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Volume No. 2 Volume Annual 18th International Scientific Conference Proceedings RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2012 Latvia University of Agriculture RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2012 Annual 18th International Scientific Conference Proceedings Volume 2 Jelgava 2012 Research for Rural Development 2012 Volume 2 Annual 18th International Scientific Conference Proceedings Jelgava, LLU, 2012 249 pages ISSN 1691-4031 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Ausma Markevica, Mg.sc.paed., Mg.sc.soc., Head of the Post-graduate Studies Department, Latvia University of Agriculture Zita Kriaučiūnene, Dr., Senior Manager of the Research Department, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania Nadežda Karpova-Sadigova, Mg.sc.soc., main specialist of Post-graduate Studies Department, Latvia University of Agriculture SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Chairperson Professor Zinta Gaile, Dr.agr., Latvia University of Agriculture Members Associate professor Andra Zvirbule-Bērziņa, Dr.oec., Latvia University of Agriculture Professor Irina Arhipova, Dr.sc.ing., Latvia University of Agriculture Associate professor Gerald Assouline, Dr.sc. soc., Director of QAP Decision, Grenoble, France Professor Inga Ciproviča, Dr.sc.ing., Latvia University of Agriculture Associate professor Aivars Kaķītis, Dr.sc.ing., Latvia University of Agriculture Associate professor, Antanas Dumbrauskas, Dr.sc.ing., Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Lithuania Senior researcher, Āris Jansons, Dr.silv., Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava” TECHNICAL EDITORS Santa Treija Inga Skuja © Latvia University of Agriculture, 2012 Approved and indexed:The Proceedings of previous Annual International Scientific Conferences “Research for Rural Development” published by Latvia University of Agriculture since 1994 and has been approved and indexed in to databases: AGRIS; CAB ABSTRACTS; CABI full text; EBSCO Academic Search Complete; Thomson Reuters Web of Science; Elsevier SCOPUS. Online: http://eng.llu.lv/?ri=4638 Editorial office: Latvia University of Agriculture, Lielā ielā 2, Jelgava, LV -3001, Latvia Phone and fax: + 371 630 05607; e-mail: [email protected] Printed and bound in „Drukātava” Supported by: FOREWORD The four independent reviewers estimated each paper and recommended 78 articles for publishing at the proceedings consisted of 2 volumes, which started life as presentations at the Annual 18th International Scientific Conference “Research for Rural Development 2012” held at the Latvia University of Agriculture, in Jelgava, on 16 to 18 May 2012. In the retrospect of four months later, we can count the Conference as a great success. The theme – Research for Rural Development - attracted participation more than 200 researchers with very different backgrounds. There were 114 presentations from different universities of Lithuania, Estonia, Ukraine, South Africa and Latvia. Thank you for your participation! I’m sure that you have learned from the presentations and discussions during the conference and you can use the outcomes in the future. The cross disciplinary proceedings of the Annual 18th International Scientific Conference “Research for Rural Development 2012” is intended for academics, students and professionals researching in the area of crop