DOCSLIB.ORG

FST-Free.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FST-Free.Pdf Sobriety Testing The Basic Scientific and Medical References that Demonstrate Standardized Field Sobriety Testing is Practicing Medicine Without a License James Schaller, M.D., M.A.R. and Kimberly Mountjoy, M.S. Hope Academic Press Bank Towers • Newgate Center (305) 5150 Tamiami Trail North [Highway 41] Naples, Florida 34103 Lead Research and Research Study Acquisitions: Randal Blackwell Cover Design: Derek Murphy Copy Editors: Kimberly Mountjoy, Lindsay Gibson and J. Schaller Research: Randall Blackwell and other anonymous assistants Copyright © 2012 James Schaller, MD All rights reserved. Wholesale discount requires purchase of at least twenty copies and can be in five book units. Fax request to (239) 304-1987 and (239) 263-6760. Library of Congress Cataloging Data Schaller, J.L; Mountjoy, K. ISBN: 978-0-9840889-6-6 A citation review of the basic scientific and medical references that demonstrate standardized field sobriety testing is the practice of clinical medicine by J.L. Schaller and K. Mountjoy 1. Field Sobriety Testing 2. Physician Medical Examination 3. Citations-relat- ed to coordination, balance and eye function 4. Citations-related to standard- ized field sobriety testing 5. Police, sheriff and state trooper training Printed in the United States of America First Edition Dedicated to “old school” peace officers Who know they are neither a military force nor medical doctors. And who would never exaggerate the truth in reports or in courts. I hope you do not become extinct. To the millions who have been victimized by the profound and utterly incompetent practice of “Field Sobriety Testing” And to the many who have been crippled or died due to unsafe driving practices. Contents Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Bibliography .............................................................................................. 5 Dr. Schaller’s Publications ..................................................................... 597 Other Books by Dr. Schaller .................................................................. 599 Disclaimer .............................................................................................. 611 Contacting Dr. Schaller .......................................................................... 613 Basic References in Field Sobriety Medicine 1 INTRODUCTION Over the last quarter century I have interviewed hundreds of patients who have been administered Field Sobriety Testing. My patients are routinely people who have failed to be helped by many other physi- cians. But even if Field Sobriety Testing was done purely by physi- cians, we do not have enough doctors to perform them. Lawyers, highway agencies, law enforcement and legislatures simply have no idea of the training of the veteran professional doctor in medical sci- ence. All average physicians know a medical vocabulary in excess of 200,000 words and thousands of medical concepts. About six years ago I started doing a simple Field Sobriety Testing (FST) on all of my patients and most of the healthy relatives and friends who brought them to my office. I only administered the three tests felt to be credible, “valid” and “standardized.” These nationally administered FST are the heel to toe test, the one leg raise and the horizontal nystagmus eye test. What stunned me is that even with a simplified version of these tests, over 90% of those tested in my of- fice clearly failed. None of these had been drinking or failed a high level drug screen. Many of these people drive well and do not have any moving violations. So my first point is thatFST does not mea- sure the ability to drive. It measures over a hundred capacities that are profoundly beyond the human physiology knowledge of even smart FBI and CIA agents who are not dummies. So the physiology and pathological medicine that alters FST is fully in excess of any 40 hour training couse of sheriffs, police and state troopers—even with a cheat sheet reminder form. The FST really is a measure of many biological processes, including your lower body coordination and that is why very sick skaters and ballet dancers can do these tests without any effort, and people with no lower body coordination fail when they are stone cold sober and off illicit drugs. 