Plant Macroremains from an Early Neolithic Site in Eastern Kuyavia, Central Poland
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Acta Palaeobotanica 56(1): 79–89, 2016 DOI: 10.1515/acpa-2016-0006 Plant macroremains from an early Neolithic site in eastern Kuyavia, central Poland ALDONA MUELLER-BIENIEK 1, PIOTR KITTEL2, BŁAŻEJ MUZOLF 3, KATARZYNA CYWA4, and PRZEMYSŁAW MUZOLF 5 1 W. Szafer Institute of Botany Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geomorphology and Palaeogeography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Łódź, Narutowicza 88, 90-139 Łódź, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 3 Archaeological and Ethnographical Museum in Łódź, Plac Wolności 14, 91-415 Łódź, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 4 W. Szafer Institute of Botany Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 5 Institute of Archaeology, University of Rzeszów, Moniuszki 10, 35-015 Rzeszów, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] Received 4 May 2016, accepted for publication 31 May 2016 ABSTRACT. The study examined plant remains from the Smólsk 2/10 site, situated on the border of two differ- ent landscapes and preserving traces of Neolithic occupation from several cultures: Early Linear Pottery culture (LBK, ca 5300–5200 cal. BC to ca 5000 cal. BC), Stroke Band Pottery culture (SBP, ca 4700–4400 cal. BC), the Brześć Kujawski group of Lengyel culture (BKG, ca 4500–4000/3900 cal. BC), Funnel Beaker culture (TRB, ca 3950–3380 BC), and also some features of the Lusatian culture (Hallstatt C, ca 970–790 cal. BC). Mostly hulled wheat remains (Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum) were found in the LBK, SBP, and BKG cultures; they were completely absent in younger cultures (TRB, Lusatian), where barley remains appeared. Among other plants the most numerous were remains of small-grain grasses (mostly cf. Hierochloë type), feather grass (Stipa sp.), wild buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus), and goosefoot (Chenopodium album type), but the plant remains are relatively scarce. The archaeobotanical data obtained from the site supplement data from neighbouring Osłonki to the west and Wolica Nowa to the north-west. The differences between those microregions are reflected mostly in the earlier appear- ance of feather grass (Stipa sp.) in the Smólsk area as well as the higher quantity of crop chaff remains in the Osłonki area, but their random occurrence, along with the fragmentariness of the archaeological data, must be taken into account. However, intentional introduction of feather grass by the first Neolithic settlers in eastern Kuyavia cannot be excluded. The relatively high proportion of small-grain grasses, usually interpreted as traces of fodder, together with the scarcity of crop remains at the Wolica Nowa site, suggests that the site was connected more with animal husbandry than with agriculture. On the other hand, the small-grain grasses at Smólsk are represented mainly by a large num- ber of non-weedy grass (cf. Hierochloë type) grains from the crop sample, which cannot be explained in a simple way. A comparison of the anthracological data from the Osłonki and Smólsk microregions reveals differences in woodland management and differences between the local environments. Pine wood was more accessible at Smólsk than at Osłonki, due to local landscape characteristics. KEYWORDS: archaeobotany, archaeogeomorphology, Neolithic plant husbandry, Stipa sp., black earths, North European Plain INTRODUCTION The Kujawy region lies near the northern landscape variability (moraines, outwash plains, edge of the distribution of early Neolithic settle- subglacial channels, kettle holes) and hydrologi- ment in Central Europe. This part of the North cal system (small lakes, slow-flowing streams). European Plain was covered by ice during the Archaeological studies of southeastern last glaciation, which is reflected in the area’s Kujawy (Kuyavia) began in the early 20th century 80 A. Mueller-Bieniek et al. / Acta Palaeobotanica 56(1): 79–89, 2016 (Jażdżewski 1938), mainly in Brześć Kujawski DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE (Bogucki & Grygiel 1983, Grygiel 1986). The second important early Neolithic settlement We studied the Smólsk 2/10 site as part of complex was found at Osłonki, ca 10 km west motorway rescue excavations by the Professor of Brześć Kujawski (Grygiel & Bogucki 1997). Konrad Jażdżewski Foundation for Archaeo- Archaeological research in that region, includ- logical Research in Łódź in 2008–2009 (Muzolf ing environmental studies, has been described et al. 2012). The site is located in SE Kuyavia in monographs and review papers (Grygiel (Kujawy), ca 12 km east of the Osłonki site 2004, 2008, Bogucki et al. 2012). Archaeobotan- and 6 km east of Brześć Kujawski (N 52°36ʹ, ical studies of the sites (Zagajewice 1, Miecho- E 18°58ʹ; 75–84 m a.s.l.) (Fig. 1). Smólsk 2/10 wice 4, Konary 1, Konary 