production, animal breeding, agricultural engineering, agrarian and regional economics, food sciences, veterinary medicine, forestry, wood processing, water management, environmental engineering, landscape architecture, information and communication technologies. The proceedings will be useful for researchers in educational sciences, too. The papers are grouped according to the sessions in which they have been presented. Finally, I wish to thank Organizing and Scientific Committee and the sponsors for their great support to the conference and proceedings. On behalf of the Organizing Committee of Annual 18th International Scientific Conference “Research for Rural Development 2012” Ausma Markevica Latvia University of Agriculture Contents CSONTENT FORESTRY AND Gints Priedītis, Ingus Šmits, Salvis Daģis, Dagnis Dubrovskis WOOD PROCESSING Individual TREE identification USING combined LIDAR data AND OPTICAL imagerY 7 Nazar Kalynovskyi LITTER INVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN PINE FORESTS OF DIFFERENT AGE (BARANIVKA AREA, UKRAINE) 14 Kristaps Gruduls, Tālis Gaitnieks, Jānis Donis, Imants Liepa HETEROBASIDION SPP. IN PICEA ABIES UNDERSTORY: INCIDENCE AND IMPACT ON RADIAL GROWTH OF TREES 21 Gediminas Masaitis, Gintautas Mozgeris SOME PECULIARITIES OF LABORATORY MEASURED HYPERSPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SCOTS PINE AND NORWAY SPRUCE NEEDLES 25 Rasa Vaitkevičiūtė DISTRIBUTION AND Status OF COMMON JUNIPER (JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS L.) IN Lithuanian PINE Stands 33 Līga Liepa, Inga Straupe THE ASSESMENT OF VEGETATION DIVERSITY IN BLACK ALDER WOODLAND KEY HABITATS IN ZEMGALE 37 Gerda Šilingienė, Regina Vasinauskienė, Jonas Račinskas THERMAL WEED control IN NorwaY SPRUCE (PICEA ABIES (L.) H.KARST.) NURSERY 44 Andis Bārdulis, Āris Jansons, Imants Liepa Below-ground BIOMASS PRODUCTION IN YOUNG STANDS OF Scots PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) ON ABANDONED agricultural land 49 Andis Lazdiņš, Mariam Mattila EVALUATION OF RESULTS OF FOREST REGENERATION AFTER STUMP EXTRACTION IN FINLAND 55 Andis Lazdiņš, Agris Zimelis SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTIVITY AND COST OF STUMP EXTRACTION FOR BIOFUEL USING MCR 500 EXCAVATOR HEAD 62 Agris Zimelis, Valentīns Lazdāns, Dagnija Lazdiņa EVALUATION OF FOREST REGENARATION RESULTS AFTER STUMP EXTRACTION IN JOINT STOCK COMPANY ‘LATVIAN STATE FORESTS’ 69 Janis Krumins, Ingus Smits, Salvis Dagis, Dagnis Dubrovskis MONITORING RESULTS OF ROUND WOOD UTILIZATION AND WOOD PROCESSING SUSTAINABILITY IN LATVIA 73 Kristiāns Štekelis QUALITY CONTROL MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS OF WOODEN PRODUCT SURFACES 80 Inese Šāble, Uldis Grīnfelds, Linards Sisenis, Anrijs Verovkins, Arnis Treimanis Impact OF provenance ON WOOD AND FIBRES properties OF LODGEPOLE PINE, grown IN Latvia 86 Mareks Millers, Jānis Magaznieks Scots PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) STEM WOOD AND BARK MOISTURE AND DENSITY Influencing FACTORS 91 RURAL ENGINEERING Aivars Brokāns RESEARCH OF ’DURATION OF LOAD’ EFFECTS IN TIMBER ELEMENTS IN BENDING 98 Sandris Liepiņš, Arturs Lešinskis, Uldis Iljins LOW-EMISSION heat insulation FOR roof constructions 105 4 RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2012 Contents ENVIRONMENTAL Antanas Maziliauskas, Raimundas Baublys, Ramūnas Gegužis ENGINEERING Regulated streams rehabilitation