2 Schaller • Mountjoy Next, what types of tests are these FST’s? Are they law knowledge tests? Are they safe driving principles tests? No, they are medical tests. The variables that can impact each of the these tests are in excess of 500 medical items. Few doctors know all these variables, but a physician knows how to think medically after twenty years of body science, medicine, pathology and after performing over 20,000 full medical exams. Having watched tapes of FST being administered by police, sheriffs or state troopers, it is obvious they have no idea what they are do- ing medically, and do not know how to do these highly detailed tests precisely. If they are not administered perfectly, they are worthless, according to some agencies that promote them. Many FST “education” materials are meant to convince the law en- forcement or a paramilitary officer that they are competent to do these medical exams. Sheriffs, police and state troopers are high school or college graduates with no medical training, and they are not qualified to perform medical exams that are undermined by over 500 variables. The organizations promoting these tests do not realize the heel to toe test has over twenty five parts. Why do law enforcement workers not understand this complexity? It is simple. They know absolutely nothing about cognitive neurology. And as a highly rated physician who loves cognitive neurology, I have still needed to study approximately a thousand types of pathology that undermine the use of these tests. Enclosed in this book is a sample of basic citations that should be read before one has an introductory understanding of the medicine involved in performing FST. I doubt any law enforce- ment officer in the USA has read 2% of these basic articles. Simply, law enforcement officers need to be told to stop practic- ing highly specialized medicine. They are not medical doctors. Basic References in Field Sobriety Medicine 5 Aarabi B, Koltz M, Ibrahimi D. Hyperextension cervical spine injuries and traumatic central cord syndrome. Neurosurg Focus. 2008;25(5):E9. PMID:18980483 Abaci A, Taşcilar ME, Ugurel MS, Yesilkaya E, Coskun ZÜ, Yildiz C. Osteopetrosis and congenital hypothyroidism complicated by slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Endocr Pract. 2010 Jul- Aug;16(4):646-9. PMID:20150025 Abadi RV, Pascal E. Ocular motor behaviour of monozygotic twins with tyrosinase negative oculocutaneous albinism. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994 May;78(5):349-52. PMID:8025067 Abadi RV, Scallan CJ. Waveform characteristics of manifest latent nystagmus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Nov;41(12):3805-17. PMID:11053280 Abbott CM, Newbery HJ, Squires CE, Brownstein D, Griffiths LA, Soares DC. eEF1A2 and neuronal degeneration. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Dec;37(Pt 6):1293-7. PMID:19909265 Abeliovich A, Flint Beal M. Parkinsonism genes: culprits and clues. J Neurochem. 2006 Nov;99(4):1062-72. Epub 2006 Jul 6. Review. PMID: 16836655 Abdel-Salam GM, Shehab M, Zaki MS. Isolated Dandy-Walker malformation associated with brain stem dysgenesis in male sibs. Brain Dev. 2006 Sep;28(8):529-33. Epub 2006 Mar 29. PMID:16564660 Abouaf L, Vighetto A, Magnin E, Nove-Josserand A, Mouton S, Tilikete C. Primary position upbeat nystagmus in Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Eur Neurol. 2011;65(3):160-3. Epub 2011 Mar 3. PMID:21372575 6 Schaller • Mountjoy Abrams CK, Scherer SS. Gap junctions in inherited human disorders of the central nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Aug 16. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID:21871435 Abramson DH, Schefler AC. Transpupillary thermotherapy as initial treatment for small intraocular retinoblastoma: technique and predictors of success. Ophthalmology. 2004 May;111(5):984- 91. PMID:15121378 Abu-Amero KK, Faletra F, Gasparini P, Parentin F, Pensiero S, Alorainy IA, Hellani AM, Catalano D, Bosley TM. Horizontal gaze palsy and progressive scoliosis without ROBO3 mutations. Ophthalmic Genet. 2011 Nov;32(4):212-6. Epub 2011 Apr 21. PMID:21510772 Abu-Amero KK, Kapoor S, Hellani A, Monga S, Bosley TM. Horizontal gaze palsy and progressive scoliosis due to a deleterious mutation in ROBO3. Ophthalmic Genet. 2011 Nov;32(4):231-6. Epub 2011 May 19. PMID:21592015 Abumi K, Avadhani A, Manu A, Rajasekaran S. Occipitocervical fusion. Eur Spine J. 2010 Feb;19(2):355-6. PMID:20130929 Acerbi F, Rampini P, Egidi M, Locatelli M, Borsa S, Gaini SM. Endoscopic treatment of colloid cysts of the third ventricle: long- term results in a series of 6 consecutive cases. J Neurosurg Sci. 2007 Jun;51(2):53-60. PMID:17571035 Acharya HJ, Bouchard TP, Emery DJ, Camicioli RM. Axial signs and magnetic resonance imaging correlates in Parkinson’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007 Feb;34(1):56-61. PMID:17352348 Basic References in Field Sobriety Medicine 7 Ackermans L, Temel Y, Bauer NJ, Visser-Vandewalle V; Dutch- Flemish Tourette Surgery Study Group. Vertical gaze palsy after thalamic stimulation for Tourette syndrome: case report. Neurosurgery. 2007 Nov;61(5):E1100; discussion E1100. PMID:18091260 Adams ME, Heidenreich KD, Kileny PR. Audiovestibular testing in patients with Meniere’s disease. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2010 Oct;43(5):995-1009. PMID:20713239 Adams SA, Steenblock KJ, Thibodeau SN, Lindor NM. Premutations in the FMR1 gene
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States
    Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States Common Name Genus and Species Page atamasco lily Zephyranthes atamasco 21 bitter sneezeweed Helenium amarum 20 black cherry Prunus serotina 6 black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 14 black nightshade Solanum nigrum 16 bladderpod Glottidium vesicarium 11 bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum 5 buttercup Ranunculus abortivus 9 castor bean Ricinus communis 17 cherry laurel Prunus caroliniana 6 chinaberry Melia azederach 14 choke cherry Prunus virginiana 6 coffee senna Cassia occidentalis 12 common buttonbush Cephalanthus occidentalis 25 common cocklebur Xanthium pensylvanicum 15 common sneezeweed Helenium autumnale 19 common yarrow Achillea millefolium 23 eastern baccharis Baccharis halimifolia 18 fetterbush Leucothoe axillaris 24 fetterbush Leucothoe racemosa 24 fetterbush Leucothoe recurva 24 great laurel Rhododendron maxima 9 hairy vetch Vicia villosa 27 hemp dogbane Apocynum cannabinum 23 horsenettle Solanum carolinense 15 jimsonweed Datura stramonium 8 johnsongrass Sorghum halepense 7 lantana Lantana camara 10 maleberry Lyonia ligustrina 24 Mexican pricklepoppy Argemone mexicana 27 milkweed Asclepias tuberosa 22 mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia 6 mustard Brassica sp . 25 oleander Nerium oleander 10 perilla mint Perilla frutescens 28 poison hemlock Conium maculatum 17 poison ivy Rhus radicans 20 poison oak Rhus toxicodendron 20 poison sumac Rhus vernix 21 pokeberry Phytolacca americana 8 rattlebox Daubentonia punicea 11 red buckeye Aesculus pavia 16 redroot pigweed Amaranthus retroflexus 18 rosebay Rhododendron calawbiense 9 sesbania Sesbania exaltata 12 scotch broom Cytisus scoparius 13 sheep laurel Kalmia angustifolia 6 showy crotalaria Crotalaria spectabilis 5 sicklepod Cassia obtusifolia 12 spotted water hemlock Cicuta maculata 17 St. John's wort Hypericum perforatum 26 stagger grass Amianthum muscaetoxicum 22 sweet clover Melilotus sp .
