DOCSLIB.ORG

Mould Growth on Building Materials Secondary Matabolites, Mycoxocins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mould Growth on Building Materials Secondary Matabolites, Mycoxocins View metadata,Downloaded citation and from similar orbit.dtu.dk papers on:at core.ac.uk Dec 16, 2017 brought to you by CORE provided by Online Research Database In Technology Mould growth on building materials Secondary matabolites, mycoxocins and biomarkers Nielsen, Kristian Fog; Thrane, Ulf Publication date: 2001 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Nielsen, K. F., & Thrane, U. (2001). Mould growth on building materials: Secondary matabolites, mycoxocins and biomarkers. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Mould growth on building materials Secondary metabolites, mycotoxins and biomarkers Kristian Fog Nielsen The Mycology Group Biocentrum-DTU Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2002 Mould growth on building materials Secondary metabolites, mycotoxins and biomarkers ISBN 87-88584-65-8 © Kristian Fog Nielsen [email protected] Phone + 45 4525 2600 Fax. + 45 4588 4922. The Mycology Group, Biocentrum-DTU Technical University of Denmark, Building 221 Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Energy and Indoor Climate Division Danish Building Research Institute Dr. Neergaards Vej 15, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark Supervisors: Ulf Thrane, associate professor, Ph.D The Mycology Group, Biocentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark Suzanne Gravesen, Senior Researcher Energy and Indoor Climate Division, Danish Building Research Institute Examiners: Ib Søndergaard, associate professor, Ph.D Biocentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark Brian Flannigan, Professor Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland Leon Brimer, associate professor, Ph.D Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Frederiksberg, Denmark This thesis was defended at 14 o’clock the 7. December 2001, in auditorium 51, building 208, Technical University of Denmark. PREFACE More than seven ago years ago I was introduced to the fascinating world of fungi and my- cotoxins by Ole Filtenborg and Thomas O. Larsen. The opportunity to work on my own with an array of sophisticated equipment, made me stay in the Mycology Group, and led to my M.Sc. project where Suzanne Gravesen and Thomas convinced me to work with satratoxins in buildings. Successfully ending this work, it resulted in my Ph.D. project financed by the Danish Building Research Institute where Erik Christophersen organised the funds for the project as well as the many travels. However, it has also been frustrating to work in a field where you are unable to help people, often socially disadvantaged, who are forced to move from their mouldy homes due to mas- sive symptoms, often victims of the ignorance of the authorities. Working in such a multidisciplinary area requires help from a lot of people, and at the Danish Building Research Institute I would like to thank the librarians, especially Lillian Nielsen who have been a tremendous help in ordering scientific papers. Gunnar Holm has been a great help in constructing experimental set-ups, Lotte P. Uttrup and Per Hansen have prepared material samples, Jan Carl Westphall helped with various photographic problems, Yelva Jensen has been a good secretary, and Solveig Nissen with the language revision of some of the papers as well as this thesis. Peter A. Nielsen is acknowledged for the fruitful discus- sions on health and building related issues. Jørgen Ø. Madsen, Department of Organic Chemistry, in preparing the 4-D2-ergosterol was a great help in making the ergosterol analytical method work. The private consultants Mikael Ø. Hansen and Peter Thompson have kindly supplied me with "real" mouldy materials, interesting field observations, and taken their time to show me the real mouldy world outside the laboratories. I would like to thank Dr. Aino Nevalainen, Dr. Maija-Riitta Hirvonen, and their helpful Ph.D. students for letting me work in their laboratories at the National Public Health Institute, Ku- opio, Finland. Working at TNO Bouw, The Netherlands, with Dr. Olaf Adan and Gerben van der Wel helped me understand the importance of instationary environmental conditions for mould growth. Having Professor Bruce B. Jarvis in our group for a year raised the level of my work on Stachybotrys and natural products significantly and introduced me to a number of other re- search groups. The help of colleagues in the Mycology group, in particular Elisabeth Krøger, Kir Lyhne, Flemming Lund, Thomas O. Larsen, Jørn Smedsgaard, Jens C. Frisvad and Birgitte Ander- sen has been encouraging. Ulf Thrane has been the perfect Ph.D. supervisor who always had time - if needed, and on the other hand never intervened much in my work. Thanks to Suzanne Gravesen who believed so much in my work and have taught me so much about so many different things and introduced me to so many people as well as help- ing with the language revision of this report. The support and understanding of my beloved wife Hanne - especially during my stays in Finland, Holland and various conference as well as the acceptance of the large piles of pa- pers, CD, books etc. during my project cannot be overestimated. Lyngby, June 2001 Kristian Fog Nielsen Page i ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to document if the moulds produce mycotoxins and other biologi- cally active metabolites when growing in buildings, as well as investigate the influence of