Calvo has come full circle. For how economic theory can help elucidate the major two- or three-day stays to lecture on their special- more than 30 years, the Argentine-born role that markets play in influencing how societies ties and interact with students and faculty.” economist has straddled the worlds of the- respond to change. Calvo’s experience at the IMF Other relationships with prominent economists Gory and policy, making major contributions had a major impact on his approach to topics and organizations are also possible, he adds. to each during a career spent at influential institu- about which he was already internationally recog- Asked about some of his interests outside of tions all over the world. That career began in nized as an expert. economics, Calvo describes a deep love of opera 1973, when Calvo took a position as a lecturer in “My career started to switch to a policy focus,” and speaks fondly of his growing collection of the Department of Economics at Columbia. And it Calvo recalls. “I became a different kind of econo- paintings. His favorite travel destinations are is at Columbia that Calvo now has opportunity to to mist. I became less interested in the purely aca- Punta del Este in Uruguay and the south of France, draw upon his full range of interests and talents. In demic realm and more interested in adding ele- places he enjoys visiting with his wife, Sara, a January, Calvo was appointed as the new director ments from the policy arena to the world of theory.” Columbia-trained economist who will also join the of SIPA’s Program in Economic Policy Management According to Panagariya, this kind of approach SIPA faculty this fall. (PEPM). makes Calvo a perfect fit for SIPA. The PEPM cur- “Guillermo is a calm, friendly, and warm per- “I’m a different guy now,” explains Calvo. “But riculum focuses on real-world economic policy son,” says Panagariya. “He’s really a terrific guy.” even after all this time away, if you ask me where successes and failures, with the goal of preparing Personal accolades aside, Calvo’s unique abili- my hometown is, I’ll tell you New York City and students to manage economic policy in market ty to meld theory and practice will make him a Columbia. I feel at home here, and I’m very happy economies, especially in developing and transition- valuable addition to the SIPA faculty. to return.” al ones. “PEPM is expanding,” Calvo explains. “The Calvo’s interest in his current field developed “Guillermo is a leader in emerging market eco- interest in global economic issues will continue when, as a junior employee at Argentina’s Central nomics,” says Panagariya. “He is a crisis special- and with it the constant need to understand policy Bank, he found himself reviewing basic economics ist who has not only anticipated and prevented in a disciplined manner.” texts. Soon thereafter, Calvo headed for Yale, economic downturns in different countries, but has where he earned a PhD in mathematical econom- helped to remedy them, as well.” Dan McSweeney (MIA ’07) is concentrating in ics. The experience offered him a “sense of peace Calvo also earned the praise of Arvid International Security Policy. and structure,” he recalls, providing him with a Lukauskas, the acting director of PEPM and direc- new perspective on the economic and political tur- tor of the EMPA concentration in International moil that was roiling Argentina at the time. Economic Policy and Management. “Guillermo Early in his academic career—first at Columbia Calvo is one of those rare scholars who combines and later at the University of Pennsylvania—Calvo the ability to do influential, cutting-edge research established himself as an economic theorist to be with a vast expertise in contemporary economic

SIPA NEWS 35 INSIDE SIPA A SIPA Success Story: The Center for Energy, Marine Transportation and Public Policy

and professor of practice at SIPA in 2000. The Earth Institute at Columbia provided advice and assistance in shaping a program that emphasized environmental as well as business and policy issues. Shortly after he arrived at Columbia in 2001, Professor Klaus Lackner of The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, who works on environmentally acceptable technologies for the use of fossil fuels, joined the Center’s Advisory Board. In its first six years, under Hurst Groves’ deft and imaginative leadership, the Center recruited economist David Nissen, who developed SIPA’s innovative and rigorous concentration in International Energy Management and Policy, which offers an integrated treatment of the structure and issues of both energy business development and energy policy development. Energy con- n the fall of 1998, Edward Morse, then the centrators not only took courses like Nissen’s publisher of Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, an “International Energy Structures and Business occasional SIPA adjunct faculty member, and Systems” but also participated in workshops with Ione of the world’s leading analysts of the inter- clients like the United Nations Development national oil and gas business, suggested a meet- Programme, GE Commercial Finance, and the New ing. Several of his industry contacts, he said, were York City Economic Development Corporation. interested in finding a place that could foster dis- The Center also developed outreach lectures, passionate research, education, and public debate workshops, and seminars with SIPA’s programs in about the production and distribution of energy. environmental policy, international economic poli- Within weeks, Michael Tusiani, head of Poten and cy, and human rights, among others, to focus on Top: Members of the student-run SIPA Energy Associa- Partners, a global shipping and commodity broker- environmental trade, energy, human rights, and tion represent the Center at SIPA's 60th Anniversary sustainable development issues. Programs with the celebration. Bottom (from left to right): Fatih Birol, chief age and consulting firm, and Lucius Noto, then economist of the International Energy Agency, who pre- chair of the Mobil Corporation, were at SIPA to dis- regional institutes looked at issues as varied as sented the IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2006 with Albert cuss what would eventually become the Center for China’s energy needs, biofuels in Brazil, and Bressand, the Center's director, and David Nissen, director of the Program in International Energy Management Energy, Marine Transportation and Public Policy. Russian gas production. These kinds of activities and Policy. But not before a lot more people got into the supported an active agenda of research and writ- act. The Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit ing, as Adjunct Professor Roy Nersesian alone Foundation, well known for its philanthropic sup- published not only a comprehensive primer, Energy port of the study of Greek culture and history, pro- in the 21st Century: A Comprehensive Guide vided much of the original funding in recognition to Conventional and Alternative Sources (M. E. of the Center’s unusual focus on the distribution of Sharpe, 2006), but also a paper on the economics energy resources, particularly ocean transporta- of shipping Venezuelan crude to China that drew tion. Its president, Anthony Papadimitrou, has considerable attention in light of Venezuelan been an active member of the Center’s advisory President Hugo Chavez’s increasingly bellicose board from the outset. Hurst Groves, a lawyer who stance toward the United States. had spent his career in the energy industry, retired In 2006, Hurst Groves was succeeded as direc- from ExxonMobil to serve as the founding director tor by Albert Bressand, who came from London,

36 SIPA NEWS INSIDE SIPA

where he had headed the Global Business Programs with the regional institutes looked at issues Environment department in Royal Dutch Shell’s global headquarters, as well as serving as special as varied as China’s energy needs, biofuels in Brazil, advisor to the EU Commissioner in charge of energy in Brussels. When he arrived, he found a and Russian gas production. flourishing academic program, selected as a concentration by more than 30 students a year, and a vigorous student association that contributed con- And Bressand has still more ambitious plans. more seriously, producers weigh the economics of ferences and seminars on everything from renew- As oil prices exhibit increasing volatility, the ocean shipping and pipelines . . . there is plenty able electricity and ethanol to liquefied natural Libyan oil industry reopens to U.S. investors, the for the Center on Energy, Marine Transportation gas (LNG) and nuclear power. Center faculty and prospects for Iraqi production remain uncertain, and Public Policy to do. affiliates were working on projects as varied as Russia explores a natural gas-producers cartel, developing efficient cooking fuels in villages in China and India’s consumption skyrocket, Brazil Africa to assessing the siting of LNG terminals in develops biofuels, the United States begins to take North America. climate change and carbon emissions problems

Profile: Albert Bressand By Rob Garris

Albert Bressand arrived at SIPA in the fall of 2006 and brought to his new role as director of the Center for Marine Transportation, Energy and Public Policy a long list of ideas, along with the enormous energy to implement them. He draws on his extensive experience in the energy field encompassing the public, nonprofit, and private sectors. Immediately before coming to SIPA, Bressand headed the Global Business Environment program at Royal Dutch Shell’s global headquarters in London, where he developed innovative methodologies for risk and opportunity assessments. Bressand is also a special advisor to the European Union Commissioner in charge of energy in Brussels, a pro bono advisory position that he still holds. In 1986, he co-founded Prométhée, a nonprofit, Paris-based think tank specializing in the emerging global networked economy and its implications for corporate strategies, capital markets, and international economic relations. He served as managing director of the organization until 2002. With his prior experience in the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the World Economic Forum at Davos, and the World Bank, it is easy to see why SIPA selected Bressand to lead the Energy Center. “Bressand brings to SIPA the capacity to build bridges between the academy and the world of practice, one of the hallmarks of this school and its faculty,” said Dean Lisa Anderson. “We are delighted to have on board someone who can build on the early successes of the Energy Center and make it into a focal point for global discussions of energy policy.” Bressand has already begun work on his plans to expand the research capacity of the Center. “Energy is a political- economic subject,” he said, “and being at SIPA gives us an edge in connecting the dots between market forces, technological advances, institutional change, and the strategic interests of key international players.” When asked what kinds of projects he is undertaking at the Center, Bressand said, “Fresh perspectives on key issues, such as the role of cities in promoting innovative energy solutions and the significance of infrastructure and marine transportation for the transformation of the energy system, will be part of our contributions to the major current policy debates.”

