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Dietary Fiber /Carnitine, Diacylglycerol, and Low Glycemic

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Dietary Fiber /Carnitine, Diacylglycerol, and Low Glycemic DIETARY FIBER /CARNITINE, DIACYLGLYCEROL, AND LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX STARCH EFFECTS ON OBESITY AND TRIGLYCERIDE RICH LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM IN DOGS A Dissertation by YUKA MITSUHASHI Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2009 Major Subject: Nutrition DIETARY FIBER /CARNITINE, DIACYLGLYCEROL, AND LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX STARCH EFFECTS ON OBESITY AND TRIGLYCERIDE RICH LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM IN DOGS A Dissertation by YUKA MITSUHASHI Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, John E. Bauer Committee Members, Edward D. Harris Stephen B. Smith Debra L. Zoran Head of Department, Stephen B. Smith December 2009 Major Subject: Nutrition iii ABSTRACT Dietary Fiber/Carnitine, Diacylglycerol, and Low Glycemic Index Starch Effects on Obesity and Triglyceride Rich Lipoprotein Metabolism in Dogs. (December 2009) Yuka Mitsuhashi, B.S., Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. John E. Bauer Obesity is the most common clinical disorder and is associated with various medical conditions in dogs. Appropriate dietary management potentially provides weight loss in a safe, healthy, and efficacious manner. In order to elucidate whether dietary fiber, carnitine, diacylglycerol (DAG), and low glycemic index (LGI) act on such dietary components, a series of studies was conducted: 1) the combination of dietary fiber/carnitine effect on short term (3 and 7 h) satiety and long term (6 weeks) canine weight loss, 2) the combination of dietary LGI/high glycemic index (HGI) starches and DAG/triacylglycerol (TAG) effect during a 9 week canine weight loss period, and 3) the DAG effect on triglyceride rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism isolated from canine plasma 3-4 h postprandially. The combination of dietary fiber/carnitine supplementation decreased both food and energy intake at 3 h post-feeding, suggesting that this combination diet provided 3 h post-meal satiety. This combination supplement also increased postprandial plasma - hydroxybutyrate (BHB) at d 42 and body fat and weight loss at d 42 from baseline. This iv combination supplement did not alter plasma vitamin A distributions or concentrations although it contained high vitamin A as -carotene. In the second study, the LGI diets resulted in a more pronounced body weight loss than the HGI diets due to lower diet digestibilities. These data are consistent with LGI diets decreasing metabolizable energy and consequently consuming less energy compared to the HGI diets. The DAG diets lowered postprandial plasma TAG at weeks 1 and 8 in and increased plasma BHB at week 8, suggesting an increase in fat oxidation. The combination of DAG/LGI decreased postprandial total cholesterol at week 8. Lipoprotein concentrations were not altered by diet types. Fasting lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) activities were not affected by diets. In the final study, DAG ingestion decreased TRL and plasma TAG concentrations vs. TAG ingestion. The DAG enriched meal increased non-esterified fatty acid, monoacylglycerol, and 1,3-DAG and decreased TAG in TRLs which may be attributed to larger TRL particle size compared to the TAG meal. Consequently, the DAG derived TRLs showed increased affinity of core TAG for LPL and HL in vitro. Moreover, the intravenous injection of the DAG derived canine TRLs into mice underwent more rapid blood clearance associated with the greater hepatic uptake compared to the TAG derived TRL injection. In conclusion, the combination of dietary fiber/carnitine and DAG/LGI preferably reduced body weight and stimulated fat oxidation, which promotes overall weight loss. The postprandial plasma TAG lowering effect of DAG is the result, at least partially, from the efficient clearance of TRLs from blood circulation and their ability to act as a more efficient substrate for plasma lipolytic enzymes. v DEDICATION To my father vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to show my sincere gratitude to my committee chair, Dr. John E. Bauer, for his invaluable support and guidance throughout this research. It would have been impossible for me to complete this Ph.D. degree without his extraordinary patience and help. I also would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Edward D. Harris, Dr. Stephen B. Smith, and Dr. Debra L. Zoran, for their guidance and support as my class instructors and advisers. Thanks also go to Karen Bigley for her assistance in blood collection. I would not have been able to obtain postprandial blood samples in a timely manner without her. I also would like to thank Daisuke Nagaoka, Amy Chamberlin, and Luciano Trevizan, and some of the GI lab members for their assistance with this research and making my time at Texas A&M University a great experience. I also would like to thank Dr. Kazuya Otsuji for his advice relating to obesity and diacylglycerols, Dr. Vincent Gresham and Andrea Taylor for general and special mice handling techniques, Mary Sanders for placing catheters in dogs, Dr. George Fahey and Laura Bauer at the University of Illinois for measuring dietary fiber content in diets. I also would like to thank Dr. Rosemary Walzem and her graduate student, Erica Trojacek, at Texas A&M University for allowing me to use the particle sizer. I also want to extend my gratitude to Kao Corporation and Vet Sciences, for providing grants which partially funded this research. vii Finally, I would like to say sincere thanks to my father, mother and my fiancée, Christopher A. Linder for their endless support. Their endurance and presence encouraged me to keep going on bad days and good days in the USA. viii NOMENCLATURE BCS Body Condition Score BEI Bioelectrical Impedance BHB -hydroxybutyrate DAG Diacylglycerol D2O Deuterium Oxide HDL High Density Lipoprotein HF/C High Fiber/Carnitine HGI High Glycemic Index HL Hepatic Lipase LDL Low Density Lipoprotein LF/C Low Fiber/Carnitine LGI Low Glycemic Index LP Lipoprotein LPL Lipoprotein Lipase MAG Monoacylglycerol ME Metabolizable Energy MER Maintenance Energy Requirement NEFA Non-Esterified Fatty Acid PYY Peptide YY TAG Triacylglycerol ix TC Total Cholesterol TRL Triglyceride Rich Lipoprotein VLDL Very Low Density Lipoprotein x TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... vi NOMENCLATURE.................................................................................................. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................... xii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 1 Measurement of obesity ................................................................. 2 Cause of obesity ............................................................................. 6 Dietary management of obesity...................................................... 7 Preliminary study ........................................................................... 26 Objectives and hypotheses ............................................................. 28 II LIPID METABOLIC AND SATIETY ALTERATION WITH THE COMBINATION OF DIETARY FIBER/CARNITINE IN OBESE CANINES............................................................................... 30 Introduction .................................................................................... 30 Materials and methods ................................................................... 31 Results ............................................................................................ 45 Discussion ...................................................................................... 53 xi CHAPTER Page III THE EFFECT OF DIACYLGLYCEROL AND LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX STARCH ADMINISTRATION ON LIPID METABOLISM DURING CANINE WEIGHT LOSS................................................... 61 Introduction .................................................................................... 61 Materials and methods ................................................................... 63 Results ............................................................................................ 73 Discussion ...................................................................................... 90 IV THE EFFECT OF DAG ADMINISTRATION ON CANINE TRIGLYCERIDE RICH LIPOPROTEIN METABOLSIM ................ 96 Introduction .................................................................................... 96 Materials and methods ................................................................... 97 Results ............................................................................................ 113 Discussion ...................................................................................... 132 V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS................................................... 138 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................
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