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Tufts Hemispheres 2016 EMISPHERES EMISPHERES THE TUFTS UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS A Tufts Undergraduate Student Publication ARTICLES Examining Power Relations: The Role of International Aid on NGO Accountability MEGAN TAYLOR Redefining Asian Economic Regionalism Through the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank JESSICA WEISS Unholy Terror: How Enabling Environments Drive Suicide Attacks While Religion Takes the Backseat RACHEL (RUIJIA) MOROTA CHU EMERGING ACTORS Soft Power in Full Force: India and the Nuclear Suppliers Group JULIE GEORGE Vladimir Putin’s Hegemony: From Passive Revolution to Caesarism GRIGORY KHAKIMOV The Implications of 3D Printing in the Asia Pacific TIMOTHY YIN INTERVIEW Harnessing Corporate Power to Fight Climate Change: A Conversation with Mindy S. Lubber INTERVIEW BY ARMAN SMIGIELSKI PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPLORATION China Emerges ALEXA REILLY EDITORIALS The New Nativist Backlash: Conditions Causing a Rise of Radical Right Wing Political Parties in Europe NANDITA BALOO Iran’s Emergence toward Global Integration EMISPHERES RIA MAZUMDAR Mayer Campus Center Kurdistan: The Newest Country in the Middle East? VOL. 39, 39, 2016 VOL. Tufts University WILLY CLEMENTS Medford, MA 02155 [email protected] www.tuftshemispheres.org EMERGING ACTORS VOL. 39, 2016 HEMISPHERES THE TUFTS UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Hemispheres, The Tufts University Undergraduate Journal of International Affairs, is the oldest academic publication of its kind. In 1975, under the direc- tion of an energetic group of students including Sashi Tharoor, the future undersecretary-general of the United Nations, the Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy at Tufts established the Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. Motivated by the Fletcher Forum’s success, in 1977 students in the Tufts undergraduate program in International Relations established their own academic journal of international affairs. In 2007, Hemispheres celebrated its 30th anniversary as the premier publication of one of the most prestigious international affairs programs in the country. Throughout its history, Hemispheres has remained committed to publish- ing research-length articles, photo-essays, and editorials of the highest aca- demic caliber. The Journal has become a reflection of our changing world. In the 1970s, Hemispheres principally focused on Cold War issues, discussing the validity of neo-realist, bi-polar relations and Realpolitik. In the spring 1978 issue, renowned international affairs theorist Stanley Hoffman (Harvard) argued about the merits and failures of “Eurocommunism.” In the fall 1982 edition, Kosta Tsipis (MIT) and Robert Pfaltzgraff (Tufts) debated options of “how to enhance American security and prevent a nuclear holocaust.” The 1990s witnessed a redirection in Hemispheres’ aims, shifting away from a tech- nical focus in favor of raising awareness within the Tufts community of con- temporary international issues. Now at the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-first century,Hemispheres has shifted its role once again, this time as a premier voice in undergraduate international affairs education, research, and debate. We are proud that Hemispheres is distributed both in print at major research libraries and online via EBSCO Host, a first for journals of its kind. It is an extraordinary time to be a part of this outstanding publication. Benefactors & Support Hemispheres: The Tufts University Undergraduate Journal of International Affairs is proud to thank the following organizations and individuals for their support: The Tufts Community Union The Tufts Media Advisory Board The Program in International Affairs at Tufts University The graduated members of the Hemispheres Community Back Issues Back issues of Hemispheres are currently being uploaded to our homepage: www.tuftshemispheres.org. Unfortunately, we do not have digitized, PDF versions of issues prior to 2000. If a pre-2000 issue or article is required, please contact [email protected] to receive a scanned copy. Subscriptions Subscriptions to Hemispheres: The Tufts University Undergraduate Journal of International Affairsare welcomed. • Hemispheres is free to members of the Tufts University community (inclusive of the Tufts University Medical affiliates). • All subscriptions inquiries should be directed toward [email protected]. Since its creation in 1976, Hemispheres: The Tufts University Undergraduate Journal of International Affairs has been committed to publishing distinguished research produced by undergraduate students. The journal addresses a variety of social, economic, political, and legal issues, both contemporary and historical, within the framework of international relations. Selected through a double-blind peer review process, the articles contained