Poisonous Plant Guide Reprinted from The Merck Veterinary Manual, 8th ed., 1998, with permission of the publisher, Merck & Co., Inc.,Whitehouse Station, N.J. This chart may be used as a guide to preventing pet exposure to poisonous plants. Call your veterinarian immediately if you suspect your pet has been exposed to any poisonous substance.

Agave Brunfelsia Americana (Agavaceae): Caladium pauciflora var spp (Araceae): Century Plant, Aloe Barbadensis (vera) (Liliaceae): floribunda (Solanaceae): Caladium, Fancy leaf American aloe Barbados aloe, Curacao aloe Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, caladium, Angel wings Lady-of-the-night CHARACTERISTICS: Clumps of thick, CHARACTERISTICS: Succulent herb with cluster of Aglaonema CHARACTERISTICS: Perennial herbs with long-shaped blue/green leaves with hook narrow fleshy, spinous or coarsely serrated margin CHARACTERISTICS: Evergreen shrubs to small trees with (margin) and pointed spines (tip). Central modestum simple, heart-shaped thin, highlighted veins, leaves, with hook spines on leaf margin. Dense alternate, undivided, toothless, thick rather leathery flower stalk with small tubular (Araceae): variegated leaves; yellow green spathe; grown spiked tubular yellow flowers at end of single stalk. lustrous leaves.Winter-blooming; large showy flowers in clusters. Chinese evergreen, from rhizomes. Painted drop tongue sometimes fragrant flowers, clustered or solitary TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Contains anthraquinone at the branch ends, with 5-lobed tubular calyx, TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Calcium oxalate TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Sap contains glycosides (barbaloin, emodin) and chrysophanic CHARACTERISTICS: Central stem with solid 5 petals, and funnel-shaped corolla. crystals and unknowns found in all parts, especially calcium oxalate crystals; saponins and acid in the latex of the leaves; higher medium green or splotched gray/green Fruits berry-like capsules. rhizomes. Ingestion causes immediate intense pain, acrid volatile oil in leaves and seeds. On concentrations in younger leaves. On ingestion, leaves; small greenish flowers. local irritation to mucous membranes, excess ingestion, causes dermal and oral causes abrupt, severe diarrhea and/or TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Alkaloid salivation, swollen tongue and pharynx, diarrhea, mucosal irritation and edema. hypoglycemia, with vomiting in some cases. TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: The entire components (atropine, scopolamine, and dyspnea. Pets access to plant associated with Colchicum plant contains calcium oxalate crystals. hyoscyamine) found in the flowers, leaves, rhizomes brought indoors for winter storage. TREATMENT: Symptomatic TREATMENT: Symptomatic control autumnale Liliaceae, On ingestion, causes oral mucosal bark, and roots. On ingestion, animals show diarrhea and fluid loss. Colchicaceae): irritation and edema. tachycardia, dry mouth, dilated pupils, TREATMENT: Symptomatic Cannabis ataxia, tremors, depression, Autumn crocus, Crocus, Fall sativa (Canna baceae): crocus, Meadow saffron,Wonder bulb TREATMENT: Symptomatic urinary retention, and sometimes coma Mary Jane, Marijuana, Grass, Pot, (deep sedation). Not reported to cause death. Hashish, Indian hemp, Reefer,Weed CHARACTERISTICS: Popular house or yard plant, Chlorophytum spp (Liliaceae): TREATMENT: In severely depressed perennial herb, ovoid under ground corm CHARACTERISTICS: Annual herb grown from seeds 6 ft. tall. Leaves covered with brown membrane or scales. Leaves large, Spider plant, Capsicum animals, stimulants (respiratory and opposite or alternate, palmately compound with 5-7 linear, coarsely lanceolate, basal, ovate, smooth, ribbed, appear in spring and St Bernard’s lily, annuum cardiac), along with supportive dentate leaflets; small green flowers at tip (male) or along entire length die back before flowering. Flowers tubular, solitary, pale Airplane plant (Solanaceae): therapy recommended. (female) of branch; fruits achenes. Grown for its fiber; legally cultivated under purple or white appearing in fall; ovoid capsule with Cherry pepper, Chili federal license only. numerous seeds. CHARACTERISTICS: Rhizomatous herbs pepper, Ornamental pepper, with leaves slightly glossy, succulent, Capsicum TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Leaves, stems, and flower buds of mature TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Colchicine and related narrow, strap-like, greensome with a broad plants contain tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and related compounds.THC Convallaria alkaloids found throughout plant.These