    [Show full text]
  • Classical Biological Control of Arthropods in Australia
    Classical Biological Contents Control of Arthropods Arthropod index in Australia General index List of targets D.F. Waterhouse D.P.A. Sands CSIRo Entomology Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Canberra 2001 Back Forward Contents Arthropod index General index List of targets The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its primary mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has special competence. Where trade names are used this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR MONOGRAPH SERIES This peer-reviewed series contains the results of original research supported by ACIAR, or material deemed relevant to ACIAR’s research objectives. The series is distributed internationally, with an emphasis on the Third World. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Waterhouse, D.F. and Sands, D.P.A. 2001. Classical biological control of arthropods in Australia. ACIAR Monograph No. 77, 560 pages. ISBN 0 642 45709 3 (print) ISBN 0 642 45710 7 (electronic) Published in association with CSIRO Entomology (Canberra) and CSIRO Publishing (Melbourne) Scientific editing by Dr Mary Webb, Arawang Editorial, Canberra Design and typesetting by ClarusDesign, Canberra Printed by Brown Prior Anderson, Melbourne Cover: An ichneumonid parasitoid Megarhyssa nortoni ovipositing on a larva of sirex wood wasp, Sirex noctilio. Back Forward Contents Arthropod index General index Foreword List of targets WHEN THE CSIR Division of Economic Entomology, now Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Entomology, was established in 1928, classical biological control was given as one of its core activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Mould Growth on Building Materials Secondary Matabolites, Mycoxocins and Biomarkers
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 05, 2021 Mould growth on building materials Secondary matabolites, mycoxocins and biomarkers Nielsen, Kristian Fog Publication date: 2001 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Nielsen, K. F. (2001). Mould growth on building materials: Secondary matabolites, mycoxocins and biomarkers. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Mould growth on building materials Secondary metabolites, mycotoxins and biomarkers Kristian Fog Nielsen The Mycology Group Biocentrum-DTU Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2002 Mould growth on building materials Secondary metabolites, mycotoxins and biomarkers ISBN 87-88584-65-8 © Kristian Fog Nielsen [email protected] Phone + 45 4525 2600 Fax. + 45 4588 4922. The Mycology Group, Biocentrum-DTU Technical University of Denmark, Building 221 Søltofts Plads, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Energy and Indoor Climate Division Danish Building Research Institute Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Poisonous Plant Guide Reprinted from the Merck Veterinary Manual, 8Th Ed., 1998, with Permission of the Publisher, Merck & Co., Inc.,Whitehouse Station, N.J
    Poisonous Plant Guide Reprinted from The Merck Veterinary Manual, 8th ed., 1998, with permission of the publisher, Merck & Co., Inc.,Whitehouse Station, N.J. This chart may be used as a guide to preventing pet exposure to poisonous plants. Call your veterinarian immediately if you suspect your pet has been exposed to any poisonous substance. Agave Brunfelsia Americana (Agavaceae): Caladium pauciflora var spp (Araceae): Century Plant, Aloe Barbadensis (vera) (Liliaceae): floribunda (Solanaceae): Caladium, Fancy leaf American aloe Barbados aloe, Curacao aloe Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, caladium, Angel wings Lady-of-the-night CHARACTERISTICS: Clumps of thick, CHARACTERISTICS: Succulent herb with cluster of Aglaonema CHARACTERISTICS: Perennial herbs with long-shaped blue/green leaves with hook narrow fleshy, spinous or coarsely serrated margin CHARACTERISTICS: Evergreen shrubs to small trees with (margin) and pointed spines (tip). Central modestum simple, heart-shaped thin, highlighted veins, leaves, with hook spines on leaf margin. Dense alternate, undivided, toothless, thick rather leathery flower stalk with small tubular (Araceae): variegated leaves; yellow green spathe; grown spiked tubular yellow flowers at end of single stalk. lustrous leaves.Winter-blooming; large showy flowers in clusters. Chinese evergreen, from rhizomes. Painted drop tongue sometimes fragrant flowers, clustered or solitary TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Contains anthraquinone at the branch ends, with 5-lobed tubular calyx, TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Calcium oxalate TOXIC PRINCIPLES AND EFFECTS: Sap contains glycosides (barbaloin, emodin) and chrysophanic CHARACTERISTICS: Central stem with solid 5 petals, and funnel-shaped corolla. crystals and unknowns found in all parts, especially calcium oxalate crystals; saponins and acid in the latex of the leaves; higher medium green or splotched gray/green Fruits berry-like capsules.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Ecology and Sirex Noctilio: Interactions with Microbial Symbionts and Native Insects