SIPA NEWS 37 INSIDE SIPA

News and Events By Rob Garris

Training Program on Genocide Prevention Sclar Receives Grant to Address Urban alumna Dr. Susan Gitelson, MIA ’66. His speech is The Center for International Conflict Resolution Challenges in the Developing World available online in SIPA’s growing multimedia ar- (CICR) has successfully launched a new executive SIPA faculty member Elliott Sclar has received a chive at http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/multimedia. training program on genocide prevention. The first Rockefeller Foundation grant to launch an urban group of diplomats and intelligence and military summit, with The Earth Institute, to address glob- Deputy Mayor Edward Skyler Speaks on officers convened at SIPA in January 2007, bring- al urban challenges. As a partner with the “Emergency Preparedness after 9/11 ing participants from Bangladesh, Burundi, Canada, Rockefeller Foundation for the Urban Summit, the and Katrina” Chile, Germany, Haiti, Mozambique, Nigeria, Center for Sustainable Urban Development, which It was not a typical PowerPoint slideshow dis- Poland, Sweden, and Uganda. The program will Sclar directs, will collaborate with the foundation played over the shoulder of Deputy Mayor Edward continue to bring together emerging leaders from to identify organizations and individuals who are Skyler. Skyler, deputy mayor for administration, an influential and diverse group of countries to pioneering innovative solutions to the problems of gave the M. Moran Weston II Distinguished Lecture impart and foster exchange of knowledge about the cities in developing countries. In addition, there in Public Policy at SIPA on February 21, and warning signs of genocide and the possibility and will be a series of separate conferences specifical- instead of showing graphs, charts, and bullet practice of prevention. Andrea Bartoli, the director ly focused on urban regions in the United States points, he punctuated his talk with slides of build- of the Center for International Conflict Resolution, and a meeting of urban researchers from the devel- ings on fire, flooded Manhattan streets after a who spearheaded the initiative, believes that the oping world and the United States. These concur- hypothetical hurricane, and first responders in haz- prevention of genocide is possible. “It is impera- rent meetings will be held at the Rockefeller mat suits. The presentation highlighted many of tive that centers of higher education play a role by Foundation’s international conference and study the city’s efforts to rethink emergency planning convening parties, sharpening understanding, eval- center in Bellagio, Italy. and response in the light of lessons learned by the uating strategies, and supporting collective com- collapse of the World Trade Center and during mitment to prevention,” said Bartoli. The first ses- William Eimicke Awarded the 2006 Best Hurricane Katrina’s devastating landfall near New sion was enthusiastically reviewed by the partici- Article Prize by the American Society for Orleans. Skyler noted that new plans draw on pants, and an independent evaluation gave very Public Administration increased cooperation within the various parts of high marks to the initiative. New sessions are William Eimicke, director of SIPA’s Picker Center the city’s administration, as well as strengthened scheduled for fall 2007, and the program is now for Executive Education, has been awarded the planning with local governments in the metro area, seeking funding to fulfill its objective of training 2006 best article prize by the American Society for New York businesses, and the federal government. representatives of all UN member states in the Public Administration for his article “Eliot Spitzer: Tough questions reflecting a number of different next five years. The People’s Lawyer.” The article appeared in the perspectives came from an audience comprising fall 2005 issue of the journal Public Integrity. students from SIPA, the Business School, New York Lt. Governor David Paterson Columbia College, Urban Planning, and other Teaches Equitable Urban Development Stepan Speaks to Alumni on Islam and parts of the University, as well as members of the New York State Lt. Governor David Paterson Democracy New York City Fire Department who have partici- eturned to SIPA this spring to teach his course pated in training programs at SIPA’s Picker r On February 21, Professor Al Stepan spoke to an “Urban Planning and the Challenges of Equitable Center for Executive Education. Skyler’s speech is audience of SIPA alumni at the Columbia Club in Development” for the fifth time. The course online as part of SIPA’s multimedia archive at midtown Manhattan. He addressed recent findings addresses issues of power, money, and racism in http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/multimedia. in his research on Islam and democratization. Initial the development of affordable housing in cities, findings suggest that there are significant differ- with a particular focus on New York City. Paterson, ences in measures of democratization across a Columbia alumnus, first taught the course while Muslim countries, with non-Arab Muslim countries representing Harlem in the New York State Senate. demonstrating a much higher capacity to hold regu- He is part of a distinguished group of New York lar, free, and fair elections than is typical of Arab City practitioners and politicians teaching on countries or of other countries at similar levels of urban issues at SIPA, including former mayor economic development. His findings also suggest David Dinkins; Ester Fuchs, who served as special that in non-Arab Muslim countries, survey respon- advisor to Mayor Michael Bloomberg; Lou Riccio, a dents who self-identify as being religiously observant former commissioner of the NYC Department of also hold favorable opinions of democracy. Stepan’s Transportation; and Steven Levine, deputy director groundbreaking research was presented as part of a of the New York City Office of Management and regular series of policy breakfasts sponsored by SIPA Budget, among many others.

38 SIPA NEWS INSIDE SIPA

A Fond Farewell to Robin Lewis By JoAnn Crawford

tory, politics, and global issues in Asia was very the Global Public Policy Dialogues in Beijing and inspiring to me,” Putnam recalls. the October 2007 GPPN Asia Regional Conference Since his days as a doctoral student in litera- in Singapore. ture and history at Columbia, Lewis was interested Lewis has also maintained ties with SIPA’s in global themes, especially the cultural interplay extensive alumni network. During his recruiting between West and East. His publications include trips, he met with alumni individually and hosted E. M. Forster’s Passages to India and the four-vol- receptions for them in Paris, London, Moscow, ume Encyclopedia of Asian History, of which he Tokyo, Bangkok, Beijing, and other locales where was the executive editor. SIPA graduates now live and work. Lewis brought that perspective to his role as Colum Murphy, MIA ’04, deputy editor of the associate dean, developing international programs Far Eastern Economic Review in Hong Kong des- and recruiting students from around the world. He cribes a classic Robin Lewis anecdote. “I had been headed the Zuckerman Fellows Program from hesitating about giving up a good job to go to 1989 to 1994, the first program to offer students SIPA,” Murphy remembers. “But when I met Dean from the former Soviet Union—as well as from Lewis by coincidence at Narita Airport in Japan, I fter more than 22 years, Associate Dean Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the U.S.—full took this as a sign that going to SIPA was the right Robin Lewis is leaving the School of scholarships to pursue master’s degrees at a major thing for me. Were it not for this chance encounter, International and Public Affairs. In keeping American university. I might be regretting that I never took the plunge Awith the spirit of SIPA, Dean Lewis will be During his tenure at SIPA, Lewis worked on to go to Columbia and change my career. But putting his skills to use on the other side of the joint projects or consultancies with the Department thanks to his gentle encouragement as we boarded globe. Based in Beijing, he will be the chief of State, the United Nations Department of Public the same plane to Bangkok, that is exactly what I representative in China of one of the world’s old- Information, the Open Society Institute, the Ford decided to do. It was one of the best decisions of est and largest hedge funds, Fairfield Greenwich Foundation, the American Council of Learned Socie- my life. This encounter also showed me that no Group (FGG). ties, and the American Councils for International matter where he is, Dean Lewis always has the “I cannot imagine SIPA without Dean Lewis!” Education. He coordinated projects with a variety interests of SIPA at heart.” said Ann Putnam, MIA ’03, development officer, of institutions, including the Institute of Interna- “I have known Robin Lewis for nearly 40 years International Rescue Committee. She is not alone. tional Relations (Hanoi), the Moscow State Insti- and worked with him for more than 20,” said Dean For the scores of students he has mentored over tute of International Relations, the Hertie School Lisa Anderson. “He has always been deeply com- the years—as well as the faculty and staff who of Governance (Berlin), the Universidad Nova de mitted to international exchange and has a vast have worked with him—Robin Lewis has been an Lisboa (Lisbon), the Asian Institute of Technology circle of loyal friends and admirers around the integral part of the SIPA experience. (Bangkok), and Renmin University (Beijing). world—students he shepherded through SIPA, col- Appointed by Dean Alfred C. Stepan in January From 2000 to 2005, he implemented and leagues whose research he supported, educational 1985, he was tasked with creating the Student co-directed the Southeast Asia Fellows Develop- administrators whom he advised—and although Affairs Office, which did not exist at the time. ment Training Programme, which brought more SIPA will miss him, we are proud, and fortunate, to Under his leadership, the staff was expanded and than 50 mid-career development professionals be a part of his global network.” a whole range of services was offered—from regu- from Thailand, Burma, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, “Robin has been a tremendous mentor and pro- lar advising and office hours to town hall meetings and China’s Yunnan Province to the U.S. for train- moter of the best of Columbia’s ideals and SIPA’s and support for student programs. ing in management, advocacy, and fund-raising. resources to help make the world a better place,” “Robin was the approachable face of the SIPA In September 2005, when SIPA launched the said David Claussenius, MIA ’86, Asia director of bureaucracy,” said freelance writer Ian Driscoll, Global Public Policy Network (GPPN) along with Save the Children U.S., based in Bangkok. “He will MIA ’01. Students realized that he was interested in Sciences Po Paris and the London School of always be considered by many, many SIPA alumni more than the nuts and bolts of administration. Economics and Political Science, Lewis was the as a great friend, and we wish him all the best in Lewis had a genuine belief in the value of interna- natural choice to serve as executive director. The his next endeavor.” tional policy education and the possibilities it network, an association of leading international Those of us still at SIPA couldn’t agree more. offered—an interdisciplinary curriculum, a diverse graduate institutions, aims to expand global public student body, and alumni placed in responsible policy dialogue and improve graduate-level public JoAnn Crawford, managing editor of SIPA positions in every sector and region of the world. policy education. Dean Lewis will continue his News, is director of publications and special events “His passion for learning about the culture, his- involvement with several GPPN projects, such as at SIPA.