alkaloids are heat yellow or white band down the middle; long, CHARACTERISTICS: Annual shrub; branched, erect concentrations vary with plant variety (1-6%), parts (female flowers have stable and not affected by drying. Colchicine is used cream, hanging stems with small, white flowers stem; dark glossy, ovate, entire margin leaves; majalis (Liliaceae): highest concentrations), processing (extracts have as much as 28%), sex and experimentally in genetic investigations, and developing into plantlets. Often grown in white flowers Fruits shiny berries of various Lily-of-the-valley. Conval growing conditions. Lethal dose for dogs >3.0 g/kg body wt. Pets exposure medically in the treatment of gout in humans. It is hanging baskets. colors, shapes, sizes. lily, Mayflower usually from accidental access to this plant being used for in-home cumulative and slowly excreted. Milk of lactating treatment of cancer patient or for illegal recreational uses by owner. Pets TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: More commonly CHARACTERISTICS: Herbaceous perennial animals is a major excretory pathway. Observed clinical TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Capsaicinoids grown today for its filtering ability. Pet animals (dogs primarily) show ataxia, vomiting, mydriasis, prolonged depression, from slender running rhizome; stem signs are thirst, difficult swallowing, abdominal pain, (capsaicin) in the mature fruits, solanine and (especially cats) reach these plants either by tachycardia or bradycardia, salivation, hyperexcitability, tremors and leafless, bearing a 1-sided raceme of profuse vomiting and diarrhea, weakness, and shock scopletin in foliage; irritating to the GI tract, climbing or when plantlets fall from mature hypothermia. Death results when vital CNS regulatory centers are nodding white, aromatic, bell-shaped within hours of ingestion. Death from with vomiting and diarrhea. Not likely stems. Unknown toxin(s) found in leaves and severely depressed. flowers; leaves 2 or 3, basal to 1 ft. long. respiratory failure. to be lethal. plantlets.Vomiting, salivation, retching, and Fruit a red berry but seldom formed. TREATMENT: Remove animal from source. Effectiveness of emetics TREATMENT: Prolonged course due to slow transient anorexia seen in cats within TREATMENT: Symptomatic; irritation relief limited by antiemetic effect of THC. Oral tannic acid, excretion of colchicine. Gastric lavage; hours of ingestion. Deaths and cool water irrigation, topical or TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Cardiac glycosides activated charcoal followed by saline cathartics have supportive care for dehydration and diarrhea not reported. oral mineral or vegetable oil. (convallarin, convallamarin, convallatoxin), irritant saponins been recommended. Stimulants (cardiac and found in leaves, flowers, rhizome, and water in which flowers electrolyte losses (fluid therapy): CNS, Digitalis Rarely topical TREATMENT: respiratory) along with supportive therapy have been kept.Variable latent period depending on dose. circulatory, and respiratory purpurea anesthetics. Euphorbia Symptomatic essential in severely depressed animals. GI signs (vomiting, trembling, abdominal pain, diarrhea), disturbances. Analgesics (Scrophulariacae): pulcherrima Recovery slow at best. progressive cardiac irregularities (irregular heart beats, and atropine recommended Foxglove (Euphorbiaceae): A-V block) and death. Hyperkalemia in acute cases. for abdominal pain and Poinsettia, Christmas flower, Gastroenteritis, petechial hemorrhages throughout. diarrhea. CHARACTERISTICS: Erect biennial with Christmas star simple petioled (long on lower, short or Dracaena TREATMENT: Aimed at gut decontamination (gastric Dieffenbachia spp sessile on upper), alternate, toothed, hairy, CHARACTERISTICS: Perennial shrub with milky, white sap spp (Agavaceae): lavage) and at correcting bradycardia (atropine), (Araceae): ovate to lanceolate leaves. Purple, pink, red, throughout. Leaves alternate, petioled, distinctly veined, Dragon tree conduction defects (phenytoin), and electrolyte Dumbcane white or yellow tubular flowers (with spots) entire or lobed, and conspicuously bright red, pink or white imbalance such as hyperkalemia (IV in terminal racemes; fruit is a capsule with (terminal leaves), lower leaves remain green. Flowers small CHARACTERISTICS: Robust palm-like electrolytes). Electrocardiographic CHARACTERISTICS: Fairly tall, erect, unbranched, fleshy plant; many seeds. and inconspicuous. house plant with lance-shaped, thin, and serum potassium stem girdled with leaf scars; leaves large, thickly veined, variegated, alternate, nonpetioled monitoring sheath-like petioles, white or yellow spots TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Cardiac TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Milky sap contains unknown leaves.Yellow, red, or green stripes along necessary. on blade. glycosides (digitoxin, digitalin, digoxin, leaf margins in some species. Lower leaves toxic principle(s); irritates mucous membranes and causes and others), saponins and alkaloids excessive salivation and vomiting but not death.Toxicity are lost, leaf scars remain and clearly Hyacinthus spp TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Calcium oxalate crystals found throughout plant. Potency (hybrid species) not supported experimentally.Toxic demarcated, terminal leaves retained as (Liliaceae): Cyclamen and unknown toxic proteins (possibly asparagine not affected by drying. Generally, diterpenes (ingenol derivatives) found in other plant matures. Hyacinths spp (Primulaceae): or protoanemonin) in all parts, including sap. On acute abdominal pain, vomiting, Euphorbia spp have not been found in this species. Cyclamen, Snowbread, ingestion, immediate intense pain, burning, and bloody diarrhea, frequent TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Alkaloids, saponins, CHARACTERISTICS: Garden ornamentals Shooting star inflammation of mouth and throat, anorexia, urination, irregular slow pulse, TREATMENT: Symptomatic; gastric lavage, and resin found in leaves.Vomiting and that grow from bulbs (close vomiting, and possibly diarrhea, with tongue tremors, convulsions, and activated charcoal, and saline severe diarrhea indicative of GI irritation resemblance to onion bulbs) and flower CHARACTERISTICS: Herbaceous plants, grown extended, head shaking, excessive salivation, rarely death. cathartics should be expected. Clinical cases have not in early spring. Bulbs harvested and stored from rhizomes or tubers. Petioled, and dyspnea. Immediate pain limits amount considered. been reported. heart-shaped, deep green intermixed with lighter consumed. Death infrequent. TREATMENT: in fall for replanting in spring. Symptomatic green coloration (same leaf), serrated leaves; TREATMENT: Symptomatic, to stems upright with a terminal pink or white Persea TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Calcium oxalate TREATMENT: Symptomatic correct fluid and crystals and alkaloids (their toxic potential butterfly-like flower. Kalanchoe electrolye Americana (Lauraceae): Avocodo pear,Alligator pear yet to be defined) found in bulbs. After spp (Crassulaceae): imbalance. ingestion of toxic dose (bulbs), vomiting, TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Triterpinoid saponins Kalanchoe,Airplant, found in tuberous rhizomes cause GI irritation, CHARACTERISTICS: Tree or shrubs with long branches arising from terminal diarrhea, and rare deaths reported. Cathedral-bells Lilium longi florum; L tigrinum thereby increasing systemic absorption and buds, widely cultivated for its fruits.Three commonly Bulbs in storage may be (Liliaceae): severe toxicity. Anorexia, diarrhea, convulsions, cultivated races (Mexican, Guatemalan, and West Indies.) Leaves accessible to pets. CHARACTERISTICS: Winter flowering, Easter lily,Trumpet lily and paralysis are observed clinical signs. Pets ovate-elliptical, entire, alternate, veined, dark-green above and paler below, herbaceous, succulent, non-hardy annuals or have greater access to these plants over papery to the feel. Flowers inconspicuous yellow-green in axillary or terminal TREATMENT: Symptomatic perennials. Fleshy, serrate or crenate, opposite, CHARACTERISTICS: Plants grown from bulbs; leaves alternate or winter months (both pets and plants panicles; fruit berry, ovoid to pyriform in shape with thick, leathery, glossy dark petioled leaves. Bright red, orange, or pink flowers in whorled, sessile, linear or lanceolate blades; large showy are indoors). green skin over lime-green to yellow flesh and a smooth, ovoid, umbel. Stems become woody and untidy with age. funnel-form flowers. Fruits capsules with numerous, flat seeds. solitary seed. Sansevieria TREATMENT: Symptomatic TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Cardiac glycosides found TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Unknown toxin found throughout spp (Agavaceae): TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: All above-ground parts (leaves in particular) in leaves.Within hours of ingesting toxic dose, plants Renal failure in cats 2-4 days post ingestion. Not reported Sansevieria, Snake reported toxic to cattle, horses, goats, rabbits, canaries, ostriches, and fish. depression, rapid breathing, teeth grinding, ataxia, toxic to other species.Vomiting, depression, loss of appetite plant, Mother-in-law’s Responsible toxin a monoglyceride. Oil