Building Partnerships to Support Stable Housing for Child Welfare-Involved Families and Youth

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Building Partnerships to Support Stable Housing for Child Welfare-Involved Families and Youth BULLETIN FOR PROFESSIONALS November 2018 Building Partnerships to WHAT’S INSIDE Support Stable Housing Child welfare and for Child Welfare-Involved housing instability Families and Youth Barriers to stable housing As a child welfare caseworker, you have most likely seen the impact of housing instability and Benefits of collaboration with housing and homelessness on families attempting to reunify homelessness services with their children or prevent placement in out-of- systems home care. They may be living in shelters, in their car, or in housing that is unsafe or overcrowded, Housing resources to or they may need financial or other assistance explore to access and maintain safe and stable housing. Collaboration tips If you work with youth who are preparing to transition from foster care, you know that many Conclusion of these young adults may soon face similar challenges if they do not receive timely and References thoughtful transition planning and support. Children’s Bureau/ACYF/ACF/HHS 800.394.3366 | Email: [email protected] | https://www.childwelfare.gov Building Partnerships to Support Stable Housing for Child Welfare-Involved Families and Youth https://www.childwelfare.gov Every community is unique. Some offer a full continuum Child Welfare and Housing Instability of housing crisis response options—including emergency The significant crossover between families and youth shelter, short-term housing, and permanent housing— involved (or formerly involved) in child welfare and those and supportive services—including short-term help with requiring assistance to maintain safe, affordable housing housing search and security deposits, intensive case is well-documented. According to the Administration management, and ongoing wraparound services once for Children and Families (ACF), roughly 10 percent of housing has been secured. In other communities, housing children entering foster care in 2015 (approximately resources and supportive services may be scarce. In 27,000) were removed from their families at least in part either case, collaborating with local affordable housing due to inadequate housing (U.S. Department of Health and homelessness services providers helps child welfare and Human Services [HHS], ACF, Children’s Bureau, 2017; agencies, housing professionals, and the homelessness HHS, 2016). Research has consistently found that families response system achieve their mandates and meet the experiencing homelessness are involved with the child needs of children, youth, and families more effectively. welfare system—including investigations, open cases, By building and engaging in these mutually beneficial and out-of-home placement—at a higher rate than low- partnerships, child welfare caseworkers and supervisors income families that are housed, even when controlling can help ensure the local array of housing services and for other factors (Dworsky, 2014). supports reflects and adapts to the evolving and varied needs of the families and youth they serve. Homelessness is defined differently by different Federal agencies. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban This bulletin outlines affordable housing and Development (HUD) definition includes four broad homelessness services that may be available in your categories: (1) individuals or families who lack a fixed, community and how you can collaborate with those regular, and adequate nighttime residence (including systems to help the families and youth you serve. those living in places not meant for human habitation, Although directed primarily at child welfare professionals, residing in emergency or temporary housing, or leaving the information in this bulletin also may help housing and an institution); (2) people who are losing their primary homelessness services providers understand the unique nighttime residence within 14 days; (3) unaccompanied needs and concerns of child welfare-involved youth and youth under the age of 25 and families with children who families and how their programs can help. “Grantee meet other Federal definitions of homelessness; and (4) spotlight” boxes throughout the document feature people who are fleeing or attempting to flee domestic examples of programs focused on child welfare and violence and lack needed resources or support (HUD, housing collaboration that were funded by the Children’s n.d.). More information about other Federal definitions Bureau within the Administration for Children and Families can be found on the Youth.gov website: https://youth. of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services as gov/youth-topics/runaway-and-homeless-youth/ part of the Partnerships to Demonstrate the Effectiveness federal-definitions. of Supportive Housing for Families in the Child Welfare System (SHF) and Youth At-Risk of Homelessness (YARH) grant clusters.1 1 For more information about these grants, see Appendix B of Information Memorandum ACYF-CB-IM-17-03 at http://www.csh.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/01/ACF-ACYF-CB-IM-17-03-Housing-and-Child-Welfare- COMBINED.pdf. This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. This publication is available online at https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/bulletins-housing/. 