USING BIOENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE METHODS 109 ARCHITECTURE Viesturs Kalniņš ASSESSMENT OF BIOINDICATION METHODS IN AIR POLLUTION MONITORING 117 Madara Markova CHURCHYARD ELEMENTS IN LATGALE UPLAND 122 Burlakovs Juris, Gorbunovs Eduards CONTAMINATION PROBLEMS IN FORMER MILITARY AREAS: CASE STUDY IN RIGA 129 Maija Jankevica ASSESSMENT OF Landscape Ecological Aesthetics IN URBAN AREAS. Example OF Jelgava 134 Lilita Lazdāne PUBLIC PERCEPTION ABOUT LANDSCAPES OF WATERMILLS AND SMALL- SCALE HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN LATVIA 141 Fedir Markov Miklouho-MACLAY park - THE object OF historical, cultural AND ARCHITECTURAL heritage 148 WATER Egidijus Kasiulis MANAGEMENT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF WAVE HEIGHTS IN THE LITHUANIAN COAST 152 Saulius Gužys THE INFLUENCE OF CROPPING SYSTEMS DIFFERING IN INTENSITY ON MINERAL NITROGEN MIGRATION 159 Andrius Litvinaitis, Lina Bagdžiūnaitė-Litvinaitienė RESEARCH OF NUTRIENTS MIGRATION OF SANDY SEDIMENT AERATION ZONE OF THE RIVER BANK BUFFER AREA 166 Otilija Miseckaitė, Liudas Kinčius THE influence OF DIFFERENT HUMUS LAYERS ON THE drainage RUNOFF DURING DIFFERENT seasons 174 Igors Gusarevs PNEUMATIC PULSE method IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF DEHYDRATION AND utilization OF THE sewage sludge 180 ECONOMICS Janis Paiders, Juris Paiders BASIC FACTORS OF PARLIAMENT ELECTION RESULTS IN THE RURAL AREAS OF LATVIA 184 Jan Žukovskis, Lina Marcinkevičiūtė MOTIVATION TOOLS FOR EMPLOYEES IN REGIONAL MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATIONS OF LITHUANIA 191 Laura Girdžiūtė RISKS IN AGRICULTURE AND THEIR ASSESSMENT Methods 197 Vaida Stulpinienė, Vilija Aleknevičienė FINANCIAL DISTRESS Determinants: THE surveY OF Lithuanian FARMS 203 Skaidrīte Dzene, Aija Eglīte PERSPECTIVE OF SUSTAINABLE FOOD CONSUMPTION IN LATVIA 210 Meldra Gineite ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN KURZEME REGION 216 Kristaps Makovskis, Dagnija Lazdiņa, Ligita Bite Economic CALCULATION OF Short ROTATION Willow Plantations IN Latvia 224 RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2012 5 Contents ECONOMICS Aija Jaunmuktane POLICIES related TO VOLUNTEER WORK IN Latvia 230 Artis Broņka, Andra Zvirbule-Bērziņa AN evaluation OF USING FUEL WOOD FOR district heating PRODUCTION IN Latvia 236 Liga Brunina, Elina Konstantinova ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACT OF COASTAL EROSION PROTECTION IN LATVIA 243 6 RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2012 FORESTRY AND WOOD PROCESSING INDIVIDUAL TREE IDENTIFICATION USING COMBINED LIDAR DATA AND OPTICAL IMAGERY Gints Priedītis, Ingus Šmits, Salvis Daģis, Dagnis Dubrovskis Latvia University of Agriculture e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The most important part in forest inventory based on remote sensing data is individual tree identification, because only when the tree is identified, we can try to determine its characteristic features. The objective of research was to explore remote sensing methods to determine individual tree position using LiDAR and digital aerial photography in Latvian forest conditions. The study site was a forest in the middle of Latvia – in Jelgava district (56º39’ N, 23º47’ E). Aerial photography camera (ADS 40) and laser scanner (ALS 50 II) were used to capture the data. LiDAR resolution was 9p m2 (500 m altitude).