in the journal reflect the diverse views of students from across the United States and around the world. The views and opinions expressed in the journal are solely those of individual authors and should not be regarded as reflecting any official opinion or position of Hemispheres, Tufts University, or its faculty. Mail correspondence should be addressed to: Hemispheres, Mayer Campus Center #52, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155 For further information about Hemispheres, please refer to our website at www.tuftshemispheres.org. HEMISPHERES THE TUFTS UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Editors-in-Chief Adrienne Larson Jean-Charles Zurawicki Managing Editor Communications Coordinators Arman Smigielski Noah Smith Gabriella Roncone Director of Programming Natasha Khwaja Event Coordinator Giancarlo Musetti Web Editor Ashrita Rau Staff Editors Willy Clements Photo Editor Jared Sawyer Alexa Reilly Joe Walsh Nandita Baloo Director of Alumni Relations Charlotte Hoffman Mary Gusentine Ananda Paez Juliet Hewes Secretary Ria Mazumdar LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ISSN 0738-9825 TUFTSHEMISPHERES.ORG | [email protected] Contents Editors’ Note .................................................1 Adrienne Larson and Jean-Charles Zurawicki ARTICLES Examining Power Relations: The Role of International Aid on NGO Accountability ...........................................5 Megan Taylor Redefining Asian Economic Regionalism Through the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank ...........................19 Jessica Weiss Unholy Terror: How Enabling Environments Drive Suicide Attacks While Religion Takes the Backseat ........................31 Rachel (Ruijia) Morota Chu Soft Power in Full Force: India and the Nuclear Suppliers Group ......57 Julie George Vladimir Putin’s Hegemony: From Passive Revolution to Caesarism ...75 Grigory Khakimov The Implications of 3D Printing in the Asia Pacific .................95 Timothy Yin INTERVIEW Harnessing Corporate Power to Fight Climate Change: A Conversation with Mindy S. Lubber. .121 Interview by Arman Smigielski PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPLORATION China Emerges ..............................................127 Alexa Reilly EDITORIALS The New Nativist Backlash: Conditions Causing a Rise of Radical Right Wing Political Parties in Europe .................... 137 Nandita Baloo Iran’s Emergence toward Global Integration. 141 Ria Mazumdar Kurdistan: The Newest Country in the Middle East? ..............145 Willy Clements Editors’ Note In the past, this journal has featured both macro and micro-level analyses of international relations. From topics such as marginalized populations, the changing nature of war, international crime, and new regimes and govern- ments, Hemispheres has explored international relations with both a past a current perspective. The question remains—who will pick up the torch next in the world? Who, or what, will define the power dynamics in the international system this century? For our 39th edition of Hemispheres, we explore who are these Emerging Actors. International power is often discussed in terms of states. States, after all, are often the highest level of legitimate power in the international system. However, there are many other important actors that wield significant influence in the international arena. In this age, divi- sions between the North and South, East and West, and rich and poor can manifest in new types of international actors that go beyond the traditional notions of nation-states. Moreover, multinational corporations, and unlawful groups can transcend national boundaries and become legitimate interna- tional actors themselves. In order to better understand this diverse group of emerging actors, this edition of Hemispheres explores topics such as the stra- tegic implications of 3D printing, the evolving use of suicide terrorism, and the nature of Vladimir Putin’s leadership. Articles also cover topics such as the changing role of international organizations and non-governmental organi- zations, India’s nuclear power, and Asian economic regionalism through the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. Additionally, the photography section, entitled “China Emerges,” features a number of images of China and Taiwan. These photographs take the reader on a journey through two countries that both carry significant relevance eco- nomically and politically in our world today. An interview with Mindy S. Lub- ber of Ceres explores the theme of climate change and the relevancy of green investment in international development, another contentious issue that policy officials struggle with currently. Finally, in the editorial section, Hemispheres staff have written articles on topics ranging from Iran’s global integration, the increasing prevalence of radical right wing political
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