US 2011 O256232A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/0256232 A1 Nygaard et al. (43) Pub. Date: Oct. 20, 2011

(54) ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITION FROM Publication Classification COPEPODS (51) Int. Cl. (75) Inventors: Halvor Nygaard, Bones (NO); 39t ; CR Eyolf Langmyhr, Bergen (NO) ( .01) AOIP3/00 (2006.01) (73) Assignee: Nofima Ingrediens, Fylingadalen A6IP33/02 (2006.01) (NO) A6IP3L/04 (2006.01) A6IP3 L/10 (2006.01) (21) Appl. No.: 13/124,756 A6IP3L/2 (2006.01) AOIN 63/02 (2006.01) (22) PCT Filed: Oct. 28, 2009 A6IP3L/00 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl...... 424/520; 514/2.3: 514/23 (86). PCT No.: PCT/EP2009/064229 (57) ABSTRACT S371 (c)(1), (2), (4) Date: Jul. 6, 2011 The present invention relates to an antimicrobial composi tion, and to a process for the preparation of Such a composi (30) Foreign Application Priority Data tion. The invention also relates to the use of Such an antimi crobial composition. The present invention further relates to Oct. 28, 2008 (NO) ...... 20084555 the use of the antimicrobial composition as a pharmaceutical. Patent Application Publication Oct. 20, 2011 Sheet 1 of 12 US 2011/0256232 A1

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ANTMICROBAL COMPOSITION FROM Calanus finmarchicus in the treatment of microbial COPEPODS in an individual in need thereof.

DEFINITIONS 0001 All patent and non-patent references cited in the 0008. The term proteinaceous is defined as any molecule present application, are also hereby incorporated by reference comprising amino acids connected by amide (peptide) bonds. in their entirety. Non-proteinaceous is any molecule, which does not comprise 0002 The norwegian patent application 20084555 and the amino acids connected by amide (peptide) bonds. references cited herein are hereby incorporated in the patent 0009. A protein in the present context is an organic mac application in its entirety. romolecule made of amino acids. A protein is a biopolymer. Proteins consist of one or more polypeptide molecules. 0010 A peptide in the present context is defined as a FIELD OF INVENTION molecule consisting of 2 or more amino acids. Peptides are smaller than proteins. The dividing line betweenapeptide and 0003. The present invention relates to an antimicrobial a protein/polypeptide is at about 50 amino acids. Depending composition obtained from the marine copepod Calanus fin on the number of amino acids, peptides are called dipeptides, marchicus, and to a process for the preparation of Such a tripeptides, tetrapeptides, and so on. composition. The invention also relates to the use of such an 0011. A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrog antimicrobial composition. enous base), a five-carbon Sugar (either ribose or 2'-deoxyri bose), and one to three phosphate groups. Together, the BACKGROUND OF INVENTION nucleobase and Sugar comprise a nucleoside. The phosphate groups form bonds with either the 2, 3, or 5-carbon of the Sugar, with the 5-carbon site most common. Ribonucleotides 0004 Copepods are a group of small crustaceans found in are nucleotides where the Sugar is ribose, and deoxyribo the sea and nearly every freshwater habitat. According to the nucleotides contain the Sugar deoxyribose. Nucleotides can classification system of Martin and Davies (2001), the cope contain either a purine or pyrimidine base. Nucleic acids are pods form a subclass belonging to the Subphylum Crustacea polymeric macromolecules made from nucleotide mono (crustaceans). Subphylum Crustacea is a large group of the mers. In DNA, the purine bases are adenine and guanine, phylum Arthropoda, comprising almost 52,000 described while the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. RNA uses . Six classes of the Crustaceans are usually recog uracil in place of thymine. nized. Subclass Copepoda of the class Maxillopoda comprise 0012. A nucleic acid is a macromolecule or a biopolymer ten orders, of which the order Calanoida include 43 families composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. A non with about 2000 species. Many species are planktonic (drift nucleic acid is a molecule which does not contain nucleotides. ing in sea waters), but more are benthic (living on the ocean 0013 An or aerobe is an organism that floor), and some continental species may live in limno-terres can Survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. Obligate trial habitats and other wet terrestrial places, such as Swamps, aerobes require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration. Fac under leaf fall in wet forests, bogs, springs, ephemeral ponds ultative anaerobes can use oxygen, but also have anaerobic and puddles, damp moss, or water-filled recesses (phytotel methods of energy production. are organ mata) of plants such as bromeliads and pitcher plants. Many isms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations. live underground in marine and freshwater caves, sinkholes, Aerotolerant organisms can Survive in the presence of oxy or stream beds. gen, but they are anaerobic because they do not use it as a 0005. Two of the most abundant northern calanoid species terminal electron acceptor. is C. finmarchicus which is commonly regarded as a northern 0014. An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism boreal species inhabiting North Atlantic Ocean, while C. that does not require oxygen for growth and may even die in hyperboreus is an arctic species. its presence. There are three types: obligate anaerobes, which 0006. The evolution of -resistant pathogenic cannot use oxygen for growth and are even harmed by it; has stimulated the search for alternative antimicro aerotolerant organisms, which cannot use oxygen for growth, bial agents from natural Sources. Antimicrobial activity has but tolerate the presence of it; and facultative anaerobes, previously been detected in several decapod crustaceans, which can grow without oxygen, but if present can utilize it. including lobster, crabs, shrimps and freshwater crayfish. The 0015. A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is search for novel compounds displaying antimicrobial activity microscopic. has led to the identification of several antimicrobial peptides 0016 Microorganisms are very diverse; they include bac and proteins in decapod crustaceans (Haug et al., 2002). teria, fungi, archaea, and protists; microscopic plants (called green algae); and such as plankton and the SUMMARY OF INVENTION planarian. Pathogenic microorganisms cause . 0017 Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell struc 0007. The present invention relates to an antimicrobial ture, cellular metabolism or on differences in cell components composition from a marine copepod, such as Calanus finmar Such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens and quinones. chicus, and to a process for the preparation of such a compo By combining morphology and Gram-staining, most bacteria sition. The invention also relates to the use of Such an anti can be classified as belonging to one of four groups: Gram microbial composition. The present invention further relates positive cocci, Gram-positive bacilli, Gram-negative cocci to a pharmaceutical composition obtained from Calanus fin and Gram-negative bacilli. Bacteria can be aerobic, anaero marchicus and to the use of a composition obtained from bic, or facultative anaerobic. US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

0.018. An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits in a “bent' structure, whereas methane is considered non the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or polar because the carbon shares the electrons with the hydro protozoans, as well as destroying viruses. Antimicrobial gen atoms uniformly. A molecule may be polar either as a drugs either kill microbes (microbicidal) or prevent the result of polar bonds due to differences in electronegativity as growth of microbes (microbistatic). The main classes of anti described above, or as a result of an asymmetric arrangement microbial agents are (antibacterials), antivirals of non-polar covalent bonds and non-bonding pairs of elec and antifungals targeting bacteria, viruses and fungi respec trons known as a full molecular orbital. Due to the polar tively. nature of the water molecule itself, polar molecules are gen 0019. The term broad-spectrum antibiotic refers to an anti erally able to dissolve in water. A non-polar compound occurs biotic with activity against a wide range of disease-causing when there is an equal sharing of electrons between different bacteria. It is also means that it acts against both Gram atoms. Examples of household non-polar compounds include positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This is in contrast to a fats, oil and petrol/gasoline. Therefore (per the “oil and narrow-spectrum antibiotic which is effective against only water rule of thumb), most non-polar molecules are water specific families of bacteria. insoluble (hydrophobic) at room temperature. However many 0020 Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances that are non-polar organic solvents, such as turpentine, are able to applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infec dissolve polar Substances. tion, , or putrefaction. 0029. An infection is the colonization of a host organism 0021 A preservative is a compound that is added to prod by a foreign species, usually a microorganism. In an infec ucts Such as foods, pharmaceuticals, paints, biological tion, the infecting organism seeks to utilize the host's samples, wood, etc. to prevent decomposition by microbial resources to multiply, usually at the expense of the host. The growth or by undesirable chemical changes. infecting organism, or , interferes with the normal 0022 Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are functioning of the host. Primary and secondary infection may applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms, the either refer to Succeeding infections or different stages of one process of which is known as disinfection. Disinfection may and the same infection. be defined as: Cleaning an article of some or all of the patho 0030. A fungus is any member of a large group of eukary genic organisms which may cause infection. otic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts 0023 Small molecules are low molecular weight organic and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. compounds, which by definition are not polymers. The upper 0031. An antifungal is defined as any compound capable molecular weight limit for a small molecule is approximately of killing or inhibiting the growth of a fungus. 1000 Daltons (Da). Biopolymers such as nucleic acids, pro 0032 Anti-fouling: The effect of controlling, reducing teins, and polysaccharides (such as starch or cellulose) are not and/or eliminating over time the number of undesirable Small molecules. Very Small oligomers are also usually con microorganisms in a bio-film. sidered Small molecules, such as dinucleotides, Small pep 0033 Bio-film: Habitation of microbial organisms on a tides such as the antioxidant glutathione, and disaccharides Solid or semi-solid Surface. Such as Sucrose. One group of Small molecules are known as 0034 Resistance or drug resistance is the reduction in secondary metabolites. effectiveness of a drug in curing a disease or improving a 0024 Secondary metabolites are small organic com patient's symptoms. When the drug is not intended to kill or pounds of metabolism that are not directly involved in the inhibit a pathogen, then the term is equivalent to dosage normal growth, development, or reproduction of organisms. failure or drug tolerance. More commonly, the term is used in 0025. A biomolecule is any organic molecule that is pro the context of diseases caused by . Pathogens are duced by a living organism, including large polymeric mol said to be drug-resistant when drugs meant to neutralize them ecules Such as proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids as have reduced effect. When an organism is resistant to more well as Small molecules such as primary metabolites, second than one drug, it is said to be multi-resistant. Drug resistance ary metabolites, and natural products. is an example of evolution in microorganisms. Individuals 0026 Organic compounds are molecules that contain car that are not susceptible to the drug effects are capable of bon with the exception of a few types of compounds such as Surviving drug treatment, and therefore have greater fitness carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as than susceptible individuals. By the process of natural selec the allotropes of carbon, which are considered inorganic. tion, drug resistant traits are selected for in Subsequent off They can be either natural or synthetic organic compounds. spring, resulting in a population that is drug resistant. Based upon the size of organic compounds, they can be clas 0035. A gel is a semirigid colloidal dispersion of a solid sified as either Small molecules or polymers. preferably with a liquid. A gel can further be defined as a 0027. A solvent is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves Solid, jelly-like material that can have properties ranging another solid, liquid, or gaseous Solute, resulting in a solution. from Soft and weak to hard and tough. Gels are defined as a The most common solvent in everyday life is water. substantially dilute crosslinked system, which exhibits no 0028 Chemical Polarity refers to a separation of electric flow when in the steady-state. charge leading to a molecule having an electric dipole. Polar 0036) A lotion is a low- to medium-viscosity, topical molecules can bond together due to dipole-dipole intermo preparation intended for application to unbroken skin; creams lecular forces between one molecule (or part of a large mol and gels have a higher viscosity than lotions. ecule) with asymmetrical charge distribution and another molecule also with asymmetrical charge distribution. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Molecular polarity is dependent on the difference in elec tronegativity between atoms in a compound and the asymme 0037 FIG. 1. shows the phylogeny of the Crustacea. try of the compound's structure. For example, a molecule of 0038 FIG. 2. shows the Development of the number of water is polar because of the unequal sharing of its electrons viable Salmonella berta cells. US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

0039 FIG.3. HPLC-chromatogram of the anion exchange omega-3 fatty acids. It contains also high amounts of antioxi eXtract. dant. Calanus finmarchicus is the dominant copepod in the 0040 FIG. 4. Comparison of analytic chromatography of northern North Atlantic, it plays a vital role in economy of the early fractions re-chromatographed on a conventional C18 oceans, forming middle link in food chain leading from phy (left), or polar endcapped C18 (right). toplankton up to commercially important fish species, many 0041 FIG. 5. Chromatogram of the semipreparativ C18 of which feed on this species either as larvae or as adults. purification. Plays equally important role in global carbon cycle, since 0042 FIG. 6. Isocratic normal phase chromatography of large proportion of fixed carbon dioxide passes through Oce the bioactive fraction from the semi-preparative reversed anic food web as phytoplankton consumed by C. finmarchi phase purification (FIG. 5). CS 0043 FIG. 7. Isocratic normal phase chromatography of 0057. In addition to C. finmarchicus, species of Calanus the active peak from the semi-preparative reversed phase include: Calanus brevicornis, Calanus glacialis, Calanus hel fractionation (FIG. 5). golandicus, Calanus hyperboreus, Calanus marshallae, Cala 0044 FIG. 8. UV-spectra of the various peaks from the nus pacificus, Calanus propinquus, Calanus simillimus, Cala normal phase chromatography shown in FIG. 7. nus Sinicus. 004.5 FIG.9. MS-analysis of fraction 4 from FIG. 8. Methods for Obtaining the Antimicrobial Composition from 0046 FIG. 10. MSMS-analysis of the 245-ion. C. Finmarchicus 0047 FIG. 11. MSMS-analysis of the 347-ion. 0058. The antimicrobial composition of the present inven 0048 FIG. 12. The structure of penostatin with a tion can be prepared form C. finmarchicus by any method mass=346 Da. Suitable for obtaining a composition with antimicrobial activ ity from C. finmarchicus. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 0059. In one embodiment the present invention relates to a 0049. The present invention was discovered through the process for producing a composition comprising one or more Surprising observation that samples of the marine copepod antimicrobial compounds, said process comprising the steps Calanus finnarchicus (crustacea) could be stored for several of: days at ambient temperature without developing off-odors or 0060 i) providing a sample comprising C. finmarchicus other signs of spoilage. Furthermore, it was observed that the or parts of C. finmarchicus, samples did not contain bacteria detectable by the standard 0061 ii) performing one or more purification steps and/ methods for enumeration of aerobic micro-organisms, and or isolation steps and/or concentration steps resulting in that an extract from Calanus finmarchicus possesses antimi purification and/or isolation and/or concentration from crobial activity directed against various bacterial strains and said sample of a composition comprising one or more Some fungi. antimicrobial compounds, wherein at least Some of said 0050. Another copepod species, C. hyperboreus, was also antimicrobial compounds are preferably non-proteina investigated for antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity ceous and non-nucleic acid antimicrobial compounds. was not detected in the C. hyperboreus, Suggesting that the 0062. The purpose of the purification step is the removal of antimicrobial activity discovered in C. finmarchicus extracts undesirable substances. Undesirable substances in the is specific for this species of Calanus copepods. present context are any Substances that do not contribute 0051. The present invention thus relates in one embodi directly or indirectly to the antimicrobial effect of the com ment to an antimicrobial composition, wherein the composi position. Undesirable substances can be, but are not limited to tion is obtained from copepods, Such as Calanus species, salts, natural environmental compounds, structural elements particularly the marine copepod Calanus finnarchicus. of the copepods not exhibiting antimicrobial activity, etc. In 0052. In the present invention the antimicrobial composi one embodiment purification can be performed by dividing tion comprises one or more identical or different antimicro the sample into two or more fractions or phases and discard bial compounds. ing the fraction or phase not comprising the antimicrobial 0053. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition composition. comprises a single antimicrobial compound. 0063. The purpose of the isolation step is to retain desir 0054. In other embodiments the antimicrobial composi able substances. Desirable substances in the present context tion comprises two or more different antimicrobial com are any substances that directly or indirectly contribute to the pounds, such as three, for example four, such as five, for antimicrobial effect of the composition. The isolation can be example six, such as seven, for example eight, such as nine, performed by isolating or separating the one or more antimi for example ten different antimicrobial compounds. crobial compounds according to chemical and/or physical properties. Examples of chemical properties include affinity Calanus Finmarchicus for one or more compounds and chemical stability. Examples 0055 Calanus is a of marine copepod in the family of physical properties include mass or size, charge, Solubility, Calanidae (Order Calanoida). Calimidae is the largest taxo polarity, distribution, melting point, boiling point and absor nomic family of calanoid copepods. The genus Calanus may bance. be the most abundant genus on Earth. Copepods of the 0064. The purpose of the concentration step is to remove genera Calanus and Neocalanus are ecologically important in Solvents fully or partly to obtain a composition with a higher the Arctic and Subarctic regions of the world's oceans. antimicrobial activity than before said concentration step was 0056 Calanus finmarchicus is a Zooplankton species, performed. The solvent can be any liquid, wherein the one or which is found in enormous amounts in the North Sea. The more antimicrobial compounds are comprised. Concentra body length is up to 5.4 mm for females and 3.6 mm for males. tion can in one embodiment be performed by evaporation of C. finmarchicus is high in protein and contains valuable the solvent. US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

0065. In one embodiment, an aqueous solution compris 0086 ii) extracting said sample using one or more ing the antimicrobial composition is obtained by performing extraction agents, at least one physical processing step, such as by centrifuga 0.087 iii) removing said one or more extraction agents tion. to obtain a concentrated extract, and optionally 0066. The invention in one embodiment relates to a pro 0088 iv) dissolving the concentrated extract, cess for producing an antimicrobial composition, wherein a 0089 v) further subjecting said concentrated extract to sample comprising C. finmarchicus is subjected to the fol one or more fractionation steps and/or one or more puri lowing process steps: fication steps and/or one or more isolation steps, thereby 0067 i) providing a sample comprising C. finmarchicus obtaining a concentrated antimicrobial composition or parts of C. finmarchicus, comprising one or more antimicrobial compounds. The 0068 ii) separating said sample into at least two. Such as one or more fractionation steps and/or one or more puri three phases by centrifugation, i.e. at least two of a fication steps and/or one or more isolation steps com sediment phase, an oil phase and an aqueous phase, prises one or more of the following steps: HPLC, Wes 0069 iii) and isolation of said aqueous phase, wherein sel-Flügge extraction, size exclusion, anion exchange, said aqueous phase comprises the antimicrobial compo cation exchange, reversed phase chromatography, semi sition. preparative reversed phase chromatography. 0070 The invention in one embodiment relates to a pro 0090. In one embodiment the sample comprising C. fin cess for producing an antimicrobial composition, wherein a marchicus preferably comprises whole C. finmarchicus and/ sample comprising C. finmarchicus is subjected to the fol or whole C. finmarchicus cells and/or disrupted/degrated C. lowing process steps: finmarchicus cells. In other embodiments the sample com 0071 i) providing a sample comprising C. finmarchicus prising C. finmarchicus is a previously processed C. finmar or parts of C. finmarchicus, chicus sample, Such as comprising crushed C. finmarchicus. 0072 ii) separating said sample into at least two. Such as In one embodiment the C. finmarchicus sample is a C. fin three phases by centrifugation, i.e. at least two of a marchicus homogenate obtained by state of the art methods. sediment phase, an oil phase and an aqueous phase, The C. finmarchicus homogenate can in one embodiment 0073 iii) and isolation of said sediment phase, wherein comprise and/or consist of particles with an average diameter said sediment phase comprises the antimicrobial com ofless than 1 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.1 mm, 0.05mmand/or position. 0.01 mm. In one embodiment the C. finmarchicus homoge 0.074 The invention in one embodiment relates to a pro nate can be use as an antimicrobial composition. In one cess for producing an antimicrobial composition, wherein a embodiment the C. finmarchicus homogenate is used for sample comprising C. finmarchicus is subjected to the fol treatment of an individual in need thereof. lowing process steps: 0091. In one embodiment, the sample comprising whole 0075 i) providing a sample comprising C. finmarchicus C. finmarchicus is dried prior to the extraction step. Drying or parts of C. finmarchicus, may be performed in any suitable way. In a preferred embodi 0076 ii) separating said sample into at least two, such as ment the drying is performed by freeze-drying. Other drying three phases by centrifugation, i.e. at least two of a methods may be used such as e.g. heat pump drying, hot air sediment phase, an oil phase and an aqueous phase, drying, indirect and direct Steam drying. 0077 iii) and isolation of said oil phase, wherein said oil 0092. The extraction in step ii) above may be performed in phase phase comprises the antimicrobial composition. any suitable way. In a preferred embodiment the extraction 0078. In one embodiment of the present invention, a con agent or solvent used is methanol. In other embodiments centrated extract with increased antimicrobial activity as acetone and/or ethanol may be used as the extraction agent. compared to the antimicrobial activity of the aqueous phase is 0093. The removal of the extraction agent or solvent may obtained by performing an extraction of a sample comprising in one embodiment be performed by evaporation. The solvent C. finmarchicus, using an extraction agent such as methanol. may be removed fully or partly. Evaporation of the solvent 0079 Accordingly, the invention in another embodiment can be performed in any Suitable way known in the art. In one relates to a process for the isolation or extraction of an anti embodiment, evaporation of the solvent is performed by microbial composition, wherein a sample comprising C. fin vacuum evaporation. In another embodiment atmospheric marchicus is Subjected to the following method steps: evaporation is used. 0094. The concentrated extract obtained in step iv) above 0080 i) providing a sample comprising C. finmarchicus can be dissolved in any Suitable solvent. In one embodiment, or parts of C. finmarchicus, the solvent is an aqueous solvent. In a preferred embodiment 0081 ii) extracting said sample using one or more of the present invention, the solvent is water, more preferred extraction agents, deionised water. I0082 iii) removing said one or more extraction agents 0095. In one embodiment, the antimicrobial composition to obtain a concentrated extract, and optionally is obtained by a process comprising a step of deproteinisation, I0083) iv) dissolving the concentrated extract, i.e. removing proteinaceous compounds from the composi thereby obtaining a concentrated antimicrobial composition tion. In one example the deproteinisation could be performed comprising one or more antimicrobial compounds. by a method comprising the step of acetone precipitation 0084. The invention in another embodiment relates to a and/or salting out. Salting out is a method of separating pro process for the isolation or extraction of an antimicrobial teins based on the principle that proteins are less soluble at composition, whereina sample comprising C. finmarchicus is high salt concentrations. The salt concentration needed for subjected to the following method steps: the protein to precipitate out of the solution differs from I0085 i) providing a sample comprising C. finmarchicus protein to protein. Dialysis can be used to remove the salt if or parts of C. finmarchicus, needed. US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

0096. In one embodiment, the preparation of the antimi 0111 wherein said one or more anti-microbial com crobial composition according to the present invention fur pounds are characterised by exhibiting m/z values in a ther comprises the step of filtering the obtained solution con mass spectroscopical analysis of a) from 235 to 255 taining the antimicrobial composition. Filtering can be and/or from b) 335 to 360, essentially as illustrated in performed on or more times using one or more filter types. FIG. 9. Filtering methods are known in the art and can for example be 0112 The compounds are preferably isolated by one or performed by filtering through a glass fiber filter and/or a more chromatographical purification steps. Such as purifica microporous cellulose acetate filter or any other suitable fil tion steps selected from, but not limited to, a Wessel-Flügge tering procedure as determined by the skilled person. In a extraction step, a solid phase extraction (anion exchange) particular embodiment, a microporous cellulose acetate filter step, a solid phase extraction (reverse phase) step; and a high with pore size 0.2 um is used. pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) step (with or with 0097. According to the present invention, filtering can be out polar end-capping); including reverse phase HPLC and performed using filters selected from the group consisting of normal phase HPLC. purified cotton filters, glass fiber filters, paper filters and 0113. The invention also relates to one or more anti-mi microporous cellulose acetate filters. crobial agent(s) or a composition comprising same, said agent 0098. In one embodiment of the present invention, the one (s) or said composition being obtainable by a method com or more antimicrobial compounds comprised within the anti prising the steps of: microbial composition are further isolated by performing one 0114 1. providing an extract or a homogenate of C. or more further extraction steps. finmarchicus, and 0099. In one embodiment, the one or more further extrac 0115 2. isolating from said extract or homogenate said tion step comprises a Wessel-Fligge extraction. one or more anti-microbial compounds, 0100. In one embodiment, the one or more further extrac 0116 wherein said one or more anti-microbial com tion step comprises one or more chromatography steps. Such pounds are characterised by exhibiting m/z values in a as one further chromatography extraction, for example two mass spectroscopical analysis of a) from 235 to 255 further chromatography extractions, such as three further and/or from b) 335 to 360, essentially as illustrated in chromatography extractions. FIG. 9. 0101. In one embodiment, the further extraction step com 0117 wherein said one or more anti-microbial com prises a Solid-phase extraction, such as QMA anion exchange pounds are preferably isolated by one or more chromato or reverse-phase column chromatography. graphical purification steps. Such as purification Steps 0102 The present invention is also directed at the further selected from, but not limited to, a Wessel-Flügge isolation of the one or more antimicrobial compounds com extraction step, a Solid phase extraction (anion prised within the antimicrobial composition by performing exchange) step, a solid phase extraction (reverse phase) one or more chromatography steps, such as by HPLC, and step; and a high pressure liquid chromatography selecting the fractions wherein the antimicrobial activity is (HPLC) step (with or without polar end-capping); retained. including reverse phase HPLC and normal phase HPLC. 0103) In one embodiment of the present invention, the 0118. The m/z values in a mass spectroscopical analysis of antimicrobial composition is further analysed by mass spec a) from 235 to 255 mentioned above can in one embodiment troscopy. be from 235 to 240, and/or from 240 to 245, and/or from 245 0104. In one embodiment the present invention is directed to 250, and/or 250 to 255. to an antimicrobial composition comprising one or more C. 0119 The m/z values in a mass spectroscopical analysis of finmarchicus antimicrobial compounds, wherein said com b) from 335 to 360 mentioned above can in one embodiment position is obtained or obtainable by a process comprising the be from 335 to 340, and/or 340 to 345, and/or 345 to 350, steps of: and/or 350 to 355 and/or 355 to 360. 0105 i) providing a sample comprising C. finmarchicus or parts thereof, Chemical Polarity of Compounds 0106 ii) performing one or more purification steps and/ or isolation steps and/or concentration steps resulting in 0.120. The antimicrobial composition according to the purification and/or isolation and/or concentration from present invention preferably comprises one or more polar said sample of a composition comprising one or more compounds exhibiting an antimicrobial activity. antimicrobial compounds, wherein at least some of said I0121 The polarity of a compound is dependent on the antimicrobial compounds are preferably non-proteina difference in electronegativity between atoms in a compound ceous and non-nucleic acid antimicrobial compounds. and the asymmetry of the compound's structure. In a non 0107. In another embodiment the present invention is polar compound the electrons of the molecule are distributed directed to an antimicrobial composition comprising one or uniformly, whereas in a polar compound, the electrons are more C. finmarchicus antimicrobial compounds, wherein distributed asymmetrically giving rise to a molecule with an said composition is obtained or obtainable by any process asymmetrical charge distribution. mentioned in this applications. 0.122 Polarity underlies a number of physical properties 0108. The invention further relates to a method for pro including Surface tension, Solubility, and melting- and boil ducing one or more anti-microbial compounds, said method ing-points. Polarity of a compound can e.g. be assessed by its comprising the steps of ability to dissolve inacqueous solvents, such as water. A water 0109 i) providing an extract or a homogenate of C. soluble compound is polar, whereas a compound which is not finmarchicus, and soluble in water is non-polar. 0110 ii) isolating from said extract or homogenate one I0123. The polarity of a particular compound or composi or more anti-microbial compounds, tion can be estimated by a range of different methods. US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

0124. In organic chemistry and the pharmaceutical sci than 0.2, such as less than 0.1, for example less than 0.0, such ences, a partition- (P) or distribution coefficient (D) is the as less than -0.1, for example less than -0.2, such as less than ratio of concentrations of a compound in the two phases of a -0.3, for example less than -0.4, such as less than -0.5, for mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium. Hence example less than -0.6. Such as less than -0.7, for example these coefficients are a measure of differential solubility of less than -0.8, such as less than -0.9, for example less than the compound between these two solvents. -1.0, Such as less than -1.1, for example less than -1.2. Such 0.125 Normally one of the solvents chosen is water while as less than -1.3. the second is hydrophobic such as octanol. Hence both the partition and distribution coefficient are measures of how of Action hydrophilic (“water loving) or hydrophobic (“water fear 0.130. Overall, there are three types of action of antimicro ing') a chemical Substance is, in other words how polar a bial agents: i) static action where growth is inhibited, ii) cidal compound is. Partition coefficients are useful for example in action where organisms are killed and iii) lytic action where estimating distribution of drugs within the body. Hydropho organisms are killed and lysed. bic drugs with high partition coefficients are preferentially I0131) Ifa compound is static or biostatic, the growth of the distributed to hydrophobic compartments such as lipid bilay microorganism is inhibited, but it is not killed by the treat ers of cells while hydrophilic drugs (low partition coeffi ment. If a population of microorganisms is treated with a cients) preferentially are found in hydrophilic compartments static antimicrobial compound, the number of viable micro Such as blood serum. organisms is not decreased by the treatment compared to the 0126 The partition coefficient is a ratio of concentrations total number of microorganisms. of un-ionized compound between the two solutions. To mea I0132) If a compound is cidic or biocidic, the microorgan sure the partition coefficient of ionizable solutes, the pH of the ism is killed by the treatment. If a population of microorgan aqueous phase is adjusted Such that the predominant form of isms is treated with a cidic antimicrobial compound, the the compound is un-ionized. The logarithm of the ratio of the number of viable microorganisms is decreased compared to concentrations of the un-ionized solute in the solvents is the total number of microorganisms. called log P: I0133) If a compound is lytic or biolytic, the microorgan ism is lysed and killed by the treatment. If a population of microorganisms is treated with a lytic antimicrobial com pound, both the number of viable and the total number of logPocteat le.solute C" microorganisms is decreased to a similar extent. 0.134. In relation to bacteria, the terms used are bacterio static, bacteriocidic and bacteriolytic, respectively. 0127 Reverse phase HPLC can be used to estimate log P 0.135 According to the present invention the antimicrobial of a compound and/or a composition. composition can be static, cidic or lytic. 0128. In one embodiment of the present invention, the log 0.136. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition P of the one or more antimicrobial compounds in the compo is static. sition of the present invention is in the range of -3 to 6, more 0.137 In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition preferred -1.5 to 4, such as in the range of -1.5 to -1.4, for is cidic. example -1.4 to -1.3, Such as -1.3 to -1.2, for example -1.2 0.138. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition to -1.1, such as -1.1 to -1.0, for example -1.0 to -0.9, such is lytic. as -0.9 to -0.8, for example -0.8 to -0.7, such as -0.7 to -0.6, 0.139. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition for example -0.6 to -0.5, such as -0.5 to -0.4, for example is both cidic and lytic. -0.4 to -0.3, such as -0.3 to -0.2, for example -0.2 to -0.1, 0140. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, such as -0.1 to 0.0, for example 0.0 to 0.1, such as 0.1 to 0.2, the antimicrobial composition of the present invention is bac for example 0.2 to 0.3, such as 0.3 to 0.4, for example 0.4 to teriocidic. 0.5, such as 0.5 to 0.6, for example 0.6 to 0.7, such as 0.7 to 0.141. In another embodiment of the present invention, the 0.8, for example 0.8 to 0.9, such as 0.9 to 1.0, for example 1.0 antimicrobial composition of the present invention is not to 1.1, such as 1.1 to 1.2, for example 1.2 to 1.3, such as 1.3 to bacteriolytic. 1.4, for example 1.4 to 1.5, such as 1.5 to 1.6, for example 1.6 to 1.7, such as 1.7 to 1.8, for example 1.8 to 1.9, such as 1.9 to 0142. The anti-fungal activity of the antimicrobial com 2.0, for example 2.0 to 2.1, such as 2.1 to 2.2, for example 2.2 position of the present invention is either static, cidic or lytic. to 2.3, such as 2.3 to 2.4, for example 2.4 to 2.5, such as 2.5 to 0143. The type of antimicrobial action of a particular com 2.6, for example 2.6 to 2.7, such as 2.7 to 2.8, for example 2.8 pound or composition can be determined by several different to 2.9, such as 2.9 to 3.0, for example 3.0 to 3.1, such as 3.1 to ways known in the art. 3.2, for example 3.2 to 3.3, such as 3.3 to 3.4, for example 3.4 to 3.5, such as 3.5 to 3.6, for example 3.6 to 3.7, such as 3.7 to Characteristics of the Antimicrobial Composition 3.8, for example 3.8 to 3.9, such as 3.9 to 4.0. 0144. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition 0129. In another embodiment the log Pvalue is less than 2, comprises one or more compounds with the chemical char Such as less than 1.9 for example less than 1.8, such as less acteristics disclosed in the examples and figures of the present than 1.7, for example less than 1.6, such as less than 1.5, for invention. example less than 1.4. Such as less than 1.3, for example less 0145. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition than 1.2. Such as less than 1.1, for example less than 1.0. Such of the present invention comprises one or more antimicrobial as less than 0.9, for example less than 0.8, such as less than compounds. 0.7, for example less than 0.6, such as less than 0.5, for 0146 In one embodiment, the antimicrobial composition example less than 0.4. Such as less than 0.3, for example less is water soluble. US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

