9783039105434 Intro 002.Pdf
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Introduction Within the past few decades a number of scholars have expressed dismay at the minimal amount of interest now stimulated by sculpture, particularly the sculpture created in France during the ancien régime. In a study on Houdon published posthumously, Louis Réau observed that “in the twentieth century sculpture is no longer esteemed at its true value.”1 François Souchal, in an editorial in the Gazette des beaux-arts in 1992, lamented that “sculpture is the poor relative in research as well as in public exhibitions.”2 The first half of James Hall’s study, The World as Sculpture, subtitled The Changing Status of Sculpture from the Renaissance to the Present Day, is devoted to demonstrating the many manifestations of sculpture’s subordination to painting from the late Middle Ages through the nineteenth century.3 Hall’s work is wide-ranging, covering six centuries and several west- ern European countries, but focuses in particular on the situation in Italy during the Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassic periods. Specialized studies of post-medieval western sculpture exist, but there are still large gaps that need filling. Souchal’s superb four- volume compilation of sculpture from the era of Louis XIV does not extend to work produced after the early eighteenth century and is limited to cataloguing.4 In From Pigalle to Préault, Alison West viv- idly described the present-day downplaying or ignoring of sculpture not only on the part of museum and church officials, but also by the 1 Louis Réau, Houdon: sa vie et son oeuvre (Paris: F. de Nobèle, 1964), 17. Except where noted, all translations from the French included in this study are my own. French quotations translated into English in the main text are listed in French in an appendix at the end of this study. 2 “Editorial: Clodion,” Gazette des beaux-arts, VIe pér., 120, 1992, 1. 3 James Hall, The World as Sculpture (London: Chatto and Windus, 1999), 1–171. 4 François Souchal, French Sculptors of the 17th and 18th centuries: The Reign of Louis XIV (Oxford: Cassirer, 1977–93). 20 A God or a Bench majority of scholars.5 West’s investigation is concerned specifically with production from the mid-eighteenth century through the mid- nineteenth, particularly in France. The neglect that she signaled is in fact generally discernible in connection with seventeenth-century and pre-Revolutionary eighteenth-century French sculpture.6 Confirmation is found in a catalogue published in connection with the exhibition of Chardin’s paintings held in 1999–2000, where it is observed that more investigation should be made of the sculpture of his time.7 It is nevertheless the case that during the same recent decades a number of major exhibitions devoted to the productions of sculptors of the ancien régime have been organized, accompanied by exemplary scholarly catalogues. Among them are exhibitions of works by Sara- zin (1992), Clodion (1992), Pajou (1997), Houdon (2003) and a dis- play of sculpture by Pigalle belonging to the collections of the Louvre (1998).8 Important studies of particular topics connected with the sculptural production of the time have been published; these include Gerold Weber’s Brunnen und Wasserkünste in Frankreich im Zeital- ter von Louis XIV and Betsy Rosasco’s The Sculptures of the Château of Marly During the Reign of Louis XIV.9 Aline Magnien, in La nature 5 Alison West, From Pigalle to Préault (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge UP, 1998), 1. 6 To cite the case of a specific sculptor, Julia Dabbs, Embodying Ethos: Anguier, Poussin, and the Concept of Corporal Expression in the French Academy (Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Press, 1999), 8, nn. 23 and 24, and 9, n. 28 points out the lack of thorough study of Michel Anguier’s work. 7 Pierre Rosenberg and Renaud Temperini, Chardin: suivi du catalogue des oeuvres (Paris: Flammarion, 1999), 155: “la sculpture française du XVIIIe siècle, qui aujourd’hui encore reste très méconnue et ne bénéficie pas de la popularité qu’elle mérite.” 8 Barbara Brejon de Lavergnée, Geneviève Bresc-Bautier, Françoise de La Moureyre, Jacques Sarazin, sculpteur du roi, 1592–1660; Anne Poulet and Guilhem Scherf, Clodion; James D. Draper and Guilhem Scherf, Augustin Pajou, Royal Sculptor 1730–1809; Anne Poulet, Jean-Antoine Houdon: Sculptor of the Enlightenment; Jean-René Gaborit, Jean-Baptiste Pigalle 1714– 1785. 