environmental conditions on the production of these metabolites. The growth of moulds un- der various humidities should also be investigated along with the use of chemical biomarkers for quantitation of mould growth. It was shown that Stachybotrys chartarum produced a number of mycotoxins when growing in buildings. These components were produced in significantly higher quantities than by other moulds investigated in this study. Only 35% of the isolates from buildings produced the ex- tremely cytotoxic satratoxins. Actually these metabolites are probably not responsible for idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in infants, which is probably caused by other S. charta- rum metabolites. For the first time ever Stachybotrys metabolites were found in air-samples, where several classes of spiriocyclic drimanes and satratoxins were detected. Aspergillus versicolor produced high quantities of the carcinogenic mycotoxin, sterigmato- cystin at water activities (aw) > 0.95. At lower aw more than 10 unknown metabolites were produced, including at least 5 metabolites also produced by A. ochraceus. A. versicolor was often growing in mixed cultures with others moulds where it sporulated poorly, meaning that it may evade detection based on cultivating methods. The A. ustus isolates from buildings were macro-morphologically and chemically very different from the cereal isolates, and should be described as a new species. Penicillium chrysogenum produced few detectable metabolites and often none when growing on materials. Combined with the no observed effects on persons experimentally exposed to high quantities of the spores, these observations implies that this species may not be impor- tant and is actually obscuring the detection of more toxic genera and species. P. brevicom- pactum produced mycophenolic acid and P. polonicum the tremorgenic verrucosidin when they were inoculated on water-damaged materials. Chaetomium globosum produced high quantities of chaetoglobosins whereas Trichoderma species did not produce detectable quantities of trichothecenes when growing on materials. Even on laboratory media <1% of the isolates produced trichodermol or esters of it. Ergosterol content of building materials was quickly and precisely quantified by isotope dilu- tion GC-MS/MS. Determination of ergosterol is only needed as a supplement for assessing mould growth on test materials, as visual assessment, especially supported by dissection microscopy generally was just as sensitive. The minimal RH for growth on wood based mate- rials and material containing starch was just below 80% at room temperature, and increased to about 90% at 5°C. On paper-mineral composites such as gypsumboard the minimal RH was approx. 90% RH from room temperature to 5°C. Pure mineral based materials with few organic additives seem to be able to support growth at RH ≥ 0.90, although ≥95% RH was needed to generate chemical detectable quantities of biomass. The phylloplane Cladosporium was able to outgrow P. chrysogenum on materials under transient humidities. This is presumably why phylloplanes like Cladosporium, Ulocladium, Phoma and Aureobasidium are very common in bathrooms and other places with instation- ary humidity conditions. Mould growth in buildings is causing various health effects among the occupants, however the causal components is still partly unknown making scientifically based guidelines for "how much is too much" and cost efficient remediation of mouldy buildings almost impossible. Page
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States
    Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States Common Name Genus and Species Page atamasco lily Zephyranthes atamasco 21 bitter sneezeweed Helenium amarum 20 black cherry Prunus serotina 6 black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 14 black nightshade Solanum nigrum 16 bladderpod Glottidium vesicarium 11 bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum 5 buttercup Ranunculus abortivus 9 castor bean Ricinus communis 17 cherry laurel Prunus caroliniana 6 chinaberry Melia azederach 14 choke cherry Prunus virginiana 6 coffee senna Cassia occidentalis 12 common buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis 25 common cocklebur Xanthium pensylvanicum 15 common sneezeweed Helenium autumnale 19 common yarrow Achillea millefolium 23 eastern baccharis Baccharis halimifolia 18 fetterbush Leucothoe axillaris 24 fetterbush Leucothoe racemosa 24 fetterbush Leucothoe recurva 24 great laurel Rhododendron maxima 9 hairy vetch Vicia villosa 27 hemp dogbane Apocynum cannabinum 23 horsenettle Solanum carolinense 15 jimsonweed Datura stramonium 8 johnsongrass Sorghum halepense 7 lantana Lantana camara 10 maleberry Lyonia ligustrina 24 Mexican pricklepoppy Argemone mexicana 27 milkweed Asclepias tuberosa 22 mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia 6 mustard Brassica sp . 25 oleander Nerium oleander 10 perilla mint Perilla frutescens 28 poison hemlock Conium maculatum 17 poison ivy Rhus radicans 20 poison oak Rhus toxicodendron 20 poison sumac Rhus vernix 21 pokeberry Phytolacca americana 8 rattlebox Daubentonia punicea 11 red buckeye Aesculus pavia 16 redroot pigweed Amaranthus retroflexus 18 rosebay Rhododendron calawbiense 9 sesbania Sesbania exaltata 12 scotch broom Cytisus scoparius 13 sheep laurel Kalmia angustifolia 6 showy crotalaria Crotalaria spectabilis 5 sicklepod Cassia obtusifolia 12 spotted water hemlock Cicuta maculata 17 St. John's wort Hypericum perforatum 26 stagger grass Amianthum muscaetoxicum 22 sweet clover Melilotus sp .