SIPA NEWS 39 INSIDE SIPA The SIPA Energy Association and the Third Annual Energy

Symposium By Casey Albert

t was no surprise that the Third Annual Energy outlook and offer strategic environmental and Symposium, themed “Evolution of Energy social opportunities.” Over the next five years, Markets,” drew a large crowd to Lerner Petrobras is planning on investing $22.1 billion in IAuditorium on March 23, 2007. biofuels, including ethanol. “There is an understanding right now of how Pereira went on to outline Petrobras’s recent dynamic this field is and how energy interacts with “adjustment” of corporate strategy, which includes the many different topics people are studying putting “increasing focus on biofuels and the here,” said Teddy Kott (MIA ’08), co-founder and development of the natural gas industry and on president of the SIPA Energy Association. improvements in energy efficiency linked to cli- Co-sponsored by the Energy Club at Columbia mate change mitigation.” Business School, the SIPA Energy Association, and The symposium was one of many activities sup- SIPA’s Center for Energy, Marine Transportation ported by the SIPA Energy Association. Founded and Public Policy, the event began with a warm this year, the group educates students about career welcome from Professor Geoffrey Heal. Brian options and complements the energy curriculum Ward, managing director and chief risk officer for through company and site visits. The club has GE Energy Financial Services, then took the floor more than 70 members and is eager to build con- and introduced the event’s four panel topics: lique- nections with SIPA alumni working in the field. fied natural gas, nuclear power, renewable electric- Interested alumni are encouraged to contact Teddy ity, and biofuels. Kott at [email protected]. Panelists hailed from financial services firms, utility and oil companies, hedge funds, research Casey Albert (MIA/MBA ’07) is a dual degree and strategy firms, international institutions, and student at Columbia Business School and SIPA. energy policy think tanks. SIPA faculty were also featured prominently at the conference. Panel moderators included SIPA Professor Albert Bressand, director of the Center for Energy, Marine Transportation and Public Policy (CEMTPP), and Professor David Nissen, director of the Program in International Energy Management and Policy at the CEMTPP, as well as Jonathan Schrag from The Earth Institute. On the topic of nuclear energy, Ward pointed out that in the last year there had been an 18 percent increase in energy derived from nuclear sources. However, questions remain where new nuclear plants will be built, given the stigma associated with them. Keynote speaker Luiz Antonio Costa Pereira, executive director for natural gas marketing and commercialization of Petrobras of Brazil, spoke about the ascent of biofuels in the global energy market, noting that investment in new energy technologies is rising in response to changing economic, political, environmental, and social realities “There are many reasons to use biofuels,” Pereira explained. “They are in line with a global

40 SIPA NEWS INSIDE SIPA

The ISP Alumni Network in New York By Justin Vogt

lthough SIPA’s location is surely one of its and panel moderated by Peter Maass of the New ni not only to get involved with the group but also greatest assets, it can also present some- York Times and titled “The U.S. Military in Iraq: to actively participate by proposing and organizing thing of a challenge to concentrators in Past, Present, Future,” during which guests heard future events. They also invite all SIPA alumni, AInternational Security Policy (ISP). Often from ISP alumni who have served with the U.S. mil- regardless of concentration, to attend the ISP drawn to SIPA by the appeal of spending two years itary in Iraq. Alumni Network’s events. studying in New York City, many ISPers find that Mancini, who is now an associate at the To be added to the network’s mailing list when it comes time to look for a job that will make International Peace Academy, came up with the and to find out more about the group and its use of their newly-acquired expertise, the over- idea to create the network during his second year upcoming events, contact Francesco Mancini at whelming majority of opportunities are to be found at SIPA, as he sought to put together a network of [email protected]. in a certain city about 230 miles south of here. New York–based contacts to aid his job search. “I It should come as no surprise that the industries discovered there actually is a market of people, so toward which ISP students tend to gravitate—the to speak, who are interested in staying connected intelligence community, homeland security, the around security-related topics,” he recalled. defense industry, and foreign-policy think tanks— For his part, Professor Betts is pleased that his are decidedly Washington, D.C.-centric. Nevertheless, former students have found a way to reach out to it’s a reality that Professor Richard K. Betts, who their co-concentrators. “I'm grateful that the local directs the ISP concentration, makes sure his stu- alumni took the initiative to develop and nurture dents recognize right from the start. this network, since it’s so hard to find careers in “I’m sure every ISP concentrator can remember this business in New York,” he said. his or her first day at SIPA, when Dr. Betts makes his Along with a steering committee that includes big speech and tells everybody—only somewhat in Bill Rigler (MIA ’03), Sharon Roling (MIA ’04), jest—that if you don’t want to work in D.C., you Rick Fernandez (MIA ’00), and Reginald King might want to choose another concentration,” said (MIA ’04), Mancini and Lloyd encourage ISP alum- ISP alumna Alexsandra Lloyd (MIA ’04), now a research manager at the New York office of Eurasia Group, a global political risk consulting firm. Luckily for ISP students, alumni, and the entire SIPA community, Lloyd—along with Francesco Mancini (MIA ’03)—has found a way to help current ISP students overcome this problem and create opportunities for ISP alumni to stay connected to one another and to the field of security studies. The ISP Alumni Network in New York, now in its Attention SIPA Students, Alumni, Faculty, and Staff: third year, hosts a series of cocktail receptions and dinners that feature panel discussions or presenta- Do you have something you want to get off your chest? tions on security-related themes by scholars and Are you developing an interesting perspective on a local or global issue? specialists in the field. Would you like to create an online portfolio of your work? Eight such events have been held so far, including a 2005 cocktail reception/book presentation by Post on SIPA’s Independent Student-run Online Policy Forum: Nancy Soderberg, former U.S. ambassador to the www.themorningsidepost.com United Nations and author of The Superpower Myth: The Use and Misuse of American Might, and It’s really not much harder than sending an e-mail. And we now have video! a 2006 dinner talk with Dr. Adam Segal, senior fellow in China studies at the Council on Foreign For information, check out the site or e-mail [email protected] Relations, titled “The Emergence of China: Security and Political Challenges for Asia and the U.S.” The most recent event was particularly well received THE MORNINGSIDE POST: IT’S YOUR BLOG! and attended: a February 2007 cocktail reception

SIPA NEWS 41 INSIDE SIPA

EMPA Forum By Casey Albert

he third annual EMPA Forum homecoming welcomed her fellow alumni and introduced the ior vice president at St. Vincent Catholic Medical event took place on Wednesday, March 7, at founding director of the Picker Center, Dr. William Center. the Columbia Club of New York in midtown. Eimicke. Anwer Adil, a husband and father of two, is THosted by the EMPA Forum, a group of for- Eimicke said that, in his 30 years of teaching, graduating this year. Working full time in IT, he mer and current SIPA and EMPA students, the the EMPA program represented the “most exciting sees this degree as a stepping stone to manage- event drew more than 90 alumni, despite the frigid classroom I’ve been in, where everyone truly learns ment. “I’ll miss it,” he said. “It was a very enrich- weather. from everyone else.” The richness of the classroom ing experience, where I learned a lot from the The Executive Master of Public Policy and experience, he explained, comes from its diversity. diversity of courses and the different perspectives Administration (EMPA) program was created in The students are evenly split: one-third from gov- of my classmates.” 2001 for individuals who cannot or do not want to ernment, one-third from nonprofit, and one-third For Sergio H. Boniche, ’02, who also pursued a attend a master’s program full time. Instead, class- from the private sector. Adding to this diversity, 25 joint master degree with Carnegie Mellon, the es meet on the weekends and, in the summer, on percent of the students are international. EMPA paid off immediately. He was promoted to weeknights. The program is administered by Dean Lisa Anderson then took the floor, manager within a month of graduating. Currently a Columbia’s Picker Center for Executive Education. describing the EMPA program as “one of the most professor of HR and Operations Management at Students and faculty had something to cele- important legacies” of her time at Columbia. “You Macy’s College in New York and program manager brate at this homecoming. This year, the program represent,” she said to the ballroom full of alumni, of payroll at IBM, Boniche says he “always goes will confer its 250th degree. The program admit- “what the future of education will be . . . as well back to what he learned in the EMPA program.” ted its first 28 students in 2001, with enrollment as successes in your own right.” When asked for advice, Boniche assured current rising more than five-fold to the current level of Speeches finished, EMPA alumni turned their students, “You will use what you learn.” 155 students. attention to the bar and to catching up with old As former classmates filled the ballroom of the friends. Former students had positive things to say Columbia Club, speakers took the floor. Kirsten about the program. Paul Goebel, ’04, credited the Frivold, ’03, co-chair of the EMPA Forum’s board, degree in part with his ascent from director to sen-