    ABSTRACT Title of Document: Community Ecology and Sirex noctilio: Interactions with Microbial Symbionts and Native Insects Brian Matthew Thompson, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Directed By: Assistant Professor, Daniel S. Gruner, Department of Entomology Sirex noctilio is an invasive woodwasp with a global distribution that feeds on the sapwood of pine trees. Wood-feeding in the basal Hymenoptera (sawflies) arose out of sequential adaptations to feeding on nutrient poor and digestively refractive internal plant organs (xylem). Symbiotic association with White-rot fungi are thought to aid overcoming nutritional and digestive barriers, including exceedingly low nitrogen (N) and refractory lignocellulosic polymers. In this dissertation I evaluate wood-feeding relative to nutrition, symbiosis and biotic resistance to invasion of exotic North American habitats in Sirex noctilio [Hymenoptera: Siricidae]. I evaluated nutrient relations within fungal mutualism using: 1) functional morphological analysis of insect feeding, 2) sterol molecules to determine diet sources and 3) metagenomic and isotopic analyses for discovery of novel microbial associates and their associated nutrient pathways. Nutritional constraints of wood feeding are potentially compounded by the presence of diverse fungal and insect communities as they divide the tree resource. I examined the role biotic resistance to Sirex and its fungal mutualist, Amylostereum, in North America using field and laboratory experiments. Morphological evidence supported a role for Amylostereum in external digestion of wood. Observational evidence confirmed Sirex larvae did not ingest wood biomass but preferentially extracted liquid substances via specialized structures of mandibles. Sterol analysis indicated plant compounds as the primary constituent of the diet, while metagenomic analysis of bacteria and their metabolic pathways showed a bacterial microbiome adapted to short chain plant polymers, starch and sugar metabolism.
    [Show full text]
  • Proving the Mode of Action of Phytotoxic Phytochemicals
    plants Review Proving the Mode of Action of Phytotoxic Phytochemicals Stephen O. Duke 1,* , Zhiqiang Pan 2 and Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel 2 1 National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38655, USA 2 Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Oxford, MS 38655, USA; [email protected] (Z.P.); [email protected] (J.B.-H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-662-915-7882 Received: 20 November 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 11 December 2020 Abstract: Knowledge of the mode of action of an allelochemical can be valuable for several reasons, such as proving and elucidating the role of the compound in nature and evaluating its potential utility as a pesticide. However, discovery of the molecular target site of a natural phytotoxin can be challenging. Because of this, we know little about the molecular targets of relatively few allelochemicals. It is much simpler to describe the secondary effects of these compounds, and, as a result, there is much information about these effects, which usually tell us little about the mode of action. This review describes the many approaches to molecular target site discovery, with an attempt to point out the pitfalls of each approach. Clues from molecular structure, phenotypic effects, physiological effects, omics studies, genetic approaches, and use of artificial intelligence are discussed. All these approaches can be confounded if the phytotoxin has more than one molecular target at similar concentrations or is a prophytotoxin, requiring structural alteration to create an active compound.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of Grass Root Chemical Ecology
    COMMENTARY The emergence of grass root chemical ecology Stephen O. Duke* Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 8048, University, MS 38677 llelopathy is defined by most isoxazolin-5-on-2yl)-alanine, which inhib- converted to L-DOPA, a known phyto- scientists as the adverse effect its root growth on nonlegume plant toxin. Bertin et al. state that this is un- of one plant species on another species (12), although this nonprotein likely because L-DOPA is significantly through production of phyto- amino acid is much less phytotoxic than less phytotoxic than m-tyrosine. How- Atoxins (allelochemicals), although more m-tyrosine. ever, m-tyrosine might be taken up expansive definitions have been formu- Finding that m-tyrosine is a potent more readily