0147 In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition cyclotide, dactinomycin, daptomycin, nisin, polymyxin b, comprises one or more polar antimicrobial compounds. pristinamycin, octreotide, valinomycin. 0148. In one embodiment, the one or more antimicrobial 0.165 Carbohydrates are simple organic compounds that compounds of the present invention is/are heat stable. In one are aldehydes or ketones with many hydroxyl groups added, example the antimicrobial composition fully or partially usually one on each carbon atom that is not part of the alde retains its antimicrobial activity after heating. Heating of the hyde or ketone functional group. The basic carbohydrate antimicrobial composition can be performed at 60-130° C. units are called monosaccharides. such as in the range of 60-65°C., 65-70° C., 70-75°C., 75-80° C., 80-85°C., 85-90° C.,90-95°C., 95-100° C., 100-105°C., (0166 In one embodiment at least one of the one or more 105-110° C., 110-115° C., 115-120° C., 120-125° C., 125 antimicrobial compounds of the present invention comprises 130° C. a carbohydrate. 0149. In one embodiment heating is performed at about (0167. In another embodiment at least one of the one or 65-75° C., more preferred at about 70° C. more antimicrobial compounds of the present invention does 0150. In one embodiment heating is performed at about not comprise a carbohydrate. 90-110° C., more preferred at about 100° C. (0168. In one embodiment, the one or more antimicrobial 0151. In yet another embodiment heating is performed at compounds comprised within the antimicrobial composition about 120-125° C., more preferred at about 121° C. is not a strong anionic compound. 0152. According to the present invention, heating can be (0169. In one embodiment the one or more antimicrobial performed for shorter or longer periods of time, such as from compounds comprised within the antimicrobial composition a minute to several hours. Heating can for example be per is a small molecule. formed for a few minutes such as in the range of about 1-5 minutes, 5-10 minutes, 10-15 minutes, 15-20 minutes, 20-25 (0170. In one embodiment the size of the one or more minutes, 25-30 minutes, 30 minutes-1 hour. antimicrobial compounds is less than 1 kDa. In other embodi 0153. In a preferred embodiment, heating is performed for ments the size of the antimicrobial compound is less than 900 about 5-20 minutes, more preferred for about 10-15 minutes. Da, for example less than 800 Da, such as less than 700 Da. 0154) In one embodiment heating is performed at about for example less than 600 Da, such as less than 500 Da, for 65-75° C., more preferred at about 70° C. such as for about example less than 400 Da, such as less than 300 Da, for 10-15 minutes. example less than 200 Da, such as less than 100 Da. (0171 In other embodiments, the size of the one or more O155 In one embodiment heating is performed at about antimicrobial compounds comprised within the antimicrobial 90-110°C., more preferred at about 100° C. such as for about composition is in the range of 100 Da-1 kDa, such as 100-200 10-15 minutes. Da, for example 200-300 Da, such as 300-400 Da, for 0156. In yet another embodiment heating is performed at example 400-500 Da, such as 500-600 Da, for example 700 about 120-125°C., more preferred at about 121° C. such as 800 Da, such as 800-900 Da, for example 900-1000 Da (1 for about 10-15 minutes. kDa). O157. In one embodiment, the one or more antimicrobial compounds are not proteinaceous compounds, i.e. they are 0.172. In other embodiments the size of the one or more not peptides or proteins. In one example, the antimicrobial antimicrobial compounds is close to 1 kDa, but not necessar composition is resistant to proteolytic enzymes, thereby indi ily less than 1 kDa, for example less than 1.1 kDa, such as less cating that the compound does not contain amide or peptide than 1.2 kDa, for example less than 1.3 kDa, such as less than bonds. 1.4kDa, for example less than 1.5 kDa, such as less than 1.6 0158. In one example, the antimicrobial composition is kDa, for example less than 1.7kDa, such as less than 1.8 kDa. resistant to pepsin treatment, meaning that the antimicrobial 0173. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition composition fully retains its antimicrobial activity following comprises less that 20% (weight/weight %) protein, for pepsin treatment. example less than 10%, such as less than 8%, for example less 0159. In another example, the antimicrobial composition than 6%, such as less 4%, for example less than 1%. is resistant to alcalase treatment, meaning that the antimicro 0.174. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition bial composition fully retains its antimicrobial activity fol comprises less that 20% (weight/weight%) ash, for example lowing alcalase treatment. less than 10%, such as less than 8%, for example less than 6%, 0160. In another example, the antimicrobial composition such as less 4%, for example less than 1%. is resistant to Proteinase K treatment, meaning that the anti 0.175. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition microbial composition fully retains its antimicrobial activity comprises less that 20% (weight/weight%) lipid, for example following Proteinase K treatment. less than 10%, such as less than 8%, for example less than 6%, 0161 In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition such as less 4%, for example less than 1%. does not contain an antimicrobial compound in the form of a 0176). In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition nucleotide or nucleic acids, i.e. it is a non-nucleic acid. comprises less that 20% (weight/weight%) carbohydrate, for 0162. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition example less than 10%, such as less than 8%, for example less contains one or more antimicrobial nucleotides or nucleic than 6%, such as less 4%, for example less than 1%. acids. 0177. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition 0163. In one embodiment the one or more antimicrobial comprises a compound with mass 346 and/or a m/z of 347 as compounds are proteinaceous compounds, such as one or depicted in FIG. 12. more cyclic peptides. 0178. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition 0164. Examples of known cyclic peptides include, but are comprises a compound with UV-spectra similar or identical not limited to amanitins, Bacitracin, colistin, cyclosporine, to the UV spectra depicted in FIG. 8. US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

0179. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition microbial composition of the present invention can be a true comprises penostatin or a similar compound. germicide, an antibacterial, a microbicide, a viricide and/or an antiviral. Secondary Metabolites Disinfectant 0180 Secondary metabolites, also known as natural prod 0188 In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition ucts, are those products (chemical compounds) of metabo is a disinfectant. In one embodiment the antimicrobial com lism that are not essential for normal growth, development or position can be used in cleaning of hospitals such as in clean reproduction of an organism. In this sense they are 'second ing of an operating room and/or Surgery equipment. ary. 0189 Disinfectants should generally be distinguished 0181 Secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, are from antibiotics that destroy microorganisms within the body, produced in nature and serve Survival functions for the organ and from antiseptics, which destroy microorganisms on liv isms producing them. Secondary metabolites serve: (i) as ing tissue. Sanitizers are substances that reduce the number of competitive weapons used against bacteria, fungi, amoebae, microorganisms to a safe level. One official and legal defini plants, , and large animals; (ii) as metal transporting tion states that a sanitizer must be capable of killing 99.999%, agents; (iii) as agents of symbiosis between microbes and known as a 5 log reduction, of a specific bacterial test popu plants, nematodes, insects, and higher animals; (iv) as sexual lation, and to do so within 30 seconds. The main difference hormones; and (v) as differentiation effectors. between a sanitizer and a disinfectant is that at a specified use 0182. The function or importance of these compounds to dilution, the disinfectant must have a higher kill capability for the organism's development is usually of ecological nature as compared to that of a sanitizer. Very few they are used as defence against predators (herbivores, patho disinfectants and sanitizers can sterilize (the complete elimi gens etc.), for interspecies competition, and to facilitate the nation of all microorganisms), and those that can depend reproductive processes. entirely on their mode of application. Bacterial are most resistant to disinfectants, however Some viruses and 0183 Contrary to primary metabolites these compounds bacteria also possess Some tolerance. The present invention are not ubiquitous in the living organisms who produce them relates in one embodiment to use of the antimicrobial com nor are they necessarily expressed continuously. Although position as a sanitizer and/or a disinfectant. plants are better known as a source of secondary metabolites, bacteria, fungi and many marine organisms (sponges, tuni Preservative cates, corals, Snails) are very interesting sources, too. 0190. The invention also relates to the use of the antimi 0184 Secondary metabolites can be classified by their crobial composition as a preservative, Such as in nutritional chemical structure or physical properties into one or more of and/or pharmaceutical composition. A preservative is a natu the following groups: alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, ali ral or synthetic chemical that is added to products such as phatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic organic acids, phenols, foods, pharmaceuticals, paints, biological samples, wood, iridoids, Steroids, Saponins, peptides, ethereal oils, resins and etc. to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by balsams. undesirable chemical changes. 0185. In one embodiment of the present invention at least (0191 An embodiment relates to the use of the antimicro one of the one or more antimicrobial compounds comprises bial composition as a preservative in a feed composition/food or consists of a secondary metabolite Such as one or more conservation. compounds selected from the group consisting of alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaro Anti-Fouling matic organic acids, phenols, iridoids, Steroids, Saponins, peptides, ethereal oils, resins and balsams. 0.192 In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition is used for anti-fouling. Anti-fouling is the process of remov Industrial Uses of the Antimicrobial Composition from C. ing or inhibiting the accumulation of biofouling. Biofouling Finmarchicus or biological fouling is the undesirable accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, and animals on Surfaces Such Antiseptics as Submerged structures like ships' hulls. 0186. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition 0193 The antimicrobial composition can be used for con is an antiseptic. Antiseptics are antimicrobial Substances that trolling, reducing and/or eliminating overtime the number of are applied to living tissue? skin to reduce the possibility of undesirable microorganisms in a bio-film. infection and/or sepsis, and/or putrefaction. Antiseptics are 0194 Biofouling is also found in membrane systems, such generally distinguished from antibiotics by their ability to be as membrane bioreactors and reverse osmosis spiral wound transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria membranes. In the same manner it is found as fouling in within the body, and from disinfectants, which destroy micro cooling water cycles of large industrial equipments and organisms found on non-living objects. power stations. Biofouling is divided into microfouling— 0187. The microbial composition according to the present formation and bacterial adhesion—and macrofoul invention can be a true germicides, capable of destroying ing—attachment of larger organisms, of which the main cul microbes (bacteriocidal), or bacteriostatic and only preventor prits are barnacles, mussels, polychaete worms, bryozoans, inhibit their growth. Antibacterials are antiseptics that have and seaweed. Together, these organisms form a fouling com the proven ability to act against bacteria especially if they munity. target systems which kill only bacteria. Microbicides which 0.195 Biofouling can occur on any surface submerged in kill particles are called viricides or antivirals. The anti water Such as for example on ships. Other examples of Sur US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

faces that can be exposed to biofouling are any installations, more bacteria selected from the group consisting of Aceto membranes, nets, measuring equipment or other equipment bacter aurantius, Acinetobacter species: Acinetobacter bau in aquaculture. mannii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter johnso 0196) Biofouling can also occur in groundwater wells nii, Acinetobacter junii, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Acinetobacter where buildup can limit recovery flow rates, and in the exte radioresistens, Acinetobacter septicus, Acinetobacter Schin rior and interior of ocean-laying pipes. In the latter case it has dleri, Acinetobacter ursingii; Actinomyces species: Actino been shown to retard the seawater flow through the pipe and myces bovis, Actinomyces bowdenii, Actinomyces canis, has to be removed with the tube cleaning process. Actinomyces cardiffensis, Actinomyces catuli, Actinomyces 0197) In one preferred embodiment the surface for appli coleocanis, Actinomyces dentalis, Actinomyces denticolens, cation of the anti-fouling composition is a surface that is at Actinomyces europaeus, Actinomyces funkei, Actinomyces least occasionally immersed in water, wherein said water georgiae, Actinomyces gerencseriae, Actinomyces grae includes fresh, salt or brackish water. The surface can be selected from the group consisting of the Surfaces of vessels Venitzii, Actinomyces hongkongensis, Actinomyces hordeo including boats and ships, ship hulls, off-shore equipment, Vulneris, Actinomyces howellii, Actinomyces humiferus, pipes, Substructures of bridges, piers and aquacultural appa Actinomyces hyovaginalis, Actinomyces israelii, Actinomy ratuses including fish farming nets. ces marimammalium, Actinomyces meyeri, Actinomyces 0198 The methods and compositions disclosed herein naeslundii, Actinomyces nasicola, Actinomyces neuii, Acti may be used on a variety of surfaces, including but not limited nomyces odontolyticus, Actinomyces oricola, Actinomyces to boat hulls, marine markers, bulkheads, pilings, water radicidentis, Actinomyces radingae, Actinomyces slackii, inlets, floors, roofs, and shingles. For example, the methods Actinomyces streptomycini, Actinomyces Suimastitidis, and compositions may be used to minimize fouling of marine Actinomyces Suis, Actinomyces turicensis, Actinomyces markers. Such markers constitute a large category offloating urogenitalis, Actinomyces vaccimaxillae, Actinomyces vis objects and are greatly impaired by the accumulation of cosus; species: Actinobacillus actinomycet marine growth. Similarly, the methods and compositions may emcomitans, Actinobacillus arthritidis, Actinobacillus capsu be used on marine bulkheads. The accumulation of marine latus, Actinobacillus delphinicola, Actinobacillus equuli. growth on bulkhead structures is detrimental to the bulkhead Actinobacillus hominis, Actinobacillus indolicus, Actinoba structure over the long term. Furthermore, the growth causes cillus lignieresii, Actinobacillus minor, Actinobacillus muris, significant short term effects that are aesthetically displeasing Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus porcinus, and dangerous. Moreover, the harsh abrasive characteristics Actinobacillus rossii, Actinobacillus Scotiae, Actinobacillus of the hard growth can result in major damage to vessels. seminis, Actinobacillus succinogenes, Actinobacillus Suis, Similarly, the present invention can be used to minimize Actinobacillus ureae; species: Aeromonas blockages due to fouling by marine growth of heat exchang allosaccharophila, Aeromonas bestiarum, Aeromonas ers, evaporators, condensers and fire and flushing systems, bivalvium, Aeromonas encheleia, Aeromonas enteropelo thus resulting in significant decreases in maintenance costs genes, Aeromonas euchrenophila, , for all categories of marine structures. Aeromonas ichthioSmia, Aeromonas jandaei, Aeromonas 0199 The antimicrobial composition can in one embodi media, Aeromonas molluscorum, Aeromonas popoffii, Aero ment be included in a paint Such as a paint for marine vessels. monas punctata, Aeromonas Salmonicida, Aeromonas Schu Paints according to the invention include the antimicrobial bertii, Aeromonas sharmana, Aeromonas simiae, Aeromonas composition in an amount effective to reduce the growth of sobria, , Afipia felis, Agrobacterium spe unwanted or undesirable microorganisms. Such composi cies: Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, tions and/or paints may be in a variety of forms, including Agrobacterium rubi, Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Agromo paints, lacquers, pastes, laminates, epoxies, resins, waxes, nas species, Alcaligenes species: Alcaligenes aquatilis, gels, and glues in addition to otherforms known to one of skill Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes faecalis, Alcaligenes in the art. latus, Alcaligenes XyloSoxidans; Alishewanella species, 0200. The antimicrobial composition according to the Alterococcus species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ana present invention can be used for prevention and/or inhibition plasma marginale, Aquamonas species, Arcanobacterium of any type of fouling including the types mentioned above. haemolyticum, Aranicola species, Arsenophonus species, 0201 The antimicrobial composition can also be used for AZotivirga species, AZotobacter vinelandii, AZotobacter conservation of e.g. food/feed, drinkS/beverages, pharmaceu chroococcum, Bacillary (), Bacillus ticals and cosmetics. species: Bacillus abortus (Brucella melitensis biovar abor tus), Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax), Bacillus brevis, Bacillus Anti-Bacterial Effect cereus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus fusiformis, Bacillus glo bigii, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus 0202 In another preferred embodiment the antimicrobial mycoides, Bacillus natto, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacil composition has an anti-bacterial effect. The antibacterial lus Subtilis, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis; effect can in one embodiment be employed in food produc Bacteroides species: Bacteroides forsythus (Tannerella for tion Such as in the dairy industry. In another embodiment the sythensis), Bacteroides acidifaciens, Bacteroides distasonis antimicrobial composition can be used in hospitals such as in (reclassified as Parabacteroides distasonis), Bacteroides gin an operating room. givalis, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroi 0203. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition des oris, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides putredinis, according to the present invention is a C. finmarchicus homo Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides Stercoris, Bacteroides genate for use as a medicament. Suis, Bacteroides tectus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, 0204. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition Bacteroides Vulgatus; species: Bartonellaalsatica, according to the present invention can be used for inhibition , Bartonella birtlesii, Bartonella and/or prevention of growth of or more bacteria Such as one or bovis, Bartonella capreoli, Bartonella clarridgeiae, Bar US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

tonella doshiae, , , bacter species: Cronobacter Sakazakii, Cronobacter mal (cat scratch ), Bartonella koehlerae, onaticus, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter muytjensii, Bartonella muris, , , Cronobacter dublinensis; Delftia acidovorans (Comamonas Bartonella rochalimae, Bartonella schoenbuchii, Bartonella acidovorans), Dickeya species, Edwardsiella species, talpae, Bartonella taylorii, , Bartonella , Enterobacter species: Enterobacter Vinsonii spp. Arupensis, Bartonella Vinsonii spp. Berkhoffii. aerogenes, . Enterobacter Sakazakii; Bartonella Vinsonii spp. Vinsonii, Bartonella washoensis; Enterococcus species: Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin), Bergeyella Zoohelcum durans, Enterococcus faecalis (Streptococcus faecalis/Strep (Weeksella Zoohelcum), Bifidobacterium bifidum, Blasto tococcus Group D), Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus bacter species, Blochmannia species, species: Solitarius, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus malora , , Bordetella bron tus; , Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, chiseptica, Bordetella hinzi, Bordetella holmesii, Bordetella Erwinia species, Escherichia species: Escherichia adecar parapertussis, (), Bor boxylata, Escherichia albertii, Escherichia blattae, Escheri detella petrii, ; Borrelia species: Borrelia chia coli, Escherichia fergusonii, Escherichia hermannii, burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia anserina, Borrelia gari Escherichia vulneris: Ewingella species, Flavobacterium nii, Borrelia Valaisiana, Borrelia hermsii, Borrelia Parkeri, species: Flavobacterium aquatile, Flavobacterium branchio Borrelia recurrentis; Bosea species, Bradyrhizobium species, philum, Flavobacterium columnare, Flavobacterium flev Brenneria species, Brucella species: , Bru ense, Flavobacterium gondwanense, Flavobacterium hydatis, cella canis, Brucella melitensis, Brucella neotomae, Brucella Flavobacterium johnsoniae, Flavobacterium pectinovorum, ovis, Brucella Suis, Brucella pinnipediae; Buchnera species, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Flavobacterium saccharo Budvicia species, Burkholderia species: Burkholderia cepa philum, Flavobacterium salegens, Flavobacterium scophthal cia (Pseudomonas cepacia), (Pseudomo mum, Flavobacterium Succinans; (Tu nas mallei/Actinobacillus mallei), Burkholderia pseudomal laraemia), Francisella novicida, Francisella philomiragia, lei (Pseudomonas pseudomallei); Buttiauxella species, Fusobacterium species: Fusobacterium necrophorum (Le Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Campylobacter species: mierre Syndrome/Sphaerophorus necrophorus), Fusobacte Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter concisus, Campylo rium nucleatum, Fusobacterium polymorphum, Fusobacte bacter curvus, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter gracilis, rium novum, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Fusobacterium Campylobacter helveticus, Campylobacter hominis, Campy varium; Gardnerella Vaginalis, Gemella haemolysans, lobacter hyointestinalis, Campylobacter insulaenigrae, Gemella morbillorum (Streptococcus morbillorum), Gri , Campylobacter lanienae, Campylo montella species, species: Haemophilus aegyp bacter lari, Campylobacter mucosalis, Campylobacter rectus, tius (Koch-Weeks bacillus), Haemophilus aphrophilus, Hae Campylobacter showae, Campylobacter sputorum, Campy mophilus avium, (), lobacter upsaliensis; Capnocytophaga canimorsus (Dysgonic Haemophilus felis, Haemophilus haemolyticus, Haemophi fermenter type 2), Corynebacterium species, Cardiobacte lus influenzae (Pfeiffer bacillus), Haemophilus paracunicu rium hominis, Cedecea species, Chlamydia species: Chlamy lus, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Haemophilus parainflu dia trachomatis (Lymphogranuloma Venereum), Chlamydia enzae, Haemophilus paraphrophilus (Aggregatibacter muridarum, Chlamydia Suis; Chlamydophila species: aphrophilus), Haemophilus pertussis, Haemophilus pittma Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci (Psitta niae, Haemophilus Somnus, Haemophilus vaginalis; Hafnia cosis), Chlamydophila pecorum, Chlamydophila abortus, species, Hafnia alvei, species: Helicobacteraci Chlamydophila felis, Chlamydophila caviae: Citrobacter nonychis, Helicobacter anseris, Helicobacter aurati, Helico species: Citrobacter amalonaticus, Citrobacter braakii, Citro bacter bilis, Helicobacter bizzozeronii, Helicobacter brantae, bacter farmeri, , Citrobacter gillenii, Cit , , Helicobacter robacter intermedius, aka Citrobacter cholecystus, , Helicobacter cynogastri diversus, Citrobacter murliniae, Citrobacter rodentium, Cit cus, , Helicobacter fennelliae, Helicobacter robacter sedlakii, Citrobacter werkmanii, Citrobacter youn ganmani, Helicobacter heilmannii (Gastrospirillum homi gae; Clostridium species: Clostridium botulinum, nis), , Helicobacter mesocricetorum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium septi Helicobacter marmotae, , Helico cum, Clostridium tetani (Tetanus), Clostridium welchii bacter mustelae, Helicobacter pametensis, Helicobacter (Clostridium perfringens); Corynebacterium species: pullorum, (stomach ulcer), Helicobacter Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria), Corynebacte rappini, , , rium amycolatum, Corynebacterium aquaticum, Corynebac , , Helico terium bovis, Corynebacterium equi, Corynebacterium flave bacter winghamensis; Human granulocytic Scens, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium (Anaplasma phagocytophilum/Ehrlichia phagocytophila), haemolyticum, Corynebacterium jeikeiun (corynebacteria of Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (Monocytic ehrlichio group JK), Corynebacterium minutissimum (Erythrasma). sis/Ehrlichia chaffeensis), Klebsiella species: Klebsiella Corynebacterium parvum (also called Propionibacterium granulomatis (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis), Kleb acnes), Corynebacterium pseudodiptheriticum (also called siella mobilis, Klebsiella ornithinolytica, , Corynebacterium hofmannii), Corynebacterium pseudotu Klebsiella ozaenae, Klebsiella planticola, Klebsiella pneu berculosis (also called Corynebacterium ovis), Corynebacte moniae, Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, Klebsiella Singaporen rium pyogenes, Corynebacterium urealyticum (corynebacte sis, Klebsiella terrigena, Klebsiella trevisanii, Klebsiella ria of group D2), Corynebacterium renale, Corynebacterium Varicola; , Kluyvera species, Lactobacillus striatum, Corynebacterium tenuis (Trichomycosis palmel species: Lactobacillus acetotolerans, Lactobacillus acidifari lina, Trichomycosis axillaris), Corynebacterium ulcerans, nae, Lactobacillus acidipiscis, Lactobacillus acidophilus Corynebacterium Xerosis: (), Crono (Doderleinbacillus), Lactobacillus agilis, Lactobacillus algi US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