found in fruits used for cosmetic paralysis, opisthotonos (rabbit), and death (rat). within 12 hr. post-ingestion. Elevated creatinine, BUN, tongue purposes.Toxicity associated with noninfectious agalactia (cattle, rabbits, phosphorus, and potassium indicate toxicity. goats), pulmonary congestion, cardiac arrhythmia, submandibular edema, Ilex TREATMENT: Symptomatic; atropine has been CHARACTERISTICS: Hardy, succulent house acute death (rabbits, cage birds, goats), respiratory distress, generalized aquifolium effective in rabbits. TREATMENT: Emetics, activated charcoal, saline cathartic, plant. Leaves erect, elongate, lanceolate, congestion, subcutaneous edema, and hydropericardium (suggestive of and nursing care as for renal failure within hours of and flat or cylindrical, dark green with or (Aquifoliaceae): cardiac failure [caged birds]). In caged birds, clinical signs may be ingestion. Delayed treatment is associated with without a yellow stripe along the margins, English holly, Philodendron seen within 24 hr. (usually after 12 hr.), with poor prognosis. and horizontal gray bands throughout; many European holly spp (Araceae): death 1-2 days after exposure. Rhododendron yellow star-like flowers on tall central Philodendron raceme or spike. CHARACTERISTICS: Evergreen shrub with spp (Ericaceae): TREATMENT: Primarily symptomatic leaves leathery, glossy upper surface, CHARACTERISTICS: Climbing vines with aerial Azalea, Rhododendron and supportive. spiny toothed, alternate, and petioled; Phoradendron TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Hemolytic roots; leaves (major attraction as a houseplant) fruits red to yellow berries with many flavescens (Viscaceae): saponin and organic acids found in are large, unlobed or pinnately lobed and CHARACTERISTICS: Evergreen or deciduous shrub leaves and flowers.Vomiting, salivation, seeds and aromatic taste. Mistletoe with simple, alternate, entire leaves; funnel-shaped heart-shaped; rarely flowering. diarrhea, and hemolysis related to GI flowers in terminal umbel-like clusters or solitary and TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Saponins; an alkaloid CHARACTERISTICS: Perennial parasitic shrub activity of these compounds. TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Calcium oxalate crystals of various colors; fruits are capsules with Schefflera spp (theobromine), triterpene compounds, and that grows on deciduous trees. Evergreen, and unidentified proteins throughout entire many seeds. (Araliaceae): unknown compounds with digitalis-like ovoid, opposite leaves on round, highly branched, TREATMENT: Symptomatic; plant. On ingestion, immediate pain, local Schefflera, Umbrella cardiotonic activity have been found in leaves, green stem.White berries with single seed. Brought fluids and electrolytes irritation to mucous membranes, excessive TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Andromedotoxins tree may be necessary. fruits, and seeds. Abdominal pain, vomiting, into homes during Christmas season. (grayanotoxins) found in all parts, including pollen and salivation, edematous tongue and pharynx, and diarrhea seen after ingestion of dyspnea, and renal failure. Excitability, nervous nectar.Within hours of ingestion of toxic dose (1g/kg), CHARACTERISTICS: Fast-growing 2 berries. Death rare. TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Amines (B-phenylethylamine, spasms, convulsions, and occasional salivation, lacrimation,vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, evergreen with glossy, palmately acetylcholine, choline and tyramine), toxic proteins encephalitis reported in cats. muscle weakness, convulsions, coma, and death. Signs compound leaves that hang and spread, TREATMENT: Symptomatic (viscotoxins), and unknowns in all parts.Vomiting, may last several days, but toxin is not cumulative. appearing like an umbrella. Depending on the Xanthium spp: (at best) profuse diarrhea, dilated pupils, rapid labored TREATMENT: Symptomatic species, leaflets increase with plant maturity Cocklebur breathing, shock and death from cardiovascular TREATMENT: Symptomatic; gastric lavage, activated and become more compact; veins pronounced; collapse within hours of ingesting toxic dose. Solanum charcoal, saline cathartics, calcium injection, margins entire to slightly crenate. HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Fields, waste places, and antibiotics to control possible exposed shores of ponds or rivers; pseudocapsicum (Solanaceae): TREATMENT: Symptomatic Jerusalem cherry pneumonia suggested. TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Oxalate found in throughout North America the leaves. Mucous membrane irritation, Zamia pumila CHARACTERISTICS: Shrub with simple lanceolate, entire or salivation, anorexia, vomiting, and if AFFECTED ANIMALS: All animals, more common in pigs (Zamiaceae): severe enough, diarrhea. slightly serrated leaves. Small star-shaped white flowers. Ripe Coontie, Florida arrowroot, fruits are red, shiny berries with many white seeds. IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Spring and Seminole bread, Cycad TREATMENT: Symptomatic occassionally Fall. Coarse annual herb. Fruit covered with TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Solanocapsine and related alkaloids Cicuta spp: spines, 2 beaked with 2 compartments. CHARACTERISTICS: Palm-like plant with thick under ground fleshy, found in leaves and fruits. Anorexia, abdominal pain, vomiting, Water hemlock hemorrhagic diarrhea, salivation, progressive weakness or tuberous stem from which grow few pinnately compound, TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Carboxyatractyloside (seeds palm-like leaves ~2 ft. long; cones containing and young seedlings). Anorexia, depression, nausea, paralysis, dyspnea, bradycardia, circulatory collapse, dilated inch-long, shiny orange-red seeds. HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Open, moist to wet pupils, and convulsions reported. environments; throughout North America vomiting, weakness, rapid weak pulse, dyspnea, muscle spasms, convulsions. Lesions include GI TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: The glucoside cycasin and its aglycone inflammation, acute hepatitis, nephritis. TREATMENT: Symptomatic; gastric lavage, activated charcoal, methylazoxymethanol (a colon-specific carcinogen in mice) found AFFECTED ANIMALS: All electrolytes and fluids, and anticonvulsants suggested.

in leaves, seeds, and stem. Ingestion associated with hepatic and TREATMENT: Seedlings or grain contaminated IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: White flower, umbels.Veins of Taxus spp (Taxaceae): GI disturbances and ataxia. Clinical signs are persistent vomiting, with seeds. Oils and fats PO may be Yew diarrhea, abdominal pain, depression, and muscular paralysis. leaflets ending at notches. Stems hollow except at nodes. Tuberous roots from chambered rootstock. beneficial; warmth, stimulants IM. A neurologic condition characterized by hindleg paralysis Apocynum CHARACTERISTICS: Evergreen tree or (hyperextension followed by incomplete extension) spp: TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Resinoids (cicutoxin, cicutol) in roots, small erect shrub with alternate, has been reported in cattle. Dogbanes needle-like, glossy (upper surface), dull stem base, young leaves.Toxicity retained when dry, except in hay. Rapid onset of clinical signs, with death in 15-30 min. Sesbania (lower surface) leaves. Seeds (generally 1 TREATMENT: No specific therapy; IV fluids and HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Open woods, roadsides, Salivation, muscular twitching, dilated pupils.Violent (Glottidium) per fruit), black-brown or green, nearly enclosed symptomatic care recommended. fields; throughout North America convulsions, coma, death. Poisoning in humans common. vesicaria: in a cup-shaped fleshy, red covering (aril). Bladderpod, Rattlebox, Sesbane, Coffeebean AFFECTED ANIMALS: All TREATMENT: TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: The alkaloids (taxines and Sedatives to control spasm and Allium heart action. Prognosis is good if alive ephedrine), cyanide, and volatile oils found throughout IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and Winter. cepa,A canadense: 2 hr. after ingestion. HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Mostly open, low ground, plant except the fleshy aril. Nervousness, trembling, ataxia, Onions (cultivated abandoned cultivated fields; southeastern Erect, branching, perennial herb with milky sap arising from dyspnea, collapse, bradycardia progressing to cardiac and wild) USA coastal plain creeping underground root stock. Leaves opposite. Flowers white standstill and death without struggle. Empty right side to greenish white in terminal clusters. Fruit long, slender, paired of heart; dark, tarry blood in left side of heart; limited HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Cultivated and AFFECTED ANIMALS: All with silky haired seeds. nonspecific postmortem lesions. grown on rich soils throughout USA IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: A resinoid and glucoside with some TREATMENT: Symptomatic at best; usually futile AFFECTED ANIMALS: Cattle, horses, sheep, dog Winter. Tall annual. Legume pods flat, tapered at both ends, cardioactivity found in leaves and stems of green or dry once clinical signs appear. Atropine 2-seeded. Leaves