SIPA Develops Alumni Council

IPA’s 60th anniversary year marked one of Roger Baumann (MIA ’85), John Grammer (MIA mentation of initiatives. In its first year, member- the most significant moments in the histo- ’63), Barbara Reguero (MIA ’86), and John ship to the Advisory Council will be appointed by ry of the School’s alumni community. An McGrath (MIA ’80, MPHIL ’82), has been prepar- the dean and subsequently will be selected with Sestimated 1,400 alumni from nearly 155 ing proposals for the mission and structure of the input from the alumni community at large. countries attended at least one of the series of spe- council. The SIPA Alumni Community is very excited cial celebrations held around the world, demon- The goals of the Alumni Council at SIPA are to: about this new development. “Dean Anderson and strating an unprecedented level of engagement • Build and foster a strong relationship between the entire SIPA administration have been especial- between alumni and SIPA. the School and its alumni, which includes both ly vocal on the importance of engaging young In an effort to build upon the renewed and personal involvement and attracting financial alumni early and often, so I’m especially pleased strengthened connections engendered through support that the Working Group has been so supportive in these events, the Office of Alumni Relations part- • Encourage interaction among alumni recognizing the special needs of this important nered with a group of dedicated SIPA alumni in • Further the recognition of SIPA as a leading constituency,” said Bill Rigler. February 2007 to embark on a new initiative global school of public policy The inaugural meeting of the Alumni Council is aimed at institutionalizing alumni leadership at The Council will serve in an advisory capacity scheduled for June. For more information about SIPA through the development of an alumni coun- for the dean of the School and the director of the new Alumni Council, please contact SIPA’s cil. The Alumni Council Working Group, which Alumni Relations to determine and prioritize the Office of Alumni Relations at 212-854-8671 or includes Bill Rigler (MIA ’03), Allison Kellogg needs of all members of SIPA’s alumni community [email protected]. (MIA ’72, IF ’73), George Hollendorfer (MIA ’01), and will take active responsibility for the imple-

42 SIPA NEWS INSIDE SIPA Donor Profiles: Jim (MIA ’77) and Sandra (MIA ’76) Leitner

im (MIA ’77) and Sandra (MIA ’76) Leitner turing of the East and West during the Cold War have been advocates for interdisciplinary, inter- taught me useful lessons about communication and national education ever since they met as stu- the behavior of organizations in an information vac- Jdents at the then School of International uum,” she explained. Affairs. As students, both shared interests in Soviet Of their philanthropy, Jim said, “I have been for- history—Sandra because of her experience studying tunate to fall into a career which is very lucrative. Of in Armenia during her junior year of college, Jim course, this has allowed Sandra and me to become because of a brilliant professor who engaged his more involved philanthropically than we might have interest in Russia when he was an undergraduate at been otherwise. But I think it is important to be Yale. As alumni, they share a commitment to philan- involved at any level, with all one’s talents, not thropy. merely financially. And I would also stress that Both came to SIPA for the strong regional studies becoming involved earlier rather than later is impor- that the Harriman Institute offered. Sandra’s experi- tant. Being engaged makes the donor’s life more ful- ence in Armenia encouraged her to learn about the filled, so why wait?” 60th Anniversary Committee. Soviet system in depth, while Jim studied interna- “SIPA’s focus on international and public service This past fall, Jim and Sandra created the Leitner tional finance in addition to Russian history and pol- makes it a natural place for us to give, both as alum- Family Fellowship Fund to provide funding for grad- itics. “Finance was a natural in New York with its ni to ‘pay forward’ what we received and to enable uate students enrolled at SIPA. In addition, to further concentration of banks and brokerage houses,” he future graduates to make a difference to the lives of support their belief in regional area studies, they said. By his second year, Jim had a part-time job, many people in many places in the world,” Jim said. funded a professorship in African Studies that will which led to a full-time job when he graduated. He For Sandra, “philanthropy and service were help strengthen the Institute of African Studies and has been working in international finance ever since. never a conscious decision but rather a way of life benefit instruction throughout the University. “Finance to me is the ultimate applied liberal that we each learned from our parents and grandpar- “Education and human rights are two main art,” said Jim. “Here all interdisciplinary studies ents. My grandparents had escaped the genocide of themes of our philanthropy. We believe in encourag- come together—economics, politics, history, psy- Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and were always ing students to study and work outside of their home chology. There is virtually no knowledge which does cognizant of the sufferings of others. Implied in that nations to encourage human understanding and toler- not come in handy when making decisions about awareness was the obligation to alleviate want and ance. Regional area studies meet these criteria [and] markets.” Jim has specialized in what he calls contribute to the betterment of mankind.” provide the foundation to apply theoretical knowl- “macro investing,” which looks at investments from Jim and Sandra’s financial support of SIPA and edge. Imagine thinking about economic development the top down, first choosing themes or regions that Columbia has been substantial over the years. In in a vacuum. What makes it real is application.” seem promising, rather than working from the bot- 2001, they created the Dr. John N. Hazard We are extremely grateful for the generous support the Leitners have demonstrated to SIPA’s Education and human rights are two main themes of regional institutes and students over the years. We are proud to have Jim and Sandra among our alum- our philanthropy. We believe in encouraging students ni and hope they will continue to be closely involved with SIPA and the regional institutes for a long time to study and work outside of their home nations to to come. encourage human understanding and tolerance.

tom up, searching for companies that look cheap. Fellowship Fund for first-year students in honor of “The interdisciplinary nature of a SIPA education is their former professor Dr. John N. Hazard, an aca- absolutely on target to assist in this decision making demic specialist in Russian legal history and profes- process,” he added. Jim currently heads up his own sor of law. The Leitners also have provided funding fund, where he has managed absolute return portfo- to the Institute of Latin American Studies and the lios since 1991. Institute of African Studies specifically to support Sandra’s career in public relations and human students pursuing summer internships abroad. They resources has also benefited greatly from her educa- have also been consistent contributors to SIPA’s tion at SIPA. “Studying closed systems and the pos- Annual Fund. And last year, Jim served on SIPA’s

SIPA NEWS 43 CLASS NOTES SIPA

Class Notes Compiled by Don Rassler

period she was involved with as an Army officer and twenty- In Memoriam trade issues: common agricul- seven as a civilian in the Office tural policies and their impact of the Secretary of Defense. on developing countries. She He attended the National War John Reed Rolfes, MPA ’89, of Manhattan passed away in Paris on March 23. A witty, gre- later served as desk officer for College, was a member of the garious, and generous man, John had a passion for travel and fine food, spoke four languages Australia and New Zealand and Senior Executive Service, fluently, and felt comfortable on any continent. Those fortunate enough to have been a part of political counselor and chargé directed offices dealing with his life are forever changed by him, and he will be remembered and celebrated every day by d’affaires at the EU Delegation policy toward the former USSR the loved ones he has left behind. After studying history at the University of Florida, John to the UN. She is grateful to and Eastern Europe, and served earned his graduate degree in Public Policy from SIPA and spent his entire business career as SIPA for having been a spring- at the National Defense an international banker at Deutsche Bank, most recently as a managing director in the Asset board to a very fulfilling career University, where he wrote two Management division. Friends and family are welcome to visit http://johnrolfes.blogspot.com/ and would be delighted to hear short books on international to see pictures and read memories of this rare and extraordinary person and to contact his from her classmates in the New relations. Retired and living in niece Kristen Hall at [email protected]. York area. southwestern Virginia, he volunteers and writes.

SIPA Alumni Win Prestigious Awards 1957 Wesley B. Truitt, IFP Peter D. Ehrenhaft, [email protected] Mei Fong, MIA ’01, a correspondent in the Beijing bureau of the Wall Street Journal, shared MIA, JD Wes earned his PhD at the Pulitzer Prize for international reporting with her bureau colleagues for their “sharply edged After retiring from Miller & Columbia in 1968, taught col- reports on the diverse impact of China’s booming capitalism on conditions ranging from Chevalier Chartered on lege political science courses inequality to pollution.” Mei Fong’s December 23 story, “So Much Work, So Little Time,” can be December 31, 2006, Peter for a few years, and then joined read at: http://online.wsj.com/public/page/2_0323.html. joined the Washington office Northrop Corporation in Los of Harkins Cunningham, LLP, Angeles, where he remained for Q (Kyujiro) Sakamaki, MIA ’01, has been awarded first prize in the People in the News as Senior Counsel. In January 26 years holding a variety of Stories category in the 2007 World Press Photo competition for his photo essay “Sri Lanka: War he presented a program at planning, marketing, and gov- Without End.” Sakamaki, who concentrated in human rights and conflict resolution at SIPA, has Washington’s Cosmos Club ernment relations positions. specialized in covering the human costs of conflict in wars around the world, including about legal disputes between He took early retirement from Afghanistan, Iraq, Liberia, Palestine, and Sri Lanka. He has also published books of photos and the EU and United States, Northrop Grumman in 1995, political commentary in Japan. He received his award at the World Press Photo awards ceremo- which featured SIPA Professor ending his career as vice ny in Amsterdam on April 22, 2007. His photos are available at http://qsakamaki.com/main.php Merit Janow. During SIPA’s president—Europe. Since then http://www.worldpressphoto.org/. annual Career Conference in he has consulted with RAND Washington, he also met with Corporation and taught MBA current SIPA students interest- Michele Wucker, MIA ’93, has been awarded a 2007 Guggenheim Fellowship to pursue and Executive MBA students at ed in pursuing a career in both research and writing on the topic “Evolving views of citizenship, belonging, and exclusion.” UCLA's Anderson School, law and international affairs. Guggenheim fellows are appointed on the basis of distinguished achievement in the past and Loyola Marymount University, exceptional promise for future accomplishment. Ms. Wucker is a senior fellow at the World and at Claremont Graduate Policy Institute and research fellow at the Immigration Policy Center. The paperback edition of University. He has published her most recent book, Lockout: Why America Keeps Getting Immigration Wrong When Our Prosperity 1963 business cases, articles, and Depends on Getting It Right (PublicAffairs Press, 2006), will be published in September 2007. Her Joel Davidow, IFP three books: Business Planning Joel is working on the third first book, Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola (Hill & Wang, (Quorum Books, 2002), What edition of his book, 1999/2000), is based partly on research carried out while on a Tinker summer research grant as a Antitrust Entrepreneurs Need to Know about SIPA student. Guide for International Business Government (Praeger, 2004), and while also practicing Activities, The Corporation (Greenwood antitrust and patent litigation Press, 2006). Currently, he is her to join, almost at its incep- law in D.C. and teaching series editor of an 11-book antitrust courses at GMU 1953 tion, the Commission of the series titled the Greenwood Guides Law School. Arlette Laurent, MIA European Communities in the to Business and Economics. He and After graduating from SIPA in General Directorate of External his wife, Marianne, reside in 1953, Arlette married a fellow Affairs. There were only six James W. Morrison, MIA Marina del Rey, California. Belgium citizen and moved Member States then and the [email protected] back to Brussels in 1957. The work at the Commission was Jim served 30 years in the timing was perfect as it enabled extremely varied; for a long Department of Defense, three