    [Show full text]
  • Classical Biological Control of Arthropods in Australia
    Classical Biological Contents Control of Arthropods Arthropod index in Australia General index List of targets D.F. Waterhouse D.P.A. Sands CSIRo Entomology Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Canberra 2001 Back Forward Contents Arthropod index General index List of targets The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its primary mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has special competence. Where trade names are used this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR MONOGRAPH SERIES This peer-reviewed series contains the results of original research supported by ACIAR, or material deemed relevant to ACIAR’s research objectives. The series is distributed internationally, with an emphasis on the Third World. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Waterhouse, D.F. and Sands, D.P.A. 2001. Classical biological control of arthropods in Australia. ACIAR Monograph No. 77, 560 pages. ISBN 0 642 45709 3 (print) ISBN 0 642 45710 7 (electronic) Published in association with CSIRO Entomology (Canberra) and CSIRO Publishing (Melbourne) Scientific editing by Dr Mary Webb, Arawang Editorial, Canberra Design and typesetting by ClarusDesign, Canberra Printed by Brown Prior Anderson, Melbourne Cover: An ichneumonid parasitoid Megarhyssa nortoni ovipositing on a larva of sirex wood wasp, Sirex noctilio. Back Forward Contents Arthropod index General index Foreword List of targets WHEN THE CSIR Division of Economic Entomology, now Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Entomology, was established in 1928, classical biological control was given as one of its core activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Mould Growth on Building Materials Secondary Matabolites, Mycoxocins and Biomarkers
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 05, 2021 Mould growth on building materials Secondary matabolites, mycoxocins and biomarkers Nielsen, Kristian Fog Publication date: 2001 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Nielsen, K. F. (2001). Mould growth on building materials: Secondary matabolites, mycoxocins and biomarkers. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Mould growth on building materials Secondary metabolites, mycotoxins and biomarkers Kristian Fog Nielsen The Mycology Group Biocentrum-DTU Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2002 Mould growth on building materials Secondary metabolites, mycotoxins and biomarkers ISBN 87-88584-65-8 © Kristian Fog Nielsen [email protected] Phone + 45 4525 2600 Fax. + 45 4588 4922. The Mycology Group, Biocentrum-DTU Technical University of Denmark, Building 221 Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Energy and Indoor Climate Division Danish Building Research Institute Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Poisonous Plant Guide Reprinted from the Merck Veterinary Manual, 8Th Ed., 1998, with Permission of the Publisher, Merck & Co., Inc.,Whitehouse Station, N.J
    Poisonous Plant Guide Reprinted from The Merck Veterinary Manual, 8th ed., 1998, with permission of the publisher, Merck & Co., Inc.,Whitehouse Station, N.J. This chart may be used as a guide to preventing pet exposure to poisonous plants. Call your veterinarian immediately if you suspect your pet has been exposed to any poisonous substance. Agave Brunfelsia Americana (Agavaceae): Caladium pauciflora var spp (Araceae): Century Plant, Aloe Barbadensis (vera) (Liliaceae): floribunda (Solanaceae): Caladium, Fancy leaf American aloe Barbados aloe, Curacao aloe Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, caladium, Angel wings Lady-of-the-night CHARACTERISTICS: Clumps of thick, CHARACTERISTICS: Succulent herb with cluster of Aglaonema CHARACTERISTICS: Perennial herbs with long-shaped blue/green leaves with hook narrow fleshy, spinous or coarsely serrated margin CHARACTERISTICS: Evergreen shrubs to small trees with (margin) and pointed spines (tip). Central modestum simple, heart-shaped thin, highlighted veins, leaves, with hook spines on leaf margin. Dense alternate, undivided, toothless, thick rather leathery flower stalk with small tubular (Araceae): variegated leaves; yellow green spathe; grown spiked tubular yellow flowers at end of single stalk. lustrous leaves.Winter-blooming; large showy flowers in clusters. Chinese evergreen, from rhizomes. Painted drop tongue sometimes fragrant flowers, clustered or solitary TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Contains anthraquinone at the branch ends, with 5-lobed tubular calyx, TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Calcium oxalate TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Sap contains glycosides (barbaloin, emodin) and chrysophanic CHARACTERISTICS: Central stem with solid 5 petals, and funnel-shaped corolla. crystals and unknowns found in all parts, especially calcium oxalate crystals; saponins and acid in the latex of the leaves; higher medium green or splotched gray/green Fruits berry-like capsules.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Ecology and Sirex Noctilio: Interactions with Microbial Symbionts and Native Insects