pinnate, divided. Flowers yellow. plants. Increased temperature and pulse, dilated pupils, may be helpful. IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and Winter. Biennials and anorexia, discolored mucous membranes, cold perennials, bulb plants, onion odor. Leaves basal, green, hollow, cylindrical (A cepa), TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Unknown (green plant and extremities, death. lustrous green, flat (A canadense). Flowers on hollow flowering stalks, terminal seeds). In ruminants, hemorrhagic diarrhea, shallow rapid umbels of many small blooms. Fruits 3-celled capsule with many seeds. respiration, fast irregular pulse, coma, death. Lesions TREATMENT: IV fluids and include hemorrhages in abomasums and intestines, gastric protectants suggested. Solanum TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: N-propyl disulfide, an oxidant, in all parts. Livestock readily dark tarry blood. Asclepias spp: consume cull or overproduced onions, with anemia developing within days of exposure. spp: Nightshades, Jerusalem Toxicosis in cattle associated with prolonged ingestion of large amounts of onions. TREATMENT: Green seeds are more toxic. Remove Milkweeds cherry, Potato, Horse nettle, N-propyl disulfide inhibits RBC glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, leading to animal from source immediately. General Buffalo Bur hemolysis and formation of Heinz bodies. Observed clinical signs are hemoglobinuria, supportive treatment- saline purgatives, HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Dry areas, diarrhea, loss of appetite, jaundice, ataxia, collapse, and possible death if untreated. rumen stimulants, IV fluids. usually waste places, roadsides, HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Fence rows, waste areas, grain Hemolytic anemia reported in livestock ingesting wild onions. Heinz body streambeds and hay fields; throughout North America anemia; swollen, pale necrotic liver; hemosiderin in liver, kidneys, and spleen are reported in pathologic lesions. AFFECTED ANIMALS: All AFFECTED ANIMALS: All Daubentonia Agrostemma (Sesbania) IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: TREATMENT: Clinical presentation similar to that of toxicity induced by githago: IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and Winter. punicea: Fall and Winter. Perennial erect herbs with S-methylcysteine sulfoxide (a rare toxic amino acid in Brassica spp) Corn cockle Fruits small; yellow, red, or black when ripe; structurally like in livestock. Susceptibility to onion poisoning varies across Rattlebox, milky sap. Seeds silky-hairy from tomatoes; clustered on stalk arising from stem animal species: cattle more susceptible than horses and Purple sesbane elongated pods. HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Mostly open, low between leaves. dogs, which are more susceptible than sheep and ground, abandoned cultivated fields; HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Cultivated and TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Steroid glycosides goats. Remove animals from source and prevent southeastern USA coastal plain TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Glycoalkaloid solanine (leaves, future access to cull onions. Symptomatic escaped, in waste places; southeastern and toxic resinous substances (all parts), shoots, unripe berries). Acute hemorrhagic and supportive care USA coastal plain green or dry. Staggering, titanic convulsion, AFFECTED ANIMALS: All gastroenteritis, weakness, excess salivation, dyspnea, essential. bloating, dyspnea, dilated pupils, rapid trembling, progressive paralysis, prostration, death. AFFECTED ANIMALS: All and weak pulse, coma death. IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and Cestrum Conium maculatum: Winter. Green winter annual with silky-white hairs, TREATMENT: Pilocarpine, physostigmine, IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall TREATMENT: Sedatives, diurnum, Poison hemlock opposite leaves, purple flowers, black seeds. GI protectants. Seeds may and Winter. Shrub. Flowers orange. Legume laxatives, and IV fluids C nocturnum: contaminate grain. pods longitudinally 4-winged. suggested. Day-blooming Jessamine HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Roadside ditches, damp waste areas; TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Saponin (githagenin) in seeds. Acute course. Profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and Night-blooming Jessamine, throughout North America TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Rapid pulse, respectively weak respiration, diarrhea, death. dullness, general weakness, tachypnea, AFFECTED ANIMALS: All hemoglobinuria, death.

HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Open woods and fields; Gulf TREATMENT: Seeds poisonous. Coast states (Florida,Texas) and California IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and Winter. Remove animal from source. TREATMENT: Oils and GI protectants. Datura Purple-spotted hollow stem. Leaves resemble parsley, parsnip odor Saline purgatives. Neutralize toxin (dilute acetic acid PO). stramonium: AFFECTED ANIMALS: Cattle, horses and dogs (ingesting when crushed.Tap root. Flowers white, in umbels. Blood transfusions may be Jimson weed, cholecalciferol-based rodenticides) necessary. Thorn apple TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Piperidine alkaloids (coniine and others) IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and Winter. in vegetative parts. Acute course. Dilated pupils; weakness; HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Fields, barn lots, Evergreen shrubs or tall bush. Leaves alternate, ovate smooth-edged. staggering gait; slow pulse, progressing to rapid and thready. Crotalaria spp: trampled pastures, and waste places Flowers white, tubular, small clusters, fragrant by day. Fruit a greenish Slow irregular breathing; death from respiratory failure. Crotalaria, Rattlebox on rich bottom soils; throughout white to lavender (immature), becoming dark-purple to black (mature), Teratogenic in cattle. fleshy berry, with several small, black oblong seeds, dispersed by birds in HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Fields and roadsides; eastern AFFECTED ANIMALS: All droppings. Leaves longer, flowers fragrant at night, white fruits at TREATMENT: Coniine excreted via lungs and kidneys, mousy odor and central USA maturity (C nocturnum). of breath and urine diagnostic. Administer saline cathar- IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and Winter. tics; neutralize alkaloids with Gelsemium AFFECTED ANIMALS: All Leaves wavy. Flower large (4in.), white, tubular. TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Atropine-like alkaloids (fruit), saponins (fruit and sap), tannic acid, together with sempervirens: Fruit a spiny pod, 2 in. (5cm.) long. and glycosides of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (leaves primarily, stems, fruits, and stimulants. Yellow Jessamine, Evening IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and Winter. roots) are found. Gastroenteritis develops on ingestion of fruits.Vomiting, depression, trumpet flower, Carolina jessamine Annual or perennial legume.Yellow flowers in racemes, pods TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Tropine alkaloids (atropine, anorexia, chronic weight loss with normal appetite, choppy stiff gait, increased pulse, inflated. Bracts at base of pedicels of flowers and fruits scopolamine, hyoscyamine) in all parts, seeds in particular. persistent hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, calcinosis (aorta, carotid and HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Open woods, thickets; persistent. Leaves simple or divided. Seeds in harvested grain. Acute course.Weak rapid pulse and heartbeat, dilated pulmonary arteries, tendons, ligaments, and kidneys), parathyroid atrophy, southeast pupils, dry mouth, incoordination, convulsions, coma. thyroid (C-cell) hypertrophy, and osteopetrosis reported with TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Pyrrolizidine alkaloid chronic ingestion of leaves. AFFECTED ANIMALS: All (monocrotaline) and other unidentified alkaloids (all parts, TREATMENT: All parts, mainly in hay or silage. Urine especially seeds). Chronic course. Chickens- diarrhea, pale from affected animal dilates pupils of laboratory TREATMENT: Prevent further access of animals to plants. In early IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and Winter. comb, ruffled feathers; horses- unthriftiness, ataxia, animals (diagnostic).Treatment nonspecific; stages, treatment might be effective and cost-effective. Climbing or trailing vines. Evergreen, entire, opposite leaves. walking in circles, icterus; cattle- bloody diarrhea, cardiac and respiratory stimulants Correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances in cases Yellow tubular flowers, very fragrant. icterus, rough coat, edema, weakness. Death may (physostigmine, pilocarpine, with persistent vomiting or diarrhea. Reduce or occur from weeks to months arecoline). Ricinus prevent hypercalcemia (calciuresis, diuretics, TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Alkaloids (gelsemine and