dus, Lactobacillus alimentarius, Lactobacillus amylolyticus, pneumophila, , Legionella Lactobacillus amylophilus, Lactobacillus amylotrophicus, quinlivanii, , , Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus animalis, Lactoba , , Legionella cillus antri, Lactobacillus apodemi, Lactobacillus aviarius, shakespearei, , , Lactobacillus bifermentans, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactoba , , Legionella cillusbuchneri, Lactobacillus camelliae, Lactobacillus casei, Wadsworthii, , , Lactobacillus catenaformis, Lactobacillus ceti, Lactobacillus Legionellayabuuchiae; Leminorella species, Leptospira spe coleohominis, Lactobacillus collinoides, Lactobacillus com cies: Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira kirschneri, Lep posti, Lactobacillus concavus, Lactobacillus coryniformis, to spira noguchii, Leptospira alexanderi, Leptospira weilii, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus crustorum, Lactoba Leptospira genomospecies 1, Leptospiraborg.petersenii, Lep cillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus del to spira Santarosai, Leptospira inadai, Leptospira fainei, Lep brueckii subsp. Bulgaricus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. to spira broomii, Leptospira licerasiae, Leptospira biflexa, Lactis, Lactobacillus diolivorans, Lactobacillus equi, Lacto Leptospira meyeri, Leptospira Wolbachii, Leptospira geno bacillus equigenerosi, Lactobacillus farraginis, Lactobacillus mospecies 3, Leptospira genomospecies 4, Leptospira geno farciminis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus formica mospecies 5; Lepromatous leprosy (Danielssen-Boeck dis lis, Lactobacillus fructivorans, Lactobacillus frumenti, Lac ease), Leptospira canicola, Leptospira hebdomadis, tobacillus fuchuensis, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacil Leptospirosis (Weil disease/Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae/ lus gasseri, Lactobacillus gastricus, Lactobacillus ghanensis, Leptospira interrogans Serovar icterohaemorrhagiae), Lep Lactobacillus graminis, Lactobacillus hammesii, Lactobacil totrichia, Leuconostoc species: Leuconostoc carnosum, Leu lus hamsteri, Lactobacillus harbinensis, Lactobacillus haya conostoc citreum, Leuconostoc durionis, Leuconostoc fallax, kitensis, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus hilgardii, Leuconostoc ficulneum, Leuconostoc fructosum, Leuconos Lactobacillus homohiochii, Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacil toc garlicum, Leuconostoc gasicomitatum, Leuconostoc geli lus ingluviei, Lactobacillus intestinalis, Lactobacillus jens dum, Leuconostoc inhae, Leuconostockimchii, Leuconostoc enii, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus kalixensis, Lac lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc pseud tobacillus kefuranofaciens, Lactobacillus kefiri, oficulneum, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides; Listeria Lactobacillus kimchii, Lactobacillus kitasatonis, Lactobacil species: Listeria grayi, Listeria innocua, Listeria ivanovii. lus kunkeei, Lactobacillus leichmannii, Lactobacillus lind Listeria monocytogenes (Listeriosis), Listeria Seeligeri, List neri, Lactobacillus malefermentans, Lactobacillus mali, Lac eria wellshimeri; Methanobacterium extroquens, Microbacte tobacillus manihotivorans, Lactobacillus mindensis, rium multiforme, Micrococcus species: Micrococcus ant Lactobacillus mucosae, Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacil arcticus, Micrococcus flavus, Micrococcus luteus, lus nagelii, Lactobacillus namurensis, Lactobacillus nanten Micrococcus lylae, Micrococcus mucilaginosis, Micrococ sis, Lactobacillus oligofermentans, Lactobacillus oris, Lac cus roseus, Micrococcus sedentarius; Mobiluncus, Moeller tobacillus panis, Lactobacillus pantheris, Lactobacillus ella species, Morganella species, species: parabrevis, Lactobacillus parabuchneri, Lactobacillus para Moraxella atlantae, Moraxella boevrei, , collinoides, Lactobacillus parafarraginis, Lactobacillus par Moraxella canis, Moraxella caprae, akefiri, Lactobacillus paralimentarius, Lactobacillus para (Branhamella catarrhalis), Moraxella caviae, Moraxella cuni plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus perolens, culi, Moraxella equi, Moraxella lacunata, Moraxella lincol Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pontis, Lactobacillus nii, Moraxella nonliquefaciens, Moraxella oblonga, psittaci, Lactobacillus rennini, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lacto Moraxella osloensis, Moraxella saccharolytica; Morganella bacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus rimae, Lactobacillus rogo morgani, Mycobacterium species. Mycobacterium absces sae, Lactobacillus rossiae, Lactobacillus ruminis, Lactobacil sus, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium agri, Myco lus saerimneri, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus salivarius, bacterium aichiense, Mycobacterium alvei, Mycobacterium Lactobacillus Sanfranciscensis, Lactobacillus satsumensis, arupense, Mycobacterium asiaticum, Mycobacterium Lactobacillus Secaliphilus, Lactobacillus sharpeae, Lactoba aubagnense, Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium aus cillus siliiginis, Lactobacillus spicheri, Lactobacillus Suebi troafricanum, Mycobacterium avium (Battey disease/Lady cus, Lactobacillus thailandensis, Lactobacillus ultunensis, Windermere syndrome), Mycobacterium avium paratubercu Lactobacillus vaccinostercus, Lactobacillus vaginalis, Lacto losis (implicated in Crohn's disease in humans and Johne's bacillus versmoldensis, Lactobacillus vini, Lactobacillus disease in sheep), Mycobacterium avium silvaticum, Myco Vitulinus, Lactobacillus Zeae, Lactobacillus Zymae; Leclercia bacterium avium "hominissuis', Mycobacterium colombi species, Legionella species: , ense, Mycobacterium boenickei, Mycobacterium bohe , , Legionella bir micum, Mycobacterium boiletii, Mycobacterium botniense, minghamensis, Legionella boZemanii, , Mycobacterium bovis (Bovine tuberculosis), Mycobacterium , , Legionella cincin branderi, Mycobacterium brisbanense, Mycobacterium bru natiensis, , , mae, Mycobacterium canariasense, Mycobacterium caprae, Legionella drozanski, , Legionella fair Mycobacterium cellatum, Mycobacterium chelonae, Myco fieldensis, , , Legionella bacterium chimaera, Mycobacterium chitae, Mycobacterium geestiana, Legionella genomospecies, , chlorophenolicum, Mycobacterium chubuense, Mycobacte , , Legionella rium conceptionense, Mycobacterium confluentis, Mycobac impletisoli, , Legionellajamestownien terium conspicuum, Mycobacterium cookii, Mycobacterium sis, Candidatus Legionella jeonii, , cosmeticum, Mycobacterium diernhoferi, Mycobacterium Legionellalansingensis, , Legionella doricum, Mycobacterium duvalii, Mycobacterium longbeachae, , , elephantis, Mycobacterium fallax, Mycobacterium farcino Legionella micdadei, , Legionella nau genes, Mycobacterium flavescens, Mycobacterium florenti tarum, , , num, Mycobacterium fluoroanthenivorans, Mycobacterium US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 12 fortuitum, Mycobacterium fortuitum subsp. Acetamidolyti gallinarum, Pasteurella granulomatis, Pasteurella cum, Mycobacterium frederiksbergense, Mycobacterium langaaensis, Pasteurella lymphangitidis, Pasteurella mairii, gadium, Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium genavense, , Pasteurella pneumotropica, Pas Mycobacterium gilvum, Mycobacterium goodii, Mycobacte teurella skyensis, , Pasteurella testudinis, rium gordonae (Mycobacterium aquae), Mycobacterium hae Pasteurella trehalosi, Pasteurella tularensis, Pasteurella mophilum, Mycobacterium hassiacum, Mycobacterium ureae, Pasteurella Volantium; Pediococcus species: Pedio heckeshornense, Mycobacterium heidelbergense, Mycobac coccus acidilactici, Pediococcus cellicola, Pediococcus terium hiberniae, Mycobacterium hodleri, Mycobacterium claussenii, Pediococcus damnosus, Pediococcus dextrinicus, holsaticum, Mycobacterium houstonense, Mycobacterium Pediococcus ethanolidurans, Pediococcus inopinatus, Pedio immunogenum, Mycobacterium interjectum, Mycobacte coccus parvulus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcus rium intermedium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobac stilesii, Peptostreptococcus species: Peptostreptococcus terium kansasii, Mycobacterium komossense, Mycobacte anaerobius, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Pep rium kubicae, Mycobacterium kumamotonense, tostreptococcus harei, Peptostreptococcus hydrogenalis, Mycobacterium lacus, Mycobacterium lentiflavum, Myco Peptostreptococcus indoliticus, Peptostreptococcus ivorii, bacterium leprae (causes leprosy or Hansen disease/Hans Peptostreptococcus lacrimalis, Peptostreptococcus lactolyti eniasis), Mycobacterium lepraemurium, Mycobacterium cus, Peptostreptococcus magnus, Peptostreptococcus micros, madagascariense, Mycobacterium mageritense, Mycobacte Peptostreptococcus octavius, Peptostreptococcus prevotii, rium malmoense, Mycobacterium marinum (Fish tank granu Peptostreptococcus tetradius, Peptostreptococcus vaginalis; loma), Mycobacterium massiliense, Mycobacterium microti, Photorhabdus species, Photorhizobium species, Plesiomonas Mycobacterium monacense, Mycobacterium montefiorense, shigelloides, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Pragia species, Pre Mycobacterium moriokaense, Mycobacterium mucogeni votella, Propionibacterium species: Propionibacterium cum, Mycobacterium murale, Mycobacterium nebraskense, acnes, Propionibacterium propionicus; Proteus species: Pro Mycobacterium neoaurum, Mycobacterium neworleansense, teus mirabilis, Proteus morganii, Proteus penneri, Proteus Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, Mycobacterium novo rettgeri, ; Providencia species: Providencia castrense, Mycobacterium obuense, Mycobacterium palus friedericiana, , Pseudomonas species: tre, Mycobacterium parafortuitum, Mycobacterium paras , Pseudomonas alcaligenes, crofulaceum, Mycobacterium parmense, Mycobacterium Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Pseudomonas argentinensis, peregrinum, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium phocai Pseudomonas borbori, Pseudomonas citronellolis, cum, Mycobacterium pinnipedii, Mycobacterium porcinum, Pseudomonas flavescens, Pseudomonas mendocina, Mycobacterium poriferae, Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii, Pseudomonas nitroreducens, Pseudomonas oleovorans, Mycobacterium pulveris, Mycobacterium psychrotolerans, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Pseudomonas resino Mycobacterium pyrenivorans, Mycobacterium rhodesiae, Vorans, Pseudomonas Straminea, Pseudomonas aurantiaca, Mycobacterium Saskatchewanense, Mycobacterium scrofu Pseudomonas aureofaciens, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, laceum, Mycobacterium Senegalense, Mycobacterium Seou Pseudomonas fragi, Pseudomonas lundensis, Pseudomonas lense, Mycobacterium septicum, Mycobacterium shimoidei. taetrolens, Pseudomonas Antarctica, Pseudomonas azotofor Mycobacterium shottsii, Mycobacterium simiae, Mycobac mans, Pseudomonas brassicacearum, Pseudomonas brenneri, terium Smegmatis, Mycobacterium sphagni, Mycobacterium Pseudomonas cedrina, Pseudomonas corrugate, Pseudomo SZulgai, Mycobacterium terrae, Mycobacterium thermore nas fluorescens, Pseudomonas gessardii, Pseudomonas liban sistibile, Mycobacterium tokaiense, Mycobacterium triplex, ensis, Pseudomonas mandelii, Pseudomonas marginalis, Mycobacterium triviale, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (major Pseudomonas mediterranea, Pseudomonas meridiana, cause of human tuberculosis), Mycobacterium bovis, Myco Pseudomonas migulae, Pseudomonas mucidolens, bacterium africanum, Mycobacterium canetti, Mycobacte Pseudomonas orientalis, Pseudomonas panacis, Pseudomo rium caprae, Mycobacterium pinnipedii', Mycobacterium nas proteolytica, Pseudomonas rhodesiae, Pseudomonas Syn tusciae, Mycobacterium ulcerans (causes Bairnsdale ulcer/ Xantha, Pseudomonas thivervalensis, Pseudomonas tolaasii, Buruli ulcer), Mycobacterium vaccae, Mycobacterium van Pseudomonas Veronii, Pseudomonas denitrificans, baalenii, Mycobacterium wolinskyi, Mycobacterium Xenopi; Pseudomonas pertucinogena, Pseudomonas cremoricolorata, Mycoplasma species: Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma Pseudomonas fulva, Pseudomonas monteilii, Pseudomonas genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma penetrans, mosselii, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Pseudomonas Mycoplasma phocacerebrale, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, parafulva, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Pseudomonas Nanukayami (Seven-day fever/Gikiyami), Neisseria species: putida, Pseudomonas balearica, Pseudomonas luteola, Neisseria gonorrhoea (GonococcuS/), Neisseria Pseudomonas Stutzeri. Pseudomonas amygdale, Pseudomo meningiditis (Meningococcus), Neisseria sicca, Neisseria nas avellanae, Pseudomonas caricapapayae, Pseudomonas cinerea, Neisseria elongata, Neisseria flavescens, Neisseria cichorii, Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas lactamica, Neisseria mucosa, Neisseria polysaccharea, Neis ficuserectae, Pseudomonas meliae, Pseudomonas Savastanoi, seria subflava: Nitrobacter species, Nocardia species: Nocar Pseudomonas Syringae, Pseudomonas viridiflava, dia asteroides, Nocardiabrasiliensis, Nocardia caviae; Noma Pseudomonas abietaniphila, Pseudomonas acidophila, (cancrum oriS/gangrenous stomatitis), Obesumbacterium, Pseudomonas agarici, Pseudomonas alcaliphila, Pseudomo Oligotropha species, Orientiatsutsugamushi (Scrub ), nas alkanolytica, Pseudomonas amyloderamosa, Pseudomo Oxalobacter formigenes, Pantoea species: Pantoea agglom nas asplenii, Pseudomonas azotifigens, Pseudomonas canna erans, Pantoea ananatis, Pantoea citrea, Pantoea dispersa, bina, Pseudomonas coenobios, Pseudomonas congelans, Pantoea punctata, Pantoea stewartii, Pantoea terrea; Pas Pseudomonas costantinii, Pseudomonas cruciviae, teurella species: Pasteurella aerogenes, , Pseudomonas delhiensis, Pseudomonas excibis, Pseudomo Pasteurella avium, Pasteurella bettyae, Pasteurella caballi, nas extremorientalis, Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis, , , Pasteurella gallicida, Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, Pseudomonas gelidicola, US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 13

Pseudomonas grimontii, Pseudomonas indica, Pseudomonas cus milleri, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus mitis, Strep jessenii, Pseudomonas jinjuensis, Pseudomonas kilonensis, tococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus per Pseudomonas knackmussii, Pseudomonas koreensis, oris, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas lini, Pseudomonas lutea, Pseudomonas mora Streptococcus ratti, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus Viensis, Pseudomonas otitidis, Pseudomonas pachastrellae, sanguinis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus parasan Pseudomonas palleroniana, Pseudomonas papaveris, guinis, Streptococcus Suis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Pseudomonas peli, Pseudomonas perolens, Pseudomonas Streptococcus vestibularis, Streptococcus viridans, Strepto coccus uberis, Streptococcus Zooepidemicus; Tatumella spe poae, Pseudomonas pohangensis, Pseudomonas psychro cies, Trabulsiella species, Treponema species: Treponema phila, Pseudomonas psychrotolerans, Pseudomonas rathonis, carateum (Pinta), Treponema denticola, Treponema Pseudomonas reptilivora, Pseudomonas resiniphila, endemicum (Beel), Treponema pallidum (Syphilis), Tre Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae, Pseudomonas rubescens, ponema pertenue (Yaws); Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple Pseudomonas Salomonii, Pseudomonas segitis, Pseudomo disease), Tuberculoid leprosy, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Veil nas septica, Pseudomonas simiae, Pseudomonas Suis, lonella, Vibrio species: Vibrio aerogenes, Vibrio aestuarianus, Pseudomonas thermotolerans, Pseudomonas tremae, Vibrio agarivorans, Vibrio albensis, , Pseudomonas trivialis, Pseudomonas turbinellae, Pseudomo Vibrio brasiliensis, Vibrio calviensis, Vibrio campbellii, nastuticorinensis, Pseudomonaslumsongensis, Pseudomonas Vibrio chagasii, (), Vibrio cincinna Vancouverensis, Pseudomonas Vranovensis, Pseudomonas tiensis, Vibrio Comma, Vibrio coralliilyticus, Vibrio crassos Xanthomarina; Rahnella species, Ralstonia species: Ralstonia treae, Vibrio cyclitrophicus, Vibrio diabolicus, Vibrio diaz basilensis, Ralstonia campinensis, Ralstonia eutropha, Ral otrophicus, Vibrio eZurae, Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio fluvialis, stonia gillardii, Ralstonia insidiosa, Ralstonia mannitolilytica, Vibrio fortis, Vibrio furnissii, Vibrio gallicus, Vibrio gaZo Ralstonia metallidurans, Ralstonia paucula, Ralstonia pick genes, Vibrio gigantis, Vibrio halioticoli, Vibrio harveyi, ettii, Ralstonia respiraculi, Ralstonia Solanacearum, Ralsto Vibrio hepatarius, Vibrio hispanicus, Vibrio ichthyoenteri, nia SyZygii, Ralstonia taiwanensis; Raoultella species, Vibrio kanaloae, Vibriolentus, Vibrio litoralis, Vibrio logei, Rhodoblastus species, Rhodopseudomonas species, Rhino Vibrio mediterranei, Vibrio metschnikovii, Vibrio mimicus, Scleroma, Rhizobium radiobacter, Rhodococcus equi, Rick Vibrio mytili, Vibrio natriegens, Vibrio navarrensis, Vibrio ettsia species: , , Rickettsia neonatus, Vibrio neptunius, Vibrio nereis, Vibrio nigripul australis, , , Rickettsia chritudo, Vibrio ordalii, Vibrio orientalis, Vibrio pacinii, japonica, Rickettsia mooseri, (Typhus , Vibrio pectenicida, Vibrio penaei fever), , Rickettsia siberica, Rickettsia cida, Vibrio pomeroyi, Vibrio ponticus, Vibrio proteolyticus, typhi, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia psit Vibrio rotiferianus, Vibrio ruber, Vibrio rumoiensis, Vibrio taci, Rickettsia quintana, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia tra salmonicida, Vibrio scophthalmi, Vibrio splendidus, Vibrio chomae; Rothia dentocariosa, Salmonella species: Salmo superstes, Vibrio tapetis, Vibrio tasmaniensis, Vibrio tubi nella arizonae, , , ashii, , Vibrio wodanis, Vibrio Xuii; Voge Salmonella enteriditis, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella sella indigofera, Wigglesworthia species, Wolbachia secies, typhi (), Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella Xenorhabdus species, , , salamae, Salmonella arizonae, Salmonella diarizonae, Sal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Yokenella species. monella houtenae, Salmonella indica; species, Ser ratia species: Serratia entomophila, Serratia ficaria, Serratia Antiviral Effects fonticola, Serratia grimesii, Serratia liquefaciens, , Serratia odoriferae, Serratia plymuthica, Serra 0205. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition tia proteamaculans, Serratia quinivorans, Serratia rubidaea, according to the present invention can be used for inhibition Serratia ureilytica; Shewanella putrefaciens, , and/or prevention of growth of or more vira Such as one or , , , more vira selected from the group consisting of Abelson Sodalis species, Spirillum species: Spirillum minus rat bite murine leukemia virus (Ab-MLV. A-Mul V), acute laryn fever, Staphylococcus species: Staphylococcus aureus, Sta gotracheobronchitis virus (or HPIV), Adelaide River virus, phylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylo Adeno-associated virus group (Dependevirus), Adenovirus, coccus caprae, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus epi African horse sickness virus, African swine fever virus, AIDS dermidis, Staphylococcus felis, Staphylococcus virus, Aleutian mink disease, parvovirus, alfalfa mosaic virus, haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus (including HSV 1 and 2 and varicella), intermedius, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus Alpharetrovirus (Avian leukosis virus, Rous sarcoma virus), pettenkoferi, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus Alphavirus, alkhurma virus, ALV related virus, Amapari Schleiferi, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus Vitulus, virus, Andean potato mottle virus, Aphthovirus, Aquareovi Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus Xylosus; Stenotro rus, arbovirus, arbovirus C. arbovirus group A, arbovirus phomonas species: Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, group B, Arenavirus group, Argentine hemorrhagic fever Stenotrophomonas dokdonensis, Stenotrophomonas koreen virus, Argentinian hemorrhagic fever virus, Arterivirus, sis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Stenotrophomonas Astrovirus, Ateline herpesvirus group, Aujezky's disease nitritireducens, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila; Streptobacil virus, Aura virus, Ausduk disease virus, Australian bat lys lus species: Streptobacillus moniliformis (Streptobacillary savirus, Aviadenovirus, avian erythroblastosis virus, avian rat bite fever); Streptococcus species: Streptococcus Group infectious bronchitis virus, avian leukemia virus, Avian leu A, Streptococcus Group B, Streptococcus agalactiae, Strep kosis virus (ALV), avian lymphomatosis virus, avian myelo tococcus aginosus, Streptococcus avium, Streptococcus blastosis virus, avian paramyxovirus, avian pneumoencepha bovis, Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus cricetus, Strepto litis virus, avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, avian sarcoma coccus facelium, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus ferus, virus, avian type C retrovirus group, Avihepadnavirus, Avi Streptococcus gallinarum, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococ poxvirus, (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1), B19 virus US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 14

(Parvovirus B19), Babanki virus, baboon herpesvirus, bacte equine morbillivirus, equine rhinopneumonitis virus, equine rial virus, baculovirus, barley yellow dwarf virus, Barmah rhinovirus, Eubenangu virus, European elk papillomavirus, Forest virus, bean pod mottle virus, bean rugose mosaic virus, European Swine fever virus, Everglades virus, Eyach virus, Bebaru virus, Berrimah virus, , betaretro Fabavirus, felid herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, feline fibro virus, Bird flu, Birnavirus, Bittner virus, BK virus, Black sarcoma virus, feline herpesvirus, feline Creek Canal virus, bluetongue virus, Bolivian hemorrhagic virus, feline infectious peritonitis virus, feline leukemia/sar fever virus, Bomadisease virus, border disease of sheep virus, coma virus, feline leukemia virus, feline panleukopenia virus, borna virus, bovine alphaherpesvirus 1, bovine alphaherpes feline parvovirus, feline sarcoma virus, feline syncytial virus, virus 2, bovine coronavirus, bovine ephemeral fever virus, Fijivirus, Filovirus, Flanders virus, Flavivirus, foot and bovine immunodeficiency virus, bovine leukemia virus, mouth disease virus, Fort Morgan virus, Four Corners han bovine leukosis virus, bovine mammillitis virus, bovine pap tavirus, fowl adenovirus 1, Fowlpox virus, Friend virus, illomavirus, bovine papular stomatitis virus, bovine parvovi Furovirus, , gammaretrovirus, GB virus rus, bovine syncytial virus, bovine type Concovirus, bovine C(GBV-C; formerly G. virus), Geminivirus, Ger viral virus, bracovirus, broad bean mottle virus, man measles virus, Getah virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, broad bean stain virus, brome mosaic virus, Bromovirus, green monkey virus (mullburg), glandular fever virus, goat Buggy Creek virus, bullet shaped virus group, Bunyamwera pox virus, golden shinner virus, Gonometa virus, goose par virus, Bunyavirus, Burkitt's lymphoma virus, Bwamba Fever, vovirus, granulosis virus, Gross virus, ground Squirrel hepa Bwattany hetero virus, CA virus (Croup-associated virus/ titis B virus, group A arbovirus, Guanarito virus, parainfluenza vius type 2), Calicivirus, California encephali , guinea pig type C virus, Hantavirus, hard tis virus, camelpox virus, canarypox virus, canid herpesvirus, clam reovirus, hare fibroma virus, HCMV (human cytome canine coronavirus, canine distemper virus, canine herpesvi galovirus), helper virus, hemadsorption virus 2, hemaggluti rus, canine minute virus, canine parvovirus, Cano Delgadito nating virus of Japan, hemorrhagic fever virus, Hendra virus, virus, Capillovirus, caprine arthritis virus, caprine encepha Henipaviruses, Hepadnavirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B litis virus, Caprine Herpes Virus, Capripox virus, Cardiovi virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D (delta) virus, hepatitis E rus, Carlavirus, Carmovirus, carrot mottle virus, Cassia yel virus, hepatitis F virus, hepatitis G virus, hepatitis nonA nonB low blotch virus, Caulimovirus, Cauliflower mosaic virus, virus, hepatoencephalomyelitis reovirus 3, Hepatovirus, caviid herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, Cercop heron hepatitis B virus, herpes B virus, , ithecine herpesvirus 2, cereal yellow dwarf virus, Chandipura herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Herpesvirus, virus, Changuinola virus, channel catfish virus, Charleville Herpes Zoster, Herpesvirus 6, Herpesvirus 7. Herpesvirus 8, virus, chickenpox virus, Chikungunyavirus, chimpanzee her Herpesvirus ateles, Herpesvirus hominis, Herpesvirus pesvirus, Chordopoxyirinae, chub reovirus, chum salmon saimiri, Herpesvirus Suis, Herpesvirus varicellae, Highlands virus, Closterovirus, Cocal virus, Coho Salmon reovirus, J virus, Hirame rhabdovirus, HIV-1, hog cholera virus, Hor coital exanthema virus, Colorado tick fever virus, Coltivirus deivirus, Horse Flu, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, human adenovirus 2, Columbia SK virus, Commelina yellow mottle virus, Com , , mon cold virus, Comovirus, Condylomata accuminata, con human alphaherpesvirus 3, human B lymphotropic virus, genital cytomegalovirus, contagious eethyma virus, conta , human coronavirus, Human gious pustular dermatitis virus, Coronavirus, Corriparta enterovirus A, Human enterovirus B, Human Flu, human virus, coryza virus, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, cowpea foamy virus, humangammaherpesvirus 4., humangammaher mosaic virus, cowpea virus, cowpox virus, coxsackie Virus, pesvirus 6, human hepatitis A virus, human herpesvirus 1 CPV (cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus), cricket paralysis group, human herpesvirus 2 group, human herpesvirus 3 virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, croup asso group, human herpesvirus 4 group, . ciated virus, Crypotovirus, Cucumovirus, Cypovirus, human herpesvirus 8, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Cytomegalovirus (HCMV or Human Herpesvirus 5 HHV-5), human immunodeficiency virus 1, human immunodeficiency cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, Cytorhabdovirus, deer pap virus 2, Human metapneumovirus, human papillomavirus, illomavirus, Deltaretrovirus (Human T-lymphotropic virus), human T cell leukemia virus, human T cell leukemia virus I, Deformed wing virus DWV. Dengue, Densovirus, Depen human T cell leukemia virus II, human T cell leukemia virus dovirus, Dhori virus, Dianthovirus, diplorna virus, DNA III, human T cell lymphoma virus I, human T cell lymphoma virus, Dobrava-Belgrade Virus, Dog Flu, Drosophila C virus, virus II, human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1, human T cell duck hepatitis B virus, duck hepatitis virus 1, duck hepatitis lymphotropic virus type 2, human T lymphotropic virus I. virus 2, duovirus, Duvenhage virus, eastern equine encepha human T lymphotropic virus II, human T lymphotropic virus litis virus, eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, Ebola III, ichnovirus, Ilarvirus, infantile gastroenteritis virus, infec virus, Ebola-like virus, Echovirus, echovirus 10, echovirus tious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, infectious haematopoietic 28, echovirus 9, ectromelia virus, EEE virus (Eastern equine necrosis virus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, influenza encephalitis virus), EIA virus (equine infectious anemia), virus, influenzavirus A, influenzavirus B, influenzavirus C, EMC virus (Encephalomyocarditis), Emiliania huxleyi virus influenzavirus D, influenzavirus pr8, iridescent virus, 86, encephalitis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Endog insect virus, interfering virus, iridovirus, Isavirus, Japanese B enous retrovirus, Enterovirus, Entomopoxyirinae, Ento virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, JC virus, Junin virus, mopoxvirus A, Entomopoxvirus B, Entomopoxvirus C. Johnson grass mosaic virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated enzyme elevating virus, epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus, herpesvirus, Kemerovo virus, Kilham's rat virus, Klamath epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, Epsilon retrovirus, virus, Kolongo virus, Korean hemorrhagic fever virus, kumba Epstein-Barr virus (EBV: Human herpesvirus 4 HHV-4), virus, Kumlinge virus, Kunjin virus, Kyasanur forest disease, , equid alphaherpesvirus 4, equid Kyzylagach virus, La Crosse virus, lactic dehydrogenase herpesvirus 2, equine abortion virus, equine arteritis virus, elevating virus, Lagos bat virus, Lambda phage, langat Virus, equine encephalosis virus, equine infectious anemia virus, Langur virus, lapine parvovirus, Lassa fever virus, Lassa US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

virus, latent rat virus, LCM virus, Leaky virus, Lentivirus, type C virus, Potato leaf roll virus, Potato mop top virus, Leporipoxvirus, leukemia virus, leukovirus, louping ill virus, Potato virus Y. Potexvirus, Potyvirus, Powassan encephalitis lumpy skin disease virus, Luteovirus, lymphadenopathy virus, Poxvirus, poxvirus variolae, Prospect Hill virus, provi associated virus, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus rus, pseudocowpox virus, virus, psittacinepox (LCMV), , lymphocytic choriomeningi virus, Puumala virus, Qalyub virus, Quail pea mosaic virus, tis virus, lymphoproliferative virus group, Lyssavirus, quailpox virus, Queensland fruitfly virus, Quokkapox virus, Machupo virus, mad itch virus, maize chlorotic dwarf virus, rabbit fibroma virus, rabbit kidney vaculolating virus, rabbit maize rough dwarf virus, mammalian type B oncovirus papillomavirus, Rabies virus, raccoon parvovirus, raccoon group, mammalian type B retroviruses, mammalian type C pox virus, radish mosaic virus, Ranikhet virus, rat cytomega retrovirus group, mammalian type D retroviruses, mammary lovirus, rat parvovirus, rat virus, Rauscher's virus, recombi tumor virus, Mapuera virus, Marafivirus, Marburg virus, nant vaccinia virus, recombinant virus, Red Clover Necrotic Marburg-like virus, Mason Pfizer monkey virus, Mastaden Mosaic Virus, reovirus, reovirus 1, reovirus 2, reovirus 3, ovirus, Mayaro virus, ME virus, Measles virus, Melandrium reptilian type C virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, respiratory yellow fleck virus, Menangle virus, Mengo virus, Mengovi virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, Retrovirus, Rhabdovirus, rus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, Middelburg virus, milkers Rhabdovirus carpia, , Rhinovirus, Rhizidiovi nodule virus, mink enteritis virus, minute virus of mice, MLV rus, rice dwarf virus, rice gall dwarf virus, rice hoja blanca related virus, MM virus, Mokola virus, Molluscipoxvirus, virus, rice ragged stunt virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Riley's Molluscum contagiosum virus, Moloney murine leukemia virus, rinderpest virus, RNA tumor virus, RNA virus, virus (M-Mul V), monkey B virus, Monkeypox virus, , Ross River virus, Rotavirus, rougeole virus, Mononegavirales, Morbillivirus, Mount Elgon bat virus, Rous sarcoma virus, Rubella virus, rubeola virus, Rubivirus, mouse cytomegalovirus, mouse encephalomyelitis virus, Russian autumn encephalitis virus, S6-14-03 virus, SA 11 mouse hepatitis virus, mouse K virus, mouse leukemia virus, simian virus, SA 15, SA2 virus, SA6 virus, SA8 virus, Sabia mouse mammary tumor virus, mouse minute virus, mouse virus, Sabio virus, Sabo virus, Saboya virus, Sabulodes cab virus, mouse poliomyelitis virus, mouse polyo erata GV. Sacbrood virus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae virus mavirus, mouse sarcoma virus, mousepox virus, Mozam L-A, Saccharomyces cerevisiae virus La, Saccharomyces bique virus, Mucambo virus, mucosal disease virus, Mumps cerevisiae virus LBC, Sagiyama virus, Saguaro cactus virus, virus, murid betaherpesvirus 1, murid cytomegalovirus 2, aimirine herpesvirus 1, Saimirine herpesvirus 2, Sainpaulia murine cytomegalovirus group, murine encephalomyelitis leafnecrosis virus, SaintAbb's Head virus, Saint-Floris virus, virus, murine hepatitis virus, murine leukemia virus, murine Sakhalin virus, Sal Vieja virus, Salanga virus, Salangapox nodule inducing virus, murine polyomavirus, murine Sar virus, Salehabad virus, salivary gland virus, Salmonid herp coma virus, , Murray Valley encephalitis esvirus 1, , Salmonis virus, Sambucus virus, myxoma virus, Myxovirus, Myxovirus multiforme, vein clearing virus, Samia cynthia NPV. Samia pryeri NPV. Myxovirus parotitidis, Nairobi sheep disease virus, Nairovi Samia ricini NPV. Sammons' Opuntia virus, SanAngelo rus, Nanirnavirus, Nariva virus, Ndumo virus, Necrovirus, virus, San Juan virus, San Miguel sealion virus, San Perlita Neethling virus, Nelson Bay virus, Nemtick Virus, Nepovi virus, Sandrat nuclear inclusion agents, Sandfly fever Naples rus, neurotropic virus, New World Arenavirus, newborn virus, Sandfly fever Sicilian virus, Sandjimba virus, Sango pneumonitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, Nipah virus, virus, Santa Rosa virus, Santarem virus, Santosai temperate noncytopathogenic virus, Norovirus, Norwalk virus, nuclear virus, Sapphire II virus, Sapporo-like virus, Saraca virus, polyhedrosis virus (NPV), nipple neck virus, O'nyongnyong Sarracenia purpurea virus, SARS virus, satellite virus, Sathu virus, oat sterile dwarf virus, Ockelbo virus, Omsk hemor peri virus, Satsuma dwarf virus, Saturnia pavonia virus, Sat rhagic fever virus, oncogenic virus, oncogenic viruslike par urnia pyri NPV. Saumarez Reef virus, Sawgrass virus, Sce ticle, oncornavirus, Orbivirus, Orf virus, Oropouche virus, liodes cordalis NPV. Schefflera ringspot virus, Sciaphila Orthohepadnavirus, orthomyxovirus, Orthopoxvirus, duplex GV, Scirpophaga incertulas NPV. Sciurid herpesvirus, Orthoreovirus, Orungo, Ovine papillomavirus, Ovine Sciurid herpesvirus 2, Scoliopteryx libatFix NPV. Scopelo catarrhal fever virus, owl monkey herpesvirus, Palyam virus, des contracta NPV. Scopelodes venosa NPV. Scopula sub Papillomavirus, Papillomavirus Sylvilagi, Papovavirus, punctaria NPV. Scotogramma trifolii GV. Scotogramma tri Parainfluenza virus human (HPIV), parainfluenza virus type folu NPV. Scrophularia mottle virus, SDAV 1 human (HPIV-1), parainfluenza virus type 2 human (HPIV (sialodacryoadenitis virus), Sealpox virus, Selenephera luni 2), parainfluenza virus type 3 human (HPIV-3), parainfluenza gera NPV. Selepa celtis GV, Seletar virus, Selidosema suavis virus type 4 human (HPIV-4), Paramyxovirus, Parapoxvirus, NPV, Semidonta biloba NPV, Semiothisa sexmaculata GV, paravaccinia virus, parsnip yellow fleck virus, Parvovirus, Semliki Forest Virus, Sena Madureira virus, Sendai virus, Parvovirus B19, pea enation mosaic virus, Pestivirus, Phle SENV-D, SENV-H, Seoul virus, Sepik virus, Serra do Navio bovirus, phocine distemper virus, Phytoreovirus, Picodnavi virus, Serrano golden mosaic virus, Sesame yellow mosaic rus, Picornavirus, pig cytomegalovirus, pigeonpox virus, Piry virus, Sesamia calamistis NPV, Sesamia cretica GV, Sesamia virus, Pixuna virus, plant rhabdovirus group, plant virus, inferens NPV. Sesamia nonagrioides GV. Setoranitens virus, pneumonia virus of mice, Pneumovirus, Poliomyelitis virus, Shallot latent virus, Shamonda virus, Shark River virus, Poliovirus, Polydnavirus, polyhedral virus, Polyoma virus, Sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever, Sheep papilloma Polyomavirus, Polyomavirus bovis, Polyomavirus cercopith virus, Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis associated herpesvi eci, Polyomavirus hominis 2, Polyomavirus maccacae 1, rus, sheeppox virus, Shiant Islands virus, Shokwe virus, Polyomavirus muris 1, Polyomavirus muris 2, Polyomavirus Shope fibroma virus, Shope papilloma virus, Shuni virus, papionis 1, Polyomavirus papionis 2, Polyomavirus Sylvilagi, Siamese cobra herpesvirus, Sibine fusca densovirus, Sida Pongine herpesvirus 1, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, por golden mosaic virus (SiGMV), Sida golden yellow vein virus cine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, porcine par (SiGYVV), Sigma virus, Sikte water-borne virus, Silverwa vovirus, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine ter virus, Simbu virus, Simian adenoviruses 1 to 27, Simian US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