1a, Miechowice 4a, is on a morainic upland and the adjoining slope Osłonki 1, Guźlin 2, Smólsk 4, Wolica Nowa 1) of a subglacial channel. Part of the floor of the were described by Bieniek (2007); in the present subglacial channel is occupied by a kettle hole paper we supplement those results with data filled with organic deposits of a post-lake basin. from our archaeobotanical research at another The main part of the site is on a small local site, Smólsk 2/10 (Fig. 1). elevation of the morainic upland. The edge of Fig. 1. Location of the archaeobotanically studied sites (map shows dynamic hypsometry). Sites: 1 – Brześć Kujawski, 2 – Guź- lin, 3 – Konary, 4 – Ludwinowo, 5 – Miechowice, 6 – Osłonki, 7 – Smólsk, 8 – Wolica Nowa, 9 – Zagajewice A. Mueller-Bieniek et al. / Acta Palaeobotanica 56(1): 79–89, 2016 81 the Plock Basin (part of the Vistula ice-mar- Zápotocká 1970, ca 4700–4400 cal. BC), and is ginal streamway), with its very distinctive represented by 23 archeological features includ- topography, is in the close vicinity of the site ing one skeletal grave. The remains of that cul- to the east (Kittel 2015). At present the subgla- ture are clustered in three groups, two of which cial channel floor is covered with hydromorphic are probably remains of camp sites. That occu- soils. The site is at the border of two different pation level is usually mixed with remains of landscapes and also large geobotanical divides: the younger (level 4) chronological level con- the Plock Basin to the east, covered by sandy nected with the Brześć Kujawski group of the soil and mixed pine forest developed mainly on Lengyel culture (BKG). In the features dated fluvioglacial deposits of ice-marginal stream- to the decline of the SBP (clay pit 1000) the way terraces; and Black Kuyavia to the west, influence of Danubian cultures (Cisa-Polgare covered by black and brown soils on morainic cultures, e.g. the Herpaly group) as well as con- upland with numerous closed depressions. The nections with the Little Poland (Małopolska), Plock Basin belongs to the Toruń-Eberswald Lower Silesia (Dolny Śląsk), and Rössen cul- ice-marginal streamway (Pradolina Toruńsko- ture were visible, showing the syncretic char- Eberswaldzka), and the Kuyavian Lakeland acter of the culture and its development into (Pojezierze Kujawskie) belongs to the Great the BKG, represented by at least 26 archaeo- Poland Lakeland (Pojezierze Wielkopolskie) logical features, including 7 skeletal burials. No (Kondracki 2000). The morphology of the area traces of trapezoid houses were found, perhaps occupied by the site was much more diverse in due to soil erosion. Some postholes were most the past than today, with several small closed probably connected with pile buildings of that depressions (area 200–4,000 m2, depth to 1.8– culture. The BKG remains are dated to its early 2.0 m) and the lake basin near the site to the phase and the beginning of the classical phase south-east (Kittel 2015, Kittel et al. 2015). (ca 4500–4000/3900 cal. BC). During rescue excavations a 8.67 ha area was Level 5 is associated with the Funnel Beaker explored, uncovering a number of archaeologi- culture (TRB, ca 3950–3380 BC), represented cal features, including clay pits, storage pits and by 117 archaeological features clustered in waste pits, postholes, burials in clay pits, skel- 3 groups, one of which is interpreted as a cem- eton and cremation graves, ditches, as well as etery with 7 very damaged skeletal graves. isolated hearths and concentrations of ceramics The next chronological levels are connected belonging to nine chronological levels (Muzolf et with the Bronze Age and the start of the Early al. 2012). The most relevant for our study were Iron Age (Hallstatt Period C) (ca 970–790 cal. those of the Neolithic occupation (occupation BC) occupation, mostly represented by fea- levels 2–5). Level 2, radiocarbon dated from ca tures (255) of the Lusatian culture located in 5300–5200 cal. BC to ca 5000 cal. BC, was repre- the south part of the site. The last layer was sented by 114 features of the Early Linear Pot- represented by two graves dated to the Iron tery culture (LBK), including IA (Gniechowice Age (La Tène period). phase), IB (Zofipole phase – Flomborn), and II (generally the music note phase). The features of the Early Linear Pottery culture are clustered MATERIAL AND METHODS in two groups ca 500 m apart in the north and Archaeobotanical analyses were done in the Insti- south parts of the site. The southern group con- tute of Botany (Polish Academy of Sciences) in Kraków sists of about twenty house yards, only three of by A. Mueller-Bieniek (fruits, seeds) and K. Cywa which can be clearly reconstructed on the basis (charcoal fragments). In total, 54 soil samples from of postholes and other features. The houses were 38 archaeological features of different chronology rectangular and small, ca 15–16 m long and up were collected by the excavators (B. Muzolf, P.