others, after ingestion. communis: steroids, calcitonin). Maintenance related to strychnine) in all parts. Acute course.Weakness, Castor bean therapy with diuretics and Taxus spp: incoordination, dilated pupils, convulsions, coma, death TREATMENT: Cumulative, fresh steroids may be Yew within 48 hr. Limberneck in fowl. or dry. No treatment. HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Cultivated in necessary. southern regions Kalmia spp: HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Most of North America; TREATMENT: No specific Sorghum Laurel, Ivybush, Lambkill Japanese and English yew common treatment. Relaxants and AFFECTED ANIMALS: All vulgare: ornamentals sedatives suggested. Sorghum, Sudan grass, HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Rich moist woods, Nerium oleander: IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall Kafir, Durra, Milo, Broomcorn, meadows, or acid bogs; eastern and AFFECTED ANIMALS: All Oleander and Winter. Large, palmately lobed leaves. Seeds Schrock, etc northwestern North America resembling engorged ticks, usually 3 in IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Common ornamental in somewhat spiny pod. HABITAT/DISTRIBUTION: Forage crops and escapes; AFFECTED ANIMALS: All, often sheep Season: Fall and Winter. Evergreen perennial tree or southern regions of North America throughout North America shrub. Bark reddish brown then flaking in scales. Leaves TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Phytotoxin- ricin in IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and linear, 0.5-1 in. (1.5-2.5 cm.) long, 2 ranked on twig, AFFECTED ANIMALS: All all parts (seeds especially toxic). Acute to AFFECTED ANIMALS: All Winter. Woody shrub. Evergreen, glossy leaves. upper surface dark green, lower yellow-green, midribs chronic course (death or recovery).Violent Flowers pink to rose, showy. prominent. Flowers unisexual, inconspicuous. IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and purgation, straining with bloody diarrhea, IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS: Dangerous Season: Fall and Winter. Fruit single stony seed. Bright scarlet color. Winter. Evergreen shrub or tree. Leaves whorled and weakness, salivation, trembling, Coarse grasses with terminal flower cluster. Some to 8 ft. tall. TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Resinoid (andromedotoxin) prominently, finely, pinnately veined beneath. incoordination. and a glucoside (arbutin) in vegetative parts. Acute TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Toxic alkaloids in bark, leaves, Flowers showy, white to deep pink. TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Hydrocyanic acid (drought, trampling, course. Incoordination, excess salivation, vomiting, seeds. Gaseous distress, diarrhea, vomiting, tremors, TREATMENT: Diagnosis based frost, second growth) and nitrate (heavy in vegetative parts). bloat, weakness, muscular spasms, coma, death. dyspnea, dilated pupils, respiratory difficulty, weakness, TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Digitoxin-type glycosides on presence of seeds, RBC Acute course. Difficult breathing, bloat, staggering, fatigue, collapse, coma, convulsions, bradycardia, (oleandroside, nerioside, and others) in all parts, fresh agglutination, precipitin test. convulsions, death. Blood bright red (cyanide) or TREATMENT: Undigested rumen contents circulatory failure, death. Death may be rapid. or dry. Acute course. Severe gastroenteritis, vomiting, Specific antiserum, ideal chocolate brown (nitrate). and ingesta in lungs at necropsy. diarrhea, increased pulse rate, weakness, death. antidote; sedatives, arecoline Laxatives, demulcents, nerve TREATMENT: Poisoning usually results when hydrobromide, followed TREATMENT: Hay safe for cyanide (volatile), stimulants, atropine. branches and trimmings fed to livestock. TREATMENT: No specific treatment. Atropine in by saline cathartics not safe for nitrate (analyze). conjunction with propranolol reported helpful. suggested.

ASPCA National Animal Poison Control Center ¥ TOLL FREE 1.800.548.2423 ¥ PHONE 1.900.680.0000 ¥ $45 fee per case payable to credit card; follow-ups included.

AKC Canine Health Foundation ¥ STREET ADDRESS: The American Kennel Club Building ¥ 5580 Centerview Drive ¥ Raleigh, North Carolina 27606-3390 MAILING ADDRESS: AKC Canine Health Foundation ¥ P. O. Box 37941 ¥ Raleigh, North Carolina 27627-7941 ¥ TOLL FREE 888.682.9696 ¥ PHONE 919.334.4010 ¥ FAX 919.334.4011 ¥ WEBSITE www.akcchf.org