agent virus 12, Simian enterovirus 1 to 18, simian foamy virus, Sunflower rugose mosaic virus, Sunflower yellow virus, Simian hemorrhagic fever virus, simian hepatitis A blotch virus, Sunflower yellow ringspot virus, Sun-hemp virus, simian human immunodeficiency virus, simian immu mosaic virus, Swamp fever virus, Sweet clover necrotic nodeficiency virus, simian parainfluenza virus, Simian mosaic virus, A virus, Sweet potato chlorotic rotavirus SA11, Simian sarcoma virus, simian T cell lym leafspot virus, Sweet potato feathery mottle virus, Sweet photrophic virus, Simian type D virus 1, Simian vancella potato internal cork virus, Sweet potato latent virus, Sweet herpesvirus, simian virus, simian virus 40, , potato mild mottle virus, Sweet potato russet crack virus, Simulium Vittatum densovirus, Sin Nombre virus, Sindbis Sweet potato vein mosaic virus, Sweet potato yellow dwarf virus, Sintlem's onion latent virus, Sixgun city virus, Skunk virus, Sweetwater Branch virus, Swine cytomegalovirus, pox virus, Smallpox virus, Smelt reovirus, Smerinthus ocel Swine Flu, Swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus, lata NPV, Smithiantha virus, Snakehead rhabdovirus, Snow Swinepox virus, Swiss mouse leukemia virus, Sword bean shoe hare virus, Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus, distortion mosaic virus, Synaxis jubararia NPV. Synaxis pal Sobemovirus, Sofyn virus, Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus, lulata NPV. Synetaeris tenuifemur virus, Syngrapha selecta Sokoluk virus, Solanumapical leaf curl virus, Solanum nodi NPV. T4 phage. T7 phage, TAC virus, Tacaiuma virus, Tac florum mottle virus, Solanurn yellows virus, Soldado virus, aribe complex virus, Tacaribe virus, Tadpole edema virus LT Somerville virus 4, Sonchus mottle virus, Sonchus virus, 1-4, Taggert virus, Tahyna virus, Tai virus, Taias Sui virus, Sonchus yellow net virus, Sorghum chlorotic spot virus, Sor Tamana bat virus, Tamarillo mosaic virus, Tamdy virus, ghum mosaic virus, Sorghum virus, Sororoca virus, SourSop Tamiami virus, Tanapox virus, Tanga virus, Tanjong Rabok yellow blotch virus, South African passiflora virus, South virus, Taro bacilliform virus, Badnavirus Tataguine virus, American hemorrhagic fever viruses, South African passi Taterapox virus, Taterapox virus, Teasel mosaic virus, Tehran flora virus, South River virus, Southern bean mosaic virus, virus, Telfairiamosaic virus, Telok Forest virus, Tembe virus, Southern potato latent virus, Sowbane mosaic virus, Tembusu virus, Tench reovirus, Tensaw virus, Tenvivirus, Sowthistle yellow vein virus, Soybean chlorotic mottle virus, Tephrosia symptomless virus, Termeil virus, Tete virus, Soybean crinkle leaf virus, Soybean dwarf virus, Soybean Tetralopha scortealis NPV. Tetropium cinnamoptemm NPV. mosaic virus, SPAr-2317 virus, Sparganothis pettitana NPV. Texas pepper virus, Thailand virus, Thaumetopoea pityo sparrowpox virus, Spartina mottle virus, Spectacled caiman campa virus, Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus, Theiler's pox virus, SPH 114202 virus, Sphenicid herpesvirus 1, virus. Theophila mandarina NPV. japonica NPV. Sphinx ligustri NPV. Spider monkey herpesvirus, Spilarctia Thermoproteus virus 1. Thermoproteus virus 2. Thermopro subcarnea NPV. Spilonota ocellana NPV. Spilosoma lubrici teus virus 3, Thermoproteus virus 4, Thiafora virus, Thimiri peda NPV. Spinach latent virus, Spinach temperate virus, virus. Thistle mottle virus, Thogoto virus, Thormodseyjar Spiroplasma phage 1, Spiroplasma phage 4, Spiroplasma klettur virus, Thosea asigna virus, Thosea baibarana NPV. phage aa, Spiroplasma phage C1/T52, Spodoptera exempta Thosea sinensis GV, Thottapalayam virus, Thylidolpteryx cypovirus, Spodoptera exigua virus, Spodoptera frugiperda ephemeraeformis NPV. Thymelicus lineola NPV. Tilbrogar virus, Spodoptera latifascia virus, Spodoptera littoralis, gan virus, Ticera castanea NPV. Tick borne encephalitis virus Spodoptera mauritia virus, Spodoptera ornithogalli virus, (TBEV)—European and Far Eastern subtypes, Tillamook Spondweni virus, spring beauty latent virus, Spring viremia virus, Tilligerry virus, Timbo virus, Tilmboteua virus, Tilma of carp virus, Spumavirus (SFV. HFV), Squash leafcurl virus, roo virus, Tindholmur virus, Tinea pellionella NPV. Tineola squash mosaic virus, squirrel fibroma virus, Squirrel monkey hisselliella NPV. Tinpula paludosa NPV. Tinracola plagiata herpesvirus, squirrel monkey retrovirus, SR-11 virus, Sri NPV. Tioman virus, Tlacotalpan virus, Tobacco bushy top Lankan passionfruit mottle virus, Sripur virus, SSV 1 virus virus, Tobacco etch virus, Tobacco leaf curl virus, Tobacco group, StAbbs Head virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Sta mild green mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, Tobacco phylococcus phage 107, Staphylococcuslphage 187. Staphy mosaic virus satellite, Tobacco mottle virus, Tobacco necro lococcus phage 2848A, Staphylococcus phage 3A, Staphylo sis virus, Tobacco necrosis virus satellite, Tobacco necrosis coccuS phage 44A HJD, Staphylococcus phage 77. virus small satellite, Tobacco necrotic dwarf virus, tobacco Staphylococcus phage B11-M15. Staphylococcus phage rattle virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, Tobacco streak virus, Twort, Starlingpox virus, Statice virus Y. P. STLV (simian T Tobacco stunt virus, Tobacco vein banding mosaic virus, lymphotropic virus) type I, STLV (simian T lymphotropic Tobacco vein distorting virus Tobacco vein mottling virus, virus) type II, STLV (simian T lymphotropic virus) type III, Tobacco wilt virus, Tobacco yellow dwarf virus, Tobacco stomatitis papulosa virus, Stratford virus, Strawberry crinkle yellow net virus, Tobacco yellow vein virus, Tobamovirus virus, Strawberry latent ringspot virus, Strawberry mild yel Tobravirus, Togavirus, Tomato apical stunt Viroid, Tomato low edge virus, Strawberry vein banding virus, Streptococcus aspermy virus, Tomato black ring virus, Tomato black ring phage 182, Streptococcus phage 2BV. Streptococcus phage virus satellite, Tomato bunchy top viroid, tomato bushy stunt A25, Streptococcus phage 24, Streptococcus phage PE1. virus, Tomato bushy stunt virus satellite, Tomato golden Streptococcus phage VD13, Streptococcus phage fl)8, Strep mosaic virus, Tomato leaf crumple virus, Tomato leaf curl tococcus phage CP-1, Streptococcus phage Cvir, Streptococ virus, Tomato leafroll virus, Tomato mosaic virus, Tomato cus phage H39, Strigid herpesvirus 1, Striped bass reovirus, mottle virus, Tomato pale chlorosis virus, Tomato planta Striped Jack nervous, necrosis virus, Stump-tailed macaque macho Viroid, Tomato pseudo-curly top virus, Tomato ring virus, submaxillary virus, Subterranean clover mottle virus, spot virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Tomato top necrosis Subterranean clover mottle virus satellite, Subterranean clo virus, Tomato vein yellowing virus, Tomato yellow dwarf verred leaf virus, Subterranean clover stunt virus, Sugarcane virus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Tomato yellow mosaic bacilliform virus, Sugarcane mild mosaic virus, Sugarcane virus, Tomato yellow top virus, Tombusvirus, Tongan Vanilla mosaic virus, Sugarcane streak virus, Suid alphaherpesvirus virus, Torovirus, Torque teno virus, Tortrix loeflingiana NPV. 1, suid herpesvirus 2, Suipoxvirus, Sulfolobus virus 1, Sun Tortrix viridana NPV. Toscana virus, Tospovirus, Toxorhyn day Canyon virus, Sunflower crinkle virus, Sunflower mosaic chites brevipalpis NPV. Trabala Vishnou NPV. Tradescantia/ US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

Zebrina virus, Trager duck spleen necrosis virus, Tranosema mosaic virus, Wiseana cervinatavirus, Wiseana signata virus, sp. Virus, transforming virus, Tree shrew adenovirus 1, Tree Wiseanaumbraculatavirus, Wissadulamosaic virus, Wisteria shrew herpesvims, Triatoma virus, Tribec virus, Trichiocam vein mosaic virus. Witwatersrand virus, Wongal virus, Won pus irregularis NPV. Trichiocampus viminalis NPV. Tri gorr virus, Winter Vomiting Virus, woodchuck hepatitis B chomonas vaginalis virus, Trichoplusia ni cypovirus 5, Tri virus, Woodchuck herpesvirus marmota 1, woolly monkey choplusia ni granulovirus, Trichoplusia ni MNPV. sarcoma virus, wound tumor virus, WRSV virus, WVU virus Trichoplusia ni Single SNPV. Trichoplusia ni virus, Tricho 2937, WW virus 71 to 212, Wyeomyia Smithii NPV. Wyeo Santhes mottle virus, Triticum aestivum chlorotic spot virus, myia virus, Xanthomonas phage Cf. Xanthomonas phage Cflt, Xanthomonas phage RR66, Xanthomonas phage Xf. Trivittatus virus, Trombetas virus, Tropaeolum virus 1, Tro Xanthomonas phage Xf2, Xanthomonas phage XP5, Xeno paeolum virus 2, Trubanarnan virus, Tsuruse virus, Tucun pus virus T21, Xiburema virus, Xingu virus, Xylena curvi duba virus, Tulare apple mosaic virus, Tulip band breaking macula NPV.Y73 sarcoma virus, Yaba monkey tumor virus, virus, Tulip breaking virus, Tulip chlorotic blotch virus, Tulip Yaba-1 virus, Yaba-7 virus, Yacaaba virus, Yam mosaic virus, top breaking virus, Tulip virus X, tumor virus, Tupaia virus, Yaounde virus, Yaquina Head virus, Yatapoxvirus, Yellow Tupaiid herpesvirus 1, Turbot herpesvirus, Turbot reovirus, fever virus, Yogue virus, Yokapox virus, Yokase virus, Turkey adenoviruses 1 to 3, Turkey coronavirus, Turkey her Yponomeuta cognatella NPV.Yponomeuta evonymella NPV. pesvirus 1, turkey rhinotracheitis virus, turkeypox virus, Tur Yponomeuta malinellus NPV, Yponomeuta padella NPV. lock virus, Turnip crinkle virus, Turnip crinkle virus satellite, Yucca baciliform virus, Yug Bogdanovac virus, Zaliv Ter Turnip mild yellows virus, Turnip mosaic virus, Turnip peniya virus, Zea mayS Virus, Zegla virus, Zeiraphera diniana rosette virus, turnip yellow mosaic virus, Turuna virus, virus, Zeiraphera pseudotsugana NPV. Zika virus, Zirqa Tymovirus, Tyuleniy virus, type C retroviruses, type D virus, Zoysia mosaic virus, Zucchini yellow fleck virus, Zuc oncovirus, type D retrovirus group, Uasin Gishu disease chini yellow mosaic virus, and Zygocactus virus. virus, Uganda S virus, Ugymyia sericariae NPV. ulcerative disease rhabdovirus, Ullucus mild mottle virus, Ullucus 0206. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition mosaic virus, Ullucus virus C, Umatilla virus, Umbre virus, according to the present invention is used to inhibit, kill, Una virus. Upolu virus, UR2 sarcoma virus, Uranotaenia and/or prevent the growth of one or more fungi. Such as those sapphirina NPV. Urbanus proteus NPV. Urucuri virus, Usti described elsewhere in the application. lago maydis virus 1, Ustilago maydis virus 4, Ustilago may 0207. The antimicrobial composition can also be used as dis virus 6. Usutu virus, Uting a virus, Utive virus, Uukuniemi an antimicrobial detergent, an antimicrobial hand wash, an virus group, Vaccinia virus, Vaeroy virus, Vallota mosaic antimicrobial toothpasta, an antimicrobial mouthwash, an virus, Vanessa atalanta NPV, Vanessa cardui NPV, Vanessa antimicrobial textile treatment etc. prorsa NPV. Vanillamosaic virus, Vanilla necrosis virus, Vari Use of the Composition from C. Finmarchicus as a Pharma cella Zoster virus, , Varicola virus, variola major ceutical virus, variola virus, Vasin Gishu disease virus, Vellore virus, 0208. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to Velvet tobacco mottle virus, Velvet tobacco mottle virus sat a pharmaceutical composition obtained from Calanus finmar ellite, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan chicus. equine encephalomyelitis virus, Venezuelan hemorrhagic 0209. The composition obtained from Calanus finmarchi fever virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus, Vesiculovirus, Vibrio cus can in one embodiment of the present invention be used as phage 06N-22P, Vibrio phage 06N-58P. Vibrio phage 4996, a medicament. Vibrio phage a3a, Vibrio phage I, Vibrio phage II, Vibrio 0210. In one embodiment of the present invention a com phage m, Vibrio phage IV, Vibrio phage kappa, Vibrio phage position obtained from Calanus finmarchicus is used in the int-1, Vibrio phage OXN-52P, Vibrio phage OXN-IOOP, treatment of microbial infections in an individual in need Vibrio phage V6, Vibrio phage Vfl2, Vibrio phage Vf33, thereof. Vibrio phage VP1, Vibrio phage VP11, Vibrio phage VP3, 0211. In another embodiment the composition obtained Vibrio phage VP5, Vibrio phage X29, Vicia cryptic virus, from Calanus finmarchicus is used for the manufacture of a Vigna sinensis mosaic virus, Vilyuisk virus, Vinces virus, medicament for the treatment microbial infections. Viola mottle virus, viper retrovirus, viral haemorrhagic sep 0212. The treatment can be ameliorating, curative or pro ticemia virus, virus-like particle, Visna Maedi virus, Visna phylactic treatment of one or more infectious diseases. virus, Voandzeia mosaic virus, Voandzeia necrotic mosaic 0213. An infectious disease is in one embodiment a clini virus, volepox virus, Wad Medanivirus, Wallal virus, Walleye cally evident disease resulting from the presence of patho epidermal hyperplasia, Walrus calicivirus, Wanowrie virus, genic agents, including pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bac Warrego virus, Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus, Watermelon teria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant curly mottle virus, Watermelon mosaic virus 1, Watermelon proteins known as prions. These pathogens are able to cause mosaic virus 2, Weddel water-borne virus, Weldona virus, disease in human beings, animals and/or plants. Microbial Wesselsbron virus, West Nile virus, western equine encepha infections include infections caused by bacteria, fungi, pro litis virus, western equine encephalomyelitis virus, Wexford tozoans, and viruses. virus, Whataroa virus, Wheat American striate mosaic virus, 0214 Infectious pathologies are usually qualified as con Wheat chlorotic streak virus, Wheat dwarf virus, Wheat tagious diseases (also called communicable diseases) due to rosette stunt virus, Wheat streak mosaic virus. Wheat yellow their potentiality of transmission from one person or species leaf virus, Wheat yellow mosaic virus, White bryony virus, to another. Transmission of an infectious disease may occur White clover cryptic virus 1, White clover cryptic virus 2, through one or more of diverse pathways including physical White clover cryptic virus 3, White clover mosaic virus, contact with infected individuals. These infecting agents may White lupinrnosaic virus, Wild cucumber mosaic virus, Wild also be transmitted through liquids, food, body fluids, con potato mosaic virus, Wildbeest herpesvirus, Wineberry latent taminated objects, airborne inhalation, or through vector virus, Winter wheat mosaic virus, Winter wheat Russian borne spread. US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

0215. The term infectivity describes the ability of an bertii, Aeromonas sharmana, Aeromonas simiae, Aeromonas organism to enter, Survive and multiply in the host, while the sobria, Aeromonas Veronii, Afipia felis, Agrobacterium spe infectiousness of a disease indicates the comparative ease cies: Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, with which the disease is transmitted to other hosts. An infec Agrobacterium rubi, Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Agromo tion is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as an nas species, Alcaligenes species: Alcaligenes aquatilis, infection may not cause important clinical symptoms or Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes faecalis, Alcaligenes impair host function. latus, Alcaligenes XyloSoxidans; Alishewanella species, 0216. In a preferred embodiment the present invention Alterococcus species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ana relates to treatment of bacterial infections. plasma marginale, Aquamonas species, Arcanobacterium 0217. In another preferred embodiment, the present inven haemolyticum, Aranicola species, Arsenophonus species, tion relates to treatment of fungal infections. 0218. In another embodiment, the present invention AZotivirga species, AZotobacter vinelandii, AZotobacter relates to treatment of viral infections. chroococcum, (Shigellosis), Bacillus species: Bacillus abortus (Brucella melitensis biovar abor Bacteria tus), Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax), Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus fusiformis, Bacillus glo 0219. In one embodiment, the composition of the present bigii, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus invention is directed against a bacteria, i.e. it is antibacterial mycoides, Bacillus natto, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacil or an antibiotic. lus Subtilis, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis; 0220. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition Bacteroides species: Bacteroides forsythus (Tannerella for of the present invention can be used as a broad-spectrum sythensis), Bacteroides acidifaciens, Bacteroides distasonis antibiotic. (reclassified as Parabacteroides distasonis), Bacteroides gin 0221. In one embodiment, the antibacterial activity is givalis, Bacteroides gracilis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroi directed against one or more bacteria selected from the group des oris, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides putredinis, consisting of Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, Bacteroides pyogenes, Bacteroides Stercoris, Bacteroides aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria. Suis, Bacteroides tectus, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, 0222. In one embodiment the composition according to Bacteroides Vulgatus; Bartonella species: Bartonellaalsatica, the present invention can be used for treatment of one or more Bartonella bacilliformis, Bartonella birtlesii, Bartonella diseases caused one or more bacteria Such as one or more of bovis, Bartonella capreoli, Bartonella clarridgeiae, Bar the bacteria selected from the group consisting of Acetobacter tonella doshiae, Bartonella elizabethae, Bartonella grahamii, aurantius, Acinetobacter species: , Bartonella henselae (cat scratch fever), Bartonella koehlerae, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacterjohnsonii, Acine Bartonella muris, Bartonella peromysci, Bartonella quintana, tobacter junii, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Acinetobacter radiore Bartonella rochalimae, Bartonella schoenbuchii, Bartonella sistens, Acinetobacter septicus, Acinetobacter Schindleri, talpae, Bartonella taylorii, Bartonella tribocorum, Bartonella Acinetobacter ursingii; Actinomyces species: Actinomyces Vinsonii spp. Arupensis, Bartonella Vinsonii spp. Berkhoffii, bovis, Actinomyces bowdenii, Actinomyces canis, Actino Bartonella Vinsonii spp. Vinsonii, Bartonella washoensis; myces cardiffensis, Actinomyces catuli, Actinomyces coleo BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin), Bergeyella Zoohelcum canis, Actinomyces dentalis, Actinomyces denticolens, Acti (Weeksella Zoohelcum), Bifidobacterium bifidum, Blasto nomyces europaeus, Actinomyces funkei, Actinomyces bacter species, Blochmannia species, Bordetella species: georgiae, Actinomyces gerencseriae, Actinomyces grae Bordetella ansorpii, Bordetella avium, Bordetella bron Venitzii, Actinomyces hongkongensis, Actinomyces hordeo chiseptica, Bordetella hinzi, Bordetella holmesii, Bordetella Vulneris, Actinomyces howellii, Actinomyces humiferus, parapertussis, Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough), Bor Actinomyces hyovaginalis, Actinomyces israelii, Actinomy detella petrii, Bordetella trematum; Borrelia species: Borrelia ces marimammalium, Actinomyces meyeri, Actinomyces burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia anserina, Borrelia gari naeslundii, Actinomyces nasicola, Actinomyces neuii, Acti nii, Borrelia Valaisiana, Borrelia hermsii, Borrelia Parkeri, nomyces odontolyticus, Actinomyces oricola, Actinomyces Borrelia recurrentis; Bosea species, Bradyrhizobium species, radicidentis, Actinomyces radingae, Actinomyces slackii, Brenneria species, Brucella species: Brucella abortus, Bru Actinomyces streptomycini, Actinomyces Suimastitidis, cella canis, Brucella melitensis, Brucella neotomae, Brucella Actinomyces Suis, Actinomyces turicensis, Actinomyces ovis, Brucella Suis, Brucella pinnipediae; Buchnera species, urogenitalis, Actinomyces vaccimaxillae, Actinomyces vis Budvicia species, Burkholderia species: Burkholderia cepa cosus; Actinobacillus species: Actinobacillus actinomycet cia (Pseudomonas cepacia), Burkholderia mallei (Pseudomo emcomitans, Actinobacillus arthritidis, Actinobacillus capsu nas mallei/Actinobacillus mallei), Burkholderia pseudomal latus, Actinobacillus delphinicola, Actinobacillus equuli. lei (Pseudomonas pseudomallei); Buttiauxella species, Actinobacillus hominis, Actinobacillus indolicus, Actinoba Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, Campylobacter species: cillus lignieresii, Actinobacillus minor, Actinobacillus muris, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter concisus, Campylo Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus porcinus, bacter curvus, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter gracilis, Actinobacillus rossii, Actinobacillus Scotiae, Actinobacillus Campylobacter helveticus, Campylobacter hominis, Campy seminis, Actinobacillus Succinogenes, Actinobacillus Suis, lobacter hyointestinalis, Campylobacter insulaenigrae, Actinobacillus ureae; Aeromonas species: Aeromonas Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lanienae, Campylo allosaccharophila, Aeromonas bestiarum, Aeromonas bacter lari, Campylobacter mucosalis, Campylobacter rectus, bivalvium, Aeromonas encheleia, Aeromonas enteropelo Campylobacter showae, Campylobacter sputorum, Campy genes, Aeromonas euchrenophila, Aeromonas hydrophila, lobacter upsaliensis; Capnocytophaga canimorsus (Dysgonic Aeromonas ichthioSmia, Aeromonas jandaei, Aeromonas fermenter type 2), Corynebacterium species, Cardiobacte media, Aeromonas molluscorum, Aeromonas popoffii, Aero rium hominis, Cedecea species, Chlamydia species: Chlamy monas punctata, Aeromonas Salmonicida, Aeromonas Schu dia trachomatis (Lymphogranuloma Venereum), Chlamydia US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 muridarum, Chlamydia Suis; Chlamydophila species: aphrophilus), Haemophilus pertussis, Haemophilus pittma Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci (Psitta niae, Haemophilus Somnus, Haemophilus vaginalis; Hafnia cosis), Chlamydophila pecorum, Chlamydophila abortus, species, Hafnia alvei, Helicobacter species: Helicobacteraci Chlamydophila felis, Chlamydophila caviae: Citrobacter nonychis, Helicobacter anseris, Helicobacter aurati, Helico species: Citrobacter amalonaticus, Citrobacter braakii, Citro bacter bilis, Helicobacter bizzozeronii, Helicobacter brantae, bacter farmeri, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter gillenii, Cit Helicobacter Canadensis, Helicobacter canis, Helicobacter robacter intermedius, Citrobacter koseri aka Citrobacter cholecystus, Helicobacter cinaedi, Helicobacter cynogastri diversus, Citrobacter murliniae, Citrobacter rodentium, Cit cus, Helicobacter felis, Helicobacter fennelliae, Helicobacter robacter sedlakii, Citrobacter werkmanii, Citrobacter youn ganmani, Helicobacter heilmannii (Gastrospirillum homi gae; Clostridium species: Clostridium botulinum, nis), Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter mesocricetorum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium septi Helicobacter marmotae, Helicobacter muridarum, Helico cum, Clostridium tetani (Tetanus), Clostridium welchii bacter mustelae, Helicobacter pametensis, Helicobacter (Clostridium perfringens); Corynebacterium species: pullorum, Helicobacter pylori (stomach ulcer), Helicobacter Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria), Corynebacte rappini, Helicobacter rodentium, Helicobacter Salomonis, rium amycolatum, Corynebacterium aquaticum, Corynebac Helicobacter trogontum, Helicobacter typhlonius, Helico terium bovis, Corynebacterium equi, Corynebacterium flave bacter winghamensis; Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis Scens, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium (Anaplasma phagocytophilum/Ehrlichia phagocytophila), haemolyticum, Corynebacterium jeikeiun (corynebacteria of Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (Monocytic ehrlichio group JK), Corynebacterium minutissimum (Erythrasma). sis/Ehrlichia chaffeensis), Klebsiella species: Klebsiella Corynebacterium parvum (also called Propionibacterium granulomatis (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis), Kleb acnes), Corynebacterium pseudodiptheriticum (also called siella mobilis, Klebsiella ornithinolytica, Klebsiella oxytoca, Corynebacterium hofmannii), Corynebacterium pseudotu Klebsiella ozaenae, Klebsiella planticola, Klebsiella pneu berculosis (also called Corynebacterium ovis), Corynebacte moniae, Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, Klebsiella Singaporen rium pyogenes, Corynebacterium urealyticum (corynebacte sis, Klebsiella terrigena, Klebsiella trevisanii, Klebsiella ria of group D2), Corynebacterium renale, Corynebacterium Varicola; Kingella kingae, Kluyvera species, Lactobacillus striatum, Corynebacterium tenuis (Trichomycosis palmel species: Lactobacillus acetotolerans, Lactobacillus acidifari lina, Trichomycosis axillaris), Corynebacterium ulcerans, nae, Lactobacillus acidipiscis, Lactobacillus acidophilus Corynebacterium Xerosis: Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), Crono (Doderleinbacillus), Lactobacillus agilis, Lactobacillus algi bacter species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter mal dus, Lactobacillus alimentarius, Lactobacillus amylolyticus, onaticus, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter muytjensii, Lactobacillus amylophilus, Lactobacillus amylotrophicus, Cronobacter dublinensis; Delftia acidovorans (Comamonas Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus animalis, Lactoba acidovorans), Dickeya species, Edwardsiella species, cillus antri, Lactobacillus apodemi, Lactobacillus aviarius, Eikenella corrodens, Enterobacter species: Enterobacter Lactobacillus bifermentans, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactoba aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae. Enterobacter Sakazakii; cillusbuchneri, Lactobacillus camelliae, Lactobacillus casei, Enterococcus species: Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus Lactobacillus catenaformis, Lactobacillus ceti, Lactobacillus durans, Enterococcus faecalis (Streptococcus faecalis/Strep coleohominis, Lactobacillus collinoides, Lactobacillus com tococcus Group D), Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus posti, Lactobacillus concavus, Lactobacillus coryniformis, Solitarius, EnterococcuS gallinarum, Enterococcus malora Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus crustorum, Lactoba tus; Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, cillus curvatus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus del Erwinia species, Escherichia species: Escherichia adecar brueckii subsp. Bulgaricus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. boxylata, Escherichia albertii, Escherichia blattae, Escheri Lactis, Lactobacillus diolivorans, Lactobacillus equi, Lacto chia coli, Escherichia fergusonii, Escherichia hermannii, bacillus equigenerosi, Lactobacillus farraginis, Lactobacillus Escherichia vulneris: Ewingella species, Flavobacterium farciminis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus formica species: Flavobacterium aquatile, Flavobacterium branchio lis, Lactobacillus fructivorans, Lactobacillus frumenti, Lac philum, Flavobacterium columnare, Flavobacterium flev tobacillus fuchuensis, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacil ense, Flavobacterium gondwanense, Flavobacterium hydatis, lus gasseri, Lactobacillus gastricus, Lactobacillus ghanensis, Flavobacterium johnsoniae, Flavobacterium pectinovorum, Lactobacillus graminis, Lactobacillus hammesii, Lactobacil Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Flavobacterium saccharo lus hamsteri, Lactobacillus harbinensis, Lactobacillus haya philum, Flavobacterium salegens, Flavobacterium scophthal kitensis, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus hilgardii, mum, Flavobacterium Succinans; Francisella tularensis (Tu Lactobacillus homohiochii, Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacil laraemia), Francisella novicida, Francisella philomiragia, lus ingluViei, Lactobacillus intestinalis, Lactobacillus jens Fusobacterium species: Fusobacterium necrophorum (Le enii, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus kalixensis, Lac mierre Syndrome/Sphaerophorus necrophorus), Fusobacte tobacillus kefuranofaciens, Lactobacillus kefiri, rium nucleatum, Fusobacterium polymorphum, Fusobacte Lactobacillus kimchii, Lactobacillus kitasatonis, Lactobacil rium novum, Fusobacterium mortiferum, Fusobacterium lus kunkeei, Lactobacillus leichmannii, Lactobacillus lind varium; Gardnerella vaginalis, Gemella haemolysans, neri, Lactobacillus malefermentans, Lactobacillus mali, Lac Gemella morbillorum (Streptococcus morbillorum), Gri tobacillus manihotivorans, Lactobacillus mindensis, montella species, Haemophilus species: Haemophilus aegyp Lactobacillus mucosae, Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacil tius (Koch-Weeks bacillus), Haemophilus aphrophilus, Hae lus nagelii, Lactobacillus namurensis, Lactobacillus nanten mophilus avium, Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid), sis, Lactobacillus oligofermentans, Lactobacillus oris, Lac Haemophilus felis, Haemophilus haemolyticus, Haemophi tobacillus panis, Lactobacillus pantheris, Lactobacillus lus influenzae (Pfeiffer bacillus), Haemophilus paracunicu parabrevis, Lactobacillus parabuchneri, Lactobacillus para lus, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, Haemophilus parainflu collinoides, Lactobacillus parafarraginis, Lactobacillus par enzae, Haemophilus paraphrophilus (Aggregatibacter akefiri, Lactobacillus paralimentarius, Lactobacillus para US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 20 plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus perolens, culi, Moraxella equi, Moraxella lacunata, Moraxella lincol Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pontis, Lactobacillus nii, Moraxella nonliquefaciens, Moraxella oblonga, psittaci, Lactobacillus rennini, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lacto Moraxella osloensis, Moraxella saccharolytica; Morganella bacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus rimae, Lactobacillus rogo morganii, Mycobacterium species: Mycobacterium absces sae, Lactobacillus rossiae, Lactobacillus ruminis, Lactobacil Sus, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium agri, Myco lus saerimneri, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus salivarius, bacterium aichiense, Mycobacterium alvei, Mycobacterium Lactobacillus Sanfranciscensis, Lactobacillus satsumensis, arupense, Mycobacterium asiaticum, Mycobacterium aubag Lactobacillus Secaliphilus, Lactobacillus sharpeae, Lactoba nense, Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium austroafri cillus siliiginis, Lactobacillus spicheri, Lactobacillus Suebi canum, Mycobacterium avium (Battey disease/Lady Wind cus, Lactobacillus thailandensis, Lactobacillus ultunensis, ermere syndrome), Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Lactobacillus vaccinostercus, Lactobacillus vaginalis, Lacto (implicated in Crohn's disease in humans and Johne's disease bacillus versmoldensis, Lactobacillus vini, Lactobacillus in sheep), Mycobacterium avium silvaticum, Mycobacterium Vitulinus, Lactobacillus Zeae, Lactobacillus Zymae; Leclercia avium “hominissuis', Mycobacterium colombiense, Myco species, Legionella species: Legionella adelaidensis, bacterium boenickei, Mycobacterium bohemicum, Myco Legionella anisa, Legionella beliardensis, Legionella bir bacterium bolletii, Mycobacterium botniense, Mycobacte minghamensis, Legionella boZemanii, Legionella brunensis, rium bovis (Bovine tuberculosis), Mycobacterium branderi, Legionella busanensis, Legionella cherrii, Legionella cincin Mycobacterium brisbanense, Mycobacterium brumae, natiensis, Legionella donaldsonii, Legionella drancourtii, Mycobacterium canariasense, Mycobacterium caprae, Legionella drozanski, Legionella erythra, Legionella fair Mycobacterium cellatum, Mycobacterium chelonae, Myco fieldensis, Legionella fallonii, Legionella feeleii, Legionella bacterium chimaera, Mycobacterium chitae, Mycobacterium geestiana, Legionella genomospecies, Legionella gratiana, chlorophenolicum, Mycobacterium chubuense, Mycobacte Legionella gresilensis, Legionella hackeliae, Legionella rium conceptionense, Mycobacterium confluentis, Mycobac impletisoli, Legionella israelensis, Legionellajamestownien terium conspicuum, Mycobacterium cookii, Mycobacterium sis, Candidatus Legionella jeonii, Legionella jordanis, cosmeticum, Mycobacterium diernhoferi, Mycobacterium Legionellalansingensis, Legionella londiniensis, Legionella doricum, Mycobacterium duvalii, Mycobacterium longbeachae, Legionella lytica, Legionella maceachernii, elephantis, Mycobacterium fallax, Mycobacterium farcino Legionella micdadei, Legionella moravica, Legionella nau genes, Mycobacterium flavescens, Mycobacterium florenti tarum, Legionella oakridgensis, Legionella parisiensis, num, Mycobacterium fluoroanthenivorans, Mycobacterium , Legionella quateirensis, Legionella fortuitum, Mycobacterium fortuitum subsp. Acetamidolyti quinlivanii, Legionella rowbothamii, Legionella rubrilucens, cum, Mycobacterium frederiksbergense, Mycobacterium Legionella Sainthelensi, Legionella Santicrucis, Legionella gadium, Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium genavense, shakespearei, Legionella spiritensis, Legionella Steigerwaltii, Mycobacterium gilvum, Mycobacterium goodii, Mycobacte Legionella taurinensis, Legionella tucsonensis, Legionella rium gordonae (Mycobacterium aquae), Mycobacterium hae Wadsworthii, Legionella waltersii, Legionella worsleiensis, mophilum, Mycobacterium hassiacum, Mycobacterium Legionellayabuuchiae; Leminorella species, Leptospira spe heckeshornense, Mycobacterium heidelbergense, Mycobac cies: Leptospira interrogans, Leptospira kirschneri, Lep terium hiberniae, Mycobacterium hodleri, Mycobacterium to spira noguchii, Leptospira alexanderi, Leptospira weilii. holsaticum, Mycobacterium houstonense, Mycobacterium Leptospiragenomospecies 1, Leptospiraborg.petersenii, Lep immunogenum, Mycobacterium interjectum, Mycobacte to spira Santarosai, Leptospira inadai, Leptospira fainei, Lep rium intermedium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobac to spira broomii, Leptospira licerasiae, Leptospira biflexa, terium kansasii, Mycobacterium komossense, Mycobacte Leptospira meyeri, Leptospira Wolbachii, Leptospira geno rium kubicae, Mycobacterium kumamotonense, mospecies 3, Leptospira genomospecies 4, Leptospira geno Mycobacterium lacus, Mycobacterium lentiflavum, Myco mospecies 5; Lepromatous leprosy (Danielssen-Boeck dis bacterium leprae (causes leprosy or Hansen disease/Hans ease), Leptospira canicola, Leptospira hebdomadis, eniasis), Mycobacterium lepraemurium, Mycobacterium Leptospirosis (Weil disease/Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae/ madagascariense, Mycobacterium mageritense, Mycobacte Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae), Lep rium malmoense, Mycobacterium marinum (Fish tank granu totrichia, Leuconostoc species: Leuconostoc carnosum, Leu loma), Mycobacterium massiliense, Mycobacterium microti, conostoc citreum, Leuconostoc durionis, Leuconostoc fallax, Mycobacterium monacense, Mycobacterium montefiorense, Leuconostoc ficulneum, Leuconostoc fructosum, Leuconos Mycobacterium moriokaense, Mycobacterium mucogeni toc garlicum, Leuconostoc gasicomitatum, Leuconostoc geli cum, Mycobacterium murale, Mycobacterium nebraskense, dum, Leuconostoc inhae, Leuconostockimchii, Leuconostoc Mycobacterium neoaurum, Mycobacterium neworleansense, lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc pseud Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, Mycobacterium novo oficulneum, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides; Listeria castrense, Mycobacterium obuense, Mycobacterium palus species: Listeria grayi, Listeria innocua, Listeria ivanovii. tre, Mycobacterium parafortuitum, Mycobacterium paras Listeria monocytogenes (Listeriosis), Listeria Seeligeri, List crofulaceum, Mycobacterium parmense, Mycobacterium eria wellshimeri; Methanobacterium extroquens, Microbacte peregrinum, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium phocai rium multiforme, Micrococcus species: Micrococcus ant cum, Mycobacterium pinnipedii, Mycobacterium porcinum, arcticus, Micrococcus flavus, Micrococcus luteus, Mycobacterium poriferae, Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii, Micrococcus lylae, Micrococcus mucilaginosis, Micrococ Mycobacterium pulveris, Mycobacterium psychrotolerans, cus roseus, Micrococcus sedentarius; Mobiluncus, Moeller Mycobacterium pyrenivorans, Mycobacterium rhodesiae, ella species, Morganella species, Moraxella species: Mycobacterium Saskatchewanense, Mycobacterium scrofu Moraxella atlantae, Moraxella boevrei, Moraxella bovis, laceum, Mycobacterium Senegalense, Mycobacterium Seou Moraxella canis, Moraxella caprae. Moraxella catarrhalis lense, Mycobacterium septicum, Mycobacterium shimoidei. (Branhamella catarrhalis), Moraxella caviae, Moraxella cuni Mycobacterium shottsii, Mycobacterium simiae, Mycobac US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