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: Community Ecology and Sirex noctilio: Interactions with Microbial Symbionts and Native Insects Brian Matthew Thompson, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Directed By: Assistant Professor, Daniel S. Gruner, Department of Entomology Sirex noctilio is an invasive woodwasp with a global distribution that feeds on the sapwood of pine trees. Wood-feeding in the basal Hymenoptera (sawflies) arose out of sequential adaptations to feeding on nutrient poor and digestively refractive internal plant organs (xylem). Symbiotic association with White-rot fungi are thought to aid overcoming nutritional and digestive barriers, including exceedingly low nitrogen (N) and refractory lignocellulosic polymers. In this dissertation I evaluate wood-feeding relative to nutrition, symbiosis and biotic resistance to invasion of exotic North American habitats in Sirex noctilio [Hymenoptera: Siricidae]. I evaluated nutrient relations within fungal mutualism using: 1) functional morphological analysis of insect feeding, 2) sterol molecules to determine diet sources and 3) metagenomic and isotopic analyses for discovery of novel microbial associates and their associated nutrient pathways. Nutritional constraints of wood feeding are potentially compounded by the presence of diverse fungal and insect communities as they divide the tree resource. I examined the role biotic resistance to Sirex and its fungal mutualist, Amylostereum, in North America using field and laboratory experiments. Morphological evidence supported a role for Amylostereum in external digestion of wood. Observational evidence confirmed Sirex larvae did not ingest wood biomass but preferentially extracted liquid substances via specialized structures of mandibles. Sterol analysis indicated plant compounds as the primary constituent of the diet, while metagenomic analysis of bacteria and their metabolic pathways showed a bacterial microbiome adapted to short chain plant polymers, starch and sugar metabolism.
    [Show full text]
  • Proving the Mode of Action of Phytotoxic Phytochemicals
    plants Review Proving the Mode of Action of Phytotoxic Phytochemicals Stephen O. Duke 1,* , Zhiqiang Pan 2 and Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel 2 1 National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38655, USA 2 Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Oxford, MS 38655, USA; [email protected] (Z.P.); [email protected] (J.B.-H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-662-915-7882 Received: 20 November 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 11 December 2020 Abstract: Knowledge of the mode of action of an allelochemical can be valuable for several reasons, such as proving and elucidating the role of the compound in nature and evaluating its potential utility as a pesticide. However, discovery of the molecular target site of a natural phytotoxin can be challenging. Because of this, we know little about the molecular targets of relatively few allelochemicals. It is much simpler to describe the secondary effects of these compounds, and, as a result, there is much information about these effects, which usually tell us little about the mode of action. This review describes the many approaches to molecular target site discovery, with an attempt to point out the pitfalls of each approach. Clues from molecular structure, phenotypic effects, physiological effects, omics studies, genetic approaches, and use of artificial intelligence are discussed. All these approaches can be confounded if the phytotoxin has more than one molecular target at similar concentrations or is a prophytotoxin, requiring structural alteration to create an active compound.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of Grass Root Chemical Ecology