9 Gerold Weber, Brunnen und Wasserkünste in Frankreich im Zeitalter von Louis XIV (Worms: Werner’sche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1985); Betsy Rosasco, The Sculptures of the Château of Marly During the Reign of Louis XIV (New York: Garland, 1986). Introduction 21 et l’antique, la chair et le contour, delved into theoretical bases for sculptural representation of anatomy during the period.10 Despite this promising upsurge of interest in the subject, studies of the total body of sculptural production during the ancien régime in relation to its political, social, and cultural context have yet to be produced. Texts providing overviews of the high arts of the period, such as Anthony Blunt’s Art & Architecture in France 1500–1700 and Michael Levey’s Painting and Sculpture in France 1700–1789 as well as Luc Benoist’s coverage in La sculpture française primarily focus on formal and stylistic characteristics of the works.11 While of essential importance, those accounts should be supplemented by in- vestigations of the roles assumed by various kinds of sculpture within the culture of the time. One area of this subject, the political advertis- ing for which royal monuments were employed and reactions to those promotional campaigns, has been addressed in specialized studies by N. R. Johnson, Jeffrey Merrick, Peter Burke, Chandra Mukerji, and Andrew McClellan,12 but further examination of the multiple, often charged, meanings and implications accompanying sculpture during this period remains to be made. Significant sculptural activity was also being carried on in other territories during the era under consideration, and some of the con- cerns surrounding its production in France are to be found elsewhere 10 Aline Magnien, La nature et l’antique, la chair et le contour, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 2004.2 (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2004). 11 Anthony Blunt, Art & Architecture in France 1500–1700 (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1953); Michael Levey, Painting and Sculpture in France 1700–1789 (New Haven: Yale UP, 1993); Luc Benoist, La sculpture française (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1963). 12 N. R. Johnson, Louis XIV and the Age of the Enlightenment, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, CLXXII (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1978); Jeffrey Merrick, “Politics on Pedestals: Royal Monuments in Eighteenth- Century France,” French History, V, 1991, 234–64; Peter Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven: Yale UP, 1992); Chandra Mukerji, Territorial Ambitions and the Gardens of Versailles (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge UP, 1997); Andrew McClellan, “The Life and Death of a Royal Monument: Bouchardon’s Louis XV,” Oxford Art Journal, XXIII, 2000, 1–27. 22 A God or a Bench as well.13 Yet despite the appearance of similar issues in the art of other countries, it is nevertheless true that examination of the situation in France at the time of the ancien régime provides the most complete and multi-faceted picture of attitudes toward sculpture. France main- tained a noteworthy degree of political continuity and unity during this period. Although there were unquestionably changes in the nature and flux in the policies of Bourbon rule over the course of its duration, it nevertheless constitutes a temporal unit encompassing a number of political, social, and cultural constants. Among them are the gradual achievement and maintenance of a centralized absolutist government accompanied by a highly stratified social system. At the same time, as is generally recognized, during the course of this era France became the source of elite culture and of intellectual and political ferment many elements of which influenced or were adopted by much of the western world. Another reason for the focus on artistic production in France during this era is furnished by the high level of organization of the arts maintained there, accompanied by an extensive surviving documenta- tion. These circumstances provide a wealth of information that serves as a valid basis for interpretations of the sort put forward in this book. There exist financial accounts, records of proceedings, official and 13 For example in England, its sculpture of this period most recently discussed in Malcolm Baker, Figured in Marble: the Making and Viewing of Eighteenth- Century Sculpture (Los Angeles: Getty Museum, 2000), and in Italy; see Christopher M. S. Johns, Papal Art and Cultural Politics: Rome in the Age of Clement XI (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge UP, 1993). As an instance, the continuation of the rivalry between the arts (paragone) is also an underlying theme in the Allegory of the Arts (c. 1730; Ottowa, National Gallery of Canada) by the Bolognese painter Giuseppe Maria Crespi. Its personification of Painting is working on a canvas of Pygmalion carving his statue of the ideal woman. The entire painting on the easel is in grisaille and thus colorless, like the art of sculpture it represents, while the vivid hues in the rest of Crespi’s portrayal proclaim painting’s greater interest and vitality. The representation of the sculptor and his work is only an image of an image, and as such one degree further from reality, and much smaller, than the figure of Painting whose ability to materialize it proclaims her superior powers: Painting’s triumph is completed by her leading the viewer to the realization that she can create the illusion of sculpture but the reverse is not possible. Introduction 23 personal correspondence, treatises, biographies, and memoirs. The records of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture and its satellite institutions such as the French Academy in Rome, along with those of the surintendance des bâtiments (Royal Buildings Admin- istration), furnish information of a completeness and detail that facilitate investigation of the art produced and also of the conditions bearing on much of its creation and reception.