44 SIPA NEWS CLASS NOTES SIPA

1966 Gordon Adams, IFP, Cert Gordon taught at SIPA from 1969 to 1972. In the 1980s, he created and directed the Defense Budget Project in Washington, D.C. (now the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessment). From 1993 to 1997, he was Associate Director for National Security and International Affairs in the Clinton White House Office of Management and Budget. After spending 18 months as deputy director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, he returned to be a Professor and Director of the Security Studies Program at the Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington Univer- sity. This year he is a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Center, where he is writing a book on national security budgeting. Reunion inspired Dan to Director of a USAID-funded Gordon plans to teach at begin two new personal proj- project Local Governance another institution in 1968 ects related to his current Support Program. With 230 Washington, D.C., next fall. Edmund Beard, MIA, PhD Upon leaving Morningside position as a political analyst staff and offices in seven Heights in 1971, Ed moved to at U.S. Joint Forces provinces of Indonesia, the Frank Taylor, IFP the Brookings Institution in Command (JFCOM), project aims to strengthen the [email protected] Washington, D.C., for two years Norfolk, Va. He submitted a Frank retired as a program accountability of local govern- and then, in 1973, joined the draft paper for an annual sym- director from the W. K. Kellogg ment by working with local University of Massachusetts, posium on Information Age Foundation on March 31. After administrations, councils, and where he has remained ever Command and Control (to be graduating from Columbia (EdD civil society groups. held this July at the Naval from Teachers College 1970 since. For the past three years, and MS in Journalism 1978), Ed served as Dean of the newly War College in Newport, RI) Frank, one of the first Peace created John W. McCormack and launched an initiative to 1974 Corps Volunteers (Peru, Graduate School of Policy bring Latin American coun- Gregg Rubinstein, MIA 1962–1963), worked in Brazil Studies, and in September 2006 tries into preexisting defense [email protected] for 15 years at the USAID, the he became senior advisor for transformation programs at After twelve years in the Inter-American Development Academic and Student Affairs JFCOM. Foreign Service focused mostly Bank and as Latin American and International Relations, on Japan, Gregg left govern- bureau chief for Business Week Office of the President, ment to work in the aerospace magazine. He is author of the University of Massachusetts. 1972 industry. He is now a govern- biography Alberta Hunter: A Judith Edstrom, MIA ment and industry consultant Celebration in Blues. In retirement [email protected] on Asia-Pacific security issues he plans to ride his Harley 1969 Judith joined the staff of RTI living in Washington, D.C. around the country and seeks Dan Strasser, MIA International and moved to short-term volunteer assign- The intellectual stimulation of Jakarta, Indonesia in July 2006 ments in the U.S. and abroad. SIPA’s 60th Anniversary to take up a position as

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Malaysia under the sponsorship memoir Golden Bones Columbia, Thomas clerked for 1976 of the Perdana Leadership (HarperCollins 2008) recounts federal judges in Honolulu and David A. G. Johnson Jr., Foundation, which is headed an extraordinary escape from Manhattan and then worked at MIA, IFP by former Malaysian Prime Cambodia, an American jour- law firms in Frankfurt, Sydney David has been selected to co- Minster Mohammed Mahathir. ney from apple orchards to the and Honolulu. He then spent lead the Korea Society’s Project At the forum he addressed both White House, and a universal five years working on intellec- Bridge Program, which enables approaches to and the impact tale of love, dreams, hope, and tual property cases in San eight New York City Youth of Israeli-Palestinian dialogue. freedom. He is working on his Francisco. In 1989, he opened Ambassadors to visit Korea. next book and speaks around an office for his San Francisco- Gabriel Plesea, MIA the world about his experi- based law firm in Brussels, Gabriel published another ences. moving to Clifford Chance's 1977 novel last year, entitled Destine Brussels office in 2004. Thomas Allan I. Grafman, MIA Intortocheate (Twisted Destinies), practices European competition AllanGrafman@AllMedia which deals with the experi- 1982 and intellectual property law, Ventures.com ences of new Romanian immi- Giulio Gallarotti, MIA specializing in the high tech- Allan recently joined Mercury grants' integration into the Giulio is a member of the fac- nology sector. He is married Capital Partners, a private equi- United States. He also contin- ulty in the Government with a three-year-old daughter, ty firm focused on media and ues to work as an accredited Department and a Tutor in the whom he describes as the joy communications. journalist for Romania Libera, a College of Social Studies at of his life. national daily newspaper in Wesleyan University in Bucharest, Romania. Middletown, Connecticut. He 1978 teaches and conducts research 1984 Robert Kingsley (Kayo) in international relations, spe- Aubrey A. Carlson, MIA Hull, MIA 1981 cializing in money, trade, inter- [email protected] Robert will serve as the Lynn Lurie, MIA national organizations, politics Aubrey has worked for 20 2007/2008 Chair of the Labor [email protected] of business, and theories of years in the U.S. Foreign and Employment Law Section Lynn has won the Juniper power. Giulio has published Service. In addition to tours in of the New York State Bar Award for Fiction. Her first extensively in journals in eco- Beijing, Hong Kong, and Kiev, Association. Kayo has spent novel, Corner of the Dead, set in nomics, political science, busi- from 1989 to 1992, she served the last fifteen years working as Peru during the 1980s, will be ness and law. He lives in in Moscow, where she wit- a full-time arbitrator and medi- published by the University of Higganum, Connecticut, with nessed and reported on the fall ator in labor, employment, and Massachusetts Press in the his wife Gemma and two chil- of the Soviet Union. This commercial disputes through- spring of 2008. “Corner of the dren, Alessio and Giulio. summer she will refresh her out the northeastern United Dead has the indelible feeling of Chinese during a second tour States. A former Wall Street a dream you can’t shake, a ter- Eric Hyer, IFP, PhD in Beijing as minister-coun- lawyer, he has lived in Penn ror made beautiful. It moves by [email protected] selor for political affairs at the Yan, a village in the beautiful sensation, association, with Eric has been appointed the U.S. Embassy. Finger Lakes region of western great fluidity and urgency,” director of the Brigham Young New York, since 1982. commented one of the judges. University Washington, D.C., Kathleen A. Griffith, MIA The novel has also won the internship program for the aca- [email protected] Dan Sreebny, MIA First Chapter Prize awarded by demic year 2007–2008. He For the past five years Kathleen Dan and his wife Darcy are the Bronx Council of the Arts. welcomes anyone working in has been the Economic staying busy in Ankara, Turkey, Washington to contact him if Development Manager / Public where he is the U.S. Embassy’s Edward I-hsin Chen, PhD, they are interested in briefing Information Officer for the Counselor for Public Affairs. CERT students regarding the issues City of Lompoc, California. [email protected] they work on. Recently she has also served as Edward is currently a professor the editor-in-chief of Lompoc 1979 at the Graduate Institute of Rex Niswander, IFP Valley Magazine and a produc- Ben Mollov, MIA American Studies, Tamkang Rex was the executive producer er at Discover Lompoc TV. In [email protected] University, Taipei, Taiwan. of the CD “Night Wheel,” a 1997, she published a chapter Ben is a faculty member at Bar- collection of international lulla- on Mexico in Telecommunications Ilan University, Israel, where he Sichan Siv, MIA bies dedicated to Tibetan chil- in Latin America, which was specializes in political science [email protected] dren. A portion of proceeds published by Oxford and intercultural approaches to Sichan was a deputy assistant were given to Tibet Aid. University Press. conflict management. In to President George H. W. December 2005, he appeared Bush (1989–1992) and a U.S. Thomas Vinje, IFP Christopher Schuyler, MIA as the sole Israeli speaker at a diplomat to the UN [email protected] [email protected] global peace forum held in (2001–2006). His upcoming After graduating from Chris and his wife, Susan Baker,