terium Smegmatis, Mycobacterium sphagni, Mycobacterium Pseudomonas cedrina, Pseudomonas corrugate, Pseudomo SZulgai, Mycobacterium terrae, Mycobacterium thermore nas fluorescens, Pseudomonas gessardii, Pseudomonas liban sistibile, Mycobacterium tokaiense, Mycobacterium triplex, ensis, Pseudomonas mandelii, Pseudomonas marginalis, Mycobacterium triviale, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (major Pseudomonas mediterranea, Pseudomonas meridiana, cause of human tuberculosis), Mycobacterium bovis, Myco Pseudomonas migulae, Pseudomonas mucidolens, bacterium africanum, Mycobacterium canetti, Mycobacte Pseudomonas orientalis, Pseudomonas panacis, Pseudomo rium caprae, Mycobacterium pinnipedii, Mycobacterium nas proteolytica, Pseudomonas rhodesiae, Pseudomonas Syn tusciae, Mycobacterium ulcerans (causes Bairnsdale ulcer/ Xantha, Pseudomonas thivervalensis, Pseudomonas tolaasii, Buruli ulcer), Mycobacterium vaccae, Mycobacterium van Pseudomonas Veronii, Pseudomonas denitrificans, baalenii, Mycobacterium wolinskyi, Mycobacterium Xenopi; Pseudomonas pertucinogena, Pseudomonas cremoricolorata, Mycoplasma species: Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma Pseudomonas fulva, Pseudomonas monteilii, Pseudomonas genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma penetrans, mosselii, Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Pseudomonas Mycoplasma phocacerebrale, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, parafulva, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Pseudomonas Nanukayami (Seven-day fever/Gikiyami), Neisseria species: putida, Pseudomonas balearica, Pseudomonas luteola, Neisseria gonorrhoea (GonococcuS/Gonorrhea), Neisseria Pseudomonas Stutzeri. Pseudomonas amygdale, Pseudomo meningiditis (Meningococcus), Neisseria sicca, Neisseria nas avellanae, Pseudomonas caricapapayae, Pseudomonas cinerea, Neisseria elongata, Neisseria flavescens, Neisseria cichorii, Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas lactamica, Neisseria mucosa, Neisseria polysaccharea, Neis ficuserectae, Pseudomonas meliae, Pseudomonas Savastanoi, seria subflava: Nitrobacter species, Nocardia species: Nocar Pseudomonas Syringae, Pseudomonas viridiflava, dia asteroides, Nocardiabrasiliensis, Nocardia caviae; Noma Pseudomonas abietaniphila, Pseudomonas acidophila, (cancrum oriS/gangrenous stomatitis), Obesumbacterium, Pseudomonas agarici, Pseudomonas alcaliphila, Pseudomo Oligotropha species, Orientiatsutsugamushi (), nas alkanolytica, Pseudomonas amyloderamosa, Pseudomo Oxalobacter formigenes, Pantoea species: Pantoea agglom nas asplenii, Pseudomonas azotifigens, Pseudomonas canna erans, Pantoea ananatis, Pantoea citrea, Pantoea dispersa, bina, Pseudomonas coenobios, Pseudomonas congelans, Pantoea punctata, Pantoea stewartii, Pantoea terrea; Pas Pseudomonas costantinii, Pseudomonas cruciviae, teurella species: Pasteurella aerogenes, Pasteurella anatis, Pseudomonas delhiensis, Pseudomonas excibis, Pseudomo Pasteurella avium, Pasteurella bettyae, Pasteurella caballi, nas extremorientalis, Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis, Pasteurella canis, Pasteurella dagmatis, Pasteurella gallicida, Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, Pseudomonas gelidicola, Pasteurella gallinarum, Pasteurella granulomatis, Pasteurella Pseudomonas grimontii, Pseudomonas indica, Pseudomonas langaaensis, Pasteurella lymphangitidis, Pasteurella mairii, jessenii, Pseudomonas jinjuensis, Pseudomonas kilonensis, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella pneumotropica, Pas Pseudomonas knackmussii, Pseudomonas koreensis, teurella skyensis, Pasteurella stomatis, Pasteurella testudinis, Pseudomonas lini, Pseudomonas lutea, Pseudomonas mora Pasteurella trehalosi, Pasteurella tularensis, Pasteurella Viensis, Pseudomonas otitidis, Pseudomonas pachastrellae, ureae, Pasteurella Volantium; Pediococcus species: Pedio Pseudomonas palleroniana, Pseudomonas papaveris, coccus acidilactici, Pediococcus cellicola, Pediococcus Pseudomonas peli, Pseudomonas perolens, Pseudomonas claussenii, Pediococcus damnosus, Pediococcus dextrinicus, poae, Pseudomonas pohangensis, Pseudomonas psychro Pediococcus ethanolidurans, Pediococcus inopinatus, Pedio phila, Pseudomonas psychrotolerans, Pseudomonas rathonis, coccus parvulus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcus Pseudomonas reptilivora, Pseudomonas resiniphila, stilesii, Peptostreptococcus species: Peptostreptococcus Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae, Pseudomonas rubescens, anaerobius, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Pep Pseudomonas Salomonii, Pseudomonas segitis, Pseudomo tostreptococcus harei, Peptostreptococcus hydrogenalis, nas septica, Pseudomonas simiae, Pseudomonas Suis, Peptostreptococcus indoliticus, Peptostreptococcus ivorii, Pseudomonas thermotolerans, Pseudomonas tremae, Peptostreptococcus lacrimalis, Peptostreptococcus lactolyti Pseudomonas trivialis, Pseudomonas turbinellae, Pseudomo cus, Peptostreptococcus magnus, Peptostreptococcus micros, nastuticorinensis, Pseudomonaslumsongensis, Pseudomonas Peptostreptococcus octavius, Peptostreptococcus prevotii, Vancouverensis, Pseudomonas Vranovensis, Pseudomonas Peptostreptococcus tetradius, Peptostreptococcus vaginalis; Xanthomarina; Rahnella species, Ralstonia species: Ralstonia Photorhabdus species, Photorhizobium species, Plesiomonas basilensis, Ralstonia campinensis, Ralstonia eutropha, Ral shigelloides, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Pragia species, Pre stonia gillardii, Ralstonia insidiosa, Ralstonia mannitolilytica, votella, Propionibacterium species: Propionibacterium Ralstonia metallidurans, Ralstonia paucula, Ralstonia pick acnes, Propionibacterium propionicus; Proteus species: Pro ettii, Ralstonia respiraculi, Ralstonia Solanacearum, Ralsto teus mirabilis, Proteus morganii, Proteus penneri, Proteus nia SyZygii, Ralstonia taiwanensis; Raoultella species, rettgeri, Proteus Vulgaris; Providencia species: Providencia Rhodoblastus species, Rhodopseudomonas species, Rhino friedericiana, Providencia Stuartii, Pseudomonas species: Scleroma, Rhizobium radiobacter, Rhodococcus equi, Rick Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, ettsia species: Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia akari, Rickettsia Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Pseudomonas argentinensis, australis, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia felis, Rickettsia Pseudomonas borbori, Pseudomonas citronellolis, japonica, Rickettsia mooseri, Rickettsia prowaZekii (Typhus Pseudomonas flavescens, Pseudomonas mendocina, fever), Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia siberica, Rickettsia Pseudomonas nitroreducens, Pseudomonas oleovorans, typhi, Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia psit Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Pseudomonas resino taci, Rickettsia quintana, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia tra Vorans, Pseudomonas Straminea, Pseudomonas aurantiaca, chomae; Rothia dentocariosa, Salmonella species: Salmo Pseudomonas aureofaciens, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, nella arizonae, Salmonella Bongori, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas fragi, Pseudomonas lundensis, Pseudomonas Salmonella enteriditis, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella taetrolens, Pseudomonas Antarctica, Pseudomonas azotofor typhi (Typhoid fever), Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella mans, Pseudomonas brassicacearum, Pseudomonas brenneri, salamae, Salmonella arizonae, Salmonella diarizonae, Sal US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 22 monella houtenae, Salmonella indica; Samsonia species, Ser Xenorhabdus species, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, ratia species: Serratia entomophila, Serratia ficaria, Serratia Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Yokenella species. fonticola, Serratia grimesii, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia 0223) In a preferred embodiment, the antibacterial activity marcescens, Serratia odoriferae, Serratia plymuthica, Serra is directed against one or more pathogenic bacteria. More tia proteamaculans, Serratia quinivorans, Serratia rubidaea, preferred, the antibacterial activity is directed against the Serratia ureilytica; Shewanella putrefaciens, Shigella boydii, bacteria selected from the group comprising Pseudomonas, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella Sonnei, Enterococcus, Listeria, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Escheri Sodalis species, Spirillum species: Spirillum minus rat bite chia, Salmonella and Clostridium. In an even more preferred fever, Staphylococcus species: Staphylococcus aureus, Sta embodiment the bacteria are selected from the group com phylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylo prising Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, coccus caprae, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus epi Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus dermidis, Staphylococcus felis, Staphylococcus aureus, , Salmonella berta, Clostridium per haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus fringens and Clostridium bifermentans. intermedius, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus 0224. In another embodiment the antibacterial activity is pettenkoferi, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus directed against on or more bacteria resistant to one or more conventional antibiotics. Examples of resistant or multiresis Schleiferi, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus Vitulus, tant bacteria include but are not limited to meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus Xylosus; Stenotro S. aureus, and multiresistant P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneu phomonas species: Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, moniae and Acinetobacter. Stenotrophomonas dokdonensis, Stenotrophomonas koreen sis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Stenotrophomonas Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) nitritireducens, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila; Streptobacil lus species: Streptobacillus moniliformis (Streptobacillary 0225. The strain is resistant to all B-lactamantibiotics. The rat bite fever); Streptococcus species: Streptococcus Group treatment of MRSA is therefore difficult. The strain can cause A, Streptococcus Group B, Streptococcus agalactiae, Strep both local and systemic infections. tococcus aginosus, Streptococcus avium, Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus canis, Streptococcus cricetus, Strepto , Multiresistant Clinical Isolate coccus facelium, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus ferus, 0226. The strain has a -mediated, broad spectrum Streptococcus gallinarum, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococ B-lactamase (Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC) cus milleri, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus mitis, Strep and is resistant to all clinical relevant B-lactam antibiotics. tococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus per Furthermore, it is in vitro resistant to many other non B-lac oris, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, tamantibiotics. Infections with such microbes are difficult to Streptococcus ratti, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus treat with available antibiotics. K. pneumoniae is a common sanguinis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus parasan cause of urinary tract infections, but can also cause systemic guinis, Streptococcus Suis, Streptococcus thermophilus, infections. Streptococcus vestibularis, Streptococcus viridans, Strepto coccus uberis, Streptococcus Zooepidemicus; Tatumella spe Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Multiresistant Clinical Isolate cies, Trabulsiella species, Treponema species: Treponema carateum (Pinta), Treponema denticola, Treponema 0227 P. aeruginosa is naturally resistant to a range of endemicum (Beel), Treponema pallidum (Syphilis), Tre different antibiotics, and the spectre of efficient agents is ponema pertenue (Yaws); Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple narrow. Additionally, it has a high ability to develop resis disease), Tuberculoid leprosy, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Veil tance to new antibiotics. The actual strain is in vitro resistant lonella, Vibrio species: Vibrio aerogenes, Vibrio aestuarianus, to, or has reduced Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents com Vibrio agarivorans, Vibrio albensis, Vibrio alginolyticus, monly used in the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections. Vibrio brasiliensis, Vibrio calviensis, Vibrio campbellii, Severe infections with P. aeruginosa occur with immune defi Vibrio chagasii, Vibrio cholerae (Cholera), Vibrio cincinna cient patients and with weak, hospitalized patients. tiensis, Vibrio Comma, Vibrio coralliilyticus, Vibrio crassos treae, Vibrio cyclitrophicus, Vibrio diabolicus, Vibrio diaz Acinetobacter, Multiresistant Clinical Isolate otrophicus, Vibrio eZurae, Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio fluvialis, 0228. Acinetobacter is naturally resistant to a range of Vibrio fortis, Vibrio furnissii, Vibrio gallicus, Vibrio gaZo different antibiotics, and the spectre of efficient agents is genes, Vibrio gigantis, Vibrio halioticoli, Vibrio harveyi, narrow. With one exception, the actual isolate in vitro resis Vibrio hepatarius, Vibrio hispanicus, Vibrio ichthyoenteri, tant to, or have reduced susceptibility to all antimicrobial Vibrio kanaloae, Vibriolentus, Vibrio litoralis, Vibrio logei, agents used for treatment of Acinetobacter infections. Severe Vibrio mediterranei, Vibrio metschnikovii, Vibrio mimicus, infections with Acinetobacter occur with immune deficient Vibrio mytili, Vibrio natriegens, Vibrio navarrensis, Vibrio patients and with weak, hospitalized patients. neonatus, Vibrio neptunius, Vibrio nereis, Vibrio nigripul chritudo, Vibrio ordalii, Vibrio orientalis, Vibrio pacinii, Fungi Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio pectenicida, Vibrio penaei cida, Vibrio pomeroyi, Vibrio ponticus, Vibrio proteolyticus, 0229. In one embodiment the antimicrobial activity of the Vibrio rotiferianus, Vibrio ruber, Vibrio rumoiensis, Vibrio composition of the present invention is directed against a salmonicida, Vibrio scophthalmi, Vibrio splendidus, Vibrio fungus, i.e. it is an antifungal. Some examples of fungi superstes, Vibrio tapetis, Vibrio tasmaniensis, Vibrio tubi include yeasts, molds and mushrooms. ashii, Vibrio Vulnificus, Vibrio wodanis, Vibrio Xuii; Voge 0230. In one embodiment the antifungal activity is sella indigofera, Wigglesworthia species, Wolbachia secies, directed against one or more pathogenic fungi selected from US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