by plant cells than lated. Allelopathy is but one component phytotoxin leads to many interesting L-DOPA, leaving conversion to L-DOPA of plant/plant interference, the other questions deserving further inquiry. as a potentially more limiting step. Can being competition for resources such as First, how does the producing species m-tyrosine be converted to L-DOPA by nutrients, light, and water. Allelopathy protect itself from autotoxicity? It seems a cell-free extract of a species suscepti- has been a recognized phenomenon for that m-tyrosine is broadly phytotoxic ble to m-tyrosine? If so, is the process many years (1), but prominent ecologists with some differences in plant species highly efficient in vivo? Synthetic pro- have argued that allelopathy is seldom susceptibility, so what mechanism does herbicides that are inactive at the molec- a significant component of interference the producing plant use to avoid the ular target site are much more effective (e.g., ref.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions Between the Woodwasp Sirex Noctilio and Co-Habiting Phloem- and Woodboring Beetles, and Their Fungal Associates in Southern Ontario
    Interactions between the Woodwasp Sirex noctilio and Co-habiting Phloem- and Woodboring Beetles, and their Fungal Associates in southern Ontario by Kathleen Ryan A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto ©Copyright by Kathleen Ryan 2011 Interactions between the Woodwasp Sirex noctilio and Co-habiting Phloem- and Woodboring Beetles, and their Fungal Associates in southern Ontario Kathleen Ryan Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Forestry University of Toronto 2011 Abstract In its introduced southern hemisphere range, Sirex noctilio causes considerable mortality in non-native pine forests. In its native Eurasian range however, S. noctilio is of little concern perhaps due to interactions with a well-developed community of pine-inhabiting insects and their associated microorganisms. If such interactions occur, they may limit the woodwasp’s impact in its newly introduced range in North America. My research addresses two broad questions: 1) Does S. noctilio share its habitat with other insects and if so, with whom? 2) Is there evidence that co-habitants affect S. noctilio , and if so how might such interactions occur? Field studies undertaken to describe the woodwasp’s host-attack ecology in Pinus sylvestris showed S. noctilio activity occurred between mid-July and late August, and other phloem- and woodborers sometimes entered the tree after the woodwasp. Tree mortality occurred from two weeks to several months after initial woodwasp symptoms. Suppressed or intermediate trees, those with ≤ 25% residual foliage, or those with stem injury or previous woodwasp symptoms were most likely to have symptoms of woodwasp attack.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Symbionts Shape the Sterol Profile of the Xylem-Feeding Woodwasp, Sirex Noctilio
    J Chem Ecol (2013) 39:129–139 DOI 10.1007/s10886-012-0222-7 Microbial Symbionts Shape the Sterol Profile of the Xylem-Feeding Woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Brian M. Thompson & Robert J. Grebenok & Spencer T. Behmer & Daniel S. Gruner Received: 23 August 2012 /Revised: 9 October 2012 /Accepted: 23 November 2012 /Published online: 8 December 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012 Abstract The symbiotic fungus Amylostereum areolatum is the primary source of sterol or bulk nutrition for Sirex. essential for growth and development of larvae of the inva- Our findings suggest there is a potentially greater impor- sive woodwasp, Sirex noctilio. In the nutrient poor xylem of tance for fungal enzymes, including the external digestion of pine trees, upon which Sirex feeds, it is unknown whether recalcitrant plant polymers (e.g., lignin and cellulose), shap- Amylostereum facilitates survival directly through consump- ing this insect-fungal symbiosis. tion (mycetophagy) and/or indirectly through digestion of recalcitrant plant polymers (external rumen hypothesis). We Keywords Sirex noctilio . Amylostereum . Sterol tested these alternative hypotheses for Amylostereum in- metabolism . External rumen hypothesis . Invasive volvement in Sirex foraging using the innate dependency symbiosis . Mycetophagy of all insects on dietary sources of sterol and the unique sterols indicative of fungi and plants. We tested alternative hypotheses by using GC-MS to quantify concentrations of Introduction free and bound sterol pools from multiple life-stages of Sirex, food sources, and waste products in red pine (Pinus Associations between insects and fungi are ubiquitous in resinosa). Cholesterol was the primary sterol found in all nature and range from non-specific polyphagy to obligate life-stages of Sirex.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Microorganisms in the Remediation of Wastewater in Floating Treatment Wetlands: a Review