    COMMENTARY The emergence of grass root chemical ecology Stephen O. Duke* Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 8048, University, MS 38677 llelopathy is defined by most isoxazolin-5-on-2yl)-alanine, which inhib- converted to L-DOPA, a known phyto- scientists as the adverse effect its root growth on nonlegume plant toxin. Bertin et al. state that this is un- of one plant species on another species (12), although this nonprotein likely because L-DOPA is significantly through production of phyto- amino acid is much less phytotoxic than less phytotoxic than m-tyrosine. How- Atoxins (allelochemicals), although more m-tyrosine. ever, m-tyrosine might be taken up expansive definitions have been formu- Finding that m-tyrosine is a potent more readily by plant cells than lated. Allelopathy is but one component phytotoxin leads to many interesting L-DOPA, leaving conversion to L-DOPA of plant/plant interference, the other questions deserving further inquiry. as a potentially more limiting step. Can being competition for resources such as First, how does the producing species m-tyrosine be converted to L-DOPA by nutrients, light, and water. Allelopathy protect itself from autotoxicity? It seems a cell-free extract of a species suscepti- has been a recognized phenomenon for that m-tyrosine is broadly phytotoxic ble to m-tyrosine? If so, is the process many years (1), but prominent ecologists with some differences in plant species highly efficient in vivo? Synthetic pro- have argued that allelopathy is seldom susceptibility, so what mechanism does herbicides that are inactive at the molec- a significant component of interference the producing plant use to avoid the ular target site are much more effective (e.g., ref.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions Between the Woodwasp Sirex Noctilio and Co-Habiting Phloem- and Woodboring Beetles, and Their Fungal Associates in Southern Ontario
    Interactions between the Woodwasp Sirex noctilio and Co-habiting Phloem- and Woodboring Beetles, and their Fungal Associates in southern Ontario by Kathleen Ryan A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto ©Copyright by Kathleen Ryan 2011 Interactions between the Woodwasp Sirex noctilio and Co-habiting Phloem- and Woodboring Beetles, and their Fungal Associates in southern Ontario Kathleen Ryan Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto 2011 Abstract In its introduced southern hemisphere range, Sirex noctilio causes considerable mortality in non-native pine forests. In its native Eurasian range however, S. noctilio is of little concern perhaps due to interactions with a well-developed community of pine-inhabiting insects and their associated microorganisms. If such interactions occur, they may limit the woodwasp’s impact in its newly introduced range in North America. My research addresses two broad questions: 1) Does S. noctilio share its habitat with other insects and if so, with whom? 2) Is there evidence that co-habitants affect S. noctilio , and if so how might such interactions occur? Field studies undertaken to describe the woodwasp’s host-attack ecology in Pinus sylvestris showed S. noctilio activity occurred between mid-July and late August, and other phloem- and woodborers sometimes entered the tree after the woodwasp. Tree mortality occurred from two weeks to several months after initial woodwasp symptoms. Suppressed or intermediate trees, those with ≤ 25% residual foliage, or those with stem injury or previous woodwasp symptoms were most likely to have symptoms of woodwasp attack.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Symbionts Shape the Sterol Profile of the Xylem-Feeding Woodwasp, Sirex Noctilio
    J Chem Ecol (2013) 39:129–139 DOI 10.1007/s10886-012-0222-7 Microbial Symbionts Shape the Sterol Profile of the Xylem-Feeding Woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Brian M. Thompson & Robert J. Grebenok & Spencer T. Behmer & Daniel S. Gruner Received: 23 August 2012 /Revised: 9 October 2012 /Accepted: 23 November 2012 /Published online: 8 December 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 Abstract The symbiotic fungus Amylostereum areolatum is the primary source of sterol or bulk nutrition for Sirex. essential for growth and development of larvae of the inva- Our findings suggest there is a potentially greater impor- sive woodwasp, Sirex noctilio. In the nutrient poor xylem of tance for fungal enzymes, including the external digestion of pine trees, upon which Sirex feeds, it is unknown whether recalcitrant plant polymers (e.g., lignin and cellulose), shap- Amylostereum facilitates survival directly through consump- ing this insect-fungal symbiosis. tion (mycetophagy) and/or indirectly through digestion of recalcitrant plant polymers (external rumen hypothesis). We Keywords Sirex noctilio . Amylostereum . Sterol tested these alternative hypotheses for Amylostereum in- metabolism . External rumen hypothesis . Invasive volvement in Sirex foraging using the innate dependency symbiosis . Mycetophagy of all insects on dietary sources of sterol and the unique sterols indicative of fungi and plants. We tested alternative hypotheses by using GC-MS to quantify concentrations of Introduction free and bound sterol pools from multiple life-stages of Sirex, food sources, and waste products in red pine (Pinus Associations between insects and fungi are ubiquitous in resinosa). Cholesterol was the primary sterol found in all nature and range from non-specific polyphagy to obligate life-stages of Sirex.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Microorganisms in the Remediation of Wastewater in Floating Treatment Wetlands: a Review