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moved to London in the fall of 2006. Chris is currently an 1987 1988 1991 Associate in the London office Blaine D. Pope, MIA, MPA Joseph Coleman, MIA Cary Alan Johnson, MIA of Cadwalader, Wickersham & For the past two years, Blaine After graduating from SIPA [email protected] Taft LLP, where he focuses pri- has been an adjunct professor with a specialization in Latin Cary is a Senior Specialist for marily on structured finance at SIPA. This is in addition to American studies, Joseph went Africa at the International Gay transactions. In January he working as an internal con- to work as a reporter, first for and Lesbian Human Rights began coursework in the sultant at the New York City United Press International in Commission. Cary spends Executive MBA Program at Department of Health & Panama and Colombia, and about half of his time in New London Business School. Chris Mental Hygiene and finishing then with the Associated Press York and the rest in Africa and Susan are expecting their his PhD dissertation at in Kansas City. Since then, he working with LGBT groups, first child in September. He Fielding Graduate University has held postings in sexual rights activists, opinion looks forward to hearing from on the socio-economic impact Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the leaders, and governments in fellow classmates. of petroleum depletion. From international desk in New York, Africa. He recently authored a the late 1980s through the and the Tokyo and Paris report, “Off the Map: How late 1990s, he worked exten- bureaus. He is currently AP HIV/AIDS Programs are Failing 1985 sively in Africa and the bureau chief in Tokyo, where Same-Sex Practicing People in Richard Reiter, MIA Middle East. He now hopes to he lives with his wife Kyoko Africa.” and their two children, Ema [email protected] enter academia more fully and and Sean. Richard is a Foreign Service also maintain his connection Mark C. Miller, MIA Officer with the U.S. to various issues in interna- [email protected] Department of State. He has tional affairs. [email protected] returned from a six-month 1989 Mark spent most of the 1990s posting to a Provincial Ben Wacksman, MPA Scott Otteman, MIA living in Chile, where, among Reconstruction Team in south- Ben is the founder, president, [email protected] other things, he worked in Scott became editor of the ern Afghanistan and is now and CEO of Capital Realty finance and banking and played newspaper in responsible for Netherlands Investors, LLC. The real estate Gringo Gazette a lot of soccer. Since June 2003 Cabo San Lucas, Mexico in and Luxembourg issues in the investment fund, based in he has been with BPD Bank in January 2007. State Department’s Bureau of Tampa, Florida, has completed Manhattan, where he is cur- European Affairs. more than $120 million in rently Vice President, Country transactions over the past five Risk Manager. In July 2005, he years. Wacksman, a former 1990 married Ann Pryor; they divide 1986 Hillsborough County Anuj C. Desai, MIA their time between Manhattan Mark Baker, MIA Commissioner, is also the [email protected] and Connecticut. Anuj enjoys his work as a pro- [email protected] chairman of the Florida Mark lives in Prague and is Riverwalk Exchange, a fessor at the University of Scott Richman, MIA working as a freelance travel statewide venture that aims to Wisconsin Law School. [email protected] writer after leaving a full-time open Florida’s waterfront to the Scott was recently promoted job in 2005 as Deputy public. He and his wife Emy Randall Ponder, MIA to Senior Vice President and Managing Editor at Radio Free recently celebrated their 17th [email protected]. Commercial Consulting Lead Europe/Radio Liberty. He wedding anniversary and are Randall recently joined Baton at Informa Economics, Inc., recently completed a project on the proud parents of Aiden, Rouge's The Acumen Group as which provides commodity Romania for the National who turns three in June. a Senior Business Consultant. market analyses, risk manage- Geographic Society, and writes He and his team work with ment advisory services, and regularly for National Geographic Lance Wylie, MIA organizations in developing management consulting serv- business and marketing strate- Traveler magazine, the Wall Street [email protected] ices to agribusinesses and Journal Europe, and other publi- Greetings ’87! Vitals: Still mar- gies; Randall specializes in renewable fuels companies. As cations. ried to Peggy with two daugh- managerial coaching and coun- part of his responsibilities, he ters, 12 and 14. Living in L.A. seling. His book Leadership Made directs the ethanol and agri- David Claussenius, MIA since 1992. Just chucked flag- Easy (Entrepreneur Press 2005), cultural biotechnology prac- now in its third edition, contin- [email protected] ging career and boredom, now tice areas. Scott lives in Based in Bangkok, David is cur- teaching high-school Spanish ues to be well received by Memphis with his wife, rently the Asia Area Director and regret not having done it clients and readers. He, his Elizabeth, and children, Jack for Save the Children U.S. He sooner! Look forward to receiv- wife Linda, and five-year-old and Megan, and encourages would love to hear from alumni ing any news. son Eric live in Baton Rouge. friends from the class of ’91 to of his generation, specifically He asks that classmates drop contact him. those who are in Bangkok. him a line to say hello.

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Farhad Karim, MIA headquartered in Redwood Caroline Baudinet-Stumpf, Earn your MPA in [email protected] Shores, California. She over- MIA Farhad resides in London sees press activities for Oracle’s [email protected] Environmental Science where he is a partner at global communications, fin- Caroline is currently the Loan Simpson Thacher & Bartlett ancial services and utilities Team Manager for International and Policy LLP. He works on a variety of industries. Caroline lives in Credit at Wells Fargo Bank in legal matters throughout Pleasanton, CA with her four- San Francisco. Both Caroline The Master of Public Europe as well as in India year-old son (Dylan), rottweiler and her husband William have Administration Program in and Japan. (Cielo) and two cats (Ramie been in San Francisco since Environmental Science and and Sunny), whom she adopted 2000 and love the West Coast Policy is a twelve-month as a SIPA student. lifestyle, even though life can program that combines 1994 be hectic with their three little Columbia University’s Maria Dreyfus-Ulvert, girls, Isabella (4), Alexandra (2) hands-on approach to MIA 1995 and Emma (7 months). They teaching public policy [email protected] Ellen Psychas, MIA would love to hear from SIPA and administration with After graduation Maria worked Ellen is living on Capitol Hill alums in the Bay Area. pioneering thinking about in Washington, D.C., where the environment. in New York for nine years at different places: Morgan she has been working as an Glenn Danielson, MIA Application deadline Stanley, Nicaragua's Permanent administrator for the PhD [email protected] for early decision: November 1 Mission to the UN and the Program at SAIS Johns Glenn fondly remembers United Nations Development Hopkins since 2004. She is also springtime in New York and For more information, please call 212-854-3142, e-mail: [email protected], writing her doctoral disserta- taking the 1-9 subway up to or visit our Web site: www.columbia.edu/cu/mpaenvironment Program. She married tion at SAIS on the problem of the Bronx to catch a Yankees For information on other SIPA programs, visit www.SIPA.columbia.edu Alexandre Ulvert and moved to attracting private capital to Miami in 2001. They are game. But now he enjoys the school of international and public affairs postconflict economies with happy to announce the birth of cherry blossoms in D.C. and The Earth Institute at Columbia University East Timor as her principle case going to Nationals games. He their 13-month-old baby boy study. Ellen is engaged to is currently pursing a PhD in col umbia university Alejandro. In Miami, Maria marry Bing Yee, an attorney at Public Policy at George Mason worked for over four years at the Department of Homeland University, and welcomes trips the Nicaraguan Consulate as a Howard Shatz, MIA Security. to lunch with other alumni in commercial attaché and in [email protected] the Capital. February 2007 joined Miami Howard joined the RAND Jeff Puterman, MPA Dade County as a trade devel- Corporation in August 2006 as Jeff and his family are relocat- opment specialist covering an economist and is working in ing to Seattle for Gilead Latin America, Europe, and the 1997 RAND’s Washington, D.C., Sciences, where he will lead Middle East. Aaron Frank, MIA office. the marketing research work [email protected] for aztreonam lysine, a new Aaron has been working in Naokatsu Hikotani, MIA molecule for cystic fibrosis. He finance and telecom, in the [email protected] would be interested in meeting Czech Republic, Hungary, and 1992 Naokatsu is working as a mid- John Matthew Trott, MPA any SIPA alumni in the region. Luxembourg since graduation. level senior government official [email protected] He is currently working on within Japan’s Ministry of John was elected to the part- new product development for Finance, where he is working nership of Cox, Castle & 1996 a telecom company in to promote tax reform. Nicholson LLP, where he spe- Babken Babajanian, MIA Holland and the United cializes in commercial real [email protected] States, and would enjoy hear- estate law. Catherine Kallawan Babken recently completed his ing from other alumni in the Lawton, MIA PhD in social policy at the Benelux area. Catherine and her husband London School of Economics, 1993 Professor Gerard Hanlon cele- where he currently teaches Annike Hoysater Asserson, Joe Federman, MIA brated the birth of their son courses on international and MIA [email protected] Gabrial Lawton-Hanlon in comparative social policy. He Annike has been living in Joe has been named News London on November 26, has been involved in research her native Oslo since she Editor of the Jerusalem bureau 2006. and policy work in the graduated and manages a of the Associated Press, respon- Caucasus and Central Asian Scandinavian IT company, sible for directing daily news Caroline Yu, MPA regions and has consulted www.creuna.no, for those who coverage out of Israel, the West [email protected] extensively for the World Bank speak Norwegian. She married Bank, and Gaza Strip. Caroline Yu is a Director of and the UK Department of in 2000 and has a daughter Public Relations for Oracle, a International Development. who was born in 2001. business software company