2 Building Partnerships to Support Stable Housing for Child Welfare-Involved Families and Youth https://www.childwelfare.gov Not all families and youth struggling with housing Conversely, child welfare involvement appears to be concerns meet these definitions. Other housing a risk factor for later homelessness. Youth exiting the challenges that may affect families and youth include foster care system to independence face significant living in housing that is overcrowded, paying an challenges securing a safe, stable, and affordable place unsustainable percentage of income for rent or mortgage, to live without strong transition-planning assistance. In at or facing eviction. Unstable or inadequate housing least one study, half of youth living on the street reported increases the risk of children entering foster care and having been in foster care or a group home (HHS, ACF, can delay reunification—even when housing was not the Family and Youth Services Bureau, 2016). These youth reason for out-of-home placement (Dworsky, 2014). One were more likely to report longer periods of homelessness study found that housing problems, such as being evicted compared with youth with no history of foster care. or living doubled up, increased the risk of families having Youth formerly in foster care also have been found to an investigated report of physical abuse (Slack, Lee, & stay in emergency shelters longer than other youth (Park, Berger, 2007). Another study found that living doubled up Metraux, & Culhane, 2005). According to the National increased the odds of a substantiated child maltreatment Youth in Transition Database, 20 percent of 19-year-olds report among families struggling with a caregiver’s formerly in foster care surveyed in 2016 reported having mental illness or substance abuse (Font & Warren, 2013), been homeless at some point within the past 2 years. compared to stably housed families. It is clear that the child welfare, affordable housing, and The effects of inadequate housing on child safety may homelessness services systems have a vested interest be both direct and indirect. In addition to the physical in working together to address crossover and prevent dangers posed by unsafe or unstable living conditions, families and youth from becoming homeless or spending the resulting stress on caregivers can exacerbate these unnecessary lengths of time in the child welfare system. less-than-favorable conditions and lead to physical Working together can help all three systems achieve punishment, domestic violence, substance use, or neglect their goal of keeping children safely with their own (Dworsky, 2014). families when possible and reducing homelessness while improving individual, family, and community well-being. Addressing housing instability and homelessness Barriers to Stable Housing directly supports child welfare’s goals of safety, Two distinct child welfare populations can benefit from a permanency, and well-being for children, youth, collaboration between child welfare agencies and housing and families. Studies have shown that providing and homelessness services to promote housing stability: housing-related services can significantly reduce Families, including the following: repeat maltreatment and facilitate reunification ○ Those receiving family preservation or other for families with children in foster care (Dworsky, in-home services who are insecurely housed and 2014). Addressing family homelessness also can facing the possibility of their children being placed improve children’s physical and psychological in foster care health and support improved educational outcomes (U.S. Interagency Council on ○ Those facing reunification delays due to a lack of Homelessness, 2016). safe and stable housing Youth transitioning out of foster care This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. This publication is available online at https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/bulletins-housing/. 3 Building Partnerships to Support Stable Housing for Child Welfare-Involved Families and Youth https://www.childwelfare.gov Securing and maintaining safe and stable housing can Grantee Spotlight be challenging for families and youth involved with the child welfare system. Understanding common barriers
Recommended publications
  • Housing First Checklist: Assessing Projects and Systems for a Housing First Orientation
    Updated September 2016 Housing First Checklist: Assessing Projects and Systems for a Housing First Orientation Housing First is a proven approach, applicable across all elements of systems for ending homelessness, in which people experiencing homelessness are connected to permanent housing swiftly and with few to no treatment preconditions, behavioral contingencies, or other barriers. It is based on overwhelming evidence that people experiencing homelessness can achieve stability in permanent housing if provided with the appropriate level of services. Study after study has shown that Housing First yields higher housing retention rates, drives significant reductions in the use of costly crisis services and institutions, and helps people achieve better health and social outcomes.i This checklist was designed to help you make a quick assessment of whether and to what degree housing programs — and entire systems — are employing a Housing First approach. Robust tools and instruments are available elsewhere to quantitatively measure program quality and fidelity to Housing First. This tool is not meant to take the place of those more rigorous assessments, but is intended to help Continuums of Care, individual housing and services providers, funders, and other stakeholders to communicate about, and quickly assess, alignment with key Housing First approaches. Core Elements of Housing First at the Program/Project Level For your homelessness service system to work the most efficiently and Quick Screen: Does Your effectively, individual programs must embrace a Housing First Project Use Housing First approach. This portion of the checklist can help you assess the extent Principles? to which your local programs are implementing Housing First. You can use this tool for trainings or planning sessions, during a site visit or 1) Are applicants allowed to program audit, as a guide when reviewing funding applications, or for enter the program without income? many other uses.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Housing First Work for Youth? Stephen Gaetz