the group consisting of, but not limited to Candida, Aspergil low blotch virus, Caulimovirus, Cauliflower mosaic virus, lus, Cryptococcus. Histoplasma, Pneumocystis, Stachybot caviid herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1, Cercop rys. ithecine herpesvirus 2, cereal yellow dwarf virus, Chandipura 0231. In one embodiment the antifungal activity is virus, Changuinola virus, channel catfish virus, Charleville directed against one or more non-pathogenic fungi. virus, chickenpox virus, Chikungunyavirus, chimpanzee her 0232. In a preferred embodiment, the antifungal activity is pesvirus, Chordopoxyirinae, chub reovirus, chum salmon directed against a yeast, more preferred against Saccharomy virus, Closterovirus, Cocal virus, Coho Salmon reovirus, ces cerevisiae. coital exanthema virus, Colorado tick fever virus, Coltivirus 0233. In another preferred embodiment the antifungal Columbia SK virus, Commelina yellow mottle virus, Com activity is directed against a mold, more preferred against mon cold virus, Comovirus, Condylomata accuminata, con niger. genital cytomegalovirus, contagious eethyma virus, conta 0234. In one embodiment, the antifungal activity is not gious pustular dermatitis virus, Coronavirus, Corriparta directed against Candida albicans. virus, coryza virus, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, cowpea mosaic virus, cowpea virus, cowpox virus, coxsackie Virus, Virus CPV (cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus), cricket paralysis 0235. In one embodiment the present invention relates to virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, croup asso treatment of one or more diseases caused by one or more vira ciated virus, Crypotovirus, Cucumovirus, Cypovirus, Such as one or more vira selected from the group consisting of Cytomegalovirus (HCMV or Human Herpesvirus 5 HHV-5), Abelson murine leukemia virus (Ab-MLV. A-MuDV), acute cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, Cytorhabdovirus, deer pap laryngotracheobronchitis virus (or HPIV), Adelaide River illomavirus, Deltaretrovirus (Human T-lymphotropic virus), virus, Adeno-associated virus group (Dependevirus), Aden Deformed wing virus DWV. Dengue, Densovirus, Depen ovirus, African horse sickness virus, African Swine fever dovirus, Dhori virus, Dianthovirus, diplorna virus, DNA virus, AIDS virus, Aleutian mink disease, parvovirus, alfalfa virus, Dobrava-Belgrade Virus, Dog Flu, Drosophila C virus, mosaic virus, Alphaherpesvirinae (including HSV 1 and 2 duck hepatitis B virus, duck hepatitis virus 1, duck hepatitis and varicella), Alpharetrovirus (Avian leukosis virus, Rous virus 2, duovirus, Duvenhage virus, eastern equine encepha sarcoma virus), Alphavirus, alkhurma virus, ALV related litis virus, eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, Ebola virus, Amapari virus, Andean potato mottle virus, Aphthovi virus, Ebola-like virus, Echovirus, echovirus 10, echovirus rus, Aquareovirus, arbovirus, arbovirus C. arbovirus group A, 28, echovirus 9, ectromelia virus, EEE virus (Eastern equine arbovirus group B, Arenavirus group, Argentine hemorrhagic encephalitis virus). EIA virus (equine infectious anemia), fever virus, Argentinian hemorrhagic fever virus, Arterivirus, EMC virus (Encephalomyocarditis), Emiliania huxleyi virus Astrovirus, Ateline herpesvirus group, Aujezky's disease 86, encephalitis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, Endog virus, Aura virus, Ausduk disease virus, Australian bat lys enous retrovirus, Enterovirus, Entomopoxyirinae, Ento savirus, Aviadenovirus, avian erythroblastosis virus, avian mopoxvirus A, Entomopoxvirus B, Entomopoxvirus C. infectious bronchitis virus, avian leukemia virus, Avian leu enzyme elevating virus, epidemic hemorrhagic fever virus, kosis virus (ALV), avian lymphomatosis virus, avian myelo epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, Epsilon retrovirus, blastosis virus, avian paramyxovirus, avian pneumoencepha Epstein-Barr virus (EBV: Human herpesvirus 4 HHV-4), litis virus, avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, avian sarcoma equid alphaherpesvirus 1, equid alphaherpesvirus 4, equid virus, avian type C retrovirus group, Avihepadnavirus, Avi herpesvirus 2, equine abortion virus, equine arteritis virus, poxvirus, B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1), B19 virus equine encephalosis virus, equine infectious anemia virus, (Parvovirus B19), Babanki virus, baboon herpesvirus, bacte equine morbillivirus, equine rhinopneumonitis virus, equine rial virus, baculovirus, barley yellow dwarf virus, Barmah rhinovirus, Eubenangu virus, European elk papillomavirus, Forest virus, bean pod mottle virus, bean rugose mosaic virus, European Swine fever virus, Everglades virus, Eyach virus, Bebaru virus, Berrimah virus, Betaherpesvirinae, betaretro Fabavirus, felid herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, feline fibro virus, Bird flu, Birnavirus, Bittner virus, BK virus, Black sarcoma virus, feline herpesvirus, feline immunodeficiency Creek Canal virus, bluetongue virus, Bolivian hemorrhagic virus, feline infectious peritonitis virus, feline leukemia/sar fever virus, Bomadisease virus, border disease of sheep virus, coma virus, feline leukemia virus, feline panleukopenia virus, borna virus, bovine alphaherpesvirus 1, bovine alphaherpes feline parvovirus, feline sarcoma virus, feline syncytial virus, virus 2, bovine coronavirus, bovine ephemeral fever virus, Fijivirus, Filovirus, Flanders virus, Flavivirus, foot and bovine immunodeficiency virus, bovine leukemia virus, mouth disease virus, Fort Morgan virus, Four Corners han bovine leukosis virus, bovine mammillitis virus, bovine pap tavirus, fowl adenovirus 1, Fowlpox virus, Friend virus, illomavirus, bovine papular stomatitis virus, bovine parvovi Furovirus, Gammaherpesvirinae, gammaretrovirus, GB virus rus, bovine syncytial virus, bovine type Concovirus, bovine C(GBV-C; formerly Hepatitis G. virus), Geminivirus, Ger viral diarrhea virus, bracovirus, broad bean mottle virus, man measles virus, Getah virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, broad bean stain virus, brome mosaic virus, Bromovirus, green monkey virus (mullburg), glandular fever virus, goat Buggy Creek virus, bullet shaped virus group, Bunyamwera pox virus, golden shinner virus, Gonometa virus, goose par virus, Bunyavirus, Burkitt's lymphoma virus, Bwamba Fever, vovirus, granulosis virus, Gross virus, ground Squirrel hepa Bwattany hetero virus, CA virus (Croup-associated virus/ titis B virus, group A arbovirus, Guanarito virus, guinea pig parainfluenza vius type 2), Calicivirus, California encephali cytomegalovirus, guinea pig type C virus, Hantavirus, hard tis virus, camelpox virus, canarypox virus, canid herpesvirus, clam reovirus, hare fibroma virus, HCMV (human cytome canine coronavirus, canine distemper virus, canine herpesvi galovirus), helper virus, hemadsorption virus 2, hemaggluti rus, canine minute virus, canine parvovirus, Cano Delgadito nating virus of Japan, hemorrhagic fever virus, Hendra virus, virus, Capillovirus, caprine arthritis virus, caprine encepha Henipaviruses, Hepadnavirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B litis virus, Caprine Herpes Virus, Capripox virus, Cardiovi virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D (delta) virus, hepatitis E rus, Carlavirus, Carmovirus, carrot mottle virus, Cassia yel virus, hepatitis F virus, hepatitis G virus, hepatitis nonA nonB US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 24 virus, hepatoencephalomyelitis reovirus 3, Hepatovirus, bique virus, Mucambo virus, mucosal disease virus, Mumps heron hepatitis B virus, herpes B virus, Herpes simplex virus, virus, murid betaherpesvirus 1, murid cytomegalovirus 2, herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex virus 2, Herpesvirus, murine cytomegalovirus group, murine encephalomyelitis Herpes Zoster, Herpesvirus 6. Herpesvirus 7. Herpes virus 8, virus, murine hepatitis virus, murine leukemia virus, murine Herpesvirus ateles, Herpesvirus hominis, Herpesvirus nodule inducing virus, murine polyomavirus, murine Sar saimiri, Herpesvirus Suis, Herpesvirus varicellae, Highlands coma virus, Muromegalovirus, Murray Valley encephalitis J virus, Hirame rhabdovirus, HIV-1, hog cholera virus, Hor virus, myxoma virus, Myxovirus, Myxovirus multiforme, deivirus, Horse Flu, HTLV-1, HTLV-2, human adenovirus 2, Myxovirus parotitidis, Nairobi sheep disease virus, Nairovi human alphaherpesvirus 1, human alphaherpesvirus 2, rus, Nanirnavirus, Nariva virus, Ndumo virus, Necrovirus, human alphaherpesvirus 3, human B lymphotropic virus, Neethling virus, Nelson Bay virus, Nemtick Virus, Nepovi human betaherpesvirus 5, human coronavirus, Human rus, neurotropic virus, New World Arenavirus, newborn enterovirus A, Human enterovirus B, Human Flu, human pneumonitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, Nipah virus, foamy virus, humangammaherpesvirus 4., humangammaher noncytopathogenic virus, Norovirus, Norwalk virus, nuclear pesvirus 6, human hepatitis A virus, human herpesvirus 1 polyhedrosis virus (NPV), nipple neck virus, Onyongnyong group, human herpesvirus 2 group, human herpesvirus 3 virus, oat sterile dwarf virus, Ockelbo virus, Omsk hemor group, human herpesvirus 4 group, human herpesvirus 6. rhagic fever virus, oncogenic virus, oncogenic viruslike par human herpesvirus 8, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), ticle, oncornavirus, Orbivirus, Orf virus, Oropouche virus, human immunodeficiency virus 1, human immunodeficiency Orthohepadnavirus, orthomyxovirus, Orthopoxvirus, virus 2, Human metapneumovirus, human papillomavirus, Orthoreovirus, Orungo, Ovine papillomavirus, Ovine human T cell leukemia virus, human T cell leukemia virus I, catarrhal fever virus, owl monkey herpesvirus, Palyam virus, human T cell leukemia virus II, human T cell leukemia virus Papillomavirus, Papillomavirus Sylvilagi, Papovavirus, III, human T cell lymphoma virus I, human T cell lymphoma Parainfluenza virus human (HPIV), parainfluenza virus type virus II, human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1, human T cell 1 human (HPIV-1), parainfluenza virus type 2 human (HPIV lymphotropic virus type 2, human T lymphotropic virus I. 2), parainfluenza virus type 3 human (HPIV-3), parainfluenza human T lymphotropic virus II, human T lymphotropic virus virus type 4 human (HPIV-4), Paramyxovirus, Parapoxvirus, III, ichnovirus, Ilarvirus, infantile gastroenteritis virus, infec paravaccinia virus, parsnip yellow fleck virus, Parvovirus, tious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, infectious haematopoietic Parvovirus B19, pea enation mosaic virus, Pestivirus, Phle necrosis virus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, influenza bovirus, phocine distemper virus, Phytoreovirus, Picodnavi virus, influenzavirus A, influenzavirus B, influenzavirus C, rus, Picornavirus, pig cytomegalovirus, pigeonpox virus, Piry influenzavirus D, influenzavirus pr8, insect iridescent virus, virus, Pixuna virus, plant rhabdovirus group, plant virus, insect virus, interfering virus, iridovirus, Isavirus, Japanese B pneumonia virus of mice, Pneumovirus, Poliomyelitis virus, virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, JC virus, Junin virus, Poliovirus, Polydnavirus, polyhedral virus, Polyoma virus, Johnson grass mosaic virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated Polyomavirus, Polyomavirus bovis, Polyomavirus cercopith herpesvirus, Kemerovo virus, Kilham's rat virus, Klamath eci, Polyomavirus hominis 2, Polyomavirus maccacae 1, virus, Kolongo virus, Korean hemorrhagic fever virus, kumba Polyomavirus muris 1, Polyomavirus muris 2, Polyomavirus virus, Kumlinge virus, Kunjin virus, Kyasanur forest disease, papionis 1, Polyomavirus papionis 2, Polyomavirus Sylvilagi, Kyzylagach virus, La Crosse virus, lactic dehydrogenase Pongine herpesvirus 1, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, por elevating virus, Lagos bat virus, Lambda phage, langat Virus, cine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, porcine par Langur virus, lapine parvovirus, Lassa fever virus, Lassa vovirus, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine virus, latent rat virus, LCM virus, Leaky virus, Lentivirus, type C virus, Potato leaf roll virus, Potato mop top virus, Leporipoxvirus, leukemia virus, leukovirus, louping ill virus, Potato virus Y. Potexvirus, Potyvirus, Powassan encephalitis lumpy skin disease virus, Luteovirus, lymphadenopathy virus, Poxvirus, poxvirus variolae, Prospect Hill virus, provi associated virus, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus rus, pseudocowpox virus, pseudorabies virus, psittacinepox (LCMV), Lymphocryptovirus, lymphocytic choriomeningi virus, Puumala virus, Qalyub virus, Quail pea mosaic virus, tis virus, lymphoproliferative virus group, Lyssavirus, quailpox virus, Queensland fruitfly virus, Quokkapox virus, Machupo virus, mad itch virus, maize chlorotic dwarf virus, rabbit fibroma virus, rabbit kidney vaculolating virus, rabbit maize rough dwarf virus, mammalian type B oncovirus papillomavirus, Rabies virus, raccoon parvovirus, raccoon group, mammalian type B retroviruses, mammalian type C pox virus, radish mosaic virus, Ranikhet virus, rat cytomega retrovirus group, mammalian type D retroviruses, mammary lovirus, rat parvovirus, rat virus, Rauscher's virus, recombi tumor virus, Mapuera virus, Marafivirus, Marburg virus, nant vaccinia virus, recombinant virus, Red Clover Necrotic Marburg-like virus, Mason Pfizer monkey virus, Mastaden Mosaic Virus, reovirus, reovirus 1, reovirus 2, reovirus 3, ovirus, Mayaro virus, ME virus, Measles virus, Melandrium reptilian type C virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, respiratory yellow fleck virus, Menangle virus, Mengo virus, Mengovi virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, Retrovirus, Rhabdovirus, rus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, Middelburg virus, milkers Rhabdovirus carpia, Rhadinovirus, Rhinovirus, Rhizidiovi nodule virus, mink enteritis virus, minute virus of mice, MLV rus, rice dwarf virus, rice gall dwarf virus, rice hoja blanca related virus, MM virus, Mokola virus, Molluscipoxvirus, virus, rice ragged stunt virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Riley's Molluscum contagiosum virus, Moloney murine leukemia virus, rinderpest virus, RNA tumor virus, RNA virus, virus (M-Mul V), monkey B virus, Monkeypox virus, Roseolovirus, Ross River virus, Rotavirus, rougeole virus, Mononegavirales, Morbillivirus, Mount Elgon bat virus, Rous sarcoma virus, Rubella virus, rubeola virus, Rubivirus, mouse cytomegalovirus, mouse encephalomyelitis virus, Russian autumn encephalitis virus, S6-14-03 virus, SA 11 mouse hepatitis virus, mouse K virus, mouse leukemia virus, simian virus, SA 15, SA2 virus, SA6 virus, SA8 virus, Sabia mouse mammary tumor virus, mouse minute virus, mouse virus, Sabio virus, Sabo virus, Saboya virus, Sabulodes cab pneumonia virus, mouse poliomyelitis virus, mouse polyo erata GV. Sacbrood virus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae virus mavirus, mouse sarcoma virus, mousepox virus, Mozam L-A, Saccharomyces cerevisiae virus La, Saccharomyces US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 cerevisiae virus LBC, Sagiyama virus, Saguaro cactus virus, sparrowpox virus, Spartina mottle virus, Spectacled caiman Saimiriine herpesvirus 1, Saimirine herpesvirus 2, Sain pox virus, SPH 114202 virus, Sphenicid herpesvirus 1, paulia leaf necrosis virus, SaintAbb's Head virus, Saint-Flo Sphinx ligustri NPV. Spider monkey herpesvirus, Spilarctia ris virus, Sakhalin Virus, Sal Vieja virus, Salanga virus, Salan subcarnea NPV. Spilonota ocellana NPV. Spilosoma lubrici gapox virus, Salehabad virus, salivary gland virus, Salmonid peda NPV. Spinach latent virus, Spinach temperate virus, herpesvirus 1, Salmonid herpesvirus 2, Salmonis virus, Sam Spiroplasma phage 1, Spiroplasma phage 4, Spiroplasma bucus vein clearing virus, Samia cynthia NPV. Samia pryeri phage aa, Spiroplasma phage C1/T52, Spodoptera exempta NPV. Samia ricini NPV. Sammons' Opuntia virus, SanAn cypovirus, Spodoptera exigua virus, Spodoptera frugiperda gelo virus, San Juan virus, San Miguel sealion virus, San virus, Spodoptera latifascia virus, Spodoptera littoralis, Perlita virus, Sand rat nuclear inclusion agents, Sandfly fever Spodoptera mauritia virus, Spodoptera ornithogalli virus, Naples virus, Sandfly fever Sicilian virus, Sandjimba virus, Spondweni virus, spring beauty latent virus, Spring viremia Sango virus, Santa Rosa virus, Santarem virus, Santosai tem of carp virus, Spumavirus (SFV. HFV), Squash leafcurl virus, perate virus, Sapphire II virus, Sapporo-like virus, Saraca squash mosaic virus, Squirrel fibroma virus, Squirrel monkey virus, Sarracenia purpurea virus, SARS virus, satellite virus, herpesvirus, squirrel monkey retrovirus, SR-11 virus, Sri Sathuperi virus, Satsuma dwarf virus, Saturnia pavonia virus, Lankan passionfruit mottle virus, Sripur virus, SSV 1 virus Saturnia pyri NPV. Saumarez, Reef virus, Sawgrass virus, group, StAbbs Head virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Sta Sceliodes cordalis NPV. Schefflera ringspot virus, Sciaphila phylococcus phage 107, Staphylococcus phage 187, Staphy duplex GV. Scirpophaga incertulas NPV. Sciurid herpesvirus, lococcus phage 2848A, Staphylococcus phage 3A, Staphylo Sciurid herpesvirus 2, Scoliopteryx libatFix NPV. Scopelo coccus phage 44A HJD, Staphylococcus phage 77. des contracta NPV. Scopelodes venosa NPV. Scopula sub Staphylococcus phage B11-M15. Staphylococcus phage punctaria NPV. Scotogramma trifolii GV. Scotogramma tri Twort, Starlingpox virus, Statice virus Y. P. STLV (simian T folu NPV. Scrophularia mottle virus, SDAV lymphotropic virus) type I, STLV (simian T lymphotropic (sialodacryoadenitis virus), Sealpox virus, Selenephera luni virus) type II, STLV (simian T lymphotropic virus) type III, gera NPV. Selepa celtis GV. Seletar virus, Selidosema suavis stomatitis papulosa virus, Stratford virus, Strawberry crinkle NPV, Semidonta biloba NPV, Semiothisa sexmaculata GV, virus, Strawberry latent ringspot virus, Strawberry mild yel Semliki Forest Virus, Sena Madureira virus, Sendai virus, low edge virus, Strawberry vein banding virus, Streptococcus SENV-D, SENV-H, Seoul virus, Sepik virus, Serra do Navio phage 182, Streptococcus phage 2BV. Streptococcus phage virus, Serrano golden mosaic virus, Sesame yellow mosaic A25, Streptococcus phage 24, Streptococcus phage PE1. virus, Sesamia calamistis NPV. Sesamia cretica GV, Sesamia Streptococcus phage VD13, Streptococcus phage fl)8, Strep inferens NPV. Sesamia nonagrioides GV. Setoranitens virus, tococcus phage CP-1, Streptococcus phage Cvir, Streptococ Shallot latent virus, Shamonda virus, Shark River virus, cus phage H39, Strigid herpesvirus 1, Striped bass reovirus, Sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever, Sheep papilloma Striped Jack nervous, necrosis virus, Stump-tailed macaque virus, Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis associated herpesvi virus, submaxillary virus, Subterranean clover mottle virus, rus, sheeppox virus, Shiant Islands virus, Shokwe virus, Subterranean clover mottle virus satellite, Subterranean clo Shope fibroma virus, Shope papilloma virus, Shuni virus, verred leaf virus, Subterranean clover stunt virus, Sugarcane Siamese cobra herpesvirus, Sibine fusca densovirus, Sida bacilliform virus, Sugarcane mild mosaic virus, Sugarcane golden mosaic virus (SiGMV), Sida golden yellow vein virus mosaic virus, Sugarcane streak virus, Suid alphaherpesvirus (SiGYVV), Sigma virus, Sikte water-borne virus, Silverwa 1, suid herpesvirus 2, Suipoxvirus, Sulfolobus virus 1, Sun ter virus, Simbu virus, Simian adenoviruses 1 to 27, Simian day Canyon virus, Sunflower crinkle virus, Sunflower mosaic agent virus 12, Simian enterovirus 1 to 18, simian foamy virus, Sunflower rugose mosaic virus, Sunflower yellow virus, Simian hemorrhagic fever virus, simian hepatitis A blotch virus, Sunflower yellow ringspot virus, Sun-hemp virus, simian human immunodeficiency virus, simian immu mosaic virus, Swamp fever virus, Sweet clover necrotic nodeficiency virus, simian parainfluenza virus, Simian mosaic virus, Sweet potato A virus, Sweet potato chlorotic rotavirus SA11, Simian sarcoma virus, simian T cell lym leafspot virus, Sweet potato feathery mottle virus, Sweet photrophic virus, Simian type D virus 1, Simian vancella potato internal cork virus, Sweet potato latent virus, Sweet herpesvirus, simian virus, simian virus 40, Simplexvirus, potato mild mottle virus, Sweet potato russet crack virus, Simulium Vittatum densovirus, Sin Nombre virus, Sindbis Sweet potato vein mosaic virus, Sweet potato yellow dwarf virus, Sintlem's onion latent virus, Sixgun city virus, Skunk virus, Sweetwater Branch virus, Swine cytomegalovirus, pox virus, Smallpox virus, Smelt reovirus, Smerinthus ocel Swine Flu, Swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus, lata NPV, Smithiantha virus, Snakehead rhabdovirus, Snow Swinepox virus, Swiss mouse leukemia virus, Sword bean shoe hare virus, Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus, distortion mosaic virus, Synaxis jubararia NPV. Synaxis pal Sobemovirus, Sofyn virus, Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus, lulata NPV. Synetaeris tenuifemur virus, Syngrapha selecta Sokoluk virus, Solanumapical leaf curl virus, Solanum nodi NPV. T4 phage. T7 phage, TAC virus, Tacaiuma virus, Tac florum mottle virus, Solanurn yellows virus, Soldado virus, aribe complex virus, Tacaribe virus, Tadpole edema virus LT Somerville virus 4, Sonchus mottle virus, Sonchus virus, 1-4, Taggert virus, Tahyna virus, Tai virus, Taias Sui virus, Sonchus yellow net virus, Sorghum chlorotic spot virus, Sor Tamana bat virus, Tamarillo mosaic virus, Tamdy virus, ghum mosaic virus, Sorghum virus, Sororoca virus, SourSop Tamiami virus, Tanapox virus, Tanga virus, Tanjong Rabok yellow blotch virus, South African passiflora virus, South virus, Taro bacilliform virus, Badnavirus Tataguine virus, American hemorrhagic fever viruses, South African passi Taterapox virus, Taterapox virus, Teasel mosaic virus, Tehran flora virus, South River virus, Southern bean mosaic virus, virus, Telfairiamosaic virus, Telok Forest virus, Tembe virus, Southern potato latent virus, Sowbane mosaic virus, Tembusu virus, Tench reovirus, Tensaw virus, Tenvivirus, Sowthistle yellow vein virus, Soybean chlorotic mottle virus, Tephrosia symptomless virus, Termeil virus, Tete virus, Soybean crinkle leaf virus, Soybean dwarf virus, Soybean Tetralopha scortealis NPV. Tetropium cinnamoptemm NPV. mosaic virus, SPAr-2317 virus, Sparganothis pettitana NPV. Texas pepper virus, Thailand virus, Thaumetopoea pityo US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 26 campa virus. Theiler's encephalomyelitis virus. Theiler's sapphirina NPV. Urbanus proteus NPV. Urucuri virus, Usti virus. Theophila mandarina NPV. Theretra japonica NPV. lago maydis virus 1, Ustilago maydis virus 4, Ustilago may Thermoproteus virus 1. Thermoproteus virus 2, Thermopro dis virus 6. Usutu virus, Uting a virus, Utive virus, Uukuniemi teus virus 3, Thermoproteus virus 4. Thiafora virus. Thimiri virus group, Vaccinia virus, Vaeroy virus, Vallota mosaic virus. Thistle mottle virus, Thogoto virus, Thormodseyjar virus, Vanessa atalanta NPV, Vanessa cardui NPV. Vanessa klettur virus, Thosea asigna virus, Thosea baibarana NPV. prorsa NPV. Vanillamosaic virus, Vanilla necrosis virus, Vari Thosea sinensis GV, Thottapalayam virus, Thylidolpteryx cella Zoster virus, Varicellovirus, Varicola virus, variola major ephemeraeformis NPV. Thymelicus lineola NPV. Tilbrogar virus, variola virus, Vasin Gishu disease virus, Vellore virus, Velvet tobacco mottle virus, Velvet tobacco mottle virus sat gan virus, Ticera castanea NPV. Tick borne encephalitis virus ellite, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan (TBEV)—European and Far Eastern subtypes, Tillamook equine encephalomyelitis virus, Venezuelan hemorrhagic virus, Tilligerry virus, Timbo virus, Tilmboteua virus, Tilma fever virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus, Vesiculovirus, Vibrio roo virus, Tindholmur virus, Tinea pellionella NPV. Tineola phage 06N-22P, Vibrio phage 06N-58P, Vibrio phage 4996, hisselliella NPV. Tinpula paludosa NPV. Tinracola plagiata Vibrio phage a3a, Vibrio phage I, Vibrio phage II, Vibrio NPV. Tioman virus, Tlacotalpan virus, Tobacco bushy top phage m, Vibrio phage IV, Vibrio phage kappa, Vibrio phage virus, Tobacco etch virus, Tobacco leaf curl virus, Tobacco int-1, Vibrio phage OXN-52P, Vibrio phage OXN-IOOP, mild green mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, Tobacco Vibrio phage V6, Vibrio phage Vfl2, Vibrio phage Vf33, mosaic virus satellite, Tobacco mottle virus, Tobacco necro Vibrio phage VP1, Vibrio phage VP11, Vibrio phage VP3, sis virus, Tobacco necrosis virus satellite, Tobacco necrosis Vibrio phage VP5, Vibrio phage X29, Vicia cryptic virus, virus small satellite, Tobacco necrotic dwarf virus, tobacco Vigna sinensis mosaic virus, Vilyuisk virus, Vinces virus, rattle virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, Tobacco streak virus, Viola mottle virus, viper retrovirus, viral haemorrhagic sep Tobacco stunt virus, Tobacco vein banding mosaic virus, ticemia virus, virus-like particle, Visna Maedi virus, Visna Tobacco vein distorting virus Tobacco vein mottling virus, virus, Voandzeia mosaic virus, Voandzeia necrotic mosaic Tobacco wilt virus, Tobacco yellow dwarf virus, Tobacco virus, volepox virus, Wad Medanivirus, Wallal virus, Walleye yellow net virus, Tobacco yellow vein virus, Tobamovirus epidermal hyperplasia, Walrus calicivirus, Wanowrie virus, Tobravirus, Togavirus, Tomato apical stunt Viroid, Tomato Warrego virus, Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus, Watermelon aspermy virus, Tomato black ring virus, Tomato black ring curly mottle virus, Watermelon mosaic virus 1, Watermelon virus satellite, Tomato bunchy top viroid, tomato bushy stunt mosaic virus 2, Weddel water-borne virus, Weldona virus, virus, Tomato bushy stunt virus satellite, Tomato golden Wesselsbron virus, West Nile virus, western equine encepha mosaic virus, Tomato leaf crumple virus, Tomato leaf curl litis virus, western equine encephalomyelitis virus, Wexford virus, Tomato leafroll virus, Tomato mosaic virus, Tomato virus, Whataroa virus, Wheat American striate mosaic virus, mottle virus, Tomato pale chlorosis virus, Tomato planta Wheat chlorotic streak virus, Wheat dwarf virus, Wheat macho Viroid, Tomato pseudo-curly top virus, Tomato ring rosette stunt virus, Wheat streak mosaic virus. Wheat yellow spot virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Tomato top necrosis leaf virus, Wheat yellow mosaic virus, White bryony virus, virus, Tomato vein yellowing virus, Tomato yellow dwarf White clover cryptic virus 1, White clover cryptic virus 2, virus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Tomato yellow mosaic White clover cryptic virus 3, White clover mosaic virus, virus, Tomato yellow top virus, Tombusvirus, Tongan Vanilla White lupinrnosaic virus, Wild cucumber mosaic virus, Wild virus, Torovirus, Torque teno virus, Tortrix loeflingiana NPV. potato mosaic virus, Wildbeest herpesvirus, Wineberry latent Tortrix viridana NPV. Toscana virus, Tospovirus, Toxorhyn virus, Winter wheat mosaic virus, Winter wheat Russian chites brevipalpis NPV. Trabala Vishnou NPV. Tradescantia/ mosaic virus, Wiseana cervinatavirus, Wiseana signata virus, Zebrina virus, Trager duck spleen necrosis virus, Tranosema Wiseanaumbraculatavirus, Wissadulamosaic virus, Wisteria sp. Virus, transforming virus, Tree shrew adenovirus 1, Tree vein mosaic virus. Witwatersrand virus, Wongal virus, Won shrew herpesvims, Triatoma virus, Tribec virus, Trichiocam gorr virus, Winter Vomiting Virus, woodchuck hepatitis B pus irregularis NPV. Trichiocampus viminalis NPV. Tri virus, Woodchuck herpesvirus marmota 1, woolly monkey chomonas vaginalis virus, Trichoplusia ni cypovirus 5, Tri sarcoma virus, wound tumor virus, WRSV virus, WVU virus choplusia ni granulovirus, Trichoplusia ni MNPV. 2937, WW virus 71 to 212, Wyeomyia Smithii NPV. Wyeo Trichoplusia ni Single SNPV. Trichoplusia ni virus, Tricho myia virus, Xanthomonas phage Cf. Xanthomonas phage Santhes mottle virus, Triticum aestivum chlorotic spot virus, Cflt, Xanthomonas phage RR66, Xanthomonas phage Xf. Trivittatus virus, Trombetas virus, Tropaeolum virus 1, Tro Xanthomonas phage Xf2, Xanthomonas phage XP5, Xeno paeolum virus 2, Trubanarnan virus, Tsuruse virus, Tucun pus virus T21, Xiburema virus, Xingu virus, Xylena curvi duba virus, Tulare apple mosaic virus, Tulip band breaking macula NPV.Y73 sarcoma virus, Yaba monkey tumor virus, virus, Tulip breaking virus, Tulip chlorotic blotch virus, Tulip Yaba-1 virus, Yaba-7 virus, Yacaaba virus, Yam mosaic virus, top breaking virus, Tulip virus X, tumor virus, Tupaia virus, Yaounde virus, Yaquina Head virus, Yatapoxvirus, Yellow Tupaiid herpesvirus 1, Turbot herpesvirus, Turbot reovirus, fever virus, Yogue virus, Yokapox virus, Yokase virus, Turkey adenoviruses 1 to 3, Turkey coronavirus, Turkey her Yponomeuta cognatella NPV.Yponomeuta evonymella NPV. pesvirus 1, turkey rhinotracheitis virus, turkeypox virus, Tur Yponomeuta malinellus NPV, Yponomeuta padella NPV. lock virus, Turnip crinkle virus, Turnip crinkle virus satellite, Yucca baciliform virus, Yug Bogdanovac virus, Zaliv Ter Turnip mild yellows virus, Turnip mosaic virus, Turnip peniya virus, Zea mayS Virus, Zegla virus, Zeiraphera diniana rosette virus, turnip yellow mosaic virus, Turuna virus, virus, Zeiraphera pseudotsugana NPV. Zika virus, Zirqa Tymovirus, Tyuleniy virus, type C retroviruses, type D virus, Zoysia mosaic virus, Zucchini yellow fleck virus, Zuc oncovirus, type D retrovirus group, Uasin Gishu disease chini yellow mosaic virus, and Zygocactus virus. virus, Uganda S virus, Ugymyia sericariae NPV. ulcerative disease rhabdovirus, Ullucus mild mottle virus, Ullucus Microbial Infections mosaic virus, Ullucus virus C, Umatilla virus, Umbre virus, 0236. In one embodiment the present invention relates to Una virus. Upolu virus, UR2 sarcoma virus, Uranotaenia treatment of one or more microbial infectious diseases by US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 27 administration of the composition according to the present invention to an individual in need thereof. The infectious TABLE 2-continued disease can be any type of infection including the types of infections mentioned elsewhere herein and those listed in Human diseases caused by virus Tables 1, 2, 3, or 4 herein below. Causal Disease Agent Organs Affected TABLE 1. Herpes Simplex DNA Skin, Pharynx, Genital Organs Human diseases caused by bacteria Chicken pox (Varicella) DNA Skin, Nervous System Measles (Rubeola) RNA Respiratory Tract, Skin Disease Casual Agent German Measles (Rubella) RNA Skin Mumps (Epidemic Parotitis) RNA Salivary Glands, Blood Strep Throat, Scarlet Fever Streptococcus, Pyogenes Small Pox (Variola) DNA Skin, Blood Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae Warts Kawasaki Disease DNA Skin Pertussis (Whooping bordetelia pertissis Yellow Fever RNA Liver, Blood Cough) Dengue Fever RNA Blood, Muscles Meningococcal Hepatitis A RNA Liver Hepatitis B DNA Liver Flavobacterium meningitis Flavobacterium meningospecticum NANB Hepatitis RNA Liver Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Viral Gastroenteritis Many RNA Intestine Pneumococcal pneumonia Sterptococci is pneumoniae Viruses Primary Atypical Pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumoniae Viral Fewers Many RNA Blood Klebsiella pneumonia Klebsiella pneumoniae Viruses Serratia pneumonia Serraia marcescens Cytomegalovirus Disease DNA Blood, Lungs Q Fever coxieia burnetti AIDS Retrovirus T-lymphocytes Psittacosis Chlamydia psittaci (RNA) Botulism Cliostridium bointinum Rabies RNA Brain, Spinal cord Staphylococcal Food Stephylococcusatiretts Polio RNA intestine, Brain, Poisoning Spinal Cord Clostridial Food Poisoning ciostridium perfinges Slow Virus Disease Prions Brain Typhoid Fever Salmonella typhi Arboviral Enephalitis Many RNA Brain Salmonella Serotypes viruses Shigellosis Shigella Serotypes Cholera vibrio cholerae Bruceiia Spp. Anthrax Bacilius anthracis Tetanus Cliostridium tetani TABLE 3 Gas Gangrene ciostridium perfinges Bubonic versinia pestis - Human diseases caused by fungi Relapsing Fever Borreia recurrentis Rocky Mountain Spotted Rickettsia rickettsiae Disease Casual Agent Fewer Cryptococci is neoformans Frtic Typhus (Typhus Rickettsia prowazeki Candidiasis, Vaginitis, Thrush Candida albicans ewer Onychia s s s s Typhus (Murine tinea Pedis Trichophyton Spp. Scrub Typhus Rickettsia tsuitsugamishi Tinea Captis Microsporum Spp. Rickettsia akari Tinea Corporis,Tinea Barhae Epidermophyton spp. Tickborne Rickettsia Conorii Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatin Swphilis Teponema paidun Blastomycosis BlastomyC&S dermatitidis yp ponemap Coccidiodomycosis Coccidiodes immitis Gonorrhea A. illosis Ot A. ill Chlamydial urethritis chlamydia trachomatis spergillosis Utomycosis Spergiitiis Ureaplasmal urethritis Ureaplasma trealytictim Lymphogranuloma Chlamydia trachomatis Welcell Vaginitis Gardnerella vaginalis TABLE 4 Mycoplasmal urethritis Mycoplasma hominis Leprosy (hansen's Mycobacterium leprae - Hunan diseases caused by protozoa Disease) Staphylococcal skin Staphiococcusatiretts Disease Causal Agent diseases Trachoma chlamydia trachomatis Amoebiasis Entamoeba histolytica Bacterial Conjuctivitis Haemophilus influenze type III Primary Amoebic Naegleria fowleri Giardiasis Giardia Lambia Trichomoniasis Trichomonas vaginalis African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma brucei TABLE 2 Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) Leishmania donovani Toxoplasma gondii - Human diseases caused by virus- Malaria Plasmodium spp. Babesiosis Babesia microti Causal Pneumocytosis (PCP) Pneumocystis carinii Disease Agent Organs Affected Influenza RNA Respiratory Tract Adenovirus Infections DNA Lungs, Eyes Individual Respiratory Syncytial Disease RNA Respiratory Tract Rhinovirus Infections RNA Upper Respiratory Tract 0237. The individual treated can be a human being or an animal. The animal can be a dog, cat, horse, rabbit, hamster, US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 28 mouse, rat, monkey, cow, pig, donkey, fish, bird, reptile or any 0250 In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition other animal in need of treatment. In one embodiment the of the present invention is administered enterally. animal is a laboratory/test animal. In another embodiment the 0251. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition animal in need of treatment is a pet or livestock Such as of the present invention is administered parentally. domesticated cows, pigs, sheep, poultry or farmed fish. 0252 Topical administration include: 0238. The human being can be a man, a woman, a post 0253 Epicutaneous (application onto the skin menopausal Women, a pregnant Woman, a lactating Woman, 0254. Inhalational an infant, a child, or an adult. The individual such as a human 0255 Enema being can be of any age such as from newborn to 120 years 0256 Eye drops (onto the conjunctiva) old, for example from 0 to 6 months, such as from 6 to 12 0257 Ear drops months, for example from 1 to 5 years, such as from 5 to 10 0258 Intranasal route (into the nose), years, for example from 10 to 15 years, such as from 15 to 20 0259 Vaginal years, for example from 20 to 25 years, such as from 25 to 30 0260 Enteral administration is any form of administration years, for example from 30 to 35 years, such as from 35 to 40 that involves any part of the and include: years, for example from 40 to 45 years, such as from 45 to 50 0261. By mouth (peroral) years, for example from 50 to 60 years, such as from 60 to 70 0262 By gastric feeding tube, duodenal feeding tube, or years, for example from 70 to 80 years, such as from 80 to 90 gastrostomy years, for example from 90 to 100 years, such as from 100 to 0263. Rectally 110 years, for example from 110 to 120 years. 0264 Parenteral by injection or infusion include: 0239. The individual can be of any race such as a Cauca 0265 Intravenous (into a vein) sian, a black person, an East Asian person, a person of Mon 0266 Intraarterial (into an artery) goloid race, a person of Ethiopian race, a person of Negroid 0267 Intramuscular (into a muscle), race, a person of American Indian race, a person of Australoid 0268 Intracerebral (into the cerebrum) direct injection race, or a person of Malayan race. into the brain. 0240 Said human being or animal can be healthy or have 0269 Intracerebroventricular (into the cerebral ven one or more diseases. Said human being or animal can be tricles) administration into the ventricular system of the diagnosed and/or treated for one or more diseases. In one brain embodiment said individual is genetically disposed for one or 0270 Intracardiac (into the heart) more diseases. 0271 Subcutaneous (under the skin), 0241. In one embodiment, the individual in need of treat 0272 Intraosseous infusion (into the bone marrow) is, ment is a individual infected with one or more pathogenic or in effect, an indirect intravenous access because the bone disease-causing bacteria. Disease-causing bacteria include, marrow drains directly into the venous system. but are not limited to the group comprising Pseudomonas, 0273 Intradermal, (into the skin itself) Enterococcus, Listeria, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Escheri 0274 Intrathecal (into the spinal canal) chia, Salmonella and Clostridium. In a preferred embodiment 0275 Intraperitoneal, (infusion or injection into the the bacteria are selected from the group comprising peritoneum) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria 0276 Intravesical infusion is into the urinary bladder. monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, 0277 Intracavernosal injection is into the base of the Escherichia coli, Salmonella berta, Clostridium perfingens penis. and Clostridium bifermentans. 0278. Other parenteral administration modes include: 0242. In one embodiment, the individual in need of treat 0279 Transdermal (diffusion through the intact skin), ment is a individual infected with one or more bacteria resis 0280 Transmucosal (diffusion through a mucous mem tant to one or more antibiotics. Examples of resistant or brane), e.g. insufflation, Sublingual, i.e. under the multiresistant bacteria include but are not limited to meticil tongue, vaginal Suppositories lin-resistant S. aureus, and multiresistant P aeruginosa, 0281 Inhalational, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter. 0282 Intracisternal: given between the first and second 0243 In another embodiment, the individual in need of cervical vertebrae treatment is a individual infected with one or more pathogenic 0283. Other epidural (synonym: peridural) (injection or fungi. infusion into the epidural space) 0284 Intravitreal, through the eye Administration Route and Dosage (0285 Peroral intake may be in the form of 0286 Tablets 0244. The composition may be administered using one or (0287 Capsules more of the following routes of administration. 0288 Mixtures 0245 Routes of administration can broadly be divided 0289 Liquid into: 0290 Powder 0246 Topical: local effect, substance is applied directly 0291 Injections may be either systemic or local injections where its action is desired. 0292. Other administration modes of the present invention 0247 Enteral: desired effect is systemic (non-local), include: Substance is given via the digestive tract. 0293 Jet-infusion (micro-drops, micro-spheres, micro 0248 Parenteral: desired effect is systemic, substance is beads) through skin given by routes other than the digestive tract. 0294 Drinking solution, suspension or gel 0249. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition 0295. Inhalation of the present invention is administered topically. 0296 Nose-drops US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 29