    sustainability Review Role of Microorganisms in the Remediation of Wastewater in Floating Treatment Wetlands: A Review Munazzam Jawad Shahid 1, Ameena A. AL-surhanee 2, Fayza Kouadri 3, Shafaqat Ali 1,4,* , Neeha Nawaz 1, Muhammad Afzal 5 , Muhammad Rizwan 1 , Basharat Ali 6 and Mona H. Soliman 7 1 Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; [email protected] (M.J.S.); [email protected] (N.N.); [email protected] (M.R.) 2 Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 2014, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 3 Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, AL-Madina AL-Munawarah 344, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 4 Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan 5 Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; [email protected] 6 Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; [email protected] 7 Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 June 2020; Accepted: 29 June 2020; Published: 10 July 2020 Abstract: This article provides useful information for understanding the specific role of microbes in the pollutant removal process in floating treatment wetlands (FTWs). The current literature is collected and organized to provide an insight into the specific role of microbes toward plants and pollutants. Several aspects are discussed, such as important components of FTWs, common bacterial species, rhizospheric and endophytes bacteria, and their specific role in the pollutant removal process.
    [Show full text]
  • Streptomyces Scabies and Identification Of
    Coronafacoyl phytotoxin biosynthesis in Streptomyces scabies and identification of common scab-associated Streptomyces species in Newfoundland By © Luke Bown A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland September 2018 St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador Abstract The Streptomyces are a genus of Gram-positive Actinomycete bacteria that are best known for their ability to produce a wide variety of secondary metabolite compounds (also known as specialized metabolites). Many of these compounds can allow the Streptomyces to interact with other organisms in a symbiotic manner, while other compounds such as antibiotics can have a deleterious effect on organisms that interact with them. A subset of Streptomyces species are pathogenic to plants and have been shown to use secondary metabolites as virulence factors for host colonization and infection. For example, Streptomyces scabies (syn. S. scabiei) is a well-characterized plant pathogen that causes the economically important disease potato common scab, and it produces several secondary metabolites that are known or suspected to contribute to the infection process. One such metabolite is coronafacoyl-L-isoleucine (CFA-Ile), which is a member of the coronafacoyl family of phytotoxins that contribute to the virulence phenotype of several different plant pathogenic bacteria. The best characterized coronafacoyl phytotoxin is coronatine (COR), which is produced by Pseudomonas syringae. The biosynthesis of COR and CFA-Ile involves a gene cluster that is highly conserved in both P. syringae and S. scabies, suggesting that the biosynthetic pathway for producing these metabolites is similar in both organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Composting with Additives to Improve Organic Amendments. a Review Justine Barthod, Cornelia Rumpel, Marie-France Dignac
    Composting with additives to improve organic amendments. A review Justine Barthod, Cornelia Rumpel, Marie-France Dignac To cite this version: Justine Barthod, Cornelia Rumpel, Marie-France Dignac. Composting with additives to improve organic amendments. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sci- ences/INRA, 2018, 38 (2), pp.17. 10.1007/s13593-018-0491-9. hal-01731152 HAL Id: hal-01731152 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01731152 Submitted on 13 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Agronomy for Sustainable Development (2018) 38: 17 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0491-9 REVIEW ARTICLE Composting with additives to improve organic amendments. A review Justine Barthod1 & Cornelia Rumpel1 & Marie-France Dignac2 Accepted: 7 February 2018 /Published online: 7 March 2018 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Composting and vermicomposting are sustainable strategies to transform organic wastes into organic amendments, valuable as potting media or soil conditioner. However, the negative aspects of these processes are emissions of greenhouse gases and odorous molecules and final product potentially containing toxic compounds. These negative aspects can be limited through the addition of organic, inorganic or biological additives to the composted or vermicomposted mixture.
    [Show full text]