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    LIFE–Nature projekts “PIEKRASTES BIOTOPU AIZSARDZÈBA UN APSAIMNIEKOÍANA LATVIJÅ” LIFE–Nature project “PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL HABITATS IN LATVIA” Projekta pårskats Layman’s Report LIFE02 NAT/LV/008498 LIFE02 NAT/LV/008498 2002. – 2006. gads Year 2002–2006 Latvijas Universitåtes Biolo©ijas fakultåte Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia Teksta autori Vija Znotiña, Brigita Laime, Rita Birziña, Kårlis Kalvißkis, Marita Nikmane, Ineta Plikßa, Mårtiñß Pétersons, Didzis Tjarve Ang¬u valodas redakcija Inguna Jansone Zîméjumi Gundega Gulbe Korektore Anitra Pårupe Fotoattélu autori Latvija Andris Soms, Rita Birziña, Ineta Plikßa, Marita Nikmane, Roberts Bérziñß, Brigita Laime, Valdis Krastiñß, Didzis Tjarve, Vija Znotiña, Dina Dombrovska, Iréna Berga, Valda Baroniña, Juris Prikulis Kartes veidojis Kårlis Kalvißkis Maketéjußi Artürs Gailis, Verners Ívarcs Iespiests tipogråfijå McÅbols Izdevums sagatavots projekta “Piekrastes biotopu aizsardzîba un apsaimniekoßana Latvijå” ietvaros © Latvijas Universitåte, 2006 ISBN 9984–802–00–0 AinaΩi Carnikava Jürmala LapmeΩciems Påvilosta Rîga Medzes pagasta padome Roja Rucava Salacgrîva Saulkrasti Projekta mér˚is, teritorija un galvenie pasåkumi Background information on the project Eiropas Komisijas atbalstîtais LIFE–Nature projekts LIFE–Nature project “Protection and management of “Piekrastes biotopu aizsardzîba un apsaimniekoßana coastal habitats in Latvia” (The Coastal Project) lasted Latvijå” (Piekrastes projekts) ilga no 2002. lîdz from 2002 to 2006. Project beneficiary: Faculty of 2006.
  • Inequality and Governance in Latvia

    Inequality and Governance in Latvia

    IN DEFIANCE OF FATE Ethnic Structure, Inequality and Governance of the Public Sector in Latvia Artis Pabriks 2003 Part of UNRISD Project on Ethnic Structure, Inequality and Governance of the Public Sector. All unauthorized citation, duplication or distribution prohibited without the approval of UNRISD and the authors. Introduction This report discuss the issue of ethnic equality and governance in respect to socio- political stability in Latvia from the historic perspective. Latvia, just like the overwhelming majority of modern states is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country. Latvian history and geography is a relevant factor in order to understand the dynamics of ethnic relations and ethnopolitics. Geopolitically, Latvia is squeezed on the shores of the Baltic between larger powers, Russia, Germany, Poland, and Sweden. Time to time, each of these countries was eager to dominate the region and its population by political, economic, and cultural means thus influencing Latvia’s ethnic composition as well as ethnic relations. During the two World Wars of the 20th century, country was twice turned into extensive war zone. It has experienced several occupations and dominance of totalitarian ideologies. Latvia was ruled by democratic, authoritarian, and totalitarian regimes one after another. It has experienced market economy as well as centralized communist rule. Its population went through economically wealthy periods and faced hunger. People of Latvia have experienced respect and humanity in their mutual relations just like they have been facing terror, humiliation, deportations and death. Most of political analysts would argue that these are not conditions favouring independent and democratic statehood. Indeed, the world, even Europe knows dozens of ethnic groups and nations much larger in size and in economic power which never have experienced their own statehood.
  • Majority and Minority Ethnic Voting in New Democracies

    Majority and Minority Ethnic Voting in New Democracies

    Identity and Agency: Majority and Minority Ethnic Voting in New Democracies Benjamin P. McClelland Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2020 © 2020 Benjamin P. McClelland All Rights Reserved Abstract Identity and Agency: Majority and Minority Ethnic Voting in New Democracies Benjamin P. McClelland This dissertation examines how ethnic identities are politicized through elections in new democracies. Using the cases of post-communist Latvia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, I compare the electoral success of campaigns which appeal to voters on the basis of ethnicity to those do not. I argue that ethnic parties are most likely in groups for whom two conditions are met. First, ethnicity must meaningfully differentiate ethnic insiders from outsiders, in such a way that voters will believe policy benefits will likely result from political representation for the group. Second, electoral institutions must ensure that the political mobilization of the group will result in electoral victory. These two conditions create fundamentally different incentives for ethnic majority groups and ethnic minority groups simply because of differences in group size. In most democracies with a large minority population, ethnic voting will be more likely among the majority group than the minority group, unless institutions encourage minority group voting by lowering barriers to entry. The results demonstrate the qualitatively different ways groups use ethnic identities as a resource to achieve political objectives, with important implications for minority group representation, political participation, and democratic governance in diverse societies. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Study Ethnic Voting? .