0297 Eye-drops as from about 0.1 milligram per kg body weight per dose to 0298 Ear-drops about 0.25 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such as 0299 Skin application as ointment, gel, lotion, cream or from about 0.25 milligram per kg body weight per dose to through a patch about 0.5 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example 0300 Vaginal application as ointment, gel, creme or from about 0.5 milligram per kg body weight per dose to washing about 0.75 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such as 0301 Gastro-Intestinal flushing from about 0.75 milligram per kg body weight per dose to 0302 Rectal washings or by use of suppositories about 1.0 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example 0303 Administration can be performed as from about 1.0 milligram per kg body weight per dose to 0304 Single administration Such as single intake, injec about 2.5 milligram per kg body weight per dose, such as tion, application, washing from about 2.5 milligram per kg body weight per dose to 0305 Multiple administrations such as multiple about 5 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example intakes, injections, applications, washings from about 5 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 0306. On single day basis 7.5 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such as from 0307 Over prolonged time as days, month, years about 7.5 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 10 0308 Drug dose and regimen can be modified during the milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example from COUS. about 10 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 25 0309. A dose or dosage of the composition according to milligram per kg body weight perdose. Such as from about 25 the present invention may be given as a single dose or in milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 50 milligram divided doses. A single dose occurs only once, with the drug per kg body weight perdose. Such as from about 50 milligram administered either as a bolus or by continuous infusion. per kg body weight per dose to about 75 milligram per kg Alternatively, the dose may be divided into multiple doses body weight per dose, for example from about 75 milligram and given recurrently, such as twice (two times), for example per kg body weight per dose to about 100 milligram per kg three times, such as four times, for example five times, such as body weight per dose, such as from about 100 milligram per six times, for example seven times, such as eight times, for kg body weight per dose to about 250 milligram per kg body example nine times, such as ten divided doses. Furthermore, weight per dose, for example from about 250 milligram per the dose may be given repeatedly, i.e. more than once, Such as kg body weight per dose to about 500 milligram per kg body twice (two times), for example three times, such as four times, weight per dose, such as from about 500 milligram per kg for example five times, such as six times, for example seven body weight per dose to about 750 milligram per kg body times, such as eight times, for example nine times, such as ten weight per dose, for example from about 750 milligram per times a day. Alternatively, the dose may be in Sustained kg body weight per dose to about 1000 milligram per kg body release form. A bolus is in theory regarded as given immedi weight per dose. ately, and should be administered in less than 5 minutes. 0313 The amount of composition according to the present 0310. It follows that the composition according to the invention in another preferred embodiment is in the range of present invention may be given once or more daily, or alter from about 0.01 milligram per kg body weight per dose to natively may be given with intervals of 1 day, Such as 2 days, about 20 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such as from for example 3 days, such as 4 days, such as 5 days, for about 0.02 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 18 example 6 days, such as 7 days (1 week), for example 8 days, milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example from Such as 9 days, such as 10 days, for example 11 days. Such as about 0.04 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 16 12 days, for example 13 days, such as 14 days (2 weeks). Such milligram per kg body weight per dose, such as from about as 3 weeks, for example 4 weeks, such as 5 weeks, for 0.06 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 14 example 6 weeks, such as 7 weeks, such as 8 weeks, for milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example from example 12 weeks. about 0.08 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 12 0311. In one embodiment the antimicrobial composition milligram per kg body weight per dose, such as from about according to the present invention is administered to an indi 0.1 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 10 milli vidual in need thereof at a total daily dosage of from about gram per kg body weight per dose, such as from about 0.2 0.01 milligram to about 1000 milligram per kilogram of body milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 10 milligram weight. The dosage regimen may be adjusted within this per kg body weight per dose, for example from about 0.3 range or even outside of this range to provide the optimal milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 10 milligram therapeutic response. per kg body weight per dose. Such as from about 0.4 milli 0312 The composition according to the present invention gram per kg body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per is given in an effective amount to an individual in need kg body weight per dose, for example from about 0.5 milli thereof. The amount of composition according to the present gram per kg body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per invention in one preferred embodiment is in the range of from kg body weight per dose. Such as from about 0.6 milligram about 0.01 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about per kg body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg 1000 milligram per kg body weight per dose, such as from body weight per dose, for example from about 0.7 milligram about 0.01 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about per kg body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg 0.025 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example body weight per dose. Such as from about 0.8 milligram per from about 0.025 milligram per kg body weight per dose to kg body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body about 0.05 milligram per kg body weight per dose, such as weight per dose, for example from about 0.9 milligram per kg from about 0.05 milligram per kg body weight per dose to body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body about 0.075 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for weight per dose. Such as from about 1.0 milligram per kg example from about 0.075 milligram per kg body weight per body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body dose to about 0.1 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such weight per dose, for example from about 1.2 milligram per kg US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 30 body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such as from about 1.4 milligram per kg weight per dose. Such as from about 7.8 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example from about 1.6 milligram per kg weight per dose, for example from about 8.0 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such as from about 1.8 milligram per kg weight per dose. Such as from about 0.2 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body body weight perdose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight weight per dose, for example from about 2.0 milligram per kg per dose, for example from about 0.3 milligram per kg body body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight per weight per dose. Such as from about 2.2 milligram per kg dose. Such as from about 0.4 milligram per kg body weight body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body per dose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for weight per dose, for example from about 2.4 milligram per kg example from about 0.5 milligram per kg body weight per body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body dose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such weight per dose. Such as from about 2.6 milligram per kg as from about 0.6 milligram per kg body weight per dose to body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example weight per dose, for example from about 2.8 milligram per kg from about 0.7 milligram per kg body weight per dose to body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such as from weight per dose. Such as from about 3.0 milligram per kg about 0.8 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example from weight per dose, for example from about 3.2 milligram per kg about 0.9 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body milligram per kg body weight per dose, such as from about weight per dose. Such as from about 3.4 milligram per kg 1.0 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 milli body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body gram per kg body weight per dose, for example from about weight per dose, for example from about 3.6 milligram per kg 1.2 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 milli body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body gram per kg body weight per dose, such as from about 1.4 weight per dose. Such as from about 3.8 milligram per kg milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 milligram body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body per kg body weight per dose, for example from about 1.6 weight per dose, for example from about 4.0 milligram per kg milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 milligram body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body per kg body weight per dose, such as from about 1.8 milli weight per dose. Such as from about 4.2 milligram per kg gram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body body weight per dose, for example from about 2.0 milligram weight per dose, for example from about 4.4 milligram per kg per kg body weight perdose to about 8 milligram per kg body body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such as from about 2.2 milligram per kg weight per dose. Such as from about 4.6 milligram per kg body weight perdose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body per dose, for example from about 2.4 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example from about 4.8 milligram per kg weight per dose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight per body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body dose. Such as from about 2.6 milligram per kg body weight weight per dose. Such as from about 5.0 milligram per kg per dose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body example from about 2.8 milligram per kg body weight per weight per dose, for example from about 5.2 milligram per kg dose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body as from about 3.0 milligram per kg body weight per dose to weight per dose. Such as from about 5.4 milligram per kg about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body from about 3.2 milligram per kg body weight per dose to weight per dose, for example from about 5.6 milligram per kg about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such as from body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body about 3.4 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 weight per dose. Such as from about 5.8 milligram per kg milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example from body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body about 3.6 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 weight per dose, for example from about 6.0 milligram per kg milligram per kg body weight per dose, such as from about body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body 3.8 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 milli weight per dose. Such as from about 6.2 milligram per kg gram per kg body weight per dose, for example from about body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body 4.0 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 milli weight per dose, for example from about 6.4 milligram per kg gram per kg body weight per dose, such as from about 4.2 body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 milligram weight per dose. Such as from about 6.6 milligram per kg per kg body weight per dose, for example from about 4.4 body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 milligram weight per dose, for example from about 6.8 milligram per kg per kg body weight per dose. Such as from about 4.6 milli body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body gram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 milligram per kg weight per dose. Such as from about 7.0 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example from about 4.8 milligram body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body per kg body weight perdose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example from about 7.2 milligram per kg weight per dose. Such as from about 5.0 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body body weight perdose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight weight per dose. Such as from about 7.4 milligram per kg per dose, for example from about 5.2 milligram per kg body body weight per dose to about 10 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight per weight per dose, for example from about 7.6 milligram per kg dose. Such as from about 5.4 milligram per kg body weight US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

per dose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for Co-Administration with One or More Drugs example from about 5.6 milligram per kg body weight per 0314. The composition according to the present invention dose to about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such can be co-administered to an individual in need thereof in as from about 5.8 milligram per kg body weight per dose to combination with one or more drugs such as one or more about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example drugs with antimicrobial effect. from about 6.0 milligram per kg body weight per dose to 0315. The composition according to the present invention about 8 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such as from can be co-administered to an individual in need thereof in about 0.2 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 combination with one or more antibiotics. The one or more milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example from antibiotics can be selected from the group consisting of Ami about 0.3 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 kacin disulfate salt, Amikacin hydrate, Anisomycin from milligram per kg body weight per dose, such as from about Streptomyces griseolus, Apramycin Sulfate salt, Azithromy 0.4 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 milli cin, Blasticidine S hydrochloride, Brefeldin A, Brefeldin A gram per kg body weight per dose, for example from about from Penicillium brefeldianum, Butirosin sulfate salt, 0.5 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 milli Butirosin A from Bacillus vitellinus, Chloramphenicol, gram per kg body weight per dose, such as from about 0.6 Chloramphenicol base, Chloramphenicol Succinate sodium milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 milligram salt, Chlortetracycline hydrochloride, Chlortetracycline per kg body weight per dose, for example from about 0.7 hydrochloride from Streptomyces aureofaciens, Clindamy milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 milligram cin 2-phosphate, Clindamycin hydrochloride, Clotrimazole, per kg body weight per dose, such as from about 0.8 milli Cycloheximide from microbial, Demeclocycline hydrochlo gram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 milligram per kg ride, Dibekacin Sulfate salt, Dihydrostreptomycin sesquisul fate, Dihydrostreptomycin Solution, Doxycycline hyclate, body weight per dose, for example from about 0.9 milligram Duramycin from Streptoverticillium cinnamoneus, Emetine per kg body weight per dose to about 6 milligram per kg body dihydrochloride hydrate), Erythromycin, Erythromycin USP weight per dose. Such as from about 1.0 milligram per kg Erythromycin powder, Erythromycin, Temephos, Erythro body weight perdose to about 6 milligram per kg body weight mycinestolate, Erythromycin ethyl Succinate, Erythromycin per dose, for example from about 1.2 milligram per kg body standard solution, Erythromycin Stearate, Fusidic acid weight per dose to about 6 milligram per kg body weight per sodium salt, G 418 disulfate salt, G 418 disulfate salt powder, dose. Such as from about 1.4 milligram per kg body weight G 418 disulfate salt solution liquid, Gentamicin solution liq perdose to about 6 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for uid, Gentamicin solution, Gentamicin sulfate Micromono example from about 1.6 milligram per kg body weight per spora purpurea, Gentamicin Sulfate salt, Gentamicin Sulfate dose to about 6 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such salt powder USP, Gentamicin-Glutamine solution liquid, as from about 1.8 milligram per kg body weight per dose to Helvolic acid from Cephalosporium caerulens, Hygromycin about 6 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example B Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Hygromycin B Streptomy from about 2.0 milligram per kg body weight per dose to ces hygroscopicus powder, Hygromycin B solution Strepto about 6 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such as from myces hygroscopicus, Josamycin, Josamycin Solution, Kana about 2.2 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 mycin B sulfate salt, Kanamycin disulfate salt from milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example from Streptomyces kanamyceticus, Kanamycin monosulfate from about 2.4 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 Streptomyces kanamyceticus, Kanamycin monosulfate from milligram per kg body weight per dose, such as from about Streptomyces kanamyceticus powder USP, Kanamycin solu 2.6 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 milli tion from Streptomyces kanamyceticus, Kirromycin from gram per kg body weight per dose, for example from about Streptomyces collinus, Lincomycin hydrochloride, Linco 2.8 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 milli mycin standard solution, Meclocycline Sulfosalicylate salt, gram per kg body weight per dose, such as from about 3.0 Mepartricin, Midecamycin from Streptomyces mycarofa milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 milligram ciens, Minocycline hydrochloride crystalline, Neomycin per kg body weight per dose, for example from about 3.2 solution, Neomycin trisulfate salt hydrate, Neomycin trisul milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 milligram fate salt hydrate powder, Neomycin trisulfate salt hydrate per kg body weight per dose. Such as from about 3.4 milli USP powder, Netilmicin sulfate salt, Nitrofurantoin crystal gram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 milligram per kg line, Nourseothricin sulfate, Oleandomycin phosphate salt, body weight per dose, for example from about 3.6 milligram Oleandomycin triacetate, Oxytetracycline dihydrate, Oxytet per kg body weight per dose to about 6 milligram per kg body racycline hemicalcium salt, Oxytetracycline hydrochloride, weight per dose. Such as from about 3.8 milligram per kg Paromomycin sulfate salt, Puromycin dihydrochloride from body weight perdose to about 6 milligram per kg body weight Streptomyces alboniger, Rapamycin from Streptomyces per dose, for example from about 4.0 milligram per kg body hygroscopicus, Ribostamycin Sulfate salt, Rifampicin, Rifa weight per dose to about 6 milligram per kg body weight per mycin SV Sodium salt, Rosamicin Micromonospora rosaria, dose. Such as from about 4.2 milligram per kg body weight Sisomicin sulfate salt, Spectinomycin dihydrochloride per dose to about 6 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for hydrate, Spectinomycin dihydrochloride hydrate powder, example from about 4.4 milligram per kg body weight per Spectinomycin dihydrochloride pentahydrate, Spiramycin, dose to about 6 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such Spiramycin from Streptomyces sp., Spiramycin solution, as from about 4.6 milligram per kg body weight per dose to Streptomycin Solution, Streptomycin Sulfate salt, Streptomy about 6 milligram per kg body weight per dose, for example cin sulfate salt powder, Tetracycline, Tetracycline hydrochlo from about 4.8 milligram per kg body weight per dose to ride, Tetracycline hydrochloride USP. Tetracycline hydro about 6 milligram per kg body weight per dose. Such as from chloride powder. Thiamphenicol. Thiostrepton from about 5.0 milligram per kg body weight per dose to about 6 Streptomyces azureus, Tobramycin, Tobramycin Sulfate salt, milligram per kg body weight per dose. Tunicamycin A homolog, Tunicamycin C homolog, Tuni US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 32 camycin Streptomyces sp., Tylosin solution, Tylosin tartrate, ylpenicillinic acid potassium salt, Phosphomycin disodium Viomycin sulfate salt, Virginiamycin M, (S)-(+)-Camptoth salt, Pipemidic acid, Piperacillin sodium salt, Ristomycin ecin, 10-Deacetylbaccatin III from Taxus baccata, 5-AZacy monosulfate, Vancomycin hydrochloride from Streptomyces tidine, 7-Aminoactinomycin D, 8-Quinolinol crystalline, orientalis, 2-Mercaptopyridine N-oxide sodium salt, 4-Bro 8-Quinolinol hemisulfate salt crystalline, 9-Dihydro-13 mocalcimycin A23.187 BioChemika, Alamethicin Tricho acetylbaccatin III from Taxus canadensis, Aclarubicin, Acla derma viride, Amphotericin B Streptomyces sp., Amphoteri rubicin hydrochloride, Actinomycin D from Streptomyces cin B preparation, Calcimycin A23 187, Calcimycin A23 187 sp., Actinomycin I from Streptomyces antibioticus, Actino hemicalcium-magnesium) salt, Calcimycin A23.187 hemi mycin V from Streptomyces antibioticus, Aphidicolin calcium salt, Calcimycin A23.187 hemimagnesium salt, Nigrospora sphaerica, Bafilomycin A1 from Streptomyces Chlorhexidine diacetate salt monohydrate, Chlorhexidine griseus, Bleomycin Sulfate from Streptomyces verticillus, diacetate salt hydrate, Chlorhexidine digluconate, Clotrima Capreomycin Sulfate from Streptomyces capreolus, Chromo Zole, Colistin Sodium methanesulfonate, Colistin Sodium mycin A Streptomyces griseus, Cinoxacin, Ciprofloxacin methanesulfonate from Bacillus colistinus, Colistin sulfate BioChemika, cis-Diammineplatinum(II) dichloride, salt, Econazole nitrate salt, Hydrocortisone 21-acetate, Fil Coumermycin A1, Cytochalasin B Helminthosporium dema ipin complex Streptomyces filipinensis, Gliotoxin from Glio tioideum, Cytochalasin D Zygosporium mansonii, Dacarba cladium fimbriatum, Gramicidin A from Bacillus brevis, zine, Daunorubicin hydrochloride, Daunorubicin hydrochlo Gramicidin C from Bacillus brevis, Gramicidin from Bacillus ride USP Distamycin A hydrochloride from Streptomyces aneurinolyticus (Bacillus brevis), lonomycin calcium salt distallicus, Doxorubicin hydrochloride, Echinomycin, Echi Streptomyces conglobatus, Lasalocid A Sodium salt, Lono nomycin BioChemika, Enrofloxacin BioChemika, Etopo mycin A sodium salt from Streptomyces ribosidificus, Mon side, Etoposide Solid, Flumequine, Formycin, Fumagillin ensin sodium salt, N-(6-Aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthale from Aspergillus fumigatus, Ganciclovir, Gliotoxin from nesulfonamide hydrochloride, Narasin from Streptomyces Gliocladium fimbriatum, Lomefloxacin hydrochloride, Met auriofaciens, Nigericin Sodium salt from Streptomyces ronidazole purum, Mithramycin A from Streptomyces plica hygroscopicus, Nisin from Streptococcus lactis, Nonactin tus, Mitomycin C Streptomyces caespitosus, Nalidixic acid, from Streptomyces sp., Nystatin, Nystatin powder, Phenazine Nalidixic acid sodium salt, Nalidixic acid sodium salt pow methosulfate, Pimaricin, Pimaricin from Streptomyces chat der, Netropsin dihydrochloride hydrate, Nitrofurantoin, tanoogensis, Polymyxin B solution, Polymyxin B sulfate salt, Nogalamycin from Streptomyces nogalater, Nonactin from DL-Penicillamine acetone adduct hydrochloride monohy Streptomyces tsusimaensis, Novobiocin sodium salt, Ofloxa drate, Polymyxin B sulfate salt powder USP Praziquantel, cin, Oxolinic acid, Paclitaxel from Taxus yannanensis, Pacli Salinomycin from Streptomyces albus, Salinomycin from taxel from Taxus brevifolia, Phenazine methosulfate, Phleo Streptomyces albus, Surfactin from Bacillus subtilis, Valino mycin Streptomyces verticillus, Pipemidic acid, mycin, (+)-USnic acid from USnea dasypoga, (t)-Miconazole Rebeccamycin from Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes, Sine nitrate salt, (S)-(+)-Camptothecin, 1-Deoxymannojirimycin fungin, Streptonigrin from Streptomyces flocculus, Strepto hydrochloride, 1-Deoxynojirimycin hydrochloride, 2-Hep Zocin, Succinylsulfathiazole, Sulfadiazine, Sulfadimethox tyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, Cordycepin, 1,10-Phenan ine, Sulfaguanidine purum, Sulfamethazine, throline hydrochloride monohydrate puriss., 6-Diazo-5-oxo Sulfamonomethoxine, Sulfanilamide, Sulfaquinoxaline L-norleucine, 8-Quinolinol crystalline, 8-Quinolinol sodium salt, Sulfasalazine, Sulfathiazole sodium salt, Trime hemisulfate salt, Antimycin A from Streptomyces sp., Anti thoprim, Trimethoprim lactate salt, Tubercidin from Strepto mycin A, Antimycin A, Antimycin A, Antipain, Ascomy myces tubercidicus, 5-AZacytidine, Cordycepin, Formycin cin, AZaserine, Bafilomycin A1 from Streptomyces griseus, A, (+)-6-Aminopenicillanic acid, 7-Aminodesacetoxycepha Bafilomycin B1 from Streptomyces species, Cerulenin Bio losporanic acid. , Ampicillin, Ampicillin Sodium Chemika, Chloroquine diphosphate salt, Cinoxacin, Ciprof salt, Ampicillin trihydrate, Ampicillin trihydrate USP loxacin, Mevastatin BioChemika, Concanamycin A, Con AZlocillin sodium salt, Bacitracin Bacillus licheniformis, canamycin A Streptomyces sp., Concanamycin C from Bacitracin zinc salt Bacillus licheniformis, Carbenicillin Streptomyces species, Coumermycin A1, Cyclosporin A disodium salt, Cefaclor, Cefamandole lithium salt, Cefaman from Tolypocladium inflatum, Cyclosporin A, Econazole dole nafate, Cefamandole Sodium salt, Cefazolin Sodium salt, nitrate salt, Enrofloxacin, Etoposide, Flumequine, Formycin Cefinetazole sodium salt, CefoperaZone sodium salt, Cefo A. Furazolidone, Fusaric acid from Gibberella fujikuroi, taxime sodium salt, Cefsulodin sodium salt, Cefsulodin Geldanamycin from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Gliotoxin Sodium salt hydrate, sodium salt, Cephalexin from Gliocladium fimbriatum, Gramicidin A from Bacillus hydrate, Cephalosporin CZinc salt, Cephalothin Sodium salt, brevis, Gramicidin C from Bacillus brevis, Gramicidin from Cephapirin Sodium salt, Cephradine, Cloxacillin Sodium salt, Bacillus aneurinolyticus (Bacillus brevis), Gramicidin from Cloxacillin sodium salt monohydrate, D-(-)-Penicillamine Bacillus brevis, Herbimycin A from Streptomyces hygro hydrochloride, D-Cycloserine microbial, D-Cycloserine scopicus, Indomethacin, Irgasan, Lomefloxacin hydrochlo powder, Dicloxacillin sodium salt monohydrate, D-Penicil ride, Mycophenolic acid powder, Myxothiazol BioChemika, lamine, Econazole nitrate salt, Ethambutol dihydrochloride, N-(6-Aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide Lysostaphin from Staphylococcus staphylolyticus, Moxalac hydrochloride, Nalidixic acid, Netropsin dihydrochloride tam sodium salt, Nafcillin sodium salt monohydrate, Nikko hydrate, Niclosamide, Nikkomycin BioChemika, Nikkomy mycin, Nikkomycin Z Streptomyces tendae, Nitrofurantoin cin Z Streptomyces tendae, N-Methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin, crystalline, Oxacillin sodium salt, Penicillic acid powder, Nogalamycin from Streptomyces nogalater, Nonactin D80% G potassium salt, Penicillin G potassium salt pow from Streptomyces tSusimaensis, Nonactin from Streptomy der, Penicillin G potassium salt, Penicillin G sodium salt ces sp., Novobiocin Sodium salt, Ofloxacin, Oleandomycin hydrate powder, Penicillin G sodium salt powder, Penicillin triacetate, Oligomycin Streptomyces diastatochromogenes, G sodium salt, Phenethicillin potassium salt, Phenoxymeth Oligomycin A, Oligomycin B. Oligomycin C, Oligomycin US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