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Monica Mitrani, MIA comed the birth of their daugh- second daughter, Lilah, into Activities for Latin America [email protected] ter, Margot Beatrice Fay, on their family. She is taking a year and the Caribbean, along with Monica married Robert Abad November 4, 2006. They live off from her duties as an apparel microfinance projects in Brazil, (MIA/MBA ’98) three years in Manhattan. and consumer products reporter Uruguay and Argentina. ago. They now have a baby at Reuters to care for their two Susana’s job usually takes her girl, Sofia Isabella, who is Ramon A. (Chico) Negron, daughters. A very different pace all over Latin America. In 2001, almost a year old, and they live MIA from covering New York’s she married Daniel Q. Kelley, in Pasadena, California. Ramon, his wife Debby and Fashion Week, but rewarding in with whom she lives in two daughters, Alisa (7) and a totally different way! Washington, D.C. Sharyn Tenn, MIA Rebeca (4), are living in Sharyn Tenn just completed Havana, Cuba and are doing Susana Garcia-Robles, MIA Angela Jimenez, MPA her first year as the director of [email protected] just fine. He currently serves as John Leahy, MPA international affairs at the Susana has been working for the Political/Economic Officer Angela and John got married American College of the Multilateral Investment at the U.S. Interests Section in on February 9 in Bogotá, Cardiology in Washington, Fund (MIF) in Washington, Havana. Although there are Colombia. The couple met at D.C. Heart disease is the D.C., since 1999. The MIF is many restrictions on U.S. SIPA, enjoying a wonderful world’s number one killer, and part of the Private Sector diplomats, their experience in friendship for almost 10 years. Sharyn works with a global Group of the Inter-American Havana has been quite fascinat- They plan to live in community of cardiologists to Development Bank. She is a ing, during very historic times. Cropseyville, New York, where facilitate knowledge exchange Senior Investment Officer in He will be living and working John works and lives. aimed at improving cardiovas- charge of Venture Capital cular health worldwide. in Cuba for two more years.

David M. Nidus, MPA Columbia University [email protected] 1998 School of International and Public Affairs Kevin Baumert, MIA Since 2001 David has been [email protected] with the Fortune Society, an After eight years at the World organization that serves the SIPA’s Program in Economic Resources Institute in formerly incarcerated, first as Washington, D.C., Kevin has the agency’s senior director of Policy Management (PEPM) joined the U.S. Department of career development and now as State. He currently works as the associate vice president of an Attorney-Adviser in the programs. This past November, Now in its 14th year, the Program in Economic Policy Management Office of the Legal Adviser for he married Stacey A. Katzen, provides graduate training in the theory and practice of economic policy Human Rights and Refugees. in a Washington, D.C., cere- and development, with a strong emphasis on the policy issues faced by Kevin and his wife Wendy mony attended by fellow MPA developing countries. have two daughters, Claire (4) graduate Michael Hummel. and Adele (2). Stacey and David live on the PEPM alumni belong to a network of experienced profes- Upper West Side, where they sionals. They come from more than 100 countries and occasionally see Jodi Erlandsen, include ministers of economy, governors of central banks, David Birnbaum, MIA New Concentration: a fellow MPA alum. and members of parliament. David was married in early International June last year to Carmit The 14-month program includes 3 semesters of course Drew Porter, MIA Delman, with whom he spent Energy work, followed by a 3-month internship with an economic the summer trekking the Indian Drew is working in the policy organization. Students earn a Master of Public Himalayas. After returning to Washington, D.C., law offices Management Administration degree. New York, he began a new role of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius and Policy Some applicants may qualify for full financial support at the Bank of New York as VP, representing tax-exempt organizations in a variety of matters. through the Joint Japan/World Bank Graduate Scholarship Office of Innovation. At the Program. Bank of New York he manages He and is wife Liz are expect- new projects and venture trans- ing their third child this fall. The 2007–2008 program begins in July of 2007. actions, most of which are They live in Arlington, Applications should be received by January 1, 2007. located in China, India, Japan, Virginia. For an application and additional information: [email protected]; 212-854-6982; 212-854-5935 (fax) and New York. To learn more about SIPA’s other degree programs: Thomas Fay, MIA 1999 www.sipa.columbia.edu Lyn Gramza, MPA (2002) Chelsea Emery, MIA Chelsea and her husband Thomas and Lyn were married Stephen just welcomed their www.columbia.edu/cu/sipa/PEPM on October 8, 2005, and wel- SIPA

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private partnerships. She fortable with the suburbs and would love to hear from appreciate the extra space. friends in the area. Carl Johan Casserberg, SIPA Apeksha Marphatia, MIA MIA School of International and Public Affairs [email protected] [email protected] Columbia University Apeksha lives in the San Carl Johan recently accepted Francisco bay area with her the position as Head of husband and mother. She International Affairs for “The works at IBM, where she spe- Moderates”—the liberal conser- The cializes in international project vative political party of management, often traveling to Sweden. Previously, Carl Johan South Asia. held various positions within COLUMBIA international banking and Lieutenant Colonel Charlie finance with CSFB and EBRD Miller, MIA in London and the Swedish Executive [email protected] Export Credit Corporation in Charlie is currently serving as Stockholm and Moscow. the deputy director of the MPA Commander’s Initiatives Group, Multi-National Force-Iraq. This 2001 Take your career in a new direction. is his second year-long tour in Pongphisoot (Paul) Iraq after a brief respite with Busbarat, MIA the Joint Staff J-5 in [email protected] Washington. After graduating from SIPA, Paul worked for Thailand’s “The Executive MPA program offers a rigorous National Security Council as a curriculum and hands-on approach to public 2000 policy analyst, where he helped Chris Allieri, MIA shape Thailand’s policy to com- policy and problem solving for managers Chris recently joined bat transnational crime and ter- working in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors.” Accenture in New York as the rorism. The experience was a Media Lead for the Strategy great opportunity for him to Concentrations in School of International and Consulting Practice. In his new gain insight and experience in • Advanced Management Public Affairs, 15th Floor position, Chris manages media real-world policymaking, and and Finance 420 West 118th Street relations for Accenture's to travel to many places where • International Economic Policy (off Amsterdam Avenue) Strategy Practice worldwide. he often met SIPA alumni. He and Management He also recently taught a sec- is currently pursuing a PhD at tion of SIPA’s Professional Australian National University, Application deadline: Development course, which focusing on Thailand’s leader- July 1 was designed for students inter- ship in Southeast Asia’s regional ested in media and communica- cooperation. tions careers. Edward Gometz, MIA To learn more about SIPA’s other degree programs: Kenny Blackman, Shannon Lightner, MPA MIA/MBA Edward and Shannon were www.sipa.columbia.edu Karen Lee Blackman, married on January 13, 2007, in Chicago, where they currently 212-854-2710 • [email protected] • www.sipa-empa.com MBA (’00) Kenny and Karen have an 18- live. Edward is attending the month-old son, Drew Kaiyang University of Chicago’s Blackman, and have been living Pritzker School of Medicine, Elizabeth Leff, MPA working for UNDP on a in Stamford, Conneticut, for and Shannon serves as a senior [email protected] regional tsunami project look- more than three years. They policy advisor for the governor Elizabeth is back living in New ing at the private sector’s con- work at different GE Capital of Illinois. York City for the first time tributions to tsunami relief and businesses, following stints in since graduation. After consult- recovery efforts. She will be banking in NYC postgradua- Ivan Small, MIA ing in D.C. and working in continuing work for UNDP in tion. Both certainly miss life in [email protected] Brussels, India, and Cairo, she NY and is always looking for the City, but have grown com- Ivan is currently in Saigon con- spent nearly a year in Bangkok opportunities to build public- ducting dissertation research on