    Part C _ Think Pieces 159 Can Housing First Work for Youth? Stephen Gaetz Faculty of Education, York University, Toronto, Canada Canadian Observatory on Homelessness >> Abstract_ Housing First has emerged as an effective and humane approach to addressing homelessness. In spite of the strength of the evidence, questions remain regarding the applicability of Housing First to sub-populations, including youth. The proposed framework for Housing First for Youth outlined here is intended to provide a starting point for communities, policy-makers and practitioners interested in applying the model to adolescents and young adults, recognising that different national and local contexts present both unique challenges but also opportunities. Housing First does not promise or pretend to be the only approach to addressing youth homelessness. However, it can and should become an important intervention that supports, and in turn is supported by, other preventive and early intervention strategies, short term emergency supports, and so on. >> Keywords_ Housing First, youth, key principles Introduction Housing First has emerged as an effective and humane approach to addressing homelessness. Internationally, there has been debate over its potential for adapta- tion and application in different national contexts based on the recognition that social and housing policy varies widely between countries and on concerns about how the concept has been interpreted and implemented. The case for Housing First has been bolstered, however, by a large volume of research that attests to its efficacy, including the highly successful At Home/Chez Soi project from Canada. The breadth and rigour of this research makes Housing First one of the few home- lessness interventions that can be truly deemed a ‘best practice’.
    [Show full text]
  • Study: Supportive Housing Programs for Chronically Homeless Lower Health Care Costs
    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Contact: Greg Turner, Ball Consulting Group, LLC Phone: 508-380-1217; Email: [email protected] Study: Supportive Housing Programs for Chronically Homeless Lower Health Care Costs BOSTON (Dec. 22, 2020) – The Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts Foundation released a research report today demonstrating the effectiveness of supportive housing programs in reducing total health care costs for medical services provided by MassHealth (the Massachusetts Medicaid program) to chronically homeless individuals. The study examined Housing First models administered by the Massachusetts Housing & Shelter Alliance (MHSA). Researchers integrated claims data for a group of individuals, comparing expenditures before and after the provision of supportive housing services and with a control group of similar individuals who did not receive Housing First services. Most of the Housing First participants in this study were enrolled in the Community Support Program for People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness (CSPECH), a Medicaid-funded program that provides community-based support services for chronically homeless individuals in Massachusetts. Key findings of the study include: • Individuals enrolled in permanent supportive housing programs had significantly lower per-person, per-year health care costs on average, compared with the cohort that didn’t receive such services. • Individuals in the programs received significantly more mental health services but the cost was more than offset by lower utilization of inpatient and emergency department
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Homelessness Laws
    The Forum September 2020 Is a House Always a Home?: A Survey of Homelessness Laws Marlei English J.D. Candidate, SMU Dedman School of Law, 2021; Staff Editor for the International Law Review Association Find this and additional student articles at: https://smulawjournals.org/ilra/forum/ Recommended Citation Marlei English, Is a House Always a Home?: A Survey of Homelessness Laws (2020) https://smulawjournals.org/ilra/forum/. This article is brought to you for free and open access by The Forum which is published by student editors on The International Law Review Association in conjunction with the SMU Dedman School of Law. For more information, please visit: https://smulawjournals.org/ilra/. Is a House Always a Home?: A Survey of Homelessness Laws By: Marlei English1 March 6, 2020 Homelessness is a plague that spares no country, yet not a single country has cured it. The type of legislation regarding homelessness in a country seems to correlate with the severity of its homelessness problem. The highly-variative approaches taken by each country when passing their legislation can be roughly divided into two categories: aid-based laws and criminalization laws. Analyzing how these homelessness laws affect the homeless community in each country can be an important step in understanding what can truly lead to finding the “cure” for homelessness rather than just applying temporary fixes. I. Introduction to the Homelessness Problem Homelessness is not a new issue, but it is a current, and pressing issue.2 In fact, it is estimated that at least 150 million individuals are homeless.3 That is about two percent of the population on Earth.4 Furthermore, an even larger 1.6 billion individuals may be living without adequate housing.5 While these statistics are startling, the actual number of individuals living without a home could be even larger because these are just the reported and observable numbers.