Streptomyces diastatochromogenes, OXolinic acid, Pierici 0318. The composition according to the present invention din A from Streptomyces mobaraensis, Pipemidic acid, can be co-administered to an individual in need thereof in Radicicol from Diheterospora chlamydosporia solid, Rapa combination with one or more antiparasitic drugs. The one or mycin from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Rebeccamycin more antiparasitic drugs can be selected from the group con from Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes, Sineflungin, Staurospo sisting of Antinematodes such as Mebendazole (for most rine Streptomyces sp., Stigmatellin, Succinylsulfathiazole, nematode infections), Pyrantel pamoate (for most nematode Sulfadiazine, Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfaguanidine purum, Sul infections). Thiabendazole (for roundworm infections), and famethazine, Sulfamonomethoxine, Sulfanilamide, Sulfaqui Diethycarbazine (for treatment of Lymphatic filariasis). The noxaline sodium salt, Sulfasalazine, Sulfathiazole sodium method according to item 197, wherein the one or more salt, Triacsin C from Streptomyces sp., Trimethoprim, Trime antiparasitic drugs comprises Anticestodes Such as Niclosa thoprim lactate salt, Vineomycin A from Streptomyces albo mide (for tapeworm infections), and Praziquantel (for tape griseolus Subsp., Tectorigenin, and Paracelsin Trichoderma worm infections), Antitrematodes such as Praziquantel, Anti CS1. amoebics such as Rifampin, Amphotericin B, Clioquinol, 0316 The composition according to the present invention Iodoquinol Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Ornidazole, Secnida can be co-administered to an individual in need thereof in Zole Atovaquone, Emetime, Fumagillin, and Trimetrexate, combination with one or more antiviral drugs. The one or Antiprotozoals such as Amphotericin, Antimony, Eflorni more antiviral drugs can be selected from the group consist thine, Furazolidone, Melarsoprol, Metronidazole, Miltefos ing of Abacavir, Aciclovir, Acyclovir, Adefovir, Alferon ine (Impavido), Ornidazole, Paromomycin sulfate, Pentami LDO, Amantadine, Amdoxovir, Ampligen, Amprenavir, dine, Pyrimethamine, and Tinidazole. Aplaviroc. Apricitabine, Arbidol, Atazanavir, Ateviridine, Atripla, Bevirimat, BILN 2061, Brecanavir, Brivudine, Cal Kit of Parts anolide A, Capravirine, Cidofovir, Combivir, Condylox, 0319. In a further embodiment the present invention Cyanovirin-N, Darunavir, Delavirdine, Dexelvucitabine, relates to a kit of parts comprising the antimicrobial compo Diarylpyrimidines, Didanosine, Docosanol, Edoxudine, sition according to the present invention. The kit of parts Efavirenz, Elvitegravir, Elvucitabine, Emivirine, Emtricitab comprises at least one additional component, Such as instruc ine, Enfluvirtide, Entecavir, Epigallocatechin gallate, Etravir tions for use, and/or one or more drugs for co-administration. ine, Famciclovir, Fialuridine, Fomivirsen, Fosamprenavir, Foscarnet, Fosfonet, Fusion inhibitor, Ganciclovir, Gardasil, DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Globoidnan A, Griffithsin, GS-9137, Ibacitabine, Ibali Zumab, Immunovir, Idoxuridine, Imiquimod, Indinavir, 0320 FIG. 1 shows the phylogeny of the Crustacea. The Inosine, Interferon-gamma, Interferon type III, Interferon closest relatives to Copepoda are the Cephalocarida and the type II, Interferon type I, Interferon, Lamivudine, Lodenos Ostracoda. It is clear from the phylogenetic tree of the Crus ine, Lopinavir, Loviride, MK-0518, Maraviroc, Miltefosine, tacea Subphylum that copepods and decapods are not closely Moroxydine, Nelfinavir, Nevirapine, Nexavir, Oragen, Osel related. Decapods include many familiar groups, such as tamivir, Penciclovir, Peramivir, Pleconaril, Podophyllotoxin, crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns and shrimp. Portmanteau inhibitors, PRO140, Quinotaline, Racivir, 0321 FIG. 2 shows the Development of the number of Raltegravir, Ribavirin, Rilpivirine, Rimantadine, Ritonavir, viable Salmonella berta cells in Nutrient Broth and Nutrient R-roscovitine, Saquinavir, SCH 5.03034, Stampidine, Stavu Broth with added 10% aqueous phase from Calanus finmar dine, Taribavirin, Telbivudine, Tenofovir, Tenofovir diso chicus (catch 2) during incubation at 37°C. proxil, Tipranavir, Trifluridine, Trizivir, Tromantadine, Tru 0322 FIG.3. HPLC-chromatogram of the anion exchange vada, Valaciclovir, Valganciclovir, Vicriviroc, Vidarabine, extract. The majority of the compounds including the active Viramidine, Vivecon, VX 950/Telaprevir, Zalcitabine, Zan compound(s) elutes early during the run. This suggests that amivir, and Zidovudine (AZT). there are mostly polar or charged compounds in the extracts. 0317. The composition according to the present invention Furthermore, C18-reversed phase chromatography is not the can be co-administered to an individual in need thereof in preferred method for separating the bioactive peak from con combination with one or more antifungal drugs. The one or taminants. more antifungal drugs can be selected from the group con 0323 FIG. 4. Comparison of analytic chromatography of sisting of polyene antimycotics such as Natamycin, Rimoci early fractions re-chromatographed on a conventional C18 din, Filipin, Nystatin, Amphotericin B, and Candicin, imida (left), or polar endcapped C18 (right). Fraction 2 is the lower, Zole and triazole antifungal drugs such as Imidazoles like and fraction 7 the upper chromatogram. The right panel show Miconazole (Miconazole nitrate), Ketoconazole, Clotrima better separation of the peaks making it possible to distin Zole (marketed as Lotrimin, Canesten in the UK), Econazole, guish the different peaks. The active fraction (fraction 4, the Bifonazole, Butoconazole, Fenticonazole, Isoconazole, Oxi third chromatogram counting from below) is separated into conazole, Sertaconazole (marketed as Ertaczo), Sulconazole, four different peaks with the Aquasil column (right panel), Tioconazole, Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Isavuconazole, whereas the conventional C18 column gives no base-line Ravuconazole, Posaconazole, Voriconazole, and Tercona separation of the same fraction (left panel). Zole, Allylamines such as Terbinafine (marketed as Lamisil), 0324 FIG. 5. Chromatogram of the semipreparativ C18 Amorolfine, Naftifine (marketed as Naftin), and Butenafine purification. Similar to the analytical run, the bioactivity (marketed as Lotrimin Ultra), Echinocandins such as Anidu eluted early during the run (see also Table 22). lafungin, Caspofungin, and Micafungin, Benzoic acid in 0325 FIG. 6. Isocratic normal phase chromatography of combination with a keratolytic agent (such as in Whitfield's the bioactive fraction from the semi-preparative reversed Ointment), Ciclopirox olamine, Flucytosine, or 5-fluorocy phase purification (FIG. 5). The lower panel is 40/60 and the tosine, Griseofulvin, and Gentian Violet Haloprogin Tolnaf upper panel is 1/99 EtOAc/MeoH. The chromatogram shows tate (marketed as Tinactin, Desenex, Aftate). that normal phase gives a good separation of at least 4 differ US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 34 ent peaks that occur as one peak during the reversed phase liquid suitable for testing by the BTD method. The antimi chromatography. Normal phase chromatography is probably crobial composition was not retained by any of the filter the best method for separation of the active compound. materials tested. The clearest liquid was obtained by the 0326 FIG. 7. Isocratic normal phase chromatography of microporous filters, but the flow rate through this filter was the active peak from the semi-preparative reversed phase significantly improved by pre-filtering through e.g. glass fiber fractionation (FIG. 5). See Table 22 for bioactivity of the filters. fractions. The active fraction (4, approximately 3-4 min elu tion time) consists of several compounds, as seen by the Preparation of Methanol Extract shoulders of the peaks occurring at around 4 minutes. This 0338 A concentrated composition with increased antimi could be due to the presence of several contaminants, but also crobial activity is prepared by methanol extraction. several variants of the same compounds. 0339. Frozen C. finmarchicus were freeze dried before 0327 FIG. 8. UV-spectra of the various peaks from the methanol-extraction and vacuum evaporation to remove the normal phase chromatography shown in FIG. 7. The UV solvent. The concentrated extract was finally dissolved in spectra collected at different time-points in peak to varied deionised water and filtered through a micro-porous cellulose little, Suggesting that peak two consists of variants of the same acetate filter with pore size 0.2 Lum. compound. 0340. A comparison of the chemical composition and the 0328 FIG.9. MS-analysis of fraction 4 from FIG.8. When antimicrobial activity of aqueous phase (catch 2) and metha the masses from the background (blank injection) was Sub nol extract (catch 2) from C. finmarchicus is provided in table tracted, the 245 and 347 peaks stood out as the most interest 5. The antimicrobial activity is much higher in the methanol ing. extract compared to the aqueous phase. 0329 FIG. 10. MSMS-analysis of the 245-ion. 0330 FIG. 11. MSMS-analysis of the 347-ion. 0331 FIG. 12. The structure of penostatin with a TABLE 5 mass=346 Da. Comparison of the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activity of aqueous phase (catch 2) and methanol extract (catch 2) EXAMPLES from C. finnarchicus Example 1 Aqueous phase Methanol extract Protein (Raw protein 6.7% 68.0% Preparation of Extracts from C. finmarchicus Kjeldahl N*6.25) Ash 2.4% 10.9% 0332 Catch and storage of Calanus finmarchicus Total fat Folch O.S9/o 1.6% 0333 Catch 1 was caught in the fjords of northern Nor Antimicrobial activity (MIC) 16-32 128 way. The catch was frozen on board the fishing vessel and stored frozen until examination. Composition (g/100 g): Water: 79.9, protein: 11.1, fat: 6.3, ash: 2.0. Example 2 0334 Catch 2 was caught in Andfjord in northern Norway. The catch was frozen on board the fishing vessel within one Determination of MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concen hour after catch and stored frozen until examination. Com tration) position (g/100 g): Water: 83.0, fat: 5.2. 0341 The activity and presence of antimicrobial sub Preparation of the Aqueous Phase stances in samples of aqueous phases or methanol extracts were tested by the BTD (Broth Tube Dilution) method, where 0335 100 g frozen sample were thawed at ambient tem 2-fold serial dilutions of sample in sterile water were added perature and then centrifuged at 5.000xG for 10 minutes. The the same Volume of double strength basis medium inoculated sample separated into three fractions where the sediment with the individual test organisms. After incubation as speci constituted approximately 60 g, the aqueous phase 38 g and fied below, the test results were read. The lowest concentra the oil 2 g. The aqueous phase was filtered through a glass tion (or highest dilution) preventing appearance of turbidity fiber filter (Schleicher & Schull, ref no. 370003) and then was considered to be the MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concen through a micro porous cellulose acetate filter with pore size tration). 0.2 Lum (Whatman, FP30/02CA-S). The sterile aqueous phase 0342 Preparation of Inoculated Double Strength Basis was stored in sterile capped glass tubes at 4-8°C. Media: Clostridia were Pre-Cultivated overnight in LTM 0336. The effect of crushing thawed C. finmarchicus in a (Liquid Thioglycollate Medium, Oxoid CM173) at 37° C. mortar before centrifugation and filtration was examined under anaerobic conditions. All other bacteria were pre-cul (data not shown). The crushing did not affect the antimicro tivated overnight in NB (Nutrient Broth, Oxoid CM0067) at bial activity in the aqueous phase, but resulted in difficulties 37° C. under aerobic conditions. All fungal species were with the filtration and hence to reduced yields (volume) of pre-cultivated aerobically at 37°C. in NB supplemented with filtrate. Therefore, thawed C. finmarchicus should not be 1% glucose, until visible turbidity. Double strength basis crushed before centrifugation and filtration. media were finally inoculated with an amount of pre-culture 0337 Different filter types were tested, e.g. purified cotton sufficient to obtain an initial cell density of approximately (IVBF Hartmann AG, CH 8212, Neuhausen, Switzerland), 1 OE5/ml to 1 OE6/ml. glass fiber filters (Schleicher & Schull, ref no. 370003), paper 0343 Test organisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC filters (Schleicher & Schull, Black Ribbon, ref no. 589) and 27853), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Listeria microporous cellulose acetate filters with pore size 0.2 Lum. monocytogenes (ATCC 7644), Bacillus cereus (CCUG The main purpose of filtering the aqueous phase after cen 7414), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia trifugation was to remove particles and thus to give a clear coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella berta (CCUG 27106), US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011

Clostridium perfringens (CCUG 1795), Clostridium bifer mentans (CCUG T36626), MRSA (ATCC 43300), TABLE 7-continued Pseudomonas aeruginosa (multiresistant clinical isolate), Development of turbidity in serial dilutions of aqueous phase obtained Klebsiella pneumoniae (multiresistant clinical isolate), from C. finmarchicus (catch 2) after inoculation with ten different Acinetobacter (multiresistant clinical isolate), Candida albi test organisms cans (ATCC 10231), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers yeast), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404). Dilution Example 3 Test organism x 2 x 4 x 8 x 16 x 32 x 64 Water C. albicans (yeast) ------Detection of Antimicrobial Activity in Aqueous No inoculum Phase +: turbidity, 0344 Antimicrobial activity has been detected in the -: no turbidity aqueous phase from two different catches of C. finnarchicus (June/July 2003 and June 2006). Example 4 0345 The activity and presence of antimicrobial com pounds or Substances in the aqueous phase extracted from Inactivation Kinetics catch 1 was tested by the BTD method using three different 0347 The course of killing was examined by inoculating test bacteria. Growth of all the test bacteria was inhibited. The S. berta in 100 ml NB and in 90 ml NB with added 10 ml of MIC values obtained from the results (table 6) for E. coli, S. aqueous phase extracted from catch 2. The initial cells con aureus and P aeruginosa were 8, 16 and 4, respectively. centration was approximately 10 E5 per ml. The bottles were incubated at 37° C., and aliquots withdrawn during incuba TABLE 6 tion for determination of viable aerobic microorganisms (Nordic Committee on Food Analysis no. 86). The bacteria Development of turbidity in serial dilutions of aqueous phase from C. finmarchicus (catch 1) after inoculation with three different grew well in pure NB while in the presence of x 10 diluted test organisms aqueous phase, the number of viable cells underwent reduc tion. From the formula of the exponential trend line (FIG. 2), Dilution decimal reduction time could be estimated to 6.8 hours. FIG. 2 shows the Development of the number of viable Salmonel Test organism x 2 x 4 x 8 x 16 x 32 x 64 Water lalberta cells in Nutrient Broth and Nutrient Broth with added E. coi 10% aqueous phase from Calanus finnarchicus (catch 2) S. airetts Paeruginosa during incubation at 37°C. No inoculum Example 5 +: turbidity, Heat Stability -: no turbidity 0348. The heat stability of the antimicrobial substance in aqueous phase from catch 2 was tested by the BTD method Range of Action using S. aureus as a test organism. Heat treatment at 70° C. for 0346. The range of action of the antimicrobial substance in 10 minutes had no effect on the activity of the antimicrobial the aqueous phase extracted from catch 2 was tested by the substance. Heat treatment at 100° C. for 10 minutes caused a BTD method using nine different test bacteria (Paeruginosa, slight reduction of activity and 121°C. for 15 minutes caused E. faecalis, L. monocytogenes, B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, S. a substantial reduction (table 8). berta, C. perfingens, C. bifermentans and one fungal species (C. albicans). All of the test bacteria, which represent Gram +, TABLE 8 Gram -, aerobic and strict anaerobic types, were inhibited Development of turbidity in serial dilutions of heat treated aqueous phase (table 7). The tested fungal species was not inhibited. from C. finnarchicus (catch 2), after inoculation with the test organisms StaphyloCOCCus aureus. TABLE 7 Dilution

Development of turbidity in serial dilutions of aqueous phase obtained Heat treatment x 2 x 4 x 8 x 16 x 32 x 64 Water from C. finmarchicus (catch 2) after inoculation with ten different test organisms No heating -- -- 10 minutes, 70° C. -- -- Dilution 10 minutes 100° C. ------15 minutes 121°C. ------Test organism x 2 x 4 x 8 x 16 X 2 x 64 Water No inoculum Paeruginosa -- -- E. faecalis L. monocytog. Example 6 B. cereus S. airetts Resistance to Proteolytic Enzymes E. coi S. beria 0349 The resistance of the antimicrobial composition to C. perfingens digestion by three proteolytic enzymes, pepsin, alcalase and C. bifermenians proteinase K was tested by the BTD method using S. aureus as a test organism. US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 36

0350 1 ml of the aqueous phase from catch 2 was added to 0.2 ml 1.0 NHCl and 0.1 ml 0.1 NHCl with 1% (w/v) pepsin TABLE 11 (article no. 1.07190.01.00, Merck). The reaction mixture (pH Development of turbidity in serial dilutions of Proteinase K treated 2.36) was incubated at 37° C. for 18 hours with occasional aqueous phase from C. finnarchicus (catch 2), after inoculation with stirring. As a control. 1 ml of the aqueous phase was incubated the test organisms Staphylococcus aureus similarly after addition of the same amount of acid without Dilution pepsin. The results of the BTD test (table 9) show that the antimicrobial Substance was not inactivated by pepsin treat Enzyme treatment x 2 x 4 x 8 x 16 x 32 x 64 Water ment. Therefore, the active one or more antimicrobial com Proteinase Kin -- -- pounds in the C. finmarchicus composition is probably not a Water Water protein. No inoculum TABLE 9

Development of turbidity in serial dilutions of pepsin treated aqueous Example 7 phase from C. finmarchicus (catch 2), after inoculation with the test Estimation of Molecular Size of the Antimicrobial organisms Staphylococcusatiretts Substance

Dilution 0353 Molecular size of the antimicrobial substance, i.e. the size of the one or more antimicrobial compounds com prised within the antimicrobial composition of the present Enzyme treatment x 2 x 4 x 8. x 16 x 32 x 64 Water invention, was estimated by processing the aqueous phase through centrifugal filter devices (Pall Corporation) with Acid and pepsin ------MWCO (molecular weight cut off) of 30, 3 and 1 kDa. The Acid ------results of the BTD test (table 12) indicate that the molecular No inoculum weight of the antimicrobial Substance is equal to, or less than 1 kDa. 0351 1 ml of the aqueous phase from catch 2 was added 0.3 ml 0.1 NNaOH to obtain pH 8.0 and then added 0.2 ml 1% TABLE 12 (w/v) alcalase 2.4 (Novozymes) adjusted to pH 8.0. The reac Development of turbidity in serial dilutions of aqueous phase from C. finnarchicus (catch 2), before and after processing through tion mixture (pH 8.0) was incubated at 54°C. for 4 hours with centrifugal filter devices with different molecular weight cut off limits. occasional stirring. As a control. 1 ml of the aqueous phase Test organism was StaphyloCOCCus aureus was incubated similarly after addition of the same amount of alcali without alcalase. The results of the BTD test (table 10) Dilution show that the antimicrobial substance was not inactivated by Fraction tested x 2 x 4 x 8 x 16 x 32 x 64 Water alcalase treatment. Therefore, the active one or more antimi Aqueous phase crobial compounds in the C. finmarchicus composition is Filtrate, 30 kDa probably not a protein. Filtrate, 3 kDa Filtrate, 1 kDa No inoculum TABLE 10 Development of turbidity in serial dilutions of alcalase treated aqueous phase from C. finmarchicus (catch 2), after inoculation with the test organisms Staphylococcus aureus Example 8

Dilution Type of Action 0354. There are three types of action of antimicrobial Enzyme treatment x 2 x 4 x 8 x 16 x 32 x 64 Water agents: i) static action where growth is inhibited, ii) cidal Alcali and alcalase ------action where organisms are killed and iii) lytic action where Alcali ------organisms are killed and lysed. No inoculum 0355. After 24 hours incubation of the test tubes in table 7 (aqueous phase), 10ul from each x2 dilution was transferred 0352 1 ml of the aqueous phase from catch 2 was added to selected agar media. No colonies could be observed after 0.1 ml 0.5% (w/v) Proteinase K (Merck 1.24568.0100) in 72 hours incubation of the agar media. Consequently, an initial cell concentration of approximately 10 E7 per ml was water. The reaction mixture (pH 6.5) was incubated at 37°C. reduced to less than 10 E2 per ml, corresponding to 5 LOGo for 4 hours with occasional stirring. As a control. 1 ml of the cycles reduction. The type of action is therefore cidic or lytic. aqueous phase (pH 6.5) was incubated similarly after addition 0356. To determine whether the type of action is cidic or of 0.1 ml water without Proteinase K. The results of the BTD lytic, exponential phase cultures of Escherichia coli, Salmo test (table 11) show that the antimicrobial substance was not nella berta, and Staphylococcus aureus in Nutrient Broth inactivated by Proteinase K treatment. Therefore, the active were diluted to 1.0 E7-1.0 E8 in the same medium. 1 ml one or more antimicrobial compounds in the C. finmarchicus methanol extract were added to 9 ml of each culture, imme composition is probably not a protein. diately after quantification at 0 hours. Cultures were then US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 37 incubated at 37° C. for 96 hours. Viable cell counts were extract from C. finmarchicus, it appeared that the BTD determined using 3M Petrifilm Aerobic Count Plates while method was 32-64 times more sensitive than the agar diffu total cell counts were determined using a microscope and sion assay. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was used Helber counting chamber. The results depicted in table 13 as test strain in both the Broth Tube Dilution Method and the show that the action is bacteriocidic, not bacteriolytic. Agar Diffusion Assay. With the Agar Diffusion Well method, well diameter was 9 mm and each well was filled with 200 ul TABLE 13 of the extract or its dilution. In the Agar Diffusion Filter disc method, 13 mm diameter discs (Whatman Cat. No. 2017-013) Development of viable cell counts and total cell counts in Nutrient was used. Results are shown in table 15. Broth with added methanol extract (10%) from C. finnarchicus. Test Quantification Incubation time (hours TABLE 1.5 organism method Oh 3h 24h 96h Comparison of BTD and Agar Diffusion Assay for detection of antimicrobial activity in methanol extract from C. finnarchicus. E. coi Viable cell counts 3.2E7 7.0 E6 <1.0 E1 <1.0 E1 Total cell countS 6.0 E7 6.0 E7 2.0 E7 1.0 E7 Test Siberia Viable cell counts 3.9E7 7.0 E6 2.9 E2 <1.0 E1 Organ- Dilutior Total cell countS 6.0 E7 6.0 E7 6.0 E7 1.0 E7 S. aureus Viable cell counts 1.5 E7 7.4 E6 2.OES <1.0 E1 ism O x2 x 4 x 8 x 16 x 32 x 64 x 128 x 256 Water Total cell countS 6.0 E7 4.0 E7 4.0 E7 4.0 E7 Broth -- -- Tube Dilution Example 9 Agar 13 10 S O O O O O O O Diffu Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity in C. Hyper sion boreus Assay, We method 0357 Antimicrobial activity was not detected in the aque Agar 4 1 O O O O O O O O ous phase from another copepod species, C. hyperboreus. Diffu 0358 Aqueous phase prepared from a frozen sample of C. sion hyperboreus was tested against S. aureus (ATCC 25923). A Assay, methanol extract of C. finmarchicus with known activity was Filter tested simultaneously against the same test organism as a disc control on the test system. C. hyperboreus was caught in the method Norwegian Sea on May 15, 2006. Antimicrobial activity was +: turbidity, not detected in the aqueous phase from C. hyperboreus. -: no turbidity, For the Agar Diffusion Assay, activity is expressed by inhibition zone width (mm). TABLE 1.4 0361 The agar diffusion assay is a technique for quanti Comparison of antimicrobial activity in C. hyperboretis and fying the ability of antimicrobial agents to inhibit bacterial C. finnarchicus growth. It has a number of variations, including the well method and the filter disc method. Interpretation of the results Dilution from this assay relies on mathematical models, based on the Sample x 2 x 4 x 8 x 16 x 32 x 64 x 128 x 256 Water assumption that the agents diffuse freely in the solid nutrient medium. The technique is commonly used for determination C. ------hyperboretis of MIC values (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) in solid Aqueous media, such as Nutrient Agar. Solutions of antimicrobial phase agents at different concentrations are applied to wells C. -- -- punched into agar or to paper discs placed on the Surface of or finmarchicus plates seeded with the test microbial strains. Diffusion from Methanol the Sources into the agar leads to growth inhibition in the extract vicinity of the source and to the formation of clear Zones +: turbidity, without bacterial growth. The Zone diameter corresponds to -: no turbidity the concentration of the antimicrobial agent. Example 10 Example 11 Comparison of BTD and Agar Diffusion Assay Antifungal Activity of Methanol Extract 0359 Antimicrobial activity in the aqueous or water phase from C. finmarchicus, was easily detected using the BTD 0362. A mould species, Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404), (Broth Tube Dilution) method. Surprisingly, the agar diffu was inhibited by the aqueous phase from C. finnarchicus sion assay, which is frequently used for the initial screening of (data not shown). antimicrobial activity, did not detect this activity. This may 0363 The methanol extract was tested against two yeast explain why the antimicrobial activity in water phase from species; Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans and this organism has not been discovered earlier. one mould species; Aspergillus niger. C. albicans is the least 0360. When the BTD method was compared to the agar Susceptible of the organisms tested. S. aureus was included as diffusion assay for detection of activity in the methanol a control. Results are shown in table 16. US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 38

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Multiresistant Clinical Isolate TABLE 16 (Ref. No.: HUS10210891/07) 0367 P. aeruginosa is naturally resistant to a range of - Antungalactivity of methanol extract different antibiotics, and the spectre of efficient agents is narrow. Additionally, it has a high ability to develop resis Test Dilution tance to new antibiotics.- The actual strain- is- in- vitro- resistant organism x 2 x 4 x 8 x 16 x 32 x 64 x 128 x 256 Water to, or has reduced Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents com monly used in the treatment of P aeruginosa infections. C. albicans - + + + + + + + -- Severe infections with P. aeruginosa occur with immune (ATCC deficient patients and with weak, hospitalized patients. Sysia ------Acinetobacter, Multiresistant Clinical Isolate (Ref. No.: A. niger ------HUS 1123285 1/08) (ATCC 0368 Acinetobacter is naturally resistant to a range of 16404) different antibiotics, and the spectre of efficient agents is t;" -- -- narrow. With one exception, the actual isolate in vitro resis 25923) tant to, or have reduced susceptibility to all antimicrobial No inoculum - - - - agents used for treatment of Acinetobacter infections. Severe infections with Acinetobacter occur with immune deficient +: turbidity, patients and with weak, hospitalized patients. -: no turbidity Example 13 Example 12 Further Extraction and Analysis of the Methanol Extract Effect on Resistant Bacterial Strains 0364 The methanol extract was tested against meticillin- Sample Preparations resistant S. aureus (ATCC 43300) and multiresistant clinical 0369 Three different sample preparations were tested. isolates of P aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acine- This was done to find the best preparation prior to HPLC, i.e. tobacter. All the isolates were strongly inhibited. S. aureus the method that had best recovery, and at the same time (ATCC 25923) was included in the study as a positive control. rendered a fraction that was pure enough to be loaded onto an Results are shown in table 17. HPLC-column.

TABLE 17 Antibiotic effect against resistant bacteria Dilution

Test organism x 2 x 4 x 8 x 16 x 32 x 64 x 128 x 2S6 Water MRSA (ATCC 43300) Paeruginosa : K. pneumoniae Acinetobacter S. aureus (ATCC 25923) No inoculum +: turbidity, -: no turbidity

0370 1: Wessel-Flügge extraction. The extract was dis - - - - solved in water and methanol, added chloroform and Vor Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) texed. The result is three fractions; water-methanol, metha (ATCC 43300) no-Chloroform1-chlorof andd the precipioreC11tate. All fractiract1OnS Were 0365. The strain is resistant to all B-lactamantibiotics. The evaporated and tested for activity. The activity is measured as treatment of MRSA is therefore difficult. The strain can cause the MIC as described in example 2. both local and systemic infections. TABLE 1.8 Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Multiresistant Clinical Isolate (Ref. No.: HUS 1109092 1/08) Bioactivity in the Wessel-Filigge fractions. 0366. The strain has a plasmid-mediated, broad spectrum Fraction MIC B-lactamase (Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC) Water-methanol 32 and is resistant to all clinical relevant B-lactam antibiotics. Methanol-chloroform 2 Furthermore, it is in vitro resistant to many other non B-lac- Precipitate O tamantibiotics. Infections with such microbes are difficult to treat with available antibiotics. K. pneumoniae is a common 0371 2: Solid phase extraction (SPE), anion exchange. cause of urinary tract infections, but can also cause systemic The cartridge (Sep-Pak plus QMA, Waters corp.) was first infections. wetted with methanol, and then equilibrated with water. The US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 39 extract was loaded and the cartridge was washed with water, Comparison of Chromatography with or without Polar End and finally with methanol to elute polar and weak anionic capping compounds. Two fractions: Water wash and methanol elute. 0375. The bioactivity data in Table 21 and the correspond The fractions were evaporated, dissolved in a volume of water ing chromatogram (FIG. 3) Suggest that the bioactivity is too corresponding to the sample load volume, and tested for polar to be separated by conventional reversed phase chro bioactivity. matography. The active fractions were re-chromatographed under identical conditions, or with a column with polar end TABLE 19 capping (Aquasil, Hypersil). The latter column is Suitable for isolation of polar or charged compounds. This column gave Bioactivity in the anion exchange SPE fractions. better separation of the active fraction (Fraction 4, FIG. 4). Fraction MIC However, the Aquasil-column was too small to make frac tions for bioactivity testing. Up-scaling to a semi-preparative Wash 64 Methanol elute O Aquasil column failed. Semi-Preparative Reversed-Phase HPLC: 0372 3: Solid phase extraction, reversed phase. The car tridge (Sep-Pak plus C18, Waters corp.) was first wetted with 0376. The extract from the anion exchange SPE was acetonitrile, and then equilibrated with water. The extract was loaded onto a semi-preparative C18 column and eluted with a loaded onto the cartridge, and the cartridge was washed with gradient with increasing acetonitrile. Fractions were col water, then with 40% acetonitrile and 100% acetonitrile to lected and tested for bioactivity. As shown in Table 22, the elute non-polar compounds. Three fractions: Wash, elute 1 bioactivity eluted early. The active fraction was used for (intermediate polarity) and elute 2 (low polarity). The frac further experiments in purification. tions were evaporated and tested for bioactivity TABLE 22 TABLE 20 Bioactivity of the semi-preparative fractions.

Bioactivity in the reversed phase SPE fractions. Fraction Retention time MIC

Fraction MIC 2 0-5.3 16 3 5.3-7.2 4. Wash 32 4 10.8-134 O Elute 1 16 5 181-193 O Elute 2 2 6 194-21.6 O 7 216-23.3 O 0373 The bioactive compound(s) is probably polar or 8 23.3-25.1 O charged since it was found in the aqueous fraction from the Wessel-Flügge extraction as well as the wash fraction in the reversed phase extraction. It is not likely to be a stronganionic Normal-Phase HPLC. compound since it failed to bind to the anionic solid phase cartridge. Anion exchange Solid phase extraction was used as 0377 The active fraction from the semi-preparative sample preparation prior to HPLC since all the activity eluted reversed phase chromatography (FIG. 5 and table 22) was in one fraction. loaded onto an analytical normal phase column under iso cratic mode. As mobile phase, six different ratios of ethyl HPLC acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) was tried: 1/99:5/95: 10/90; 20/80; 40/60 (EtOAc/MeOH, v/v %). 0374. Our first attempt was conventional reversed phase 0378. This turned out to be a promising method, and chromatography. The active fraction (wash) from the anion another run with more material was performed. One-minute exchange extraction was dried and dissolved in water and fractions were collected and tested for bioactivity. injected onto a C18 column (250x4.6 mm). The gradient was from 96% water to 100% acetonitrile as shown in FIG. 3 TABLE 23 (green line). One-minute fractions were collected, evaporated and dissolved to the sample volume, and tested for bioactivity. Bioactivity of the normal phase fractions.

TABLE 21 Fraction MIC Bioactivity of the analytical reversed phase HPLC fractions. Fraction MIC

2 O 3 O 4 16 5 8 6 4 7 O Mass Spectrometric Analyses of the Active Peak. 8 O 0379 The experiment described in the previous paragraph Later fractions had no bioactivity was repeated and fraction 4 was analysed by a Q-trap mass spectrometer (direct infusion). Two peaks stood out from the US 2011/0256232 A1 Oct. 20, 2011 40 background (m/z 347 and 245). These were further frag antimicrobial composition obtained from the copepod Cala mented, but no certain conclusions can be drawn based on nus finmarchicus to said individual in an effective amount. these data. 88. The method according to claim 87, wherein said treat 0380 A search on various databases on natural com ment is ameliorating, curative or prophylactic. pounds with mass=346 Da (corresponding to m/z 347), 89. The method according to claim 87, wherein said micro returned a hit on penostatin depicted in FIG. 12 (Iwamoto et bial infection is a bacterial, fungal, viral or protozoal infec al. Tetrahedron, 1999 vol. 55 p. 14353). This is a mild cyto tion. toxic compound that was isolated from a fungus that grows on 90. The method according to claim 89, wherein said micro the green algae Enteromorpha intestinalis. The UV-spectra of bial infection is a bacterial infection. 91. The method according to claim 87, wherein said com this and related compounds are similar to that of the active position is an antibiotic. fraction from the normal phase purification (FIG. 8). 92. The method according to claim 87, wherein said micro 1-53. (canceled) bial infection is caused by one or more resistant bacteria with 54. A method for the inhibition of bacterial growth and/or resistance to one or more antibiotics. for the killing of bacteria by the provision of an antimicrobial 93. The method according to claim 87, wherein said resis composition obtained from the copepod Calanus finmarchi tant bacteria is selected from the group consisting of a meti cus, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth and/or killing said cillin-resistant S. aureus, a multiresistant P aeruginosa, a bacteria. multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, and a multiresistant 55. The method according to claim 54, wherein said anti Acinetobacter. microbial composition is selected from the group consisting 94. The method according to claim 89, wherein said fungal of a preservative, an antiseptic, a disinfectant, an anti-fouling infection is caused by a pathogenic fungus selected from the agent and a medicament. group consisting of Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, His 56. The method according to claim 55, wherein said anti toplasma, Pneumocystis, Stachybotrys. microbial composition is a preservative in a food product, a 95. The method according to claim 87, wherein said indi feed composition, a beverage, cosmetics or pharmaceuticals. vidual is a human being. 57-59. (canceled) 96. The method according to claim 87, wherein said indi 60. The method according to claim 54, wherein the bacteria vidual is infected with one or more pathogenic bacteria or are selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas, pathogenic fungi. Enterococcus, Listeria, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Escheri 97. The method according to claim 87, wherein said indi chia, Salmonella, Clostridium and Candida. vidual is infected with one or more pathogenic bacteria resis 61. The method according to claim 54, wherein the bacteria tant to one or more antibiotics. are selected from the group consisting of Pseudomonas 98. The method according to claim 87, wherein said com aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, position is administered to an individual in need thereof by Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, topical, enteral or parenteral administration. Salmonella berta, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium 99. The method according to claim 87, wherein said com bifermentans. position is co-administered with one or more additional 62-85. (canceled) drugs. 86. A kit of parts comprising an antimicrobial composition 100. The method according to claim 99, wherein said one obtained from the copepod Calanus finmarchicus. or more additional drugs comprises one or more antibiotics. 87. A method for treatment of a microbial infection in an individual in need thereof comprising the step of providing an c c c c c