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Soybean Aphid SOYBEAN APHID Research Update Your soybean checkoff. Delivering results. A multi-pronged attack on soybean aphids Biological control, aphid-resistant varieties and aphid tracking systems Every initiative at the North Central resistant sources there are, the tougher it Soybean Research Program has the same will be for aphids to overcome them. goal: helping producers improve their Checkoff dollars helped build the profitability. suction trap network that tracks aphid That’s why checkoff-funded researchers migrations and populations, as well as the spent years tracking down and studying Sentinel Plot Program, an early-warning The North Central Soybean Binodoxys communis, an exotic natural system for rust and aphids. Research Program (NCSRP) parasitoid from Asia that was released NCSRP also funded research on soybean is comprised of state soybean throughout the North Central region in aphids’ native natural predators and checkoff boards in Illinois, 2007. This tiny, stingless wasp effectively treatment thresholds so growers know Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, controls soybean aphids in China, and when to spray and when to hold off calling Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, we’re hoping it’ll do the same for U.S. the custom applicator. Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, soybean growers. From biocontrol and genetic resistance South Dakota and Wisconsin. If Binodoxys establishes itself here and to early warning systems and treatment Established in 1992 to coordinate helps keep aphid numbers low, it also may recommendations, your checkoff dollars soybean production research lower the number of insecticide applications cover a lot of ground when it comes to efforts on a regional level, NCSRP needed. This is a classic case of natural helping you manage aphids. That’s your invests soybean checkoff funds biocontrol, and if it works, it’ll be one of soybean checkoff. Delivering results. in research programs to better the most successful in history. understand and manage soybean In another area, thanks to checkoff pests and diseases. support for germplasm screening at public institutions, aphid-resistant soybean varieties are on the way. Several universities are Jerry Wyse developing resistant lines, using different NCSRP President genetic sources of resistance. The more Haven, KS www.planthealth.info For more information or to order copies of this soybean aphid research update, contact David Wright at 800-383-1423. Table of Contents Aphid enemies from Asia . 3 Special thank you to our insert print publication sponsor: When soybean plants are good aphid hosts . 5 Warrior with Zeon Technology® insecticide. Are You Ready to Increase in native parasitoids . 6 Fight Soybean Aphids? New guide identifies beneficial insects . 7 Cover photo courtesy of Roy Scott, SDSU. Monitoring aphids via the suction trap network . 8 Growers can track aphids online through the IPM PIPE . 9 Aphid-resistant varieties coming soon . 10 © 2008 North Central Soybean Research Program Revisiting the 250 treatment threshold . 11 2 3 Reuniting old enemies Releasing aphid enemies from Asia into Midwest soybean fields SDSU Scott, Roy of Courtesy After three years of safety testing in O’Neil points to biological control quarantine laboratories – and another one examples in other crops. “Parasitoids from and a half years getting the government the Mediterranean have been successfully permits – checkoff-funded researchers got introduced to control alfalfa weevil,” he the go-ahead to release an “exotic biological explains. “Thanks to biological control, control agent” that attacks soybean aphids. alfalfa weevils went from being a significant This tiny, stingless wasp, calledBinodoxys pest problem that farmers were spraying communis, hails from China and Japan, most years, to no problem at all.” where it has been a long-time natural enemy of soybean aphids. It won’t eat Toledo During the summer of 2007, wasps were Researchers also spent years testing the host released in 30-plus locations throughout range of Binodoxys to make sure it won’t Minnesota, Michigan, Iowa, Illinois, disrupt non-target aphid species. According Indiana, South Dakota and Wisconsin. to O’Neil, “When you release a natural Release sites were a mixture of ag enemy, one of the big questions is, ‘Is it experiment stations and farmers’ fields, going to eat Toledo?’ We’ve done a lot of host near buckthorn whenever possible because specificity testing because we didn’t want to that’s where soybean aphids overwinter. release something that attacks everything. “The first step was to see if Binodoxys Binodoxys has a narrow host range, and would attack soybean aphids in U.S. soybean aphid is by far its No. 1 target.” soybean fields,” says Bob O’Neil, Purdue Scientists also have 15 to 20 other University entomologist. “We can’t prove parasitoid species still in quarantine. it at every location, but for the most part “It looks like a couple of those also have they did.” high host specificity to soybean aphids,” The next step will be forBinodoxys to says O’Neil. “We’re looking at those, too.” make it through the Midwestern winter. “They have to find something to live on How the wasp works during the winter,” says O’Neil, who Binodoxys lays an egg inside the soybean visited Asia several times looking for aphid. “As the egg hatches, the larva eats parasitoids (insects that use other insects the aphid from the inside out, starting with as hosts) that attack soybean aphids. the blood and ending with vital organs,” Fortunately, Binodoxys is from a region says Minnesota’s Heimpel. (The larva also that has the same climate, so weather spreads glue to keep the aphid stuck on the shouldn’t be a problem. soybean plant.) It’s not a yellow jacket What could have been a problem – public Researchers hope this Binodoxys discomfort with the idea of scientists communis parasitoid – an enemy introducing a wasp into the Midwest – of soybean aphids – establishes has been minimal. “I’ve received a few itself throughout the North e-mails,” says George Heimpel, University Central region. of Minnesota entomologist leading the Binodoxys release. “When you say ‘wasp’ people think yellow jackets. But Binodoxys is completely different,” he adds. “That’s why we call them tiny, stingless wasps.” Courtesy of David Hansen, U of Minn. 2 3 Courtesy of Chris DiFonzo, MSU Once the larva is done feeding, it goes low. So I think Binodoxys is probably better through the pupal stage, which involves adapted to low levels of aphids. spinning silk on the inside of the dead “I don’t think they’ll be very good at aphid skin. The aphid skin hardens, partly knocking down high aphid levels. But due to the silk, to form a puffy shell called once levels are low, they’ll keep them low,” a mummy. he continues. “If aphid levels spike, then Mummies look like puffy brown versions Asian lady beetles have a better chance of Releasing Binodoxys of the aphid, or sesame seeds. The adult knocking them back.” communis wasp cuts a “poptop” hole in the mummy The problem with that tag team – Asian and emerges. The mummy stays attached lady beetles and Binodoxys – is that they’re University of Minnesota to the plant, thanks to the glue. “What’s competitors, not partners. “The beetles Entomologist George Heimpel nice about the mummies is they’re easy to don’t mind munching on Binodoxys eggs says researchers tried several detect in the field, so you’ll know whether within mummies,” Heimpel adds. “My different methods of releasing you have Binodoxys,” Heimpel explains. hope is that eventually, Binodoxys can Binodoxyis communis last summer. keep aphid numbers so low that lady “Early in the season when Binodoxys emerging from beetles aren’t interested in visiting aphid levels were low, we used a mummified aphid body soybean fields. mesh-covered insect cage over a “Asian lady beetles tend not to lay eggs square meter of soybean plants. in fields with low aphid numbers,” he We removed the soybean aphid explains. “I’m hopeful that Binodoxys will predators (i.e., Asian lady beetles) also suppress them, because I think Asian from the cage, so aphid numbers lady beetle numbers are out of whack from built up enough for the feasting on aphids. And other than farmers, Binodoxys wasps to parasitize. most people hate Asian lady beetles.” Then we added potted soybean plants from a greenhouse that What’s next for Binodoxys had lots of Binodoxys about to O’Neil says checkoff-funded researchers hatch from aphid mummies. will continue releasing Binodoxys in “The idea was to get aphid overwintering habitats, to continue Binodoxys to establish within Courtesy of Matt O’Neal, IA State establishing the population. “It’s up to the the cages and reproduce, so we Keeping aphid levels low bugs, but we’ve given them every chance. tried waiting 10 days for one Heimpel says if we do eventually get aphid “If Binodoxys takes off,” O’Neil adds, generation of wasp, and three control from Binodoxys, it’ll take a few “farmers won’t be paying attention to weeks for two generations years. “Aphid densities in China are very aphids anymore.” before removing the cages,” Heimpel explains. “What worked best was waiting three weeks, when we had 100 to 500 mummies per plant – and 40 to 50 plants – inside the Read more about it cage. Adult wasps were taking Dan Mahr, entomologist at the off from second-generation University of Wisconsin, developed mummies and dispersing a Web site specifically about the through the field.” Binodoxys communis release, as well as other biological control efforts. Visit www.entomology.wisc.edu/sabc to read more about these projects, and to view photographs of Binodoxys, mummies and other beneficial natural enemies to look for in your soybean fields. 4 5 Courtesy of David Hansen, U of Minn. Aphid feeding is a double-edged sword When they feed, aphids’ piercing mouthparts (called stylets) are inserted between the soybean plant’s cells, where they tap into the nutritious phloem sap.
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