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the social dynamics of return- become Washingtonians and Kathmandu. For the last year, at the United Nations Counter- ing diaspora and remittance recently moved to a small row she has been working for Terrorism Executive Directo- economies in Vietnam. Ivan is a house on Capitol Hill. They the German Technical rate, in New York. She is also PhD candidate in cultural live their quite happily with Cooperation. She is married pursuing a PhD in Sociology at anthropology at Cornell their dog, Lola. with a daughter, Violet, and CUNY. The couple lives in University and presently a would love to hear from her Park Slope, Brooklyn. Fulbright-Hays research fellow Joseph Loy, MPA classmates and other SIPA at Vietnam National [email protected] folks. Those interested in Angelo Mancino, EMPA University, Ho Chi Minh City. After three years at Kirkland & reaching her in Kathmandu can [email protected] Ellis LLP, Joseph recently either e-mail her or call (+977 Angelo has been working in accepted a position as a law 9851087339). the mortgage division of 2002 clerk to the Honorable Judge JPMorgan Chase Bank as a loan Jason Anderson, MIA Matsumoto of the Eastern Isfandyar Zaman Khan, officer and is training for his Jason is currently serving with District of New York PEPM first triathlon. Recently named USAID as a field program offi- (Brooklyn). [email protected] lieutenant as a volunteer mem- cer in Afghanistan. He is based After SIPA Isfandyar joined the ber of the Larchmont Fire in Kunar province—in the east Bremley Lyngdoh, MIA World Bank. He currently Department, he is enjoying life bordering Pakistan—and along [email protected] works as a specialist covering in Larchmont, NY with his with military leadership, he Bremley is still working on his financial sector and private sec- wife and two young boys. He assists the Provincial PhD at the London School of tor development issues, with a hopes everyone is well, and Reconstruction Team (PRT) in Economics and Political regional focus on South Asia. looks forward to seeing every- Science, while also working designing and monitoring His work has enabled him to body one day soon. part time with The Converging USAID-funded projects for the see parts of the world he hadn’t World in Bristol to plant wind province. had much exposure to before, Rebecca Morgenstern turbines in the state of Tamil such as Peru, Tanzania, and Brenner, MPA Nadu in South India in order to David Garten, MPA Egypt. He misses the old Rebecca and Jake Brenner hap- generate clean energy for the Anita Datar Garten, MPA SIPA days. pily announce the birth of their poor villages that were hit by (’03) the tsunami. He regularly par- son, Morgan Forest Brenner, on David and Anita were married ticipates in Columbia May 14, 2006. They live in in August 2003 and are current- University Club of London 2003 Tucson, Arizona. ly living in Washington, D.C. events, believing that it is a Galina I. Duckworth, MIA Since graduating from SIPA, great way to fly the Columbia [email protected] Will Schlickenmaier, MIA David has worked with the flag in the United Kingdom. Galina has been living in Seoul, [email protected] Government Accountability South Korea, for the past two Will is currently slogging Officer, served as Appro- Juan Felipe Munoz, MIA years. Currently, she is the through course work for his priations Projects Director for [email protected] Executive Director of the PhD in international relations Senator Frank Lautenberg, and Juan founded Otun Group, an Foreign Institutional Investors at Georgetown. He just started lobbied on behalf of the international consultancy, Association of Korea (FIIA), a in the fall, but the administra- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric which provides political risk, nonprofit organization estab- tion was generous enough to AIDS Foundation. Recently, financial, and strategic advice lished by the Small and give him a year's worth of David returned to Capitol Hill to corporations, investment Medium Business Adminis- advanced standing based on his to work for Senator Hillary professionals and individuals tration of Korea. She travels SIPA course work. He will be Clinton, advising on with operations and invest- extensively and will be glad to taking his doctoral comps in Appropriations and working on ments in Latin America. In the meet other SIPA alumni resid- the fall, and hopes to write his Homeland Security issues. last two years, along with ing in this part of the world or dissertation on great power After completing her course Cesar Gaviria, he has helped coming to Asia for business or threat perceptions and social work in December 2002, Anita clients to identify opportuni- pleasure. constructivism. He welcomes moved to Washington, D.C., ties, arrange transactions, and hearing from old SIPA to work with RAND resolve troubled investment Laura Limonic, MIA colleagues. Corporation. After one and a situations. [email protected] half years with RAND’s Center Laura was recently married to Anna Segur, MIA for Domestic and International Arun Rana, MIA Francesco Brindisi (CU PhD, [email protected] Health Security and RAND [email protected] Economics) in Buenos Aires, Anna lives in El Salvador and Health, Anita joined the After leaving New York, Arun Argentina. They were fortunate works as a consultant for enter- Futures Group to pursue inter- moved back to Nepal, where to have many SIPA classmates prise development and water national public health. Over she initially worked for at the wedding. Laura is cur- sanitation projects in Central time, David and Anita have Nepal’s Investment Bank in rently a political affairs officer America. When she's not assist-

SIPA NEWS 51 CLASS NOTES SIPA

ing organizations with strategy, ence, as well as providing tech- Jefferies’ efforts in the biofuels Daniel Shaw, MIA fund-raising or monitoring and nology support to the business- sector in addition to the [email protected] evaluation, she likes to cook, es in which it invests. transportation and oil services Daniel works at the City garden, surf, and spend time at sector. University of New York as an the beach with her dog. Chloe Oudiz, MIA adjunct professor teaching eth- [email protected] nic studies classes at John Jay Chloe moved to Washington 2006 College and York College. He 2004 the day she graduated, where Karl Brown, MIA also does violence prevention Roger Fisk, MPA she found a job at the World [email protected] with at-risk high school and Spouse Michelle and daughter Bank, as a JPA. After working Karl is working with the Rock- middle school students. Hannah Sophia, now already for a little over a year in D.C., efeller Foundation as associate two-and-a-half years old, she was transferred to the director of applied technology. joined with proud father and Morocco office, where she has He and his wife Martine have rejoiced at the arrival of been ever since. When her been blessed with two beautiful Samuel Michael into the world contract with the Bank ends daughters, Mirabelle (15 on November 16, 2006. in May, she will be moving months) and Anaïs (1 month). to London to work in the Tamie Nakayama, MIA international development Adam Cherson, MPA Tamie is currently a Human sector. [email protected] Resources Manager for GE Adam is the editor of Eutopia, a Money, a consumer finance Shaheen Rassoul, MIA multidisciplinary index of glob- business arm of General [email protected] al environmental news and Electric (GE). After graduating Shaheen joined Global Rights research from the fields of poli- from SIPA, Tamie joined GE's in March 2006 as country cy, science, law, and business. two-year executive Human director for Afghanistan. In He recently set up a solar array Resources Leadership Program addition to operational, admin- for his apartment and dove to in 2004, assuming her current istrative, and financial over- 660 meters in a homemade sub- role in January 2006. Based in sight in Kabul, Shaheen man- mersible. He enjoyed Rachael Tokyo, Japan, Tamie travels ages the development and Garrett’s (MPA ’05) birthday across Asia for various M&A implementation of Global fête hosted by Karma Ekmekji initiatives taking place in the Rights’ justice and human (MPA ’05), which was attended region. Her future aspiration is rights programs: a transitional by many cherished friends. to help develop the next gener- justice initiative; legal training ation of talented global leaders. programs for paralegals and Katherine Haver, MIA social workers; both Young [email protected] Legal Professionals programs; Katherine works as a researcher 2005 and the Women’s Rights on humanitarian issues at New York University’s Center on Sofia Calltorp, MIA Reporting and Parliamentary International Cooperation. [email protected] Caucus programs. He is also Sofia is currently on maternity joined by his fiancée, Molly leave with her and her spouse Howitt, director of new pro- Jonathan Jacoby, MIA Andrea’s son Hugo, who was grams at the Turquoise [email protected] After wrapping up some won- born on November 10, 2006. Mountain Foundation. derful years at SIPA and In the fall of 2007, she will Columbia Business School last return to her post as human José Xavier, MIA spring, Jonathon has been rights officer at the Swedish José and his wife Bindhu have working as the associate direc- mission to the UN in Geneva, moved to London from New tor for international economic working with the newly estab- York, where he has been work- policy at the Center for lished Human Rights Council. ing since his graduation. He American Progress, a dynamic now works with Jefferies and think tank in Washington, Eric Cantor, MIA Company in the Transpor- D.C. He is excited to be pro- [email protected] tation, Oil Service and moting progressive ideas into Eric is currently working at Infrastructure Investment the policy debate, and sends a Acumen Fund, a social invest- Banking group and will be big hello to everyone beyond ment fund, based in Nairobi, based in the company’s interna- the Beltway and around the Kenya, helping ramp up the tional offices in London for the world. organization's East Africa pres- next two years to support

52 SIPA NEWS SIPA News is published biannually by SIPA’s Office of External Relations.

Managing Editor: JoAnn Crawford Editors: Paula Margulies, Justin Vogt Contributing writers: Casey Albert, Lisa Anderson, Albert Bressand, Jackie Carpenter, Steven Cohen, Rob Garris, Nichole Gomez, Rachel Makabi, Paula Margulies, Cary McClelland, Dan McSweeney, Andrew Monahan, Monique Mugnier, Don Rassler, Justin Vogt

Contributing reporters: Jennifer Chang, Emily Firth, Andres Franco

Contributing photographers: Farhan Baig/Gettyone (p. 20), Eileen Barroso (p. 33, bottom, p. 34), Marcos Brindicci/Reuters/Corbis (p. 13), Evertt Kennedy Brown/epa/Corbis (p. 22), Frederic J. Brown/ Gettyone (pp. 16, 25), Henri Bureau/Sygma/Corbis (pp. 26–27), Jennifer Chang (p. 2), Michael Dames (p. 36, top), Alexander Drozdov/Gettyone (p. 7), Sean Gallup/Gettyone (p. 8), Megan Good (p. 4, center, p. 5, left), Chris Johns/National Geographic (p. 10), Dirk Kemp (p. 37), Rob Klein (p. 33, top), Wojtek Laski/ Gettyone (p. 9), Rachel Makabi (p. 4, right), Elena Makovskaia (p. 4, left), Max Morse/Reuters/Corbis (p. 12), Kevin Phillips/Gettyone (p. 30), Jim Rees/Corbis (p. 18), Sebastian Schienle (p. 5, right), James L. Stanfield/National Geographic (inside front cover–p. 1, pp. 14–15)

Cover Photograph: Lewis Hine (1874–1940), “Power house mechanic working on steam pump,” 1920 Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration

Design and Production: Office of University Publications

School of International and Public Affairs Dean: Lisa Anderson Associate Deans: Patrick Bohan, Sara Mason, and Dan McIntyre

Office of External Relations: Rob Garris, Executive Director of Communications and External Relations JoAnn Crawford, Director of Publications and Special Events Melissa Poueymirou, Major Gifts Officer

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