    sustainability Review Role of Microorganisms in the Remediation of Wastewater in Floating Treatment Wetlands: A Review Munazzam Jawad Shahid 1, Ameena A. AL-surhanee 2, Fayza Kouadri 3, Shafaqat Ali 1,4,* , Neeha Nawaz 1, Muhammad Afzal 5 , Muhammad Rizwan 1 , Basharat Ali 6 and Mona H. Soliman 7 1 Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; [email protected] (M.J.S.); [email protected] (N.N.); [email protected] (M.R.) 2 Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 2014, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 3 Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, AL-Madina AL-Munawarah 344, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 4 Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan 5 Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; [email protected] 6 Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; [email protected] 7 Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 June 2020; Accepted: 29 June 2020; Published: 10 July 2020 Abstract: This article provides useful information for understanding the specific role of microbes in the pollutant removal process in floating treatment wetlands (FTWs). The current literature is collected and organized to provide an insight into the specific role of microbes toward plants and pollutants. Several aspects are discussed, such as important components of FTWs, common bacterial species, rhizospheric and endophytes bacteria, and their specific role in the pollutant removal process.
    [Show full text]
  • Streptomyces Scabies and Identification Of
    Coronafacoyl phytotoxin biosynthesis in Streptomyces scabies and identification of common scab-associated Streptomyces species in Newfoundland By © Luke Bown A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland September 2018 St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador Abstract The Streptomyces are a genus of Gram-positive Actinomycete bacteria that are best known for their ability to produce a wide variety of secondary metabolite compounds (also known as specialized metabolites). Many of these compounds can allow the Streptomyces to interact with other organisms in a symbiotic manner, while other compounds such as antibiotics can have a deleterious effect on organisms that interact with them. A subset of Streptomyces species are pathogenic to plants and have been shown to use secondary metabolites as virulence factors for host colonization and infection. For example, Streptomyces scabies (syn. S. scabiei) is a well-characterized plant pathogen that causes the economically important disease potato common scab, and it produces several secondary metabolites that are known or suspected to contribute to the infection process. One such metabolite is coronafacoyl-L-isoleucine (CFA-Ile), which is a member of the coronafacoyl family of phytotoxins that contribute to the virulence phenotype of several different plant pathogenic bacteria. The best characterized coronafacoyl phytotoxin is coronatine (COR), which is produced by Pseudomonas syringae. The biosynthesis of COR and CFA-Ile involves a gene cluster that is highly conserved in both P. syringae and S. scabies, suggesting that the biosynthetic pathway for producing these metabolites is similar in both organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Composting with Additives to Improve Organic Amendments. a Review Justine Barthod, Cornelia Rumpel, Marie-France Dignac
    Composting with additives to improve organic amendments. A review Justine Barthod, Cornelia Rumpel, Marie-France Dignac To cite this version: Justine Barthod, Cornelia Rumpel, Marie-France Dignac. Composting with additives to improve organic amendments. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sci- ences/INRA, 2018, 38 (2), pp.17. 10.1007/s13593-018-0491-9. hal-01731152 HAL Id: hal-01731152 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01731152 Submitted on 13 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Agronomy for Sustainable Development (2018) 38: 17 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0491-9 REVIEW ARTICLE Composting with additives to improve organic amendments. A review Justine Barthod1 & Cornelia Rumpel1 & Marie-France Dignac2 Accepted: 7 February 2018 /Published online: 7 March 2018 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Composting and vermicomposting are sustainable strategies to transform organic wastes into organic amendments, valuable as potting media or soil conditioner. However, the negative aspects of these processes are emissions of greenhouse gases and odorous molecules and final product potentially containing toxic compounds. These negative aspects can be limited through the addition of organic, inorganic or biological additives to the composted or vermicomposted mixture.
    [Show full text]