    [Show full text]
  • THE PREVENTIVE EFFECT of HOUSING FIRST on HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION and COSTS AMONG CHRONICALLY HOMELESS INDIVIDUALS: New Evidence Using Propensity Score Analysis
    THE PREVENTIVE EFFECT OF HOUSING FIRST ON HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION AND COSTS AMONG CHRONICALLY HOMELESS INDIVIDUALS: New Evidence Using Propensity Score Analysis DECEMBER 2020 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Kevin Brennan was a Manager at Analysis Group, Inc. from 2007 through August 2018. Mr. Brennan led the development of technology solutions to enable rapid and efficient analyses of very large databases to investigate legal issues. He provided expert technical advice and analytical services to consultants and clients of Analysis Group's Health Economics practice, and has prepared reports and testified as an expert witness in litigation matters on enterprise information systems and the software industry. Since August 2018, Mr. Brennan has served as Visiting Professor of Practice in the Daverio School of Accountancy at the University of Akron’s College of Business Administration. Kathryn Buggs was a Senior Analyst at Analysis Group, Inc. until July 2020. Since Fall 2020, she has been enrolled at the University of Michigan Law School. Pete Zuckerman was a Senior Analyst at Analysis Group, Inc. until July 2020. Since Fall 2020, he has been enrolled in the Doctoral Program in the Department of Statistics at the University of Washington. Singumbe Muyeba, PhD, is Assistant Professor at the University of Denver’s Josef Korbel School of International Studies. His research and teaching are in the areas of international development, homelessness and housing poverty in the United States, urbanization, property rights to low-income property among the poor, and the crisis of slums in Sub-Saharan Africa. He has a book and peer-reviewed publications in national and international journals in these research areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Hc3.2. National Strategies for Combating Homelessness
    OECD Affordable Housing Database – http://oe.cd/ahd OECD Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs - Social Policy Division HC3.2. NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR COMBATING HOMELESSNESS Definitions and methodology This indicator presents an overview of strategies and major legislation tackling homelessness at the national and regional level, as reported by OECD, key partner and EU countries responding to the 2021 and 2019 OECD Questionnaire on Social and Affordable Housing (QuASH), and other sources. Homelessness strategies are defined as policy documents setting out targets and actions to tackle homelessness, requiring links across policy sectors. Further discussion of homelessness can be found in the OECD Policy Brief, Better data and policies to fight homelessness in the OECD, available online (and in French). Key findings Fewer than half of countries have an active national strategy to combat homelessness, while some have regional and/or local strategies in place According to the OECD Questionnaire on Affordable and Social Housing, 21 of 45 countries report having an active homelessness strategy in place: Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, and the United States (Table HC3.2.1). The United Kingdom has separate homelessness strategies across the constituent countries of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. In a number of countries, homelessness strategies ran through 2020; due to COVID-19, the updating of such strategies was likely postponed as policy makers focused on implementing on-the-ground solutions to support the homeless population during the pandemic (see Table HC3.2.2) .
    [Show full text]
  • Using Housing First in Integrated Homelessness
    Using Housing First in Integrated Homelessness Strategies A Review of the Evidence Nicholas Pleace February 2018 Copyright © University of York, 2018 All rights reserved. Reproduction of this report by photocopying or electronic means for non- commercial purposes is permitted. Otherwise, no part of this report may be reproduced, adapted, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without prior written permission of the Centre for Housing Policy, University of York. ISBN: 978-0-9929500-6-4 Further copies of this report or any other Centre for Housing Policy publication can be freely obtained by visiting our website: https://www.york.ac.uk/chp/ Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... i Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................. ii Summary ................................................................................................................................... iii About this Report ....................................................................................................................... v 1. New Approaches to Homelessness ............................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Changes to
    [Show full text]
  • Housing First—The Benefits and Problems by Dionne Miazdyck-Shield
    Housing First—The Benefits and Problems By Dionne Miazdyck-Shield Housing First, what is it exactly? The term is used very loosely as the opposite of traditional services for homeless people (emergency shelters, transitional programs). There are ambitious claims made about ending homelessness and saving tax-payers money through using a Housing First approach. I wanted to understand Housing First, the research, benefits, problems, who it works for and how it could be applied in Saskatoon. Here is what I found out. Housing First (HF) has two different, but connected meanings.1 Housing First is an intensive, clinical intervention program developed specifically for chronically street homeless individuals with a mental illness that originated in New York (Pathways to Housing). This program prioritizes permanent housing as a right and self-determination, and the only expectations are that clients pay some income towards their rent and that they talk to an outreach worker or case manager weekly. Earlier program versions were implemented elsewhere with less intensive supports2. In Toronto, Houselink placed people in housing without requiring treatment first as they left institutions in the 1970s. The term “Housing First” was actually coined in Los Angeles with the program Beyond Shelter that rapidly rehoused families at risk of homelessness. Housing First is a general philosophy of providing homeless/at-risk people with permanent housing, first, without a requirement of sobriety or compliance, respecting their choice about where they want to live and promoting health and wellbeing. Many different types of services or programs could be based on this ‘rapid rehousing’ or ‘housing led’ philosophy for a broader range of people.
    [Show full text]
  • Housing First in Canada: a New Approach to Homelessness And
    RUNNING HEAD: Housing First in Canada Housing First in Canada: A New Approach to Homelessness and Best Practices for Municipal Implementation MPA Research Report Submitted to The Local Government Program Department of Political Science The University of Western Ontario Michelle (Shelly) Steffler July 2016 RUNNING HEAD: Housing First in Canada 1 Abstract This paper examines the Housing First approach to homelessness, which provides people living on the street with permanent homes before offering them optional supports. This stands in stark contrast to the traditional approach to housing, where people need to meet preconditions, such as sobriety, before being assisted to obtain housing. This paper examines the history, causes, and impact of homelessness, and the rise of Housing First in Canada. It uses case studies from Medicine Hat and Toronto to explore the implementation of Housing First in two Canadian cities. The paper concludes by providing best practices and offering cautions for municipalities considering Housing First. The case studies indicate that data collection, stakeholder engagement, a systems approach, and support from all levels of government are important components for any municipality considering Housing First. RUNNING HEAD: Housing First in Canada 2 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Background Information ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Multi-Dimensional Lives of Children Who Are Homeless
    ______________________________________________________________________________ The Multi-dimensional Lives of Children who are Homeless _____________________________________________________________________________ Steve Grineski, Minnnesota State University—Moorhead Abstract It is widely reported that children who are homeless are victimized by overwhelming challenges like poverty and ill-advised policy decisions, such as underfunding the McKinney-Vento Home- less Assistance Act. This act is the only federal legislation devoted to this marginalized group. Children who are homeless, however, should not be characterized as single-dimensional and hapless victims solely defined by this unwanted status. This kind of deficiency-thinking leads to presumptions, generalizations, and a narrow ascribing of not just their abilities, but their full humanity as well. Deficit-thinking may cause human service providers to try and ‘fix and man- age’ children who are homeless, instead of building on their interests, gifts, and talents. Viewing children who are homeless as multi-dimensional and unfinished, with “hopes, dreams, and aspi- rations…passions and commitments… [and] skills, abilities, and capacities…”1 should be the reality for the more than one million children who are homeless. This manuscript provides a richer understanding for the multi-dimensional lives of children who are homeless. Interviews conducted with key stakeholders and surveys completed by children staying at an emergency homeless shelter located in a Midwestern mid-size city inform preliminary ethnographic findings presented here. Generated from a two-year community- and shelter-based activity program these findings push back against a narrowing social construction of children who are homeless, as do several studies investigating this idea. A more holistic narrative that illustrates multi- dimensional children who act on varied interests, gifts, and talents are suggested.
    [Show full text]
  • Housing First in Permanent Supportive Housing
    HOUSING FIRST IN PERMANENT SUPPORTIVE HOUSING What is Housing First? Housing First is an approach to quickly and successfully connect individuals and families experiencing homelessness to permanent housing without preconditions and barriers to entry, such as sobriety, treatment or service participation requirements. Supportive services are offered to maximize housing stability and prevent returns to homelessness as opposed to addressing predetermined treatment goals prior to permanent housing entry. Housing First emerged as an alternative to the linear approach in which people experiencing homelessness were required to first participate in and graduate from short-term residential and treatment programs before obtaining permanent housing. In the linear approach, permanent housing was offered only after a person experiencing homelessness could demonstrate that they were “ready” for housing. By contrast, Housing First is premised on the following principles: Homelessness is first and foremost a housing crisis and can be addressed through the provision of safe and affordable housing. All people experiencing homelessness, regardless of their housing history and duration of homelessness, can achieve housing stability in permanent housing. Some may need very little support for a brief period of time, while others may need more intensive and long-term supports. Everyone is “housing ready.” Sobriety, compliance in treatment, or even criminal histories are not necessary to succeed in housing. Rather, homelessness programs and housing providers must be “consumer ready.” Many people experience improvements in quality of life, in the areas of health, mental health, substance use, and employment, as a result of achieving housing. People experiencing homelessness have the right to self-determination and should be treated with dignity and respect.
    [Show full text]
  • Housing First Implementation Brief
    VA National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans | U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs HOUSING FIRST IMPLEMENTATION BRIEF April 2014 Ann Elizabeth Montgomery, PhD; Lindsay Hill; Dennis P. Culhane, PhD; Vincent Kane, MSS The current Administration set a bold and ambitious goal to end chronic and Veteran homelessness by 2015.1 To accomplish this mission, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) launched a comprehensive, evidence-based, data- and outcome-driven strategy supported by significant local and federal partnerships and a considerable financial commitment. VA has transformed its service model to be more “person-centered” and focused on solutions—including collaborative community-based treatment and supportive services—to prevent and end Veteran homelessness. This approach has greatly increased access to healthcare, benefits, employment services, and permanent housing solutions for Veterans who are homeless or at risk.2 Initial results of this transformation are promising: between 2010 and 2013, the number of Veterans experiencing homelessness on a single night in January decreased by 24% (76,329 to 57,849).3 This significant reduction in homelessness among Veterans is particularly notable as this progress has occurred during one of the worst recessions our country has faced, characterized by an affordable housing crisis and approximately 46.5 million people living in poverty.4 THE HOUSING FIRST MODEL A primary example of VA’s transformation is its decision to adopt, as national policy, a Housing First approach for its homeless programs. Housing First is a low-barrier, supportive housing model that emphasizes permanent supportive housing to end homelessness.5 This approach provides individuals who are experiencing homelessness—particularly those who have been homeless for prolonged periods and have disabling conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, recurrent major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and addictive disorders—with permanent housing as quickly as possible and